Grammar Book TNPSC Part A

Quick Learning 4 TNPSC IBPS SSC
TNPSC GENERAL ENGLISH
NEW SYLLABUS
“Complete Material for TNPSC English”
BOOK FOR GRAMMAR

“PART A”
(as per TNPSC New syllabus Wise)
To Join Online Study Plan & Test Series

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Contents
General English – Part A – Grammar
S.No Title Page.no
1 Words and Phrase 1
2 Synonym 4
3 Antonym 58
4 Prefix & Suffix 66
5 Article 76
6 Preposition 84
7 Question Tag 109
8 Tense 121
9 Voice 165
10 Infinitive, Gerund , Participle 177
11 Identify the Sentence Pattern 187
12 Homophones 189
13 Find out the Error 206
14 Select the Correct Sentence 207
15 Find out the Odd Words 211
16 Plural Forms 213
17 Identify the Sentence(Simple, Compound, Complex) 214
18 Identify the Correct Degree 226
19 Blending Words 235
20 Compound Words 237
21 British English, American English 244
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E. Add a suitable prefix or suffix and make new words.
-ship -hood un- after- -ion

-less - ful -ment im- -ous
child ___ wonder___

____noon count___
relation___ __patient
___happy excite____
danger___ perfect___
F. Match the following and write them in Column C.
A B C
a cupful of money
a bagful of sugar
a spoonful of coffee
a pocketful of silver
G. Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the box.
cupful handful spoonful mouthful pocketful bagful
1. The thieves came out of the house with a ________ of gold and silver.
2. My mother throws a ______________ of grains for the parrots every day.
3. He took a ____________ of the cake.
4. Ram takes a _____________ of soup before food.
5. John added a _______________ of sugar to the lemon juice.
6. The child was happy with his _______ of chocolates.
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5. In what ways are we doing injustice to nature ?
6. What do you need to learn to live a good life in this world?
7. How does the ability to question help us?
8. What do you think are the two most important lessons that the speaker mentions?
IV. Answer the following questions in detail.
1. W
hat are the skills / values a teacher should teach their students to live in this
competitive world?
2. What kind of a life do you want to lead in this world?
VOCABULARY
Prefix and Suffix
A. M
atch the suitable prefix and suffix to create new words of your own. One
has been done for you.
S.No. Root word Prefix/Suffix New word
1 form con conform
2 patriot in
3 diverse ity
4 slaved ism
5 animate ness
6 consumer en
7 naked ism
B. R
efer to your dictionary. Add a prefix or suffix to the following words and
find their antonyms.
1. privileged -
2. animate -
3. discriminate -
4. empty -
5. communicate -
6. learn -
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4. He was observed to be usually busy with his tools.

a. common b. rarely c. unwantedly d. usually
B. Answer the following questions in one or two
1. Who was taking care of Newton after his father's death?
2. What did Isaac manufacture at his young age?
3. How did the young boy find the strength of the wind?
4. Why were his friends attracted by the windmill?
5. How was Newton honoured by the king?
C. Answer the following in about 100 words
1. Why did Newton's friends advice his grand mother to apprentice him to a clockmaker?
2. How did Newton learn about the way a windmill operated?
3. Mention some of Newton's inventions.
Vocabulary
Prefix and Suffix

Prefix
A prefix is an affix which is placed before the root word. Adding it to the beginning
of one word changes it into another word. For example, when the prefix un-is added
to the word happy, it creates the new word unhappy.
Prefix Root word New Word

rewrite rewrite
bicycle bicycle
unexpected unexpected
Prefix Meaning Examples

Re- Again rewrite
Un- Not Unkind
Pre- Before Pre reading
Dis- not Disrespect
Im- not impossible
Non- not nonsense
Mis- wrong misbehave
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Exercise
a. Underline the prefix in each word in the boxes
unlock rewrite dislike unsafe remix relocate

distrust untrue unhook unlucky disown disclose
Suffix
A suffix is an affix which is placed after the root word. These suffixes change the
meaning or grammatical function of a root word.
Root word Suffix New Word

happy -ness happiness
colour -ful colourful
friend -ship friendship
Example:
fat + er =fatter drive + ing =driving change + able = changeable
use +less = useless beauty +ful =beautiful lie +ing = lying
b. P
ick a suitable prefix and suffix from the given box and complete the
following words.
able ,ful, ly, sub, ion, un, tri, re, im, mis
_____call comfort_____
_____category _____understand
_____proper success_____
equal_____ _____colour
construct_____ new_____
Syllabification
Syllabication is the act, process, or method of forming or dividing words into syllables.
It is splitting of words according to the syllables or unit of sounds or vowel sounds.
It has six types. They are:
1.Monosyllabic 2.Disyllabic (or) Bisyllabic 3.Trisyllabic 4.Tetrasyllabic 5.Pentasyllabic

6.Polysyllabic (or) Multisyllabic.
The process of dividing words into smaller parts or syllables is called 'Syllabification'.
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Homonyms Prefix and Suffix
Homonyms are words with similar Prefixes are added to the
sound and spelling, but with a
beginning of a root word while
different meaning.
suffixes are added to the end.
E. Use the words given below in
your own sentences so as to get
G. Look at the prefixes and suffixes
different meanings. One is done
given and frame two new words
for you.
for each one of them. One is done
Cricket is a popular sport. for you.
cricket
Cricket is active at night. Prefix Word-1 Word-2
bank sub subway subconscious
un
will re
en
bark
dis
watch ir
bat Suffix Word-1 Word-2

ly suddenly happily
Homophones or
er
Homophones are words with
similar sound but with a different ness
spelling and meaning.
ian
F. C
onsult a dictionary, to find the ist
homophones for the given words.
1 in *Listening
2 know
H. L
isten to the passage on
3 be
Paralympics and choose the
4 to
correct answer.
5 watt
6 right 1. The Paralympic games are for _____
7 were
a. children.
8 bare
b. disabled people.
9 herd
c. women.
10 throne
*Listening text is on Page No. 203
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2. T
he Paralympic games usually Get into groups of four. Each group will
happen ___________ choose one quality to talk about to the whole
a. in Greece. class for about one minute. But before you
b. every four years. talk, you have two minutes to think about it.
c. after the Olympic Games. You can make notes if you wish.
J. P
repare a speech in about 80-100 words
3. T
he first true Paralympic Games
for the morning assembly, stressing on
happened in Rome in _________ the importance of games and sports in
ensuring a healthy body and mind.
a. 1960.
b. 1952. Writing
c. 1848.
K. Y
our friend who lives in another
4. I n 394 BCE, the ________ stopped town/city has won his/her championship
the Greek Olympic Games, because trophy in the recent sports meet. Write
they didn’t like them. a letter congratulating him/ her.
a. Romans L. C
ollect information from newspapers,
b. Greeks magazines, periodicals and books
c. British about any two famous sports women.
Prepare their profiles. Use the following
5. …
………..was a doctor at the Stoke
format.
Mandeville hospital in England.
Name Details
a. Pierre de Coubertin
Date of birth
b. Sir Ludwig Guttmann
c. Natalie du Toit State/Team she
represents
Speaking Sports/ Games she is
I. Just a minute associated with
Debut (first entry)
Given below are five main qualities Best in her career
for true sportsmanship. Hobbies
Awards/ Medals received
i. Determination
ii. Optimisation Creative Writing

iii. Stamina M. Write a newspaper article in about 100
words, comparing the achievements
iv. Perseverance
of the two sportswomen based on the
v. Decisiveness information you have already collected.
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was a __________ near the toll plaza. 3. practice __________

6. The government expects every individual 4. technology __________
to promptly pay the __________. 5. fashion __________
7. People usually wear __________ during 6. different __________
summer.
7. child __________
8.
The patients were asked to sit in
8. national __________
the__________ until the doctor arrived.
9. origin __________
9. With teamwork we are able to multiply
our __________. 10. enjoy __________
10. The room was looking bright with the (ii) Frame sentences of your own using
colourful __________. any five newly formed words.
AFFIXES
G F
ill in the blanks by adding
appropriate prefix/suffix to the
Read the following line taken from the
words given in brackets.
text:
In the English language, new words can 1. He was sleeping __________ in his
be formed by a process called affixation. couch. (comfort)
Affixation means adding affixes to the root
word to form a new word. Affixes can be 2. Kavya rides a __________ to school.
classified into prefix and suffix. If an affix (cycle)
is attached to the beginning of a word, it is
3.
There was only a ___________ of
called a Prefix. If an affix is attached to the
people in the theatre.(hand)
end of the word, it is called a Suffix.
4. It is ___________ to cut sandalwood
Exampels:
trees.(legai)
Prefixes:
illiterate, disqualify, supernatural, 5.
The ___________ of the President
suburban, malnutrition. has been expected for the last half an
hour.(arrive)
Suffixes:
ch i l d h o o d, abi l it y, e x am i n at i on , 6.
The man behaved ___________ in
establishment, slavish. front of the crowd. (normal)
F
(i) Form new words by adding 7.
Swathy had no ___________ of
appropriate prefix/suffix: visiting the doctor. (intend)
1. accurate __________
8. The bacteria are so small that you need
2. understand __________ a ___________ to see them. (scope)
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e) Prefixes and Suffixes. b) The car skidded to a halt when I applied
the ___________.
“Her silver locks were scattered untidily
over her pale, puckered face, and her lips ii) waste/waist
constantly moved in inaudible prayer.” a) Shivani wears a belt around her
___________.
In the above sentence, the word ‘inaudible’
is formed by adding the prefix in- to the b) We should never misuse or
root/base word ‘audible’. ___________natural resources.
A prefix is a letter or a group of letters iii) principle/principal

which is added to the beginning of a root a) Oxygen is the ___________ element
word in order to modify it. Usually, the present in the earth’s crust.
new word formed is the opposite of the
given word. b) Both these machines work on the same
___________.
In the above sentence, we also come across
the word ‘constantly’. Here the suffix –ly is iv) bread/bred
added to the root word ‘constant’. a) Turtles should be ___________ in a
healthy environment.
A suffix is a letter or a group of letters
added to the end of a root word. By adding b) I like to have toasted ___________ for
suffixes, the grammatical function of the breakfast.
word changes.
v) lesson/lessen
Words that are derived or formed from the a) This medicine will ___________ your
base word by adding prefixes and suffixes pain.
are called derivatives.
b) Finally, the manager learnt a
Form two derivatives from each of the ___________ the hard way.
following words.
vi) pale/pail
e.g. honest- dishonest, honesty a) The child looks very sick and
manage differ beauty ___________.
peace arrange collect
b) I need a ___________ of water to wash
approve narrate class
these cups.
f ) Homophones:
vii) through/threw
Fill in the blanks with suitable a) Ravi picked the banana peel and
homophones: ___________ it in the dustbin.
i) brake / break
a) We have a short ___________ between b) The soldiers had to pass ___________
the sessions. a dark tunnel.
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c) Give the meanings of the following The Government Department
phrasal verbs and frame sentences entrusted with Disaster Management
using them. makes periodic announcements about the
precautions to be taken whenever floods
cut off come upon put out are anticipated.
draw up pass out take off Now, you are going to listen to the
cautionary instructions that are given to
turn away stand by bank on the general public living in flood-prone
areas. Listen carefully and complete the
d) Read the list of words formed by following sentences.
adding suffixes.
a) The announcement was made by the
frequently satisfaction willingness Department of .
comfortable resemblance nobility
b) Widespread heavy rains are expected
Form two derivatives from each of the from the early hours of .
following words by adding prefixes and
suffixes. c) The public is asked to find out the
locations of .
Word Prefix Suffix
patient impatient patiently d) An emergency kit should contain water
bottles, biscuit packets and a .
honour
e) A list of should be displayed
respect
on the wall.
manage
f) Important documents can be secured
fertile by keeping them in a case.
different
g) Damage to refrigerators can be avoided
friend by .
obey
h) Mobile phones should be charged to
enable the marooned to contact their
Listening friends, relatives and .
i) should be placed in the toilet

Floods are an inevitable natural bowls to prevent sewage inflow.
disaster which can occur in any part of
the world. Floods can prove all the more j) Listen to the and follow the
disastrous in localities, where population instructions implicitly.
density is high. Preparation for Disaster
Management has become imperative for
any city, town or village during monsoons.
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c) How do you correlate the richness of Now complete each analogy with
Tamil language with Indian culture? appropriate words from the list given
below:
3. Answer the following in a paragraph
of 100-150 words each. changeable indifference
a) How does the author justify the nuance insignificant

statement that Tamil is a classical
refusal long-established
language?
b) Tirukkural is a fine example of an drastic hide
outstanding quality of classical Tamil
Literature. Substantiate. 1. CLASSICAL : TRADITIONAL
ancient : --------------------
Vocabulary
2. UNIQUE : COMMON
a) Analogy sensibility : --------------------
A comparison of one thing with 3. INDIGENOUS : NATIVE

another thing that has similar features is extreme : --------------------
known as analogy. In an analogy, the last
two words must be related in the same 4. FACET : ASPECT
manner in which the first two are related. subtlety : --------------------
Example : 5. SACRED : IRREVERENT

conservative : --------------------
i) JOYOUS : UNHAPPY
hopeful : despondent 6. OBVIOUS : DOUBTFUL
vital : --------------------
UNHAPPY is the antonym of
JOYOUS, so is despondent the antonym 7. INFLUENCE : IMPACT
of hopeful. denial : --------------------
ii) APPRECIATION : ADULATION 8. ILLUMINATE : DARKEN

felicitation : congratulation explore : --------------------
ADULATION is the synonym
b) Suffixes
of APPRECIATION, similarly
congratulation is the synonym of In the letter of Prof. George L Hart,
felicitation. we come across the words ‘linguistics’,
and ‘aesthetics’ .The suffix ‘-ics’ means
Here are some analogies formed with
‘pertaining to’ or ‘relating to’. The word
words selected from the lesson you have
‘linguistics’ means the scientific study of
just read.
a language.
Page 147 The Status of Tamil as a Classical Language
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GRAMMAR
Picto Grammar
There are many There are some

flowers in the biscuits in the
bunch. Only a few plate.
are fresh.
Are there any No, there

mangoes in the aren’t. But there
basket? are some guavas
Note to the teacher

Determiners are words that are used before a noun. A determiner describes
the noun and functions like an adjective.
USE GRAMMAR
J. Tick the correct option.
1. There are _____ (many/much) apples in the basket.
2. There isn’t _____ (many/much) traffic on Sundays.
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3. There isn’t ____ (some/ any) water in the glass.
4. T
here aren’t ____ (some/any) eggs in the basket.
But there are ____ (much/a few) near it.
K. Fill in the blanks with some/ any/ much/ many. Some options can be used
more than once.
1. There is _____ coffee left in the pot. Do you want?
2. Do you have _____ coins with you? I need some.
3. She asked me for _____ magazines, but I could not find _____
4. I can’t carry the luggage ______ more. I need _____ help.
5. T
here are _____ places to visit but we don’t have ____ time to visit
them.
WRITING
L. D
escribe Kandan’s family in about 60 words using the pictures and clues
given. One is done for you.
Kandans’ grand father

______________ ______________
is thin and tall. He is
______________ ______________
seventy years old. He
______________ ______________
is affectionate.
______________ ______________
thin and tall-70 years old - short - fat - wears football player -
affectionate glasses - sweets loves his brother - blue
______________ ____________ ____________

______________ ____________ ____________
______________ ____________ ____________
______________ ____________ ____________
youngest - big eyes - likes pink tall - hard working - bread kind - hobby -
winner painting
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RHETORIC was the art of using eloquence (grand, effective speech) for
persuasive effect in public speaking.
It was taught in medieval universities and included techniques such as
elaborate figures of speech (e.g. simile, metaphor), memorisation and delivery (how it
was said). The Romantics said it was in sincere and far too grand. Today we use it to
describe writing that PERSUADES the reader.
M. Write a speech for your school Literary Association celebration with the given lead.
1) Opening
2) Purpose
3) Audience
4) Language – Some Good Describing
Words (Adverbs And Adjectives),
Emotive Words, Imagery etc.
5) Ending
Articles
A, An and The are called Articles.
We use a or an with singular nouns only.
(e.g.) A girl, An orange
We use a with singular nouns and adjectives which begin with a consonant sound.
(e.g.) A computer, A unit (yu+nit), A wonderful artist
We use an with singular nouns and adjectives which begin with a vowel sound.
(e.g.) An artist, An M.L.A. (em.el.a), An honest shopkeeper
NOTE
Words beginning with consonant letters do not always begin with consonant sounds.
Similarly words beginning with vowel letters do not always begin with vowel sounds.
(e.g.) Honour (sounds like – onour) European (sounds like yu-ropean)
We use the when a person, an animal, a plant, a place, a thing is mentioned for a second
time.
(e.g.) I bought a book this morning. I am reading the book now.
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We use the when it is clear to the listener or reader which person, animal, place, or thing
we are referring to.
(e.g.) The judge found him not guilty.
We use the when there is only one such thing.
(e.g.) The earth goes round the sun.
We usually use the before ordinal numbers.
(e.g.) I live on the third floor.
We use the before some proper nouns such as :
(e.g.) The Indian Ocean, The Arabian Sea
We use the before names of most buildings, landmarks, monuments and natural wonders.
(e.g.) The Park Hotel, The Taj Mahal
We use the before names of places containing of
(e.g.) The Republic of China.
The names of places ending in plurals.
(e.g.) The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, The Netherlands.
Some proper nouns are not preceded by an article.
w the names of continents - Africa, Asia
w the names of countries - Belgium, India
w the names of towns and cities. – Tokyo, Chennai
w the names of streets - Ritchie Street.
Some nouns can be counted and they are called as countable nouns; some cannot be
counted and they are called uncountable nouns.
We use a or an only before countable nouns.
(e.g.) A leaf fell off the tree. (countable)
Rain can cause flooding (uncountable)
We use the with uncountable nouns, when it is clear to the reader which things we are
referring to. We do not use the with uncountable nouns when we are talking in general.
(Uncountable nouns do not take the plural forms).
(e.g.) The rice in this super market is good. Rice is the staple food of Asians.
The word some can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns in the following
ways.
(e.g.) I want some apples.
I want some papers.
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Nagarajan and Dhanalakshmi want to buy a new house. They have come to see a house
for sale. Complete the conversation below by adding a, an or the.
Nagarajan : Well, here we are, No.8, Kaveri Street. I think this is house we
saw online. What do you think of location?
Dhanalakshmi : It is in nice neighbourhood. And it’s close to the railway station.
Nagarajan : And bus stop is not too far away.
Dhanalakshmi : How many rooms are there?
Nagarajan : There are three rooms, kitchen and balcony.
Dhanalakshmi : There is lawn behind house, right?
Nagarajan : That’s right lawn is actually quite large. Did you see any photos
of living room, online? What does it look like?
Dhanalakshmi : living room looks great. It looks bright and airy. It
has nice view of hills. But kitchen looks
little small.
Nagarajan : And, I remember you said there isn’t store room, right?
Dhanalakshmi : No, but there is attic, where we can store things.
Nagarajan : I hope this house is better option.
Dhanalakshmi : Lets wait for real estate agent. She said, she would be here at
three o’clock.
Nagarajan : Look there she is!
Few articles are missing in the given passage. Edit the passage given below by adding
suitable articles where ever necessary.
My neighbourhood is very interesting place. My house is located in apartment
building downtown near many stores and offices. There is small supermarket across
street, where my family likes to go shopping. There is also post office and bank near our
home. In our neighbourhood there is small, Green Park where my friends and I like to
play on weekends and holidays. There is small pond near park and there are many ducks
in park. We always have great time. In addition there is elementary school close to our
home where my little brother studies in third grade. There are so many things to see and
do in my neighbourhood that’s why I like it. It’s really great place.
Prepositional Phrases
These prepositions are formed by two-word or a three-word combination such as
according to, along with, at the time of, because of, owing to, instead of etc. These kinds
of prepositions are used frequently in our day to day life.
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4. Laughter yoga session may start with ◆ closed eyes
gentle warm up techniques which include ◆ breathing exercises
stretching, chanting, clapping, eye contact ◆ chanting
and body movements to help break down
◆ stretching of arms and legs
inhibitions and encourage a sense of
playfulness. Moreover, laughter is the best ◆ bending backwards
medicine. Breathing exercises are used to ◆ running/jogging
prepare the lungs for laughter followed by ◆ eye contact
a series of laughter exercises that combine
a method of acting and visualization f ‘Laughter therapy also plays a crucial
techniques. Twenty minutes of laughter role in social bonding’. How?
is sufficient to augment physiological
development.
5. A handful of small scale scientific Grammar

studies have indicated that laughter yoga
has some medically beneficial effects,
including cardiovascular health and
Articles and Determiners
mood. This therapy has proved to be
good for depressed patients. This laughter Determiners are words placed in front of
therapy also plays a crucial role in social a noun to clarify what the noun refers to.
bonding.
Look at this sentence.
Answer the following.
‘This laughter therapy also plays a crucial
a. How does laughter help one to cope
role in social bonding.’
with stress?
b. Which word in the text (para 2) means Here the word ‘this’ refers to a particular
the same as ‘dedicated? noun – ‘laughter therapy’.
c. Why do you think voluntary laughter
provides the same physiological as well Types of Determiners
as psychological benefits as spontaneous Possessive
laughter? Articles Demonstrative
adjectives
d. ‘Laughter is the best medicine’. Explain. a this my, your
an that his, her
e. Given below is a set of activities. Which the these its, our
of these are followed in the ‘Laughter Yoga’ those your, their
technique? Quantifiers Numbers Ordinals
◆ sitting on the ground with legs crossed some, any one, two first, second
◆ body movements few, little three, four third, last
more, much twenty, next
◆ clapping any, every hundred
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a. Read the paragraph below and fill in see ___________ plants. He called the
the blanks using ‘a, an’, or ‘the’. ___________ minister and asked him
what he did with the seed. ___________
It is said that 1 ___________ computer
minister explained the process he adopted
is 2 ___________ electronic extension of
to make ___________ plant grow. The
the human brain. Therefore, in principle,
emperor called ___________ the other
3 ___________ computer can do all
ministers to explain what they did. Only
those activities which 4 ___________
___________ minister had come with
human brain can do. Today computers
an empty pot. They laughed loudly at
are found to be 5 ___________ most
the foolishness of this minister. But the
useful devices as knowledge providers.
Emperor applauded him and made him
Another important field of application of
the ___________ Emperor. Do you know
computers is 6 ___________ development
why? He had given them boiled seeds
of robots. 7 ___________ internet has
which will not grow. Only ___________
brought 8 ___________ drastic change in
minister was honest.
communication systems.
d. Fill in the blanks with appropriate
b. In the following paragraph, insert ‘a, an’, determiners.
or ‘the’ wherever necessary and rewrite
i. They came early but there was
the sentences.
____________ (little/ a little) work to
In our family, we have planned to take do.
children to zoo next Sunday. Van has ii. Anand invited ______________ (few/
been arranged and we are sure to have a few) friends for the birthday party.
comfortable journey. Zoo is interesting
place for children who enjoy watching iii. The teacher gave __________ (all /
animals and want to know more about every) student a separate topic for the
them. Even youngsters love to visit zoo. assignment.
iv. _________ (Most of/Many) the water
c. Fill in the blanks with appropriate
overflowed from the tank.
determiners. (Articles have been included)
v. Each one of my _____________ (friend/
Once the emperor gave a bag of seeds to friends) wished me on my birthday.
his council of ministers and said that he
would give them six months’ time to grow vi. Vijay had _________ (no/ any) idea
the seeds. Whoever does a good job will about the problem.
be made the ___________ emperor of vii. Adhi had taken ___________
that empire. ___________ the ministers (much /many) photos during the
took their task seriously. After six months programme.
___________ ministers had small plants viii. ______________ (Some/Few) girls
in their pots. A ___________ had very who attended the class informed the
large plants. ___________ had medium others about the test.
sized plants. The emperor entered the
hall. He was ___________ amused to
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Articles and Determiners 4. How ________ sugar do you want?
Articles 5. I am very tired today, as I had _______
Task 1 guests today.
Complete the following exercise 6. _________ of my students have become

using a/ an/ the/ ‘o’ (no article) in the doctors.
underlined space where appropriate. 7. _________ do I know about his personal
Change capital letters to lower case life.
letters at the beginning of a sentence if
necessary. 8. How ____________ pages did you read?
9.
________________ fertilizer used
According to (1)____ National these days spoils the soil.
Weather Report, cyclones are winds
circulating (2)____ counter clockwise 10. During my student life I used to give
in(3) ____ Northern Hemisphere and __________ trouble to my teachers.
clockwise in (4)____ southern Hemisphere.
Cyclones are usually accompanied by(5) DEGREES OF COMPARISON-
____ stormy weather. Tornadoes and TRANSFORMATION
hurricanes are types of cyclones.(6) ___ You have already learnt Degrees
hurricane is (7) ___ cyclone that forms of Comparison in earlier classes and
over(8) ____ tropical oceans and seas.(9) are therefore familiar with this concept
____ hurricane rotates in(10) ____ shape of grammar. Now, recall the rules and
of(11) ___ oval or a circle.(12) ____ guidelines related to this topic and try to
Hurricane Andrew, which hit (13)____ complete the task given below.
coasts of Louisiana and Southern Florida
in August 1992, caused (14)___ extreme We use the positive degree of an
devastation. It was one of (15)____ most adjective when we do not intend to make
devasting hurricanes ever to hit(16)____ any comparison. We use the comparative
U.S.. Fourteen people died of(17) ___ degree, when we compare two objects or
Andrew’s effect. two people. We use the superlative degree
when more than two objects or two people
Task 2 are compared. Adverbs, too, have degrees
Complete the following sentences using of comparison.
appropriate determiners.
Points to keep in mind
1. Only ______ people can afford to buy a
A great many adjectives and a few

flat in Chennai.
adverbs form their comparatives and
2. She earns so _____ that she could not superlatives by adding ‘–er and –est’
make a decent living. respectively. [e.g. short – shorter –
shortest]
3.
________ information that she gave
proved false.
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Grammar
Determiners
Observe the nouns in the following sentences and words before them.
 An apple is a healthy fruit.
 Two cats have drunk a bowl of milk.
 My father has many cars.
Determiners are the words that introduce a noun and provide some information
about it (but do not describe it).
Determiners are followed by a noun.
 The ball  Five cats

 His son  Some students
Types of Determiners
Articles Demonstratives Possessive Adjectives

this, that my, our, your,
a, an, the
these, those his, her, its, their
Quantifiers Cardinal Numbers Ordinal Numbers
some, any, few, little, one, two, three, twenty, first, second, third,
more, much, many, every forty, hundred etc. twentieth etc.
he quantifiers all, any, enough, less, a lot of, more, most, no, none
T
of, some etc., are used with both countable and uncountable nouns.
he quantifiers both, each, either, fewer, neither etc., are used only
T
with countable nouns.
A. Choose the Correct Determiner

1. Could you bring me ________ tools I left in the garden? (this, those, these)
2. ________ Earth revolves around the sun. (the, a, an)
3. I found ________ one rupee coin in the playground while playing. (a, an, the)
4. There aren’t ________ students in the library. (much, many, a lot)
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5. It was ________ unforgettable experience. (a, an, the)
6. I haven’t got ________ pictures in my bedroom. (some, any, many)
7. He said that he wanted to become ________ engineer. (a, an, the)
8. Kokila gave a pen to ______ child in the classroom on her birthday. (any, all, each)
9. I’ve got to solve ________ math problems before I go to sleep. (all, some, any)
10. India is ________ largest democracy in the world. (a, an, the)
11. My father doesn’t drink ________ coffee. (much, many, a lot)
12. I always keep ________ money in my wallet for emergencies. (any, every, some)
13. This year we are celebrating my sister’s ________ birthday. (a, two, second)
14. I have ________ pencils with me. (a, three, third)
15. ‘What is that noise?’ I think it is ________ aeroplane. (a, an, the)
Reported Speech
Look at the following sentences
he said, “I have won the first prize.” (Direct Speech)

S
She said that she had won the first prize. (Indirect Speech)
In the first sentence, the reporter conveys the message of the girl using her actual

words i.e., (“I have won the first prize.”)
In the second sentence, the reporter conveys her message but in his own words

without any change in the meaning. (She said that she had won the first prize.)
In direct speech, we reproduce the actual words of the speaker. We place spoken

words within inverted commas (“ ”).
In indirect speech (also called Reported Speech), we report the words of the speaker

with a few changes.
Key Terminology
Direct Speech
She said, “I have won the first prize.”
Reporting verb Direct speech
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The Scared Little Mouse - Hickory Dickory...
Once there was a mouse that was very afraid. One day, a big cat was
chasing him. The mouse was running as fast as he could to save his life. The
mouse saw a big grandfather clock. It climbed up the clock. It reached the top
and sat down to rest.
Not long after that, the clock struck one, ‘Dong!’ The mouse
had such a shock that he ran down the clock.
Moral of the story:
You should be courageous when facing certain issues.

Otherwise even a small creature will threaten you and take you for
granted. You should have more courage and boldness to face the
dangers of life. That alone will keep you away from enemies and
dangers.
GRAMMAR
Preposition: A preposition comes before a noun or pronoun in a

sentence and shows its relationship to another word or part of the
sentence.
Prepositions can be classified into three groups.

at 5:00 a.m.
Time during the morning
in the evening
PREPOSITION
on the table in Villupuram
above the head Position at the Bus stop Place
over the bridge inside the classroom
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PICTO GRAMMAR
Look at the pictures given below. Read the prepositions and do the actions.
behind
next to
out of
around
into
in
through
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E. Look at the pictures. Pick out the right preposition and fill in the speech
bubbles given below.
between down from under inside on in front of over
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USE GRAMMAR
F. Read the following sentences carefully and underline the preposition.
1. Julian placed her lunchbox inside her bag.
2. Vinothini left the house before sunrise.
3. Ben saw Daisy playing across the road.
4. Hema keeps all her teddy bears on top of her wardrobe.
5. Divya hid the sweets behind her back.
6. Sudha fell over during the basketball match.
7. Madhusudhan checked to see if his keys had fallen underneath his chair.
8. Mrs Meena asked the children to go into her classroom.
9. After lunch, the children were allowed to play.
10. Saravanan climbed onto the horse.
G. Complete the following sentences using appropriate prepositions.
1. Is your mother …………………. home?

a) in b) at c) on
2. There is unity in diversity ………………… the people.

a) among b) between c) within
3. He discussed the problem …………………. his parents.

a) with b) to c) for
4. Lithisha was praised ……………….. her father.

a) with b) for c) by
5. Can you finish the work ………………….. tomorrow?

a) by b) in c) within
6. He has been absent ………………….. last week.

a) since b) for c) by
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H. Fill in the blanks using suitable prepositions from the box. Some options
can be used more than once.
across with on to by since from about into at during
1. What do you do __________ weekends?
2. I am going to my village __________ Sunday.
3. I haven’t met my friends __________ December.
4. Run __________ the street and get me the ribbon.
5. He told me in detail __________ the incident.
6. This picture was drawn __________ the girl __________ charcoal.
7. The car was travelling __________ a great speed.
8. The ball fell __________ the lake.
9. There is a bridge __________ the river.
10. The conference will be held __________ 10 a.m. __________ 5 p.m.
I. Fill up the blanks using suitable prepositions on your own.
1. The soldier climbed __________ a horse and rode away.
2. They have been here __________ a long time.
3. Kumaravel has lived in this city ____________2012.
4. The paper was published __________ an International journal.
5. When will you return __________ home?
6. One __________ the four students wrote the answers correctly.
7. This fruit is __________ the Mexican capital.
8. T
he head office is __________ Nungambakkam. It is __________ College
Road. As you go __________ the station, the office is __________ the right
side.
9. T
he sailors were taken __________ the forest and made to walk __________
10 miles.
10. The girl standing __________ me was sneezing.
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Tips for effective speaking

• Organise your points and ideas well.
• Don’t memorise the speech. If you forget a point, it will make you nervous.
• Avoid the things that are of no value or interest to the audience.
• Before you speak, take a deep breath,smile, greet the audience.
• Don’t be nervous about making a mistake.
• Interesting speech makes your mistakes nothing.
Writing
A character sketch is defined as a brief written description of a character.
Keep these things in mind while writing a character sketch.
1. Introduce the person.

2. Highlight his/her character as revealed in the story.
3. Talk about what others say about the character.
4. Write if the character appealed to you, with reasons.
5. Support your views with evidence from text.
H) Write a character sketch of any character from a fiction that has made an
impact on you.
Grammar
Prepositions
Preposition is a word or phrase that connects a noun or pronoun to a verb or adjective
in a sentence.
Common Prepositions: in, on, at, to, with, during, before, after
Prepositions of time
Time prepositions include: at, on, in, before and after. They are used to help indicate
when something happened, happens or will happen.
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Prepositions of time examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
¾ I was born on July 4, 1982.
¾ I was born in 1982.
¾ I was born at exactly 2 a.m.
¾ I was born two minutes before my twin brother.
¾ I was born after the Great War ended.
¾ I first met John in 1987.
¾ It’s always cold in January
¾ Easter falls in spring each year.
¾ The Second World War occurred in the 20th century.
¾ We eat breakfast in the morning.
a) Fill in the blanks by using correct preposition.
1. We go to school ____ Mondays, but not on Sunday

2. Christmas falls ____ 25th December.
3. Buy me a present ____ my birthday.
4. Families often argue ____ Christmas time.
5. I work faster ____ night.
6. Her shift finished ____ 7 p.m.
Modal Verbs
A modal is a type of helping verb that is used to express: ability, possibility,
permission or obligation like must shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, dare,
need.
Modal phrases (or semi-modals) are used to express the same things as modals,
but are a combination of helping verbs and the preposition ought to, used to.
How to use:
Circle the modal verbs in the list given in the box.
shall should will have to would can need to

could may ought to might dare used to need
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We use modal verbs to show if we believe something is certain, probable or possible

(or not).
We also use modals to do things like talking about ability, asking permission making
They may come by car.
Impossibility
We use the negative can’t or cannot to show that something is not possible.
That can’t be true.
You cannot be serious.
We use couldn’t/could not to talk about the past.
We knew it could not be true.
He was obviously joking. He could not be serious.
Probability
We use the modal must to show we are sure something to be true and we have
reasons for our belief.
It’s getting dark. It must be quite late.
You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry.
Permission
We use can to ask for permission to do something.
Can I ask a question, please?
Can we go home now?
could is more formal and polite than can
Could I ask a question please?
Could we go home now?
Instructions and requests
We use could you and would you as polite ways of telling or asking someone to do
something.
Can I …? Can you …? Could I … Could you …? and so on.

The negative form is can’t in spoken English and cannot in written English.
We sometimes say cannot, but it is very emphatic.
The negative form of could is couldn’t in spoken English and could not in written
English.
We sometimes say could not.
We use can and can’t.
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Modal Meaning Example
can to express ability I can speak a little Russian.

can to request permission Can I open the window?
may to express possibility I may be home late.
may to request permission May I sit down, please?
must to express obligation I must go now.
must to express strong belief She must be over 90 years old.
should to give advice You should stop smoking.
would to request or offer Would you like a cup of tea?
would in if-sentences If I were you, I would say sorry.
Exercise
I. Use polite request when we seek help from others.
a) Fill in the blanks using would you or could you.
1. ___________ please close the door?

2. ____________ please open the window?
3. ___________ mind going to the back bench?
4. ____________ please bring some water for me?
b) Use the phrases could you or would you in the following situations with your friend.
1. Ask the policeman for directions.
2. You need to borrow your friend’s bike.
3. You would need to exchange the book purchased.
4. You want to open your classroom window
Language Check Point
Correct Incorrect Explanation
I cannot say if he has I cannot say whether he has 'Whether' is followed by

passed the exam or not. passed the exam or not. 'or'
Hardly had she seen her Hardly had she seen her
Hardly' is always followed
aunt when she stopped aunt than she stopped
by 'than'.
fighting. fighting.
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A Talk Show
Q. W
ork in groups of 4-6. Choose one folk art form, that is rarely or no longer performed.
Find out the reasons for this and suggest practical solutions/steps that can be taken
to prevent this. After discussion and research, conduct a talk show in the class on the
topic FOLK ARTS - A REVIVAL. The following inputs will help you.
Each group will consist of the following members.

1. The host
2. A folk artist
3. A representative from an NGO engaged in reviving some of the dying folk arts.
4. A student
5. A citizen from the city.
NOTE: Your teacher will distribute role cards with cues to each member of the
group to help you play your roles.
Grammar
Preposition
A preposition is a word that is placed before a noun or a pronoun to

show its relationship to other words in a sentence.
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I. Prepositions of Time
These prepositions are used to indicate when a particular event happened. These
include: in, on, at, since, for, during etc.
(e.g.) :
1. I was studying in the morning.
2. She was born on the 5th of July.
3. I will reach there at 6 o’clock.
II. Prepositions of Place

These prepositions are used to indicate the location and come before a noun or a
pronoun These include: in, on, between, behind, under, over, near etc.
(e.g.) : 1. The cat is on the wall.
2. Jenny lives near her workplace.
3. Raj is in his room.
III. Prepositions of Movement

These prepositions are used to describe movement. These include: to, into, towards,
through etc.
(e.g.) : 1. I went to the book store.
2. The swimmer jumped into the pool.
3. The dog was coming towards him.
IV. ‘Since’ and ‘For’

‘Since’ refers to a particular point of time.
(e.g.) : 1. I have been studying since 5 a.m., and I am at it even now.
2. The construction of this building has been going on since January.
‘For’ refers to the duration of the time.

(e.g.) : 1. Maya has worked in this institution as an accountant for 23 years.
2. Many ideas were discussed for three weeks before the annual day theme
was finalised.
V. ‘During’ and ‘In’

Both ‘during’ and ‘in’ are used to describe actions that happen in a particular period of
time.
(e.g.) : 1. We will be visiting my grandparents during the summer vacation.
(or)
2. We will be visiting my grandparents in the summer vacation.
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VI. ‘Between’ and ‘Among’
‘Between’ is used when naming definite, individual items.

(e.g.) : 1. T
he discussion on a sports meet between our school and other schools
are going on for two days.
2. The final match will be held between India and Australia.
‘Among’ is used when the items are part of a group and are not specifically named.
(e.g.) : 1. The sailors divided the money among themselves; and the ship sailed on.
2. We’d discussed this point among ourselves many times over the past
months.
A. C
hoose the most appropriate preposition from the brackets.
1. We have been living in Chennai _________ eight years. (for/ since)
2. Abdul has taken______ his father. (after/ at)
3. Vimal generally goes to his workplace______ bus. (by/on)
4. The cricket ball was hidden ______ the leaves. (among/ between)
5. Mani divided his toys______his brothers and sisters. (among/ between)
B. Identify the prepositions in the given sentences and underline them.

1. Riya borrowed a dress from me and lent it to her friend, Mary.
2. When I moved back to the city, things had changed considerably.
3. The burglar found the keys under the pot in the balcony.
4. Prabhu was hiding behind the door when his sister came looking for him.
5. My dog sat on my hat and squashed it.
C. Complete the passage by filling in appropriate prepositions from the list-

(with, out, to, in, from, during, of, for, by). Some prepositions may be used
more than once.
In Tamil Nadu, a very interesting form
of recitation named Villupattu developed
(a) ____________ the 15th century. Villupattu
means bow-song because a bow-shaped
musical instrument (b) ___________ strong
high tension string is used (c) __________
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placing it (d) _______________ an earthen v. S
he was so happy in life that she
pitcher. It is believed that this narrative could not ask for more.
form was an invention (e) __________
he elderly couple care for their
vi. T
Arasa Pulavar. The troupe gives its
pets as they do for their children.
performance mostly (f) ___________
temple festivals. There are seven to eight vii. I agree with everything you’ve said.
persons in a troupe who form a kind
D.
Frame sentences using the
(g) ___________ chorus that supports
prepositional verbs given in the box.
the main singer-narrator. When
the chief narrator sings, the chorus benefit from pay for
stand in rely on
takes (h) ____________ the refrain
stay at joke about
(i) _______________ the song and
go into consist of
repeats it in unison. The whole party sits
prepare for attend to
(j) _____________ the ground
and performs (k) __________ a lot E. G
iven below is a picture of a
(l) ____________ gesticulation and carnival. Complete the factual
facial expression to suit the narrative description by filling in the blanks
with appropriate prepositions.
they have taken. The ballad style songs
are composed (m) __________ the rural Fairs and festivals form an integral part
dialect which appeals (n) ___________ of the culture of Tamil Nadu. They are
the audience who sometimes join the an excellent platform to promote and
troupe (o) ____________ suitable notes preserve the vibrant art and culture of
or words. the Tamils.
Prepositional verbs
Some verbs are usually followed
by prepositions before the object
of the verb.
Examples
he kids laughed at the hilarious

i. T
antics of the clown.
ii. Fathima planned to stay at a hotel,
A thiruvizha (festival) is a source of
when she visited Mumbai.
excitement and thrill for villagers. The
iii. I have pressing matters to attend to village thoroughfare wears a festive look,
in Kolkata. as the open spaces are cleaned, spruced
iv. I believe in the healing power of a up and decorated (a) ________colourful
mother’s touch. streamers.
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People throng the premises (b) ______catch a glimpse (c)________their village deity
(d)______ a magnificently decorated chariot, and pay their respects. There is a big
crowd (e)_____ the food stalls that serve free piping hot sakkarai pongal (sweet pongal),
lemon rice and curd rice.
People (f)______nearby villages and towns display their wares attractively, and call
out loudly (g)______the people (h)_______buy their wares. Cotton candy, cut raw
mangoes smothered (i)________salt and chilly powder, boiled groundnuts, murukku,
sweets, buttermilk etc are sold. Men, women, grandmas, grandpas and little children
dressed (j)_________their best clothes, enjoy the Thiruvizha greatly.
You can hear the shrieks (k)________happy children enjoying the rides on ferris wheels
and carousels, elders looking (l)_________ each other with smiles on their faces.
The entire day is spent (m) _______fun and gaiety. All the village people irrespective of
their age, look forward (n)_________the thiruvizha every year.
Writing
You stayed with your grandparents at your native village during Pongal. You had an
unforgettable time with them. You visited the village fair and enjoyed the simple
pleasures of life like bathing in the river, strolling in the fields, eating food cooked in
earthen utensils over firewood, sleeping on a cot on the terrace under the star-lit sky,
visiting temple fairs and watching Karagattam presentation.
F. Write a letter to your friend, describing the joy of celebrating festivals in a

village, with the inputs given above.
Project
G. Y
our class has to stage a Puppet Show in the Assembly Open Forum on the topic
‘Child Labour’. Divide yourselves into groups and discuss the requirements for the
presentation like storyline, characters, dialogues, choice of puppets and music for the
interlude. Now complete the dialogues given below.
Ramesh :
Let us present a Puppet Show on CHILD LABOUR for our Assembly
Open Forum.
Mohammed : That is a very good idea! Let us start planning right away.
Geetha : _______________________________________________________?
Leema : I suggest we begin with the storyline first.
Mani : How ___________________________________________________ ?
Ramesh : We can have around five characters.
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Nagarajan and Dhanalakshmi want to buy a new house. They have come to see a house
for sale. Complete the conversation below by adding a, an or the.
Nagarajan : Well, here we are, No.8, Kaveri Street. I think this is house we
saw online. What do you think of location?
Dhanalakshmi : It is in nice neighbourhood. And it’s close to the railway station.
Nagarajan : And bus stop is not too far away.
Dhanalakshmi : How many rooms are there?
Nagarajan : There are three rooms, kitchen and balcony.
Dhanalakshmi : There is lawn behind house, right?
Nagarajan : That’s right lawn is actually quite large. Did you see any photos
of living room, online? What does it look like?
Dhanalakshmi : living room looks great. It looks bright and airy. It
has nice view of hills. But kitchen looks
little small.
Nagarajan : And, I remember you said there isn’t store room, right?
Dhanalakshmi : No, but there is attic, where we can store things.
Nagarajan : I hope this house is better option.
Dhanalakshmi : Lets wait for real estate agent. She said, she would be here at
three o’clock.
Nagarajan : Look there she is!
Few articles are missing in the given passage. Edit the passage given below by adding
suitable articles where ever necessary.
My neighbourhood is very interesting place. My house is located in apartment
building downtown near many stores and offices. There is small supermarket across
street, where my family likes to go shopping. There is also post office and bank near our
home. In our neighbourhood there is small, Green Park where my friends and I like to
play on weekends and holidays. There is small pond near park and there are many ducks
in park. We always have great time. In addition there is elementary school close to our
home where my little brother studies in third grade. There are so many things to see and
do in my neighbourhood that’s why I like it. It’s really great place.
Prepositional Phrases
These prepositions are formed by two-word or a three-word combination such as
according to, along with, at the time of, because of, owing to, instead of etc. These kinds
of prepositions are used frequently in our day to day life.
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Examples
Preposition Meaning Example

according to as stated by, According to the weatherman, we can expect
on the authority of more cold weather this week.
along with together with We have to give importance to Physical Education
along with all the academic subjects.
because of on account of We stayed at home because of the bad weather.
owing to because of I can’t accept your invitation owing to a previous
engagement.
instead of in place of, I wish I were going to the party instead of my
substituting for brother.
in the event of in case of The match will be stopped in the event of heavy
rain.
C. Refer to the dictionary to find out the meaning of the following prepositions and
match them with the correct meaning.
Preposition Meaning
due to as a substitute for

except for in the interest of
with reference to irrespective of
in spite of added to
in addition to because of
in place of referring to
regardless of with the exception of
for the sake of disregarding the difficulty
D. Fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate prepositional phrase from the
given options.
1. E
verything falls to the ground _______ earth’s gravitational pull.
a. in addition to b. because of c. cause of
2. T
he trial was conducted ___________ the procedure of law.
a. in accordance with b. due to c. despite of
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3. T
here is a temple right ________ my house.
a. in back of b. apart from c. in front of
4. A
s a ________ of his hard work, he achieved the target.
a. instead of b. result of c. apart from
5. F
ailure is often the __________ negligence.
a. effect of b. consequence of c. reason of
6. C
hildren are given toys ____________ sweets on Children’s day.
a. on top of b. in addition to c. due to
7. T
he parents must be informed ___________ any indiscipline conduct of their wards.
a. because of b. in case of c. in spite of
8. H
e didn’t turn up ____________ his busy schedule.
a. consequence of b. due to c. except for
9. Global warming is ______________ the green house emission.
a. an effect of b. in spite of c. in addition to
10. _ _____________ several warnings, he continued to swim.
a. due to b. in spite of c. because of
E. E dit the following passage by replacing the underlined incorrect words with correct
prepositional phrases.
Janu is studying in class X. In the event of the teachers
she is a disciplined student. In addition to her poverty, she
is always neat. Many students like her in case of
her simplicity. According to her studies, she also
participates in sports. She gets on with everyone in case of
age and gender in the school. In opposition to taking leave, she ensures
that she completes the work given before she goes to school next day.
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a) should b) must c) may B. Practise your modal verbs. Look at
these signs and write down the rules,
11. Nirmala’s daughter _____________ regulations or advice they convey using
write perfectly when she was seven. the modal verbs given below.
a) might b) could c) mustn’t can - could - may - might – must - ought
to – shall - should - will - would
12. I _________ let you know when I have
more information about the matter.
a) would b) shall c) can’t
c. Read the following passage adapted from ‘Three Men in a Boat’ and fill in the blanks
with appropriate modals and read the paragraph aloud.
I thought I will go to British Museum today to read the treatment for some slight ailment
of which I had a touch. I (1)___________ read all I wanted to read and then felt I
(2)___________ begin to study diseases. I started to generally turn the leaves idly.
I came to typhoid fever, read the symptoms and discovered I (3)___________ be having
it for months without knowing it. Cholera, I had severe complications. Diphtheria, I
(4)___________ have been born with. I was relieved to find that Bright’s disease, I had
only in a modified form as so far as that was concerned, I (5)___________ live for years.
The only disease I (6)___________ conclude I had not got was a housemaid’s knee. I sat
and pondered. I tried to feel my heart. I (7)___________ (not feel) my heart. I walked into
the reading room as a happy healthy man but crawled out as a decrepit wreck.
Prepositions
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A preposition is a word used to link A) Fill in the blanks in the following
nouns, pronouns or phrases to other sentences with appropriate prepositions.
words within a sentence. Prepositions
(i) In case _________ difficulty, you
are usually short words and they are
should refer _________ a dictionary and
placed before the nouns.
then respond _________ the question.
Look at the following sentences.
(ii) The clothes that he has put _________
i) The English language is vital in the are very impressive. He is going _________
medical field. his hometown to pay homage _________
the village head.
ii) He climbed up the stairs to get into the
terrace. (iii) The nearest hospital _________
this place is _________ a distance of
Note that the words in bold letters in twenty kilometers. You can reach it either
the above sentences link the two parts _________ car or _________ a bicycle.
of the sentence. These words are called
Prepositions. B) Complete the following paragraph
by filling in the blanks with suitable
Look at some more examples of prepositions and read the paragraph
prepositions and prepositional phrases. aloud for better understanding of the use
on, off, up, in, out, above, below, over, of prepositions.
under, to, from, with, without, before, after, Mr. Beek of New Jersey has invented
at, during, according to, a head of, a part a floating life-preserver, which gives
of, from, as far as, in spite of, owing to, in complete protection (1) _________
addition to, in case of, in front of, but for, people who have been shipwrecked. The
on account of, on behalf of, with reference upper section is large enough for the
to etc. wearer to be able to move his head and
Sometimes, a sentence can end with a arms (2) _________, and a month's supply
preposition. Read the sentences given 4 _________ food and drinking water can
below. also be stored (3) _________ it. The cover
can be closed in rough weather, and the
◆ This seat is not very comfortable to sit wearer can see (4) _________ the window
_________. in the front, and breathe (5) _________ a
◆ My father gave me some pictures to look curved pipe. The life preserver is made (6)
_________. _________ water proof cloth attached (7)
_________ circular metal tubes, which
◆ Was it worth waiting _________? protect the wearer (8) _________ sharp
The preposition ‘in’, ‘at’, and ‘for’ occur at rocks and hungry fish.
the end of the sentence and it is acceptable C) Fill in the blanks in the following
in usage. sentences, using prepositions if necessary.
(i) The new machines are quite
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different _________ the old ones. They are able to work _________ a much faster pace, a
substantially reduced risk _________ the environment.
(ii) The students discussed the problem _________ themselves. However, they did not
arrive _________ any conclusion. They went _________ their class teacher and discussed
_________ her. She gave a solution _________ it and they were happy.
D) Do you know what happened to the Titanic, the largest ship to sail then? She hit an
iceberg and sank into the Atlantic Ocean. Now choose the right word and complete the
paragraph. Read the paragraph aloud.
The wreck (1) _________ (up/of) the RMS Titanic lies (2) _________ ( in/at)a depth
of (3) _________ (about/ above) 12,500 feet about 370 miles south east (4) _________
(of/off) the coast of Newfoundland. It lies (5) _________ (in/on) two main pieces about
a third (6) _________ (of/off) a mile apart. The bow is still largely recognizable (7)
_________ (with/ within) many preserved interiors, despite the damage it sustained
hitting the sea floor. A debris field (8) _________ (of/for) the wreck contains thousands
(9) _________ (on/ of) items spilled (10) _________ (from/of) the ship as it sank. She
sank (11) _________ (in/at) the year 1912.
E) Solve the crossword using the clues given on page 54.
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Across Down
2. We fought _________ the measure.(7) 1. I put the book _______ the table.(4)
7. The cat jumped _________ the table.(4) 2. Please treat us _______ equals.(2)
9. The cat climbed _________ the tree.(2) 3. Desert will be served _______ dinner.
(5)
10. My story is shorter _________ yours.
(4) 4. My house is _______ the school.(4)
11. Cats are _________ dogs.(6) 5. We walked _______ the store.(2)
13. Put the cookie _________ the jar.(2) 6. No eating _______ class.(6)
14. Let’s walk _________ the park.(7) 8. The book fell _______ my desk.(3)
16. The vegetables were planted ________ 11. I will not leave _______ the speech is
the apple tree.(6) finished.(5)
17. Banu sings _________ a bird.(4) 12. The store is open everyday _______
Sunday.(3)
18. My story is _________ my pets.(5)
15. The dog is _______ the house.(7)
19. Subash is the president _________ our
class.(2) 16. The cat is hiding _______ my bed.(5)
20. We live _________ the river.(2) 19. The cat jumped _______ the dog.(4)
21. Let’s walk _________ class together. 20. He is hiding _______ the bookcase.(6)
(4)
22. Dinner is _______ the table.(2)
22. The bank is _________ the park.(8)
24. I put my hands _______ my Pockets.
23. We live _________ the city limits.(6) (6)
25. I saw John waving _________ the 26. We will eat _______ the play.(6)
crowd.(5)
27. The cat is sleeping _______ the bed.
28. I am more cautious _________ the (5)
fall.(5)
29. This letter is _______ my aunt.(4)
29. I have a present _________ you.(3)
30. We ran _______ the other kids.(4)
31. We strolled _________ the river.(5)
32. He ran _________ us.(7)
33. The leaves had collected _______ the
trees(7)
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Hotel Management j.
Which word in the passage means
The hotel industry is the fastest ‘composed of people from many parts
growing industry in India. The number of of the country’?
international travellers (both for business
and leisure) is increasing. The hospitality Grammar
and service industry offers career options
such as house keeping, front-desk Prepositions
executives, tourism management, etc. The underlined words in
Sports Management the following sentences from the text are
the examples of prepositions.
With multinational companies
supporting sports, careers in sports offer 1. If you look up ‘tea’ in the first cookery
enormous scope. One need not be a player book,
or an athlete to shine in a sports career 2. Fifthly, the tea should be put straight
because the field of sports offers various into the pot.
career options such as technical trainers,  ‘
in’ is used for the placement of noun
commentators, sports journalists, inside another noun.
dieticians, referees, etc. Conducting sports  ‘
into’ is used for the movement of a
events successfully, organizing the event noun from one status to an other status.
laudably, preparing the ground for the
A preposition is a word or a phrase that is
event are all part of sports management.
used to show the relationship between a
a. When do students start thinking about noun and another noun.
their career path? List of Prepositions and
b. How can students build a strong career? Prepositional Phrases
A C N T
c.
What are the integral aspects of a about concerning near than
above D next to through
successful career? across despite O till
after down of to
d. W
hat is meant by ‘culinary art’? against during off towards
ahead of E on U
e. Why is media a popular career option? along except for on behalf under
amid F of unlike
f.
Name some paramedical courses amidst following on top of until
mentioned in the passage. among for onto up
around from opposite upon
g. Why is the hotel industry seen as the as far as I out V
aside from in out of versus
fastest growing in India? at in case of outside via
B in front of over W
h. Does one have to be a player to opt barring in place of P with
for a career in the field of sports? behind in spite of past within
before including plus without
Answer giving reasons. below inside R
beneath instead of regarding
i. Pick one word from the passage which beside into regardless
besides L of
is the opposite of ‘modern’. between like
beyond M S
by minus since
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Here are a few prepositions which cause along/through
confusion. The examples illustrate the
along  for following a line of specific
correct usage.
movement
since/for man walked along the side of the
A
since  for an action continuing from river.
the past to the present time
through  for movement in a three
Y
uvan has been playing badminton dimensional space from one side to the
well since 2014. other
for  the total duration of an action/  Hunters walked through the forest.
existence from the past to the present
time between/among
Y
uvan has been playing badminton between  used for two nouns/adverbials,
for the past four years. when there is ‘and’ in the sentence
above/over here was amity between Jessie

T
above  when one thing is not directly Owens and Luz Long in the Berlin
over the other Olympics.
 My
brother lived in the mountains among  used for more than two nouns,
above the lake. when there is the use of ‘and’ in the
sentence
over  for horizontal movement at a
higher level T
here was a healthy discussion
about communal harmony among
 I saw a helicopter fly over a lake. Ramesh, Abdul and John.
below/under before/after
below  ‘Below’ is the opposite of ‘above’
before used for the second action in a
 Her head was below the level of the phrase when we mention two actions
table. So, nobody noticed her.
B
efore eating food, we clean our
hands.
under  ‘under’ is the opposite of ‘over’;
for horizontal movement at a lower level
after  used for the first action in a phrase
child places his toys under a
A when we mention two actions
blanket.
A
fter eating food, children love
boy ran under the bridge when
A
playing.
the river was dry.
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Task 1 (4) ___conducting many programmes.
She was very popular (5) ___ her
Recall your learning of basic prepositions schoolmates, as she was kind, friendly
and complete the sentences using the and helpful.
prepositions given in brackets.
(after, with, on, before, of, in, for)
over under on between
among into with since ii) (1)__ the interview, Solomon was
in front of near/beside confident (2)___ getting the job. He
knew that he was qualified (3)___ the
a) The boy jumped _____ a narrow stream.
job. He was interested (4)__ discharging
b)
Afsar will meet me _____ Friday his duty perfectly. The interview panel
morning. was impressed (5)__ his attitude and
c) The temple is _____ the bank. skills. So (6)__ the interview, he was
(7)__ cloud nine.
d)
My friend will meet me _____ his
brother tomorrow. Prepositional Phrases
e)
There is usually a garden _____ a
A prepositional phrase is made up of a
bungalow.
preposition and a noun phrase.
f) Y
uvan has been studying well _____
childhood.
Task 1
Underline the prepositional phrases. The
g) A trekker climbed _____ a mountain
first two examples have been done for you.
meticulously.
h) There was a skirmish _____ my brother a) With reference to your advertisement
and sister. in a local newspaper, I am applying for
i) T
he laudable thoughts were apparent the post of a salesman.
_____ many scholars in a conference. b) The assignment will be completed in a
j) It is easy to work _____ the aegis of few weeks.
visionary leader. c) Ravi was appreciated by his teachers.
d) We feel sorry for our mistakes.
Task 2
e) The boy studied well in spite of many
Complete the following passages using obstacles.
the prepositions given in brackets. f) O
ur nation is famous for its glorious
culture.
(among, for, at, to, in, )
g) We are proud of our children.
i) W
hen Lakshmi was (1) ___ school, she h)
My brother will return home in the
practised music from Monday (2) ___ evening.
Friday. She involved herself (3) ___ the
school orchestra. She was responsible
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Task 2 Cumulative and, also, as well as
conjunctions
Fill in the blanks with suitable Choice or, or else,
prepositional phrase given in brackets. conjunctions otherwise
Contrast yet, but, still,
(in favour of, in case of, according to, on conjunctions nevertheless,
the whole, on account of, on behalf of, whereas, while
in spite of, instead of ) Consequence so, and so,
conjunctions therefore,
a) ------------ Kiran, Rajesh may attend a consequently, for
programme.
b)
Many tourists visited Ooty ---------- SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
heavy rains. Subordinating conjunctions are
c) Expressing gratitude ------------ others words that join two clauses, one being sub
is common in a vote of thanks. ordinate to the other. They are used to
join complex sentences.
d) - ------------, I had a happy childhood.
e) Our teacher always acts ---------- her Subordinating conjunctions express:
students.
f)
--------------- his laziness, the boy time before, after, when
remained passive for a long time. while, till
place where, wherever,
g) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - G a n d h i j i ,
whether, whither
ahimsa means infinite love.
manner as, as if, as though
h) ----------- rain, take an umbrella. comparison as, than
cause/reason because, since, for
CONJUNCTIONS result/ that, so that
A conjunction is a word that joins consequence
together words, phrases, clauses or sentences. purpose so that, in order
There are two types of conjunctions, that
namely coordinating conjunctions and condition/ if, unless, provided,
subordinating conjunctions. concession even if
contrast though, even
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS though, although

Coordinating conjunctions are
Correlative conjunctions are words that
used in compound sentences. They help
are always used in pairs to join sentences.
in joining sentences and independent
clauses of equal rank.
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www.tntextbooks.in
GRAMMAR
QUESTION TAG
WHAT? Question tags are short questions at the

end of the statements.
Look at the following pictures
You want a chocolate, You have a test,

don't you? don't you?
Father asks his son to confirm Suganya asks her friend to confirm that
whether he wants a chocolate. she has a test tomorrow.
He needs confirmation.
That’s how tags are used to confirm that something is true or not and to encourage
a reply from the person we are speaking to.
How it formed?
Tags are formed with the auxiliary or modal verb, from the given statement with
the appropriate subject (Pronoun)
Auxiliary /modal + n’t + Pronoun
¾ Negative auxiliaries and verbs in tags are usually in the contracted form ‘n’t.
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Contractions
isn't - is not wasn't - was not aren't - are not weren't - were not
don't - do not doesn't - does not didn't - did not shan't - shall not
won't - will not wouldn't - would not can't - can not couldn't - could not
haven't - have not hasn't - has not hadn't - had not shouldn't - should not
A) A Positive statement is followed by a negative question tag.
A negative questiontag A subject pronoun

¾ A Positive statement +
comes after an
auxiliary or a form of
+ – the verb
You are a student, aren’t you?
EXAMPLES
¾ She is a doctor, Isn’t she?

¾ The books are interesting, aren't they?
¾ I can swim, can't I?
¾ We should obey the elders, shouldn't we?
¾ Once the car was costly, wasn't it?
B) A negative statement is followed by a positive question tag.
¾ A negative statement + A positive question tag

A subject pronoun is
to replace the noun
+ – or noun phrase
Kayal isn’t a lazy girl. is she?
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EXAMPLES
¾ We don't have enough time, do we?

¾ He is not playing well, is he?
¾ You were not listening, were you?
¾ Chandini hadn't seen you before, had she?
¾ Children shouldn't watch TV too much, should they?
C) If the sentence has no auxiliary verb
When the statement is in simple present, we form the question tag with do/does.
You play the guitar, don’t you?
Do + play
Deepa likes tennis, doesn’t she?
Does like
When the statement is in simple past, we form the question tag with did.
He came yesterday, didn't he?
did + come
You speak English, don't you? You spoke English, Did you?
Sam hates cooking, doesn't he? Sam hated cooking, didn't he?
He lives in Europe, doesn't he? He lived in Europe, didn't he?
They drink tea, don't they? They drank tea, didn't they?
I watch cricket, don't I? I watched cricket, didn't I?
D) Statements using barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, neither, no, nobody,

none, nothing and seldom are treated as negative statement.
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E) Some special cases
� He hardly works, does he? � They seldom speak, do they?

� She rarely comes late, does she? � He told nothing, did he?
� I am – I am a student, aren't I?
but I am not a student, am I?
� Let's type sentences has the tag shall we
Let's go home, shall we?
� Affirmative Imperative has the tag will you / won't you
Read the book, will you?
� Everyone / Everybody / nobody / somebody / anybody take plural verb in tag
Everyone is perfect, aren't they?
� Negative imperative has the tag will you
Don't come late tomorrow, will you?
� Nothing has the tag 'it' in the affirmative
� This / That - These / Those have the tag isn't it - aren't they
This article is very good, isn't it?
� There is / They are have the tag isn't here - aren't there
There are some books on the table, aren't there?
EXERCISE
a) Fill in the blanks with suitable tags.
1. She is collecting stickers,_____________________________ ?
2. We often watch TV in the afternoon,____________________ ?
3. You have cleaned your bike,___________________________ ?
4. John and Max don't like maths,________________________ ?
5. Peter played handball yesterday,_______________________ ?
6. They are going home from school,______________________ ?
7. Mary didn't do her homework last Monday,_______________ ?

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8. He could have bought a new car,_______________________ ?
9. Kevin will come tonight,______________________________ ?
10. I'm clever,_________________________________________ ?
b) Fill in the blanks with suitable tags.
1. He is still sleeping, ________

a) is not he? b) isn't he? c) wasn't he?
2. You go to school, ________

a) do you? b) aren't you? c) don't you?
3. Let's go for a walk, ________

a) shall we? b) shan't we? c) will we?
4. We won't be late, ________

a) won't we? b) will we? c) are we?
5. Nobody called, ________

a) do they? b) didn't they? c) did they?
6. They will wash the car, ________
a) will it? b) won't they? c) wouldn't they?
7. We must lock the doors, ________

a) mustn't they? b) shouldn't we? c) mustn't we?
8. I'm right, ________

a) amn't I? b) am not I? c) aren't I?
9. So you bought a car, ________

a) did you? b) haven't you? c) weren't you?
10. You wouldn't like to invite my Dad, ________

a) did you? b) would you? c) won't you?
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The Inspector: statements.
1. Mr. Umar was at home when the event
occurred.
2. Yes, Mr. Umar saw the thief entering
the neighbour’s house.
3. Mrs. Umar was watching the movie
while her husband was drinking water.
4. The thief broke into the house while
they were watching a movie.
If you cannot prove that you were with a 1. Question Tags

friend, we can arrest you. A question tag is a short question added
At the end of the questioning session, at the end of a statement. It is generally
Mr.Umar told the inspector the truth. used when asking for agreement or
confirmation.
“Last night, somebody called me, but he
wasn’t my friend. I had borrowed some The tag is formed with the auxiliary
money from him and he had given me verb in the statement and the subject. A
time till last night to return it. But I did positive statement takes a negative tag,
not do so. So, he called home asking me while a negative statement takes a positive
to meet him outside the house. That’s tag. If the sentence contains a main verb,
why I went out. I did not tell my wife as I then the question tag uses an apppropriate
did not want her to know about it. When form of ‘do’ verb. An appropriate pronoun
I went out, I saw a stranger entering my of the subject is added to the verb to form
neighbour’s house but I did not stop as I the tag. The sentence ends with a comma,
was in a hurry to meet the moneylender. followed by a tag which ends with a
question mark.
Answer the questions after reading the
story. Look at the following sentences.
1. Did Mrs. Umar see the thief? You are a student, aren’t you?
Aji is not a lawyer, is she?
2. What was Mrs. Umar doing when the
Lawrence saw the snake sliding into the
thief broke into the house?
hole, didn’t he?
3. Was Mr. Umar watching movie with Jordi attends the class regularly, doesn’t
his wife when the thief broke in the he?
house?
Intonation and Meaning
4. What was Mr. Umar doing in the The intonation (the rise and fall of the
kitchen? voice in speaking) of the tag determines
Frame suitable questions for the following the meaning of the question tag.
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Rising intonation play the dialogue with your friend.
Look at this sentence and the tag. Jeyanth:
Madhav doesn’t speak Telugu, does he? Hello, Anish! It’s your Physics exam
today, .
If the intonation of the tag goes up, it
means we are not sure if Madhav speaks Anish:
Telugu and we want to know if he does. Yes. They have set a very long paper. Yet,
Falling Intonation I managed to finish the paper.
If the intonation of the tag goes down, it Jeyanth:

means we are checking or confirming if True. My maths paper too was very long.
Madhav speaks Telugu. I couldn’t finish it.
Anish:
A. Add appropriate question tags to the
I could not solve my paper properly.
following sentences.
1. Cities are increasingly becoming Jeyanth:
urbanised. Ok. Actually, my question paper was very
easy.
2. They experiment with ways to improve
air quality. Anish:
Mine wasn’t easy. I made a silly mistake.
3. The aim should be to reduce congestion.
4. There is an urgent need to provide Jeyanth:
clean, reliable and affordable energy to Tell me about your English paper.
their growing populations.
Anish:
5. Automation and shared mobility will The story comprehension was very easy. I
play a key role in this transformation. am sure to score more than ten marks on
6. It changes the way people commute in fifteen. I wrote it very well. There wouldn’t
cities. be any mistake.
7. Before long, a fleet of electric Jeyanth:
autonomous vehicles (AVs) could drive For me, my letter- writing was the best. I
people to their destinations. didn’t make a single mistake.
8. These shared AVs will run at higher Anish:
utilization rates. Ok. I’ve got lots to study for tomorrow’s
9. They can substantially reduce the cost exam.
of mobility and congestion.
Jeyanth:
10. These should not be thought of as Me too. So, see you later. All the best, bye.
luxury but as necessity.
Anish:
B. Add appropriate question tags and role Thank you. Wish you the same, bye.
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m. When did you feel the tremors? questions. Let’s take a look at the different
n. How did you do the experiment? types of questions and deal with Tag
Questions in detail:
o.
Whose car did someone park in
front of your gate? 1.
‘Yes’ or ‘no’ Questions or Polar
Questions
Task 2
These questions expect or elicit a
Change the following sentences into response of either ‘yes’ or ‘no’. ‘Yes-no’
Active Voice. questions begin with ‘be verbs’, ‘do verbs’
a) The smuggler has been nabbed by and ‘have verbs’ or with modal verbs.
the police. They can be framed in both positive and
negative forms.
b) By whom were you interviewed?
c)
Why were you scolded by your Generally, people tend to make
parents? mistakes in answering ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ to a
negative question. For instance,
d)
Not a word was spoken by the
convict in self–defence. “Did you not attend the function last
e) Good news is expected shortly. week?”
f) The mail has just been received. “Yes, I did not.” (wrong response)
g) Sundari has been taken to hospital
“No, I did not.”(right response)
by her husband.
h)
Our television is being repaired Here, two negatives do not neutralise
now. each other, but only emphasize the point
or the message if the person has attended
i) Sweets have not been distributed to
the function, the answer will be: “Yes, I
children by the organisers.
did.”
j) Prizes were being given by the chief
guest. 2. ‘Wh’ Questions or Information
k) Nobody has been seen in the library Questions
this week. These questions are framed to seek
l) Nobody would have known the truth some sort of information. They begin
if you had not disclosed it. with ‘What, When, Where, Who, Why,
Which, Whom, Whose and How. For e.g.
m) You are advised to help the poor
What are your plans for this weekend? /
and needy.
Whom do you want me to meet there? /
n) You are requested to make a cup of How long should I wait for you? / When
tea for the guest. will you be able to complete this work? /
Why does your father travel to UK quite
Interrogations or Questions often?
There are different ways of asking
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3. Alternative Questions [isn’t, wasn’t, aren’t, weren’t, hasn’t,
These questions offer the listener a haven’t, hadn’t, doesn’t, don’t, didn’t,
closed choice of two or more possible won’t, shan’t, can’t, wouldn’t, shouldn’t,
answers, presuming that only one is couldn’t, mustn’t, needn’t, oughtn’t,
true. They are framed with the word daren’t]
‘or’. For e.g. Shall I meet him today or  If the statement is in the affirmative,
tomorrow? / Would you like to have tea, the tag it takes is usually negative. If
coffee or juice? Are you going to spend the statement is negative, the tag it
your vacation in Ooty or Kodaikanal? takes is positive.
/ Did you buy a sedan or a hatchback? e.g.
Mr. Ranjith is a great scholar,
isn’t he?
4. Tag Questions
You can complete this project in a
A tag question is a short question form week, can’t you?
added at the end of a declarative or an
imperative sentence. It is generally used e.g. Ahalya will never accept your
to draw the attention of the listener to proposal, will she?
the sentence and to seek confirmation.  If the main part of the sentence doesn’t
Sometimes they are used to encourage have an auxiliary verb or a modal verb,
a reply from the person who is spoken the question tag is formed with the
to. Tag questions are commonly used in appropriate form of ‘do’ based on the
conversations and not usually in formal tense of the main verb and the number
English. of the subject.
e.g. Mahathi sings very well, doesn’t she?
Points to remember while framing tag
(present tense – singular subject)
questions
 The question tag always begins with These girls sing very well, don’t they?
an auxiliary verb or a modal verb. (present tense – plural subject)
Question tags are formed with the
Mahathi sang very well yesterday, didn’t
same auxiliary or modal verb found in
she?
the main part of the sentence.
(past tense – singular subject)
 The subject of the question tag is a
These girls sang very well yesterday, didn’t
personal pronoun (except ‘there’),
they?
which is a substitute for the subject of
(past tense - plural subject)
the statement.
 The pronoun should agree with the  The subject hidden in an imperative
number, gender and person of the sentence is always ‘you’ and so the
subject of the statement. subject of the question tag is also ‘you’.
The negative adverb ‘not’ is always

 Imperative sentences that express a

used in contracted form. polite request, obligation, suggestion,
invitation, impatience, warning etc.
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take ‘will or would’ as verbs in the e.g. T
he peacock is the national bird of
question tag. India, isn’t it?
e.g.
Please, bring me a glass of water, The blue frock was more expensive
would you? (polite request) than the pink one, wasn’t it?
Always follow the traffic rules, would Something has gone wrong in the
you? (obligation) circuit, hasn’t it?
Join us for lunch tomorrow, will you? This is not your dad’s car, is it?
(invitation)
When the statements begin with

Don’t ever meddle with my papers, ‘There’, the same is used as the subject
will you? (warning) of the question tags too.
The pronoun ‘they’ is used if the

 e.g. T
here is not much time left, is there?
subject of the sentence refers to people There was a pond beside the
or animals or things in plural. temple, wasn’t there?
e.g. T
he young should learn to take up The words ‘hardly, scarcely, rarely,

responsibilities, shouldn’t they? barely and seldom’ are considered as
The toys in the box are not new, are negatives and therefore take positive
they? question tags.
Though the subjects ‘someone,

 e.g. We rarely visit our native town,
somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, do we?
nobody, everything, everyone and Ajith seldom speaks in English,
everybody’ are singular in meaning, the does he?
pronoun ‘they’ is used in the question
tag. Statements having ‘a little’ or ‘a few’

are positive and therefore they take a
e.g. Nobody has arrived yet, have they? negative tag. Statements having ‘little’
or ‘few’ are negative and therefore take
Everyone will attend the party,
a positive tag.
won’t they?
e.g. A
few germs can be viewed through
 The pronoun ‘it’ is used in the question
this microscope, can’t they?
tag when the subject of the statement
Little do your parents know about
is:
this problem, do they?
• a thing or an animal in singular
form  The appropriate form of ‘be’ is used,
• ‘
S omething’, ‘Anything’ or if the statement contains a ‘be’ verb.
‘Nothing’ The ‘be’ forms ‘is, are, was, were’ are
repeated in the tag. The verb am in the
• ‘ This’ or ‘That’
statement takes aren’t as its tag; ain’t
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is not used in formal English; ‘am I Task – 1
not’is very formal. Add suitable question tags to the following
sentences and punctuate properly.
e.g. I am a very honest and humble
being, aren’t I? 1. The children are very happy today.
 Sentences that begin with ‘Let’s…’ take 2. You have not returned my books yet.
‘shall we?’ as the question tag. 3. We enjoyed the trip very much.
e.g. L
et’s close our eyes and meditate 4. Let’s clean the shelves this weekend.
for some time, shall we? 5. My mother rarely travels by bus.
Let’s all go to the beach this 6. Somebody must bell the cat.
evening, shall we?
7. Anita never comes late to office.
 Sentences that begin with ‘Each of ’, 8. I am always the winner.
‘Either of ’, ‘Neither of ’, ‘Both of ’ and 9. Don’t commit this mistake again.
‘All of ’ take plural pronouns as the
10. There is a pharmacy near that bus
subject in the question tag.
stand.
e.g. Neither of my two brothers helped
11. Bacteria can never survive in extreme
me in that situation, did they?
weather conditions.
All of us are not eligible to apply 12. I am not as smart as you are.
for this course, are we?
13. The boys broke the window pane last
evening.
 Punctuation: A comma is added at
the end of the statement and the tag 14. Leaves wither during autumn.
begins with a small letter and ends 15.
You should add a little salt to the
with a question mark. buttermilk.
 Intonation: Question tags are usually Task – 2

asked for agreement when the speaker Correct the error found in the question
already knows the answer. Sometimes tag in each of the following.
the speaker uses a tag question when
he really wants to know the answer. The evil doers cannot cross the path of
1.
truth, can’t they?
If the speaker asks a real question,
he/she uses a rising intonation i.e. his/her The vegetables in the fridge are still
2.
tone of voice rises. fresh, aren’t it?
The village head understood the
3.
If the speaker already knows the
intention of the politician, doesn’t he?
answer and expects only an agreement
or confirmation, he/she uses a falling I claim to be a person of faith and
4.
intonation i.e. his/her tone of voice falls. prayer, aren’t I?
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5.
The employees are seldom allowed to  B efore you start writing a story, you
meet their boss, aren’t they? need to decide on the following key
points.
Let’s organize a trip to Goa, can we?
6.
• Plot – What the story is about.
The landlady will charge me for the
7.
damage, shan’t she? • T
heme – The message conveyed by
the story.
B oth the sisters have left for Canada,
8.
• C
haracters – Main characters – their
aren’t they?
descriptions and the supporting
That’s definitely not the right thing to
9. characters
do in this situation, isn’t that? • S
etting – Time, location and
We needn’t apply for a bank loan, do
10. background
we? • D
eveloping storyline – Create a
conflict for the main character.
The Chief Guest spoke a few words,
11.
did he? • B
uilding the climax – the turning
point of the story – the most dramatic
The rhinoceros has a horn made of
12.
moment
keratin, haven’t they?
• C onclusion – Give a suitable end.
Writing
 Here are a few hints that can help you
produce a well-written short story.
STORY WRITING
•
B egin the story in an impressive
Story writing is an activity that manner with any of the following:
involves creativity. It is a delightful a remarkable scene

form of composition in a narrative style. a description of the main character

The purpose of writing a narrative piece
a powerful line of dialogue

is to educate, motivate or entertain. It
can be a fictional story or narration of a a conflict or a mystery.

real-life incident or experience. Even an •
Grab the attention of the readers
interesting incident of everyday life can with an opening sentence that arrests
inspire a plot and supply a scenario for a attention and raises questions in the
beautiful story. This exercise requires rich reader’s mind.
imagination and graphic visualisation. •
Describe the setting – time, location,
context and atmosphere.
We all enjoy reading and listening
to short stories. Let’s try our hand in •
Develop the story line and introduce
developing short stories. We shall look at the characters.
two types of guided writings–developing •
Incorporate an element of suspense
hints and story completion–that will help and sustain the same till the climax
us develop story-writing skills. unfolds.
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H. Look at the picture of a village festival carefully. Talk about the activities
that are going on by using the hints given in the help box.
About the place and the people — what is happening: what do the children and the
adults do? – kind of shops – performances
PICTO GRAMMAR
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Past Present Future

Past Present Future
Magnet attracts iron.
Kanyakumari Express
departs at 5:15 p.m.
Past Present Future
He opens the door and

enters the room.
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Simple Present Tense

a. Facts that exist at all times: Magnet attracts iron.
b. Permanent situation: I live in Chennai.
c. Expressing actions happening now: He opens the door and enters the room.
d. Habitual actions: Ravi goes to school at 8:30 a.m.
e. Future reference: Kanyakumari Express departs at 5:15 p.m.
Venkat will leave the class as soon as Anbu arrives.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Past Present Future Past Present Future
My grandfather is reading
You are always disturbing me.
the newspaper now.
Present Progressive Tense

a. Unfinished Actions Now : My grandfather is reading the newspaper now.
b. Annoying Habits : You are always disturbing me.
c. Definite Future Plans with time word: The Prime Minister is visiting
Chennai tomorrow.
J. Read the sentences given below. Does the action happen every day or is it
happening at this moment?
1. Deepa waters the plants every morning.

2. A triangle has three sides.
3. Sandhya is writing a letter.
4. The children are playing in the garden.
5. I go to school regularly.
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K. Read the sentences given below and circle the verbs appropriately.
1. Children like/likes ice-creams.
2. Birds is flying/are flying in the sky.
3. The doctor is treating/ are treating the patient.
4. Our school is commencing/commences at 9.00 in the morning.
5. The florist sell/sells flowers on the street.
L. Vimala and Srinath have met after a long time. Read the conversation given
below and complete the dialogue. Role play the situation with your own
words.
Vimala : Hello Srinath, I haven’t seen you for a long time. Where are you rushing off?
Srinath : hospital.
Vimala : Why are you going to hospital? Are you ill?
Srinath : No, I to see my friend.
Vimala : Oh! What happened to him?
Srinath : .
Vimala : Are you tomorrow?
Srinath : Yes, I am free.
Vimala : You are in a hurry, meet you tomorrow. Take care.
Srinath : Ok! Bye.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Merlin went to Ooty last week. Once there lived a farmer. He had four sons.
Simple Past Tense

a. Completed action: Merlin went to Ooty last week.
Shakespeare wrote ‘The Tempest’.
b. Actions in stories: She boarded the train and looked for her friends.
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PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE
When I entered the room, the telephone

Malathi was watering the plants all day.
was ringing.
Past Progressive Tense

a. Overlapping action: When I entered the room, the telephone was ringing.
b. Past habits: Arun was eating a lot of junk food those days.
c. Emphasis of length or duration: Malathi was watering the plants all day.
d. Recalling the past: It was raining that day. I remember it well.
M. Sinduja is getting ready to sleep. She starts writing her diary. Help her
complete it by using the verbs given in brackets.
(start eat have finish go reach)
1. I got up at 7’O clock.

2. I breakfast.
3. I to office by car.
4. I to work.
5. I lunch at .
6. I my task at 7 p.m.
7. I home at 8 p.m.
N. Read the sentences carefully and fill in the blanks with suitable tense
form of the verbs given in brackets.
1. The doorbell rang, while I (do) my homework.
2. We saw an elephant, while we (go) on a trip to Ooty.
3. Mary fell asleep while she (read) a book.
4. The television was on but nobody (watch) it.
5. Baskaran hurt his hand while he (cut) mangoes.
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PICTO GRAMMAR
Present Perfect Tense
Present perfect tense tells us

that an action is complete at this
time.
Example:
I have completed my home
work.
Past Perfect Tense
The past perfect tense tells us

about an action that took place
before another action in the past.
Example:
he train had left before he
T
reached the station.
Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense helps to

describe an event that is expected
or planned to happen before a time
in the future.
Example:
e would have completed our
W
project by next week.
38
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USE GRAMMAR
H. Frame five questions using the picture clues. Begin with “Have you ever”.
(write any story) (visit the Tajmahal)

Have you ever written a story?

(cook briyani) (watch a horror film)

(play Ten pin bowling) (go swimming)

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I. Fill in the blanks with the past perfect tense with the help of the words
given in the brackets.
1. When Usha looked out of the window dark clouds __________ (gather) over the
mountains.
2. She had no umbrella with her; the weather __________________ (seem) so

fine just a few hours ago.
3. All was dark again. Night __________ (fall).
4. She ran towards the big gap in the wall through which she ___________ (enter).
5. Usha looked back at the ruins. The sun ____________ (come) up and was
touching the top of the walls.
J. Read this text and fill in the blanks with future perfect tense.
Iniya moves to Chennai to join an IAS coaching class. Tomorrow by this time, she
______________________ (join) the class. She _____________________ (undergo)
training till next year. She _______________________ (work)very hard by the time she
comes home. Her parents _____________________ (worry) about her health all the
time. They ___________________ (write)many letters by the time she comes home.
They will be very happy when Iniya becomes an IAS officer.
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Grammar
TENSE – TIME
Tense
Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense
Simple Perfect Perfect

Continuous Continuous
Tense Signal words Use
• every day • something happens repeatedly

• sometimes • how often something happens
• always • one action follows another
Simple Present / • often • things in general
Present Simple • usually • with the following verbs (to love, to
• seldom hate, to think, etc.)
• never • future meaning: timetables,
• first ... then programmes
• now • something is happening at the

same time of speaking or around it
Present Continuous • at the moment
• future meaning: when you have
/ Progressive • Look!
already decided and arranged to
• Listen! do it (a fixed plan, date)
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• last ...
• action finished in the past, mostly
Simple Past / Past • ... ago connected with an expression
Simple • in 1990 of time (no connection to the
present)
• yesterday
• an action happened in the middle

of another action
Past Continuous / • someone was doing sth. at a
• while
Progressive certain time (in the past) - you do
not know whether it was finished
or not
• just
• yet
• never
• ever • you say that sth. has happened or
is finished in the past and it has a
• already
Present Perfect connection to the present
• so far
• action started in the past and
• up to now continues up to the present
• since
• for
• recently
• all day • action began in the past and has
just stopped
• the whole day
Present Perfect • how long the action has been
• how long
Continuous happening
• since
• emphasis: length of time of an
• for action
• mostly when two actions in a
story are related to each other:
• already
the action which had already
Past Perfect • just
happened is put into Past Perfect,
• never the other action into Simple Past
• the past of Present Perfect
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• how long • how long something had been

Past Perfect
• since happening before something else
Continuous
• for happened
• predictions about the future (you

think that sth. will happen)
• you decide to do sth.
spontaneously at the time of
will - future
speaking, you haven't made a
decision before
• main clause in type I of the if
clauses
• when you have already decided

going to - future to do sth. in the future
• what you think what will happen
• An action will be in progress at

a certain time in the future. This
action has begun before the
Future Continuous
certain time.
• Something happens because it
normally happens.
• sth. will already have happened

Future Perfect
before a certain time in the future
• sth. will already have happened

Future Perfect before a certain time in the future
Continuous • emphasis: length of time of an
action
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Present Tense
Person Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
I + verb + am + verb + ing + have + pp + have+ been + verb +ing
we + verb + are + verb + ing + have + pp + have+ been + verb +ing
You + verb + are + verb + ing + have + pp + have+ been + verb +ing
He + verb+s/es + is + verb + ing + has + pp + has + been + verb +ing
She + verb+s/es + is + verb + ing + has + pp + has + been + verb +ing
It + verb+s/es + is + verb + ing + has + pp + has + been + verb +ing
They + verb + are + verb + ing + have + pp + have+ been + verb +ing
Past Tense
I + was + verb + ing + had + pp + had + been + verb +ing
we + were + verb + ing + had + pp + had + been + verb +ing

Past
You tense + were + verb + ing + had + pp + had + been + verb +ing
He of + was + verb + ing + had + pp + had + been + verb +ing
She the + was + verb + ing + had + pp + had + been + verb +ing
verb
It + was + verb + ing + had + pp + had + been + verb +ing
They + were + verb + ing + had + pp + had + been + verb +ing
Future Tense
I
we
You
+ Shall / will + Shall / will + be + Shall / will + Shall / will + have + been
He
+ verb + verb + ing + have + PP + verb+ ing
She
It
They
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B) Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of the verbs given in the brackets.
1. When the burglars broke into the house, everybody _________ (have) sound sleep.
2. The milk ____ (spill) over as she went to see the crowd passing by with loud slogans.
3. If Karthik _________ (not + make) any mistake, he will be rewarded.
4. They were watching TV when they _________ (hear) a loud bang at the door.
5. The bus _________ (leave) the stop before we could catch it.
6. Arya _______ (play) the same song for last three days. It has become boring now.
7. Manju _______ (call) after we reach home.
8. The show _______ (complete) its one thousand episodes by next month.
9. Don’t worry, we will be _______ (reach) the airport in time.
10. Prasanna has _______ (fall) sick after eating some snacks at the street side shop.
C) Tick the correct option to complete the sentences.

1. The climate of the city _________ mild and pleasant most of the time.
a) is remaining b) remains
c) was remaining d) is remained
2. One day he _________ into a hotel in Ooty, a beautiful city in Tamilnadu.
a) booking b) was booking
c) booked d) had booked
3. You will certainly _________ rewards for what you are doing.
a) get b) had got
c) was getting d) be getting
4. Do you _________ the day we moved the piano upstairs?
a) remember b) remembered
c) are remembering d) had remembered
5. The rain completely _________ our day.
a) spoilt b) is spoiling
c) is spoilt d) was spoilt
6. Akbar _________ the king at the age of fifteen after the sudden death of his father.
a) was becoming b) had become
c) became d) become
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7. The criminal _________ the place before the police could reach.
a) was escaping b) had escaped
c) is escaping d) will escape
8. They _________ all the arrangements before the guest's arrival.
a) will have made b) will be made
c) had been making d) were making
9. Sabithra _________ her job by tomorrow evening.
a) will be completing b) will complete
c) will have completed d) will have been completing
10. Harshini _________ her mother in making rangoli in the yard for last one hour.
a) is helping b) has helped
c) has been helping d) helps
D) Identify the errors in the sentences given below and rewrite them.
1. I have met him yesterday.
2. I am watching TV since morning.
3. She is seeming sad.
4. She watched TV when her husband came.
5. He is having a cellular phone.
6. I heard him to speak on several subjects.
7. Ten candidates have passed one failed.
8. He succeeded because he works hard.
9. How long are you working in this office?
10. I shall wait for you till you will finish your work.
11. When I reached the station, the train already left.
12. She or he have done well.
13. One of the boys are missing.
14. None is genuine.
15. She is waiting for you for 3 hours.
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Grammar
TENSES Habits
 I always drink coffee at work.
PRESENT TENSE
 He wakes up at 7 a.m. every day.
SIMPLE PRESENT  They usually eat dinner at home.
(verb+s/es)
General facts/truths
 The Earth revolves around
the Sun.
 The Sun rises in the East.
o
 Water boils at 100 C.
True in the Future

present timetables/schedules
 He works in a studio.  My train arrives tomorrow.
 She is sixty years old.  We fly to Paris on Monday.
 We live in Chennai.  Classes begin next week.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
(am/is/are+verb+ing)
Temporary actions
I'm working in New
York this week.
Happening now
 It is raining.
Trends
 I'm eating lunch now. More and more people
are using cell phones to
access the Internet.
Fixed plans Longer actions in

progress now
I am meeting my friends
after work.  She is studying to become a doctor.
 He is training for a marathon.
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PRESENT PERFECT
(has/have+past participle) Duration from the
past until now
He has been a teacher
Action completed in since 2002.
the immediate past
Change over time
 We have planned the
 Your English has improved
meeting for next week.
since the last time we met.
 I have joined the duty.
 She has completed the home M
y niece has grown a lot in
work. the past year.
Event in the past at

Repeated events in the
an unspecified time
past until now
S he has been to
W
e have had four exams so far
Paris.
in this semester.
 I've seen that
movie.  I 've been to this restaurant many
times since I moved next door.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

(has/have+been+verb+ing)
Duration from the Actions going on for a

past until now period of time
He has been It has been raining.

teaching for ten The sidewalk
years. is wet.
Actions happening Temporary
recently (lately) actions
She has been

I've been practicing
exercising a lot
for five years.
recently.
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SIMPLE PAST
PAST TENSE
(past form of the tense)
Series of Completed action Duration in the

Habits in the past
completed actions in the past past
 H
e sat down, John played the
 Sarah baked a
  H
e stayed up all
took out a night.
piano when he cake yesterday.
notebook and
pen, and started was a child. I went to bed
  W
e lived in
writing. I was good at
 at 10 last night. Chicago for a
He entered the
 dancing when I year.
We ordered

room, turned in was a teenager.  W
e played
pizza on Friday.
my direction, and
baseball all day.
smiled at me.
PAST CONTINUOUS
(was/were+verb+ing) To start a story /
create an atmosphere
Action before & after a
While I was driving
specific time
to work yesterday...
Yesterday at noon, I
was eating lunch.
Repeated action (often

with "always")
My last roommate was
always leaving dirty
dishes in the sink.
Interrupted continuous Parallel actions

past action I was reading while my
brother was playing guitar.
I was watching a movie
when she called.
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PAST PERFECT (had+past participle)
Reported speech
An action completed
My student said that
before a past action
When we arrived, the he hadn't done his
class had already begun. homework.
In the Third A period of time

before an event in
Conditional of "if"
the past
If it had rained, I We had owned our
would have bought house for twenty years
an umbrella. before we sold it
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

(had+been+verb+ing)
Continued action in the Cause of something

past, before an action in the past
in the past
He went on a diet
He had been waiting for because he had been
an hour when she finally eating too much.
arrived.
"If"- impossible
condition Reported speech
If I had been paying She said that John had

attention, I wouldn't been helping her study
have got into an for months.
accident.
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FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE FUTURE

(shall/will + verb)
 Someone is at the door. I’ll see who it is. (at the present moment)
 I will help you with your homework tonight. (promise/offer)
 She won't tell me her password. (refusal)
Willingness: (will + verb)
My Mother will get a Foot Ball today
Future Fact: (will + verb)
Plan or Intention (be going to + verb)

 I'm going to watch a movie tonight.
 He's going to have a party this weekend.
Prediction
 It is cloudy. It's going to rain. (evidence)
 You'll go abroad someday. (opinion)
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
(shall/will +be + verb+ing)
 I will be waiting for

They'll be coming

you when you arrive
to visit us next
tonight.
week.
Interrupted  She will be watching
Emphasis of action in the TV, and he will be
future plans future cooking dinner.
and intentions Parallel  While he cooks dinner,
actions in the she will be watching
in
Action at future TV.
s s
progre the
in
a time e  When I enter the class,
futur re the teacher will be
he ure
p teaching, some students
he will be taking
 S os fut
m will be taking notes, and
At the
an exam at 2 p.m. in my best friend will be
tomorrow, so don't call trying to stay awake.
her then.
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FUTURE PERFECT
(shall/will+ have + past participle)
A completed action before something in the

future
 By the time you arrive, I will have finished the project.
 By next summer, she will have graduated from college.
Duration before something in the future

 By Friday, she will have had my car for a whole week.
 She will have been in Paris for six months by the time
she leaves.
Question form
 Do you think you will have finished the project before I arrive?
 Will she have graduated from college by then?
 What will you have done by the end of your time here?
Negative statements
B y this time tomorrow, she won't have had enough time to
finish the essay.
 By 2020, I won't have completed my PhD.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

(shall/will+have been + verb+ing)
1 Cause of something
2
Duration before
in the future
something in the future
 Her English will be excellent
by the time she visits the U.S.  He will have been waiting
because she will have been for an hour when she
studying it for five years. finally arrives.
 He will be tired by the time he  She will have been working

arrives because he will have at the company for ten
been travelling all day. years by the time I retire.
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Simple Present Tense 3. My brother __________ (work) in

A. C
hoose the correct form of the present London now.
tense verb from the options given. 4. I _____________ (wait) for my
1. All children __________ something mother.
new every day. (learn/ learns/ learned) 5. It is better not to disturb her, she
2. A good student always ________ ____________ (work).
hard. (work / works / worked)
C. W
hat are they doing? Use the verbs
3. Engineers ___________ bridges. below and write sentences.
(build / builds / built)
eat cry play read sing watch
4. My sister is an architect. She
__________ skyscrapers. (design/
designs / designed)
Ex. Galen is eating.
5. The Himalayas ______________
Galen
India from the cold winds. (protect/ Anu
1. ___________
protects/ protected)
6. It always ________ here in the 2. ___________
afternoon. (drizzle / drizzles / drizzled)
Peter 3. ___________
7. My mother _____________ in a Sudhan
factory. (work/ works/ worked)
4. ___________
8. Kamali ________ English very well,
but she doesn’t understand Hindi. 5. ___________
Kalai Velu
(speak/ speaks/ spoke)
9. Cows __________ us milk. (give/ D. L ook at the picture again and answer
gives/ gave) the questions.
10. The trains to Chennai always
1. Is Galen reading? _______________
_________ on time. (run / runs / ran)
2. Is Velu eating? _______________
Present Continuous Tense
B.
Make sentences in the present 3. Is Kalai dancing? _____________
continuous tense using the verb given 4. Is Peter watching TV? __________
in brackets.
5. Is Anu crying?_________________
1. Who is that boy ________ on the E. Write the –ing form of the verbs.
table? (stand)
1. Come _______ 4. Swim _______
2. What are you __________? (do)
2. Take ________ 5. Study _______
I __________ (listen) to music.
3. Fly _________ 6. Read _______
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F. Write negative sentences. 5. _

________ she ________ (watch) TV?
1. He is learning to read. 6. Who _________ he __________ (help)?
______________________ 7. H
er father ________ (not/cook) dinner.
2. I am having a bath. 8. A
kila ___________ (not/sing) a song.
______________________ 9. M
y brother ____ (not/do) his homework.
3. I’m reading a fantastic book. 10. _
_____your mother ____(work) today?
______________________
11. Amutha and Praba _____ (play) tennis.
4. Raja is driving a new car.
12. A
mith and Ravi ___ (not/swim) in the
______________________ lake.
5. I’m looking for my bag.
______________________ I. M
ake sentences in the present perfect
tense using the verbs in brackets.
G. Write questions for the answers.
1. She ____________ to anybody.
1. _________________?
No, they aren’t singing. (never apologized, has never
apologized, have never apologized)
2. ________________?
Yes, She is writing a new book. 2. My mother _________________ to
London.
3. _________________?
Yes, It is working. (has been, being in, have been )
4. ________________? 3. I ___________ all the plays of

No, he isn't doing the project. Shakespeare.
5. _________________? (read, had read, have read)

Yes, We are palning to go.
4. Have you ___________ your lunch?
H. F
ill in the blanks with verbs in the
(finish, finished, had finished)
present continuous.
1. Y
ou ___________ (listen) to the music. 5. _____________ he brought his bike?
2. H
e _______________________ (cry). (Had, Has, Have)
3. I _________ (swim) in the pool.
4. L atha_______ (wait) for her daughter.
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J. Present perfect with “ever and never” 3. I _______________ this mobile for
three years. (am using, has used,
Have you ever…?
have been using)
Question: Have you ever eaten a kiwi fruit? 4. The children ___________ in the park.
(has been playing, have been playing,
Answer: Yes, I have eaten a kiwi fruit. had been playing)
Or No, I have never eaten a kiwi
5. The workers ______ higher wages for
fruit.
a long time. (has been demanding,
Yes, I No, I have have been demanding, demand)
Activity have never. Simple Past Tense
(name) (name)
… been to Ooty L. C
omplete the story using the past
… travelled by plane tense of the verbs.
… visited a museum
The Hare and the Tortoise
…tried swimming in
sea
One day a and a
… gone hiking
… sung karaoke decided to have a race. The
……… lost money _______(know) that the
…… taken a cold _________ (can) run faster than him.
shower in winter But the _______ (be) more
… listened to French
intelligent than the . 'Yes, I'll race
music
you,'_________ (say) the . The
… eaten a peach
______ (have) a clever plan.
K. Present Perfect Continuous Tense He______ (find) his brothers and sisters
and he______ (tell) them to wait in
Make sentences in the present perfect
different places along the path of the race.
continuous tense using the verbs in
brackets. So they all______ (hide) behind the trees
along the path. The race______ (begin)!
1. How long __________ ? (are you The ______ (run) as fast as
waiting, have you been waiting, have possible. But the ______ (be) faster,
you waited)
of course. 'This will be a very easy race',
2. She ___________ in the garden ______ (think) the . So the
since morning. (is working, has been _________(decide) to rest, and he quickly
working, work)
____ (fall) asleep at the side of the road.
Suddenly, the ______ (wake up)
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and he______ (see) a ahead Down
of him! 'How did he get ahead of me?'

1. I (find) ________ a coin on the ground.
the asked himself. In fact,
it______ (be) not his friend the 2. Tony (teach) __________ his cat to
use the litter box.
: it ______ (be) the 's sister. But
to a , all tortoises look the same. The 3. Selvi (blow) ____________ out the
______ (run) past the easily. candle.
Soon, he______ (cannot) see the Past Continuous Tense
, so he______ (sit) down to rest. Then
the ______ (get up) and continued N. M
ake sentences in the past continuous
tense using the verb in brackets.
the race. But as the ______ (turn)
around the last corner before the finish 1. The children ___________ (wait) for
line, his friend the crossed the the bus.
line and______ (win) the race!
2. The girls _______ (learn) their lessons.
M. F
inish each clue by changing the verb 3. I __________ (play) in the rain all
within brackets to an irregular past- evening.
tense verb.
4. Vijay __________ (repair) his car.
Then complete the crossword puzzle.
1 5. Hari _____________ (work) hard to
7 2
pass the entrance examination.
3
Past Perfect Tense

4 5
O. C
omplete the sentences using the
6
past perfect tense.
Across 1. Kalai didn’t complete his homework

because ___________.
1. The lake (freeze) ________ overnight.
2. By the time Sundar got up ________.
3. Hema (buy) _________ a new bicycle.
3. When we reached the park,
4. Aravind (give) ____ me a slice of pizza.
__________.
5. We (drink) _________milk.
4. Saralah didn’t want to see her
6.
The dog (sleep) _________ on the ___________ .
sofa.
5. Manohar was laughing because
7.
He (write) ____________ a letter to _____________.
his cousin in America.
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Past Perfect Continuous Tense 2. I think Manju ____________ (visit)

P. C
ircle the correct verb form in each of her grandparents during the vacation.
the following sentences. 3. Be careful, that mirror ______ (fall)
on the floor.
1. Ezhil baked / had been baking a cake
4. As soon as my father arrives, we
when they came.
___________ (go) to watch the film.
2. Veeran cleaned / had been cleaning
5. When your train arrives, I __________
the room since morning.
(wait) for you at the station.
3. We worked / had been working in the
city for ten years before we moved to Future Continuous Tense
the village. R. Make sentences in the future continuous
4. The cat had been waiting/was waiting tense using the verb in brackets.
for the mice to come out of its hole.
1. Ashwin __________ (complete) M.B.A.
5. Kannan had been looking/ have been in another two years.
looking for a job for a long time.
2. I ____________ (go) to Thanjavur by
Simple Future Tense this time tomorrow.
Q. C
omplete the sentences using the 3. Prabha __________ (receive) the best
correct form of the verbs in brackets. student award in six months’ time.
4. The plane _______ (leave) at 3 o’clock.
1. We hope you ___________ (have) a
great time in Ooty. 5. He _________ (attend) the conference.
S. What is Amala going to do? Given below is Amala’s schedule for next week. Read it
and answer the questions using the future continuous tense.
Amala’s Schedule
Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Doctor’s Meet Return Attend Go to park Clean Visit
Morning
appointment friends library books NCC camp house grandmother
Buy Go to Go to Learn Do Prepare Go to the
Afternoon groceries for computer nursery music gardening sweets zoo with
the week class garden nephew
Watch TV Do Dinner with Do ironing Play with Movie with Relax at
Evening
gardening friends friends parents home
1. What will Amala do on Sunday morning?

2. What is Amala planning to do on Saturday afternoon?
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3. Where is Amala going on Wednesday morning?

4. Who is Amala meeting on Tuesday morning?
5. What will she buy on Monday afternoon?
Future Perfect Tense

T. Match words from the different columns to make reasonable predictions. Then write
them down in the space below. One has been done as an example.
10 have launched a space
centre in moon.
women
have become one country.
will
have reached 10 billion.
50 the ice caps
have melted.
UK
have become the world’s
In years richest country.
India
100
the world’s have obtained equal rights
population with men.
China will not (won’t)
1000 have discovered a

complete cure for cancer.
scientists
Write the sentences.
1. In 50 years the ice cap will have melted.

2. ________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________
6. ________________________________________________
7. ________________________________________________
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The term, 'Tense' denotes the time of action. They show when the work is done.
The English Tenses are :
1. Past 2. Present 3. Future
Present Tense
Forms and Uses of the Simple Present Tense
First person Second person Third person

Affirmative
*Singular I sing. You sing. She/He/It sings.
*Plural We sing. You sing. They sing.
Negative I don't sing. You don't sing. She/He/It doesn't sing.
Interrogative Do I sing? Do you sing? Does she/he/it sing?
Don't I sing? Don't you sing? Doesn't she/he/it sing?
Note: Except for third person plural affirmative, the structure does not change for
negative forms.
Now try framing plural negative and interrogative negative sentences.

Uses
 to express universal truths, facts, customs
 to express habitual, routine actions
 to express a permanent state
 in exclamatory sentences
 in subordinate clauses beginning with if and when
 in imperative sentences
 to indicate a planned future action or series of actions when they refer to a
journey
 in running commentaries
 to introduce quotations
e.g. Mahatma Gandhi says, “Be the change you want to see in the world.”
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Forms and Uses of Present Continuous Tense

Affirmative
*Singular I am singing now. You are singing now. She/He/It is singing now.
*Plural We are singing now. You are singing now. They are singing now.
I am not singing You aren't singing She/He/It isn't singing

Negative
now. now. now.
Note: T
he contracted form of 'am not' is aren't and the contracted form of are not is
also aren't.
Uses  It is used along with adverbs such

as 'always, constantly, repeatedly'
 The Present Continuous Tense is
etc. to express an action that has
used for an action that is in progress
become a habit by doing it over and
at the time of speaking.
over again.
 It is used for an action that is in
progress and will continue in future. e.g. Sumithra is always asking questions.
e.g. Paul is learning English. Note: Verbs of perception and some

 It is used to denote an action that other verbs are not generally used in the
is planned to take place in the near present continuous tense, for example
future e.g. Yazhini is meeting the see, smell, hear, taste, know, understand,
Prime Minister tomorrow. hate, like, want, wish, etc.
Forms and Uses of Present Perfect Tense

Affirmative
*Singular I have already You have already She/He/It has already sung.
sung. sung. They have already sung.
*Plural We have already You have already
sung. sung.
I haven't recently You haven't recently She/He/It hasn't recently
Negative
sung. sung. sung.
 For an action which began in the past and is in progress now.

e.g.
Bharani has called the fire man and they are on their way.
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 To express an action that has been e.g. She has lived in this house for five
recently completed years.
 With adverbs like already, recently, Note: We do not use adverbs of time
yet, denoting the past tense in Present
Perfect Tense.
 To express an action that began in
e.g.
Father has returned from Vellore
past and is still continues up to the
yesterday. (This sentence is wrong.)
present
Father has returned from Vellore.
Forms and Uses of Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Affirmative
*Singular I have been singing You have been She/He/It has been
since morning. singing for two hours. singing since morning.
*Plural We have been singing You have been singing They have been singing
since morning. for two hours. since morning.
Note: S
ince is used for a point of time; For is used for a period of time
Uses A.
C omplete the sentences in present
 To express an action which began tense forms.
at some time in the past and is still 1. Saravanan always …………….(go) for
continuing and may extend into the a walk in the morning.
future. 2. We ……………… (gather) here for a
meeting and the chair person is yet to
e.g.
She has been studying since morning.
arrive.
 To express an action in a sentence 3.
Arun a ……. eagerly ………………
which begins with for how long or (wait) to meet her friend since morning.
since when 4. Sheeba ……………… (move) to a new
house next week.
To express an action that began
 5.
Naseera ……………..(attend) music
sometime in the past and has been classes regularly.
just completed. However, its result
6. Ilakiya and Adhira……………(enjoy)
is visible in the present.
each other's company very much.
e.g. I have been working on this project 7. Mani …………..(work) in this school
for five hours and I am tired now. for five years.
8. It…………(pour) outside now.
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Past Tense

Affirmative
*Singular I sang yesterday. You sang yesterday. She/He/It sang last
*Plural We sang yesterday. You sang yesterday. week.
You didn't sing She/He/It didn't sing
Negative I didn't sing yesterday.
yesterday. last week.
Did/ Didn't I sing Did/ Didn't you Did/ Didn't she/he/it

Interrogative
yesterday? sing yesterday? sing last week?
Forms and uses of the Simple Past Tense

Uses
To indicate an action that was
  In conditional clauses
completed in the past. Generally  In the indirect form of speech
the adverbials of past time are used;
sometimes without adverbials of  To express two actions, where the
time for an activity done in the past first action leads instantly to the
second action
To express a habitual or regular

e.g.
W hen the meeting ended, the staff
action only in the past; It can also
members came out.
be expressed by using 'used to'
Forms and Uses of Past Continuous Tense

Affirmative
*Singular I was singing. You were singing She/He/It was singing
yesterday by this when I was playing. yesterday by this time.
time.
*Plural We were singing You were singing They were singing when I
yesterday by this when I was playing. was playing.
time.
Negative I wasn't singing You weren't singing She/He/It wasn't singing
Uses
To express a state or an action
 e.g.
We were decorating the house for the
that was continuing at a certain birthday party in the morning.
point of time in the past. It had To express an action that was in

begun before that point and was progress in the past
probably continuing after it. We use
adverbials of time.
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 To express an action in progress at e.g. W

hile I was watching T.V., he was
some point of time in the past when sleeping.
another event took place
To indicate a frequently repeated

e.g.
She was cooking when the guests action or persistent habit in the past
arrived.
e.g.
Nithish was constantly complaining
To describe two or more actions
 about something or the other.
continuing at the same time
Forms and Uses of Past Perfect Tense
Affirmative
*Singular I had already sung. You had already She/He/It had already sung
sung
*Plural We had already They had already sung
sung You had already
sung
Uses  To describe an action in the past which
 For an action that had been completed became the cause of another action
before another action began in the past  To describe an action in the past using
the time adverbials such as already,
e.g. H
e had appealed to the manager for a since, before, etc.
week's leave before I reached.
 To express an unfulfilled action in the
 To describe an action or event which past and unfulfilled wish in the past.
has been completed before some point
e.g. I f he had informed her, she would
of time.
have waited for him.
e.g.
By 11 a.m. all the students had
left the school campus after the I wish I had accepted the job.
Independence Day celebration.
Forms and Uses of Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

Affirmative
*Singular I had been singing You had been She/He/It had been
for two hours singing for two hours singing for two hours
yesterday. yesterday. yesterday.
*Plural We had been You had been They had been singing
singing for two singing for two hours for two hours yesterday.
hours yesterday. yesterday.
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Uses 7. Nancy ……… always……………. (ask)

for help.
 to describe an action in the past that
had begun and had been going on 8.
The office goers………….. (wait) for
for sometime before another action the train.
took place in the past Future Tense
e.g.
Mahi and Ragav had been arguing
Future time in English can be
with each other when their mom
expressed in the following ways:
arrived.
(i) Simple Present Tense
 to describe an action that had been
going on for some time in the past e.g. She leaves this evening.
e.g.
T he students had been practicing for (ii) Present Continuous Tense
the last couple of weeks.
e.g. We are meeting the Prime Minister
B. C omplete the sentences in past tense tomorrow.
forms.
(iii) be about to
1. I …………..(go) to her place on foot.
e.g.
The train is about to leave the
2. The children …………… (play) in the station.
ground when the teacher arrived.
3. They …………….. (request) him when (iv) be going to.
the manager arrived. e.g. Prices are going to rise.
4.
If you ………………… (work) hard, (v) by denoting the Principal clause of a
you would have won the relay match conditional sentence.
5.
Joanna and Joy ……..already………. e.g. If she works hard, she will get a
(leave) for Ooty, when the others scholarship.
reached the station.
6. We all ………….. (sing) in the choir last
week.
Forms and Uses of Simple Future Tense.

Affirmative I/we shall sing You will sing She/He/It/ They will sing
tomorrow. tomorrow. tomorrow.
I won't sing You won't sing She/He/It won't sing
Negative
tomorrow. tomorrow. tomorrow.
Uses
 Shall is used with the second and the third persons to express determination,
promise, intention, etc.
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 Shall is used with the first person to to be done in the future. We use
express an offer or suggestion verbs such believe, know, suppose,
 Will is used with the first person to think, etc. We also use adverbs such
express willingness, determination, as perhaps, possibly, surely, etc.
etc  It is used for an action that is yet to
 The simple future is used to express take place
the speaker's opinion, for something
Forms and Uses of Future Continuous Tense

Affirmative I/we will be You will be singing She/He/It/ they will be
singing by this by this time singing by this time
time tomorrow. tomorrow. tomorrow.
Negative I won't be singing You won't be She/He/It won't be singing
by this time singing by this time by this time tomorrow.
tomorrow. tomorrow.
Uses “You will have discussed the plans how to

celebrate the function”, said my mother.
The Future Continuous Tense is

used to express an action that will  It is also used for an action which
be in progress at a given time in at a given future time will be in the
future or in the normal course past.
e.g. We will be playing from 5 p.m. to 6 e.g. In two years' time, I shall have earned
p.m The lift will be running in the my degree.
month of May
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
The Future Perfect Tense.
Uses
Uses
The Future Perfect Continuous

The Future Perfect expresses
 Tense is used to express an action
an action that is expected to be that will have been going on at or
completed by a certain time in the before some point of time in the
future. future.
e.g. We will have completed our work by
the time our sisters arrive. By next June, I shall have been
completing my studies.
 It is used to express the speaker's
belief that something has taken Note: The less frequently used tense
place. In such sentences it does not forms are Past Perfect Continuous Tense
express the future. and Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
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C. F
ill in the blanks using the verbs in the brackets in the future form.
1. We not to the market, in case it rains. (go)
2. Keerthi his work by next week.(do)
3. T
he peon the bell by the time I reach the school.(ring)
4. I my sister's house next April if I go to Uttarkhand. (visit)
5. I f you listen carefully, you my point. (understand)
6. B
y next year, I in Chennai for fifteen years. (live)
7. T
he new edition of this book out shortly. (come)
8. S he hopes you her. (help)
D. U
nderline the verbs and identify the tense forms.
1. I am working hard day and night. ………………………………….……..
2. T
he Moon revolves around the Earth. ………………………………….……..
3. W
ere the milk men milking the cow? ………………………………….……..
4. H
e received your messages last night. ………………………………….……..
5. I have been ill for a couple of days. ………………………………….……..
E In the following passage, some words are missing. Choose the correct words from
the given options to complete the passage.
Raghav (a) in a middle class family. He is a (b) boy of 8.
His mother (c) as a software engineer in an MNC. (d) is his
favourite hobby. He (e) the first prize in school level competition for drawing
last week. He (f) drawing at the age of 3. His mother (g) he
(h) a great painter in future.
(a) (i) will be born (ii) is born (iii) born (iv) has born
(b) (i) school-going (ii) going to school (iii) school coming (iv) school gone
(c) (i) working (ii)works (iii) has worked (iv)will work
(d) (i) drawn (ii) had drawn (iii)drawing (iv) having drawn
(e) (i) win (ii) was winning (iii) wins (iv)won
(f) (i) was starting (ii) starting (iii) started (iv) is starting
(g) (i) hoped (ii)hoping (iii) hopes (iv) has hoped
(h) (i) will become (ii) becomes (iii) would become (iv)will be becoming
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F. The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in the tense of the
verb in each line. Write the wrong word as well as the correct word in the given
place. One is done for you.
Wrong words Correct words
When Anand reach Arun's place, his reach reached

friends have arrived already. Arun
introduces Anand to them. Arun's brother
buy some snacks from the market.
Arun serving it to all his friends. Then
they all sat together to planning their holidays.
Arun have a cottage in Ooty, so
they all plan to go to Ooty during the holidays.
“Would we have a good time?, asked Arun.
They all cheerfully say, “Yes!”
G. Read the story and rewrite it using the simple past tense.
Juno the elephant is lonely and tries to make friends with the other animals in the
forest. But, the other animals refuse to play with Juno because of his size. One day, all
the animals are running away from Dera the tiger who is eating everyone he finds. Juno
goes and gives Dera a swift kick. Dera immediately runs away. Juno is now everyone's
friend.
H. Read the situations given and frame two suitable sentences in the appropriate form
of the tenses.
Give two instructions to your classmates. Make any two requests to your classmates
or friends.
1. 1.
2. 2.
Mention any of your two dreams in the

Mention any two of your discontinued
correct tense form.
habits in the correct tense form.
1. 1.
2. 2.
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Tenses
Tenses of verbs are used to express time. They indicate the time and state of the action.
The following pictographs will help you understand the tense forms better.
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The Tenses Chart
Past Present Future

Saran wrote a poem Saran writes a poem Saran will write a
yesterday. everyday. poem tomorrow.
Usage: To indicate a past Usage: To express habits (Helping verb) ‘will’ +
Simple habit or an action already or general truth; to present tense verb
completed indicate a future event on Usage: To indicate
a designated date as part an action, condition,
of a plan or arrangement or circumstance that
hasn’t taken place yet
Saran was writing a poem Saran is writing a poem Saran will be writing a
when his friends arrived. right now. poem when his friends
arrive.
was/were + (-ing verb am/is/are + (-ing verb
form) form) will be + (-ing verb
Progressive Usage: To indicate Usage: To indicate action form)
or uncompleted action of the occurring at the time of Usage: To indicate
Continuous past (with or without time speaking; to indicate a what will be going
reference); to indicate temporary action that on at some time in
persistent habits of the may not be occurring at the future; to indicate
past (with continuously, the time of speaking planned future events
always, forever, etc.)
Saran had written a poem Saran has written the Saran will have
when his friends arrived. poem. written a poem by the
time his friends arrive.
had + past participle have/has + past participle
Usage: To indicate a Usage: To indicate a will have + past
Perfect completed action of the past action which is not participle
past that happened before defined by a time of Usage: To indicate
another event took place occurrence; to indicate an action that will
an action that started be complete before
in the past and has another event takes
continued until now place
Saran had been writing a Saran has been writing a Saran will have been
poem for two hours when poem for two hours. writing a poem for
his friends arrived. four days.
have/has been + (-ing
had been + (-ing verb verb form) will have been + (-ing
form) Usage: To indicate an verb form)
Perfect Usage: To indicate an action which started at Usage: To indicate an
Continuous action in the past that some point in the past action that will have
began before a certain and may or may not be happened for some
point in the past and complete time and will not
continued up until that be complete yet at a
point in time certain point in the
future
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a. Fill in the blanks with the correct form c. You are a commentator for a 5000 metre
of the verbs in brackets and read the running race. Use simple present and
completed passage aloud. present continuous tenses and complete
the commentary from the beginning to
The people of India, as a whole, the end of the race. Read the completed
1 ___________ (be) warm-hearted and passage aloud.
hospitable. Any calamity in any part of
the world immediately 2 ___________ The 5000 metre race is about to begin.
(arise) their charity and generosity and a Lined up at the starting point, from left
committee 3 ___________ (be) promptly to right, are John of Great Britain, Peter
4 ___________ (set ) up to collect funds of Nigeria and Jeeva of India. The runners
to help the distressed. The most endearing are warming up for the great event. Now
quality in them 5 ___________ (be) the they 1 ___________ (take) their positions
respect they show for the work done in any on the track. They 2 ___________ (be) all
capacity. They 6 ___________ (believe) in ready for the start. There 3 ___________
what we 7 ___________ (call) the dignity (go) the starter’s gun! Yes, the race has
of labour. begun. John 4 ___________ (lead) with
Jeeva 5 ___________ (close) behind him.
b. Now, use the verbs given in brackets in
the following sentences in their correct d. Read the extract from Kayal’s diary
forms. entry regarding her Nepal Trek, and fill in
the blanks with the correct tense form of
1. I (like) to spend time with my friend, the verbs given in brackets.
whenever I (be) free.
DAY 1 We _______________ (leave) Anna
2. He (is) likely to miss the train. He International Airport in Chennai two days
(run) up to the station. ago catching a direct flight to Kathmandu
in Nepal. We _______________ (spend)
3. At the moment they (wait) at the bus- a day sightseeing. Kathmandu is full
stop. But I (not know) their plans for the of people, rickshaws and the smell of
journey. sandalwood. I’ve never _______________
(be) on a trip like this before. So I’m really
4. They firmly (believe) in the existence excited.
of God.
DAY 2 It _______________ (rain) when
5. We (hear) a lot of noise because the we reached Pokhara, Nepal’s second
new buildings (transmit) sound vacant. largest city, and saw the snowy peaks
of the Himalayas for the first time. We
6. She always (make) excuses for coming __________(reach) Pokhara after a hair-
late. raising six-hour bus journey along very
narrow roads with a lot of hairpin bends.
7. The Prime Minister (leave) for America
The bus __________ (be) so full that one
to meet the delegates tomorrow.
person had to share the driver’s seat.
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DAY 3 We _______________ (begin) our (fly) instead of walking.
trek at last. We are at about 900 metres and
DAY 8 We went back to Pokhara in a small
the weather is warm and humid. For lunch
plane yesterday. It _______________
we had chips and yak cheese sandwiches.
(excite) when we flew between the
I didn’t like them very much. I’m thrilled
mountain peaks. We arrived in Kathmandu
that we _______________ (pitch) tents
this afternoon and we _______________
for our camps in the dense forests.
(spend) our last few hours in shopping.
DAY 4 Yesterday a landslide ____________ We leave for Chennai tomorrow. We’ve
(block) our path and we had to use ropes to had a trip of a lifetime.
get over it. This morning we walked along
the river Kali Gandaki through dense e. In the following passage, circle the verbs
forests of oak trees and we pitched our in simple present tense and underline the
camp at Tukuche below the Annapurna verbs in simple past. The first one has
mountain range. The main danger in been done for you.
addition to landslides, is ‘yak attack’. Yaks
i) Unless one is upright there is no use in
___________ (be) not dangerous but you
being a charming fellow. Sometimes it is
have to be careful if you meet a herd of
better to be honest than attractive. These
them because they can push you off the
are the great truths of modern life which
sides of the mountain.
Shyam never realised. He never said an
DAY 5 We met a lot of children on ill-natured word in his life. He was always
our trek through the villages. They polite and spoke softly to everybody.
______________ (play) in the pool of
muddy rain water as we left the place. We ii) That night he strolled into the Palette
have already climbed 2,400 metres. Up Club about eleven o’clock, and found
here, it never _______________ (rain) and Trevor sitting by himself in the long
there are no trees. It _______________ room. “Well, Alan, did you get the picture
(be) windy and dusty and I am always finished all right? ” he said, as he lit his
thirsty. cigarette. “Finished and framed, my boy!”
answered Trevor, “and by-the-bye, you
DAY 6 Yesterday we ______________ (go) have made a conquest. That old model
up to the mountainside of the township of you saw is quite devoted to you. I had
Mukthinath, at 3,600 metres. The thin air to tell him all about you — who you are,
with less oxygen there ______________ where you live, what your income is, what
(leave) us breathless.We ______________ prospects you have.”
(feel) that we couldn’t go any further. We
______________ (drink) a lot of extra iii) "And now tell me how Laura is. The
fluids to prevent altitude sickness. old model was quite interested in her."
"You don’t mean to say you talked to him
DAY 7 We turned around today and
about her?" said Hughie. "Certainly I did.
started to descend to Jomosom. As we
He knows all about the relentless colonel,
went down, the oxygen filled our blood
the lovely Laura, and the £10,000." "You
again and we seemed to ___________
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told that old beggar all my private affairs?" g. Read the following news report and
cried Hughie, looking very red and angry. underline the past perfect tense form of
"My dear Alan," cried Hughie, "I shall the verb and circle the simple past tense
probably find him waiting for me when I form of the verb.
go home." INDIA BEAT PAKISTAN TO WIN
BLIND CRICKET WORLD CUP
f. Fill in the blanks using Past tense forms
of the verbs: Chasing a huge target of 308 runs, India
romped home in the penultimate over of
i. I ____________ never (see) such a the match to defeat Pakistan and win the
beautiful sunrise before I came here. Blind Cricket World Cup. India started off
their chase in a cracking manner, but had
ii. We were not able to stay overnight as
lost two quick wickets. Sunil Ramesh rose
we ___________not (reserve) the tickets
to the occasion as he played a great knock
in advance.
to help India beat Pakistan and had scored
iii. Nirmala ___________ (be) to the 93 runs. Earlier India won the toss and had
concert several times. decided to bowl first. Pakistan amassed a
huge score of 307 for eight in 40 overs.
iv. Mariappan knew Pudukottai so well Their openers had given them a brisk start
because he ____________ (live) there for which the later batsmen capitalized on.
five years.
h. Read the following extract and fill in
v. Yusuf understood the problem because the spaces with the right form of verbs
he __________ (experience) the situation and complete the passage. The first one is
earlier. done for you.
vi. Catherine did not have any cash because
(i) The poet stops to hear the maiden
she ____________ (lose) her purse.
singing while she 1 ___________ (cut) and
vii. My father _________(be) to Mumbai 2 ___________ (bind) the grain. The song
once before. of the lady 3 ___________ (fascinate) the
poet, who 4 ___________ (stand) there to
viii. The cat ___________ (chase) the bird listen to the song. The girl ___________
before it flew out of the yard. (sing) a sad song.
ix. Edith _____________ (visit) several (ii) During the monsoon, a tender slightly
doctors before she found out what the warm breeze 1 ___________(blow)
problem was with her knee. on a cloudless afternoon. A sort of
x. If we _______ (call) the manager ahead, fragrance 2 ___________ (rise) from the
we would not have needed to wait so long wet grass and trees in the sunlight. It 3
for a table. ___________ (seem) as if the warm breath
of the exhausted earth 4 ___________
(fall) against one’s skin. A sweet voiced
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bird somewhere 5 ___________ (chirp) WRITING
repeatedly.
a. Notice
i. Read the news item that appeared in a
daily and fill in the blanks with suitable You would have read many notices put up
forms of the verbs given in brackets. in your school bulletin board. A notice is
a written or printed piece of information
Ever since social networking sites entered which is given to a large group of people.
our lives, they 1 ___________ (serve) It is displayed on noticeboards and at
as platforms where users could use the strategic locations.
virtual space offered by these social media.
However, recent incidents 2 ___________
(cause) many to question the freedom to
express views on various issues and in
some cases, it 3 ___________ (become)
a dangerous platform. Social Contact
4 ___________ (transform) people. They
5 ___________ (develop) an addiction to
it.
j. Read the following passage and correct

the errors you come across.
Tips
1. Rajan slowly settle down in his retired
Enclose in a box.
life. His pension plus what his wife bring
Do not exceed 50 words.
from the household work she does helped
Be brief.
them to meet their requirements. Life is
I
nclude details of event/
easy until one Sunday. His granddaughter
programme.
Madhu come crying. The clay doll in her
Avoid pronouns.
hand had broken into two. Rajan pacify
Use passive form.
her and promise to mend it. This small
repair work become the founding stone
of a very prosperous venture into making i. Prepare a notice to be displayed on
clay dolls which earn him great respect. the notice-board of your school for the
students of Class 11, informing them
2. Games and sports helps in recreation. about the educational tour that has been
Soccer, cricket, lawn tennis or wrestling arranged for them the next month.
is eagerly watched by millions of fans all
over a world. It helps one got a temporary ii. Write a notice about the inauguration
relief from the tensions of a day. The of a laughter club in your school.
dedication displayed by all player in the
field indicates the mental and spiritual
development of the player.
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budgets, improve air quality, and curtail and helps create corridors connecting the
noise pollution. Trees, herbs, shrubs and forest areas. High biodiversity areas can
grasses arrest sedimentation and prevent also help to build resilient ecosystems.
other pollutants from entering our water Availability of forests within our urban
systems. This will give a chance for our areas gives an opportunity for children to
urban lakes and rivers to recover and help connect to the natural environment and
improve aquatic ecosystems. Biodiversity learn about native species.
also gets a boost through the urban forests
Grammar
TENSES
You have learnt the use of Tenses in detail in class XI.
Tenses
Tense Form Example Sentence
Present Simple S+V1+O I play basketball every week.
Present Cont. S+am/is/are+V+ing +O I am playing basketball now.
Present Perfect S+have/has+V3+O I have just played basketball
I have been playing

Present Perfect Cont. S+have/has been+V+ing+O
basketball for 3 hours.
Past Simple S+V2+O I played basketball yesterday.
I was playing basketball the

Past Cont. S+was/were+V+ing+O
whole evening.
I had played basketball
Past Perfect S+had+V3+O
before he came.
I had been playing
Past Perfect Cont. S+had been+V+ing+O
basketball when he came.
I will play basketball
Future Simple S+will+V+O
tomorrow.
I will be playing basketball
Future Cont. S+will be+V+ing+O
tomorrow to this time.
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The following tasks are for strengthening c) I (never /think) of a career in medicine
your understanding. before I spoke to my Biology teacher
but now I (seriously/ consider) it.
Task 1
Tick the correct options and complete Oh no! I (forget) to bring my
d)
the dialogue. assignment! What am I going to do?
This is the second time I (do) this!
A: Hello. What do you watch / are you
watching? e) I can’t remember what my teacher (say)
yesterday about our homework. I (not
B: A programme about the Jallian Wala listen) properly because Hussain (talk)
Bagh massacre, which I recorded last to me at the same time.
night. I study / I’m studying about it
this term. L ast year we (go) on a school trip
f)
to Kanyakumari. We (have) a very
ll that I know / I’ve known about it
A: A interesting time.
is that hundreds of people died / had
died in it. g) At the moment I (think) about what
course to pursue next year but I ( not
B:
Yes, it was much, much worse than make) a final decision yet.
anyone has expected / had expected. It
h) I (get) up at 7 every morning but this
went on / has gone on for hours. Do
morning I (sleep) for a long time and I
you want / Have you wanted to watch
the programme with me? (not get) up until 8.
A: No, thanks. I’ve got to do some veena Task 3

practice. I’ve just remembered / I just Fill in the blanks with the correct form
remembered that we’ve got a concert
of the verbs given in the brackets.
tomorrow, and I don’t have / haven’t
had time to practise my new piece this a) Everyone when the
week. earthquake hit the small town. (sleep)
B: OK. I’ve already done / I already did b) Evangelene her job a couple
my practice, so I’ve got time to watch of years ago. (quit)
TV. See you later.
c) Where your last holidays?
Task 2 (you spend)
Complete the sentences with the correct d) I think Suresh for Tiruvallur
tense form of the verbs in brackets. next morning. (leave)
a) ( tell) me exactly what (happen) last
e) I was angry that I such a
night!
mistake (make).
b) Mrs. Mageswari is my Maths teacher.
f) My mother was tired yesterday because
She (teach) me for four years.
she well the night before
(not sleep).
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g) Her parents in Coimbatore In the above sentences, ‘drive’, ‘help’
for two weeks from today (be). and ‘rain’ are Main Verbs whereas ‘Can’,
‘Should’ and ‘May’ are Helping Verbs that
h) Nothing much when I got
denote particular moods, expressions
to the meeting (happen).
or conceptions of the mind. Here ‘can’
i) Scientists predict that by 2050, man ‘should’ and ‘may’ express ‘ability’, ‘moral
on Mars. (land) obligation’ and ‘possibility’ respectively.
Since these auxiliaries denote moods
j) Sh! Someone to our
conversation! (listen) or expressions, they are called Modal
Auxiliaries.
k) The plane off in a few
minutes. (take)
l) They about me when I Modal Auxiliary is a special auxiliary

interrupted their conversation. (talk) which is used to denote a particular
mood or expression of the subject.
m) Justin and his parents in
an apartment right now because they
can’t find a cheap house. (live)
There are 13 Modal Auxiliaries (four of
n) Rajini Prem’s family in which are quasi-modals/ marginals) .
Chengalpet now. (be).
o) Yusuf to the movies once in

a while (go) will would
p) This an easy quiz so far (be).

shall should
q) Our team any games last
year. (not win)
can could
r) We a wonderful film at the
cinema last night. (see)
may must
s) Hurry up! The movie (already
begin)
Modal Auxiliaries might used to
Read the following sentences carefully.

ought to dare
(i) He can drive a car. (‘can’ shows ability)
(ii) The rich should help the poor. (‘should’
need
shows moral obligation)
(iii) It may rain today. (‘may’ shows
possibility)
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 The man has much money. However, he isn’t happy at all.

 I like playing football. On the other hand, my brother likes playing basketball.
His family made a lot of effort to make their son’s lessons better, conversely,

he never made any effort.
 She spent four years studying for her law degree. Meanwhile, she continued to
work at the bank.
 You are not allowed to use your phone here. Similarly, you have to switch it
off when you are in the library.
A. Complete the following sentences using appropriate Connectors from the box.
moreover although meanwhile therefore because

as long as thus above all for instance except
1. Irine felt cold ______________ she was wearing a winter coat.

2. This restaurant has some of the best chefs in the town. _____________ their service
is excellent.
3. I’m not going to the party tonight _______________ I didn’t get an invitation.
4. You can set the table. ________________, I’ll start making dinner.
5. I can play quite a few instruments.______________, the flute, the guitar and the
piano.
6. The store was out of chocolate chips; ______________ they would need to make a
different type of cookies.
7. The stores are open daily ____________ Sundays.
8. I’ll stay ________________ you need me.
9. This detergent is highly concentrated and ____________ you will need to dilute it.
10. It was the thing he prized _____________.
Active Voice and Passive Voice

Read the following sentences and analyse the difference.
The team leader presented the report.
The report was presented by the team leader.
In the first sentence, the verb shows that the subject is the doer of the action.

Therefore, the sentence is in active voice.
 I n the second sentence, the verb shows that the subject is not the doer of the
action. Therefore, the sentence is in passive voice.
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We use the Passive voice when -

the focus is on the action rather than the doer of the action.

(e.g.) About 50 per cent of the graduates are employed in IT related sectors.
 we do not know who the doer is.
(e.g.) My bike was stolen yesterday.
 we talk of a system or a process.
(e.g.) The vegetables are washed well. Then, they are cut into cubes.
 w
e write newspaper headlines and notices at public places. (‘be’ verb is
omitted as the language has to be concise)
(e.g.) 20 sportsmen felicitated by PM.
 we describe changes that have taken place.
(e.g.) Our school looks completely different. The whole place has been painted.
Look at the below table. It shows the changes in tense while changing
sentences from active voice into passive voice.
Tense Active Voice Passive Voice

Simple Present He makes coffee. Coffee is made by him.
Present Continuous He is making coffee. Coffee is being made by him.
Present Perfect He has made coffee. Coffee has been made by him.
Simple Past He made coffee. Coffee was made by him.
Past Continuous He was making coffee. Coffee was being made by him.
Past Perfect He had made coffee. Coffee had been made by him.
Simple Future He will make coffee. Coffee will be made by him.
Future Perfect He will have made coffee. Coffee will have been made by him.
B. Convert the following active sentences into passive sentences by supplying an

appropriate passive verb form.
1. She will not recognize us. / We ____________ by her.
a. will not recognize b. will not being recognized c. will not be recognized
2. They didn’t invite me, but I went anyway. / I ________________ but I went anyway.
a. wasn't invited b. wasn't being invited c. wasn't inviting
3. They broke up the table for firewood. / The table ____________ up for firewood.
a. broke b. had broken c. was broken
4. She has won the first prize. / The first prize ______________ by her.
a. has won b. has been won c. had been won
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5. A friend of mine is repairing the car. / The car _______________ by a friend of mine.
a. is repairing b. is repaired c. is being repaired
6. Begin the work tomorrow. / Let the work ____________ tomorrow.

a. be begun b. begin c. is beginning
7. They speak English in New Zealand. / English _______________ in New Zealand.

a. is speaking b. is spoken c. is being spoken
8. His attitude shocked me. / I _______________ by his attitude.

a. had shocked b. had been shocked c. was shocked
9. She had already sent the parcel. / The parcel _______________ by her.
a. has already been sent b. had already been sent c. was already sent
10. Her silence worries me. / I _______________ her silence.

a. am worrying by b. am worried by c. have worried by
C. Match the following Active voice sentences with Passive voice
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. I will never forget this experience A novel has been written by her.
2. Mother made a cake yesterday. The deer was being chased by the tiger.
3. Have you finished the report? A cake was made by mother yesterday.
4. The tiger was chasing the deer. Has the report been finished by you?
5. She has written a novel. This experience will never be forgotten by me.
Imperatives in Passive
Let + object + be + past participle. (Positive)

(e.g.) Open the window. (Active)
Let the window be opened. (Passive)
Let + object + not + be + past participle. (Negative)
(e.g.) Do not pluck the flowers. (Active)
Let the flowers not be plucked. (Passive)
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Look at these imperatives in passive and compare.

Active: Help me.
Passive: You are requested to help me.
Active: Don’t touch it.
Passive: You are warned not to touch it.
(Note: We can begin the passive sentence with you if
we want to put emphasis on the person addressed to.)
D. Change the following into passive voice.
1. Stanley will inform you later.

2. People speak Portuguese in Brazil.
3. My grandfather built this house in 1943.
4. Do not hurt the animals.
5. You must not drop litter in the streets.
6. Carry it home.
7. They are decorating the wall.
8. He has already mended the TV set.
Project
E. M
ake a scrapbook of 'Famous Biographies' by collecting at least five biographies of
famous scientists, mathematicians, inventors, artists etc., of your choice. You may
also collect the pictures related to their achievements, inventions etc.
Marie Curie Jonas Salk M.S. Subbalakshmi Stephen Hawking
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E. Here are a few sentences already done for you. The clues given would be helpful to \
make more sentences on your own.
1. I would suggest that you take the Uzhavan Express to Thanjavur from Chennai.
2. Y
ou will be more comfortable if you could book 3 tier A/C.
3. Y
ou could enjoy .
4. Y
ou should visit .
5. Y
ou mustn’t miss .
6. Y
ou can buy .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .
Active and Passive 6. The militants were being taken to

prison by the police.
In Class IX, we have already learnt
about Active and Passive Voices. Now, we 7. H
is behaviour vexes me.
shall learn some more forms of the voice. 8. R
osy will solve the problem.
Let us recall 9. O
ur army has defeated the enemy.
When we give importance to what
10.
The salesman answered all the
people and things do, we use active
questions patiently.
verb forms. When we give importance
to what happens to people and things, Passive Voice – Request
we often use passive verb forms.
In Active Voice, a request begins
F. C hange the following sentences to the with 'Please'. When we change a request
other voice. from Active to Passive Voice, we should
1. The manager appointed many office begin the sentence with ‘You are requested
assistants. to’ in place of 'Please'. If the request is in
negative form, the request in passive voice
2. Y
ou are making a cake now.
should begin with ‘You are requested not
3.
That portrait was painted by my to’.
grandmother.
4. Malini had bought a colourful hat for (e.g.) 1.
Please assemble in the ground.
her daughter. (Active)
5. T
hey have asked me to pay the fine. You are requested to assemble in
the ground. (Passive)
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2. Please do not use mobile phones 2. N

o one has bought the tickets.
here. (Active) (Active)
The tickets have not been bought.
You are requested not to use mobile
(Passive)
phones here. (Passive)
(Add ‘not’ to the verb for nobody,
Passive Voice – Advice none, no one)
When we change an advice from Passive Voice – Interrogatives

active to passive voice, we should begin
When sentences are changed to
the sentence with ‘You are advised to’. If
Passive, they begin with a verb (in ‘Yes/
the advice is in negative form, it should
No’ questions) or with a question word
begin with ‘You are advised not to’.
followed by the verb (in ‘Wh’ questions).
(e.g.) 1. Work hard (Active)
a. Questions beginning with Auxiliary
You are advised to work hard. verbs
(Passive)
(e.g.) 1. Did he write a letter? (Active)
2. Do not eat junk food. (Active) Was a letter written by him?
You are advised not to eat junk (Passive)
food. (Passive) 2. Is he watching us? (Active)
Are we being watched by him?
Similarly, you can also use the following (Passive)
for other imperatives.
b. Questions beginning with ‘wh’ words
 You are instructed to …
You are instructed not to … (e.g.) 1. Who will accept this? (Active)
 You are ordered to … By whom will this be accepted?

You are ordered not to … (Passive)
2. W
ho has arranged this meeting?
(Active)
Passive Voice – Omitting the agent
By whom has this meeting been
In the sentences beginning with arranged? (Passive)
someone/no one, omit the ‘agent’ (subject) 3. W
hen will you finish the
in the passive voice. building? (Active)
When will the building be
(e.g.) 1. Somebody has taken away my
finished by you? (Passive)
book. (Active)
(the agent ‘by you’ is optional)
My book has been taken away. 4. How did they do this? (Active)
(Passive)
How was this done by them?
(Passive)
(the agent ‘by them’ is optional)
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G.
C hange the following into Passive 4. They offered the job to Venkat.
voice.
a.
1. Please call him at once. b.
2. How did you cross the river?
5. The boss showed the new computer to
3. No one is borrowing the novels from
Kaviya.
the library.
4. Will you help me? a.
5. Go for a jog early in the morning. b.
6. Why have you left your brother at I.

Rewrite the following passage in
home? Passive Voice.
7. Nobody should violate the rules. A few days ago, someone stole
8. Someone has to initiate it immediately. Ambrose’s motorbike. Ambrose had left
9. Have you invited Raman to the party? it outside his house. He reported the theft
to the police. The police told him that
10. Please do not walk on the grass. they would try to find his motorbike.
11. Cross the busy roads carefully. This morning, they found his motorbike.
12. When will you book the tickets to The police called Ambrose to the police
Bengaluru? station. The thieves had painted it and
then sold it to someone else. The new
H. In the following sentences the verbs owner had parked the motorbike outside
have two objects namely Direct and a mall when the police found it. After an
Indirect objects. Change each of the enquiry, the police arrested the thieves.
following sentences into two passives
using direct object as the subject in J. Write a recipe of your favourite dish
one and indirect in the other. in passive voice. Remember to list out
1. John gave a bar of chocolate to Jill. the ingredients of the dish you have
chosen and their quantity. Use Simple
a: Jill was given Present tense to write your recipe.
b: A
bar of chocolate was given
K. Write a report of an event held at your
2. Pragathi lent a pencil to Keerthana. school using Passive voice. Use Simple
Past Tense to narrate the event.
a.
b.
3. Sudha told the truth to her friend.
a.
b.
16
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short stories. He has written 50 sci-fi iii) What inspired Sujatha’s themes?
short stories published in various Tamil
iv) Why were Sujatha’s sci-fi stories
magazines. His stories have inspired
impressive?
many readers to extend their reading to
English sci-fi writers like Isaac Asimov.
The themes were bold even if there was B. Find words from the passage which
a dependence on very well - established mean the same as the following.
characterisation of English fiction. i) difficult to believe (para 1)
Sujatha opened up a new world to us with
his writings on holograms, computers ii) a style or category of art, music or
and works like ‘En Iniya Iyanthira’, inspire literature (para 2)
many to study computer science. iii) having many sides (para 4)
4. He has been a great writer for more than iv) capable of being understood
four decades. He combined reasoning (para 5)
and science in his writings. Being a
multifaceted hi-fi and sci-fi humanistic Grammar
author, he expressed his views distinctively.
He was the one who took Tamil novels to
the next level. As an MIT alumnus and PASSIVISATION
an engineer at BHEL, he was very good at
technology. So, he narrated sci-fi stories
impressively. His readers always enjoyed
reading all his detective and sci-fi novels
which featured the most famous duo
Ganesh and Vasanth.
5. Sujatha has played a crucial role as a

playwright for various Tamil movies which
have fascinated movie lovers. Hence, it is
fathomable that the writer’s perspective
of future India enthuses every reader and
paves a new way to reading sci-fi stories We use the active form to say what the
in English. subject does.
For example— I speak English everyday.
A. Answer the following questions in a
sentence or two. We use the passive form to say what
happens to people and things - to say what
i) How was Jeeno different from other is done to them. For example—English is
robots? spoken by me everyday.
ii) What precaution should one take
while writing Science fiction
stories?
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Read the following sentences. Give reasons We use Passive Voice…..
for the use of Passive construction.

when the doer of the action is unknown
i) The cave paintings of Ajantha were ( impersonal passive)
made in the Gupta period.
when the doer of the action is irrelevant
ii) Waste is collected from the garbage
containers on the streets. when a general truth is being stated
iii) Ground level ozone and fine
while writing reports and scientific
particles are released in the air.
research papers
iv) Smog is formed purely by air
pollution.
Active Subject Active Verb Active Object
Passive Subject Passive Verb Passive Object
A. Identify the changes in these pairs of C. Make sentences using the passive
active and passive constructions. forms of the verbs.
1. The pilot flew the airplane to Bengaluru. 1. Tagore/ award/ Nobel prize/
The airplane was flown to Bengaluru 2. IIM Ahmedabad / establish /1961
by the pilot.
3. Chattisgarh/ form / 2000
2. The bananas were eaten by the monkey. 4. First passenger train /inaugurated /
The monkeys ate the bananas. India /1853
B. Change the voice of the following 5. Indian Airlines /set up / 1953
sentences. D. Look at the newspaper items given
1. Mohammed follows the rules. below. Use the information in the
headlines to complete the sentence.
2. Mohan has completed the course.
3. Magdalene is singing the prayer. 1. HEAVY RAINS LASH CHENNAI
........................... threw normal life out
4. Who wrote this complaint?
of gear.
5. May God bless you with happiness!
2. NEET CLASSES TO BEGIN ON
6. A house is being constructed by them. SEPT. 20TH
7. Let the door not be slammed. The Centre co-ordinator informed the
8. The team was trained by the coach. candidates ........................ Sept. 20th.
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3) 12 INJURED AS BUSES COLLIDE 2. Here is a recipe to make chocolate
About ........................at the Dindigul cake in a pressure cooker. Rewrite the
bus terminus here today. instructions in passive voice. The first one
has been done for you.
E. Expand the following news headlines
in a sentence. Ingredients
1. municipal elections in december 1 cup flour
2. telephone customers to get video 1/4 cup cocoa powder
phone 1 1/4 tsp baking powder
1/4 cup butter
3. card license to replace paper driving 3/4 cup castor sugar
license 1/4 cup water
4. atm without security guard to close 2 eggs
F. Describing a process 1/2 tsp vanilla essence
1/8 tsp salt
Anu and her little brother want to refresh
themselves with a hot cup of tea during
Method
study time. Help them prepare tea. Given
below are the steps/instructions to make i. First sift the flour, cocoa powder and
two cups of tea. baking powder in a mixing bowl.
Boil two glasses of
water in a vessel. ii. Add butter, sugar, salt, water and vanilla
and beat the ingredients using a whisk.
Add two tea-
spoons of tea leaves and ½ a cup of iii. Add the eggs and beat the batter until
milk. it is smooth.
Cover the vessel with a lid.
Filter the tea and pour in cups. iv.Transfer the batter into the baking tin.
Add 2 teaspoons of sugar and stir
v. Heat the pressure cooker, covered with
it.
the lid but without the pressure, for 3-4
Serve hot. minutes on high heat. Then place the cake
tin in the empty cooker (Do not add water
1. Complete the passage by filling the
in the cooker).
blanks with the passive forms of the verbs.
The water should be boiled in a vessel. vi. Close the lid (without the pressure),
Then tea leaves and milk _________to lower the flame and let it cook for about
the water. The vessel __________ with a 30 minutes.
lid. The tea __________ and __________
into the cups. Sugar __________and The flour, cocoa powder and baking
__________ .The tea __________ hot. powder are first sifted in a mixing bowl.
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and healthcare augment humans with advent of the brain machine interface?
machines, producing a beta version of the d) The needs of humans are not limited.
human body. The advent of brain machine How is this statement elaborated in the
interfaces is certain to blur the boundary passage?
between humans and machines. Scientists
e) How can a machine turn into a virtual
are working hard to find a technique for
companion for humans?
age reversal too. People do not want to
die, so mankind is striving to get to the f)
Explain the flipside of the rapid
final frontier, which is development of technological advancement.
machines and devices that would accord g)
Identify the word in para 1 which
man immortality. means ‘everlasting life’.
The needs of humans are not limited. As h)

Which of the following words is
time passes, food habits change, thinking synonymous with ‘amalgamation’?
patterns change, and even appearances a)
recreation b) integration
change. We are about to travel by driverless, c) exploration d) proposition
fully automated vehicles. Computers and i) Which of the following options is the
smart phones have become our masters. antonym of the word ‘advent’?
The more we depend and merge with
technological advancements, the more a) drawback b) dispute
the humanness in us slowly erodes. c) departure d) danger
Intelligence is sought to be infused into j) Find out the word which is the antonym
machines and robotics are designed of ‘natural’ in para 2.
in such a way to give man a virtual
human companion. The field of artificial
intelligence is overtaking the human brain Grammar
and many fear that it could even harm the
human race. Despite certain limitations Active and Passive Voice
and potential threats, many believe You have already learnt the use of Active
that cyborgs will be the next step in the and Passive Voice in your earlier classes.
evolution of mankind. The amalgamation Let’s quickly recall some of the important
of man and machine is sure to add a new rules now.
dimension to the life of mankind and this
will prove to be the ‘biggest evolution in
Biology’ since the emergence of life, four
billion years ago.
a) Account for the popularity of characters
with supernatural powers.
b) Who is referred to as a ‘Cyborg’?
c) What is expected to happen with the  The object of the Active Verb is made
the Subject of the Passive Verb.
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The Subject of the Active Verb is
 Sentences with the following four tenses
made the object of some Preposition of verbs cannot be transformed into
(generally ‘by’). Passive Voice.
The Verb of the Active Voice must

  Present Perfect Continuous
have the Past Participle form of the E.g.
Anita has been playing squash
Finite Verb. since childhood.
 Past Perfect Continuous
 The tense of the Verb does not change.
E.g.
My family had been running
 Only Transitive verbs can be changed
textile business for years.
into Passive Voice.
 Future Continuous
 When the verbs expressing command,
E.g.
Students will be giving dance
order, advice or request are changed
performance tomorrow.
into Passive Voice, ‘Let’ is placed at the
 Future Perfect Continuous
beginning of the subject. Also place
‘Passive Infinitive’ without ‘to’ after E.g. They will have been discussing the
‘be’. The form of the Passive Voice will sensitive issues for five days.
be – Let + Subject + be +Verb in third Task 1
form. Subject is placed between ‘Let’ Change the following sentences into
and ‘be’ + verb in third form. Passive Voice.
While changing Present Infinitive
 a.
The Governor inaugurated the
into Passive Voice, put ‘to + be + exhibition at ten o’ clock.
verb in third form’ (Past Participle
b. The crowd expected their leader to
in place of infinitive form)
arrive early in the morning.
e.g. A letter has to be posted by me.
c. Who taught her Computer Science?
 Some vague and indefinite subjects like
d. They unanimously named Ravi the
‘everyone’, ‘they’, ‘people’, ‘someone’,
captain of team.
‘somebody,’ everybody’, ‘anybody’,
etc., are dropped when the sentence e. The President gave the commander
is changed into Passive Voice. e.g : an award.
Prizes were distributed at the end of f. Do not tell a lie.
the function.
g. Please open the door.
The use of
 ‘by’ is considered h. It is time to stop the work.
superfluous when the special interest of
i. They say he is a spy.
the speaker is not in the active subject
but in the predicate . For example – j. One should keep one’s promise.
‘People speak French in many parts of k. People burn a great deal of wood in
the world’. winter.
 ‘They say’ can be changed into ‘It is l. Where had you kept the book?
said’.
175 / 249

m. When did you feel the tremors? questions. Let’s take a look at the different
n. How did you do the experiment? types of questions and deal with Tag
Questions in detail:
o.
Whose car did someone park in
front of your gate? 1.
‘Yes’ or ‘no’ Questions or Polar
Questions
Task 2
These questions expect or elicit a
Change the following sentences into response of either ‘yes’ or ‘no’. ‘Yes-no’
Active Voice. questions begin with ‘be verbs’, ‘do verbs’
a) The smuggler has been nabbed by and ‘have verbs’ or with modal verbs.
the police. They can be framed in both positive and
negative forms.
b) By whom were you interviewed?
c)
Why were you scolded by your Generally, people tend to make
parents? mistakes in answering ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ to a
negative question. For instance,
d)
Not a word was spoken by the
convict in self–defence. “Did you not attend the function last
e) Good news is expected shortly. week?”
f) The mail has just been received. “Yes, I did not.” (wrong response)
g) Sundari has been taken to hospital
“No, I did not.”(right response)
by her husband.
h)
Our television is being repaired Here, two negatives do not neutralise
now. each other, but only emphasize the point
or the message if the person has attended
i) Sweets have not been distributed to
the function, the answer will be: “Yes, I
children by the organisers.
did.”
j) Prizes were being given by the chief
guest. 2. ‘Wh’ Questions or Information
k) Nobody has been seen in the library Questions
this week. These questions are framed to seek
l) Nobody would have known the truth some sort of information. They begin
if you had not disclosed it. with ‘What, When, Where, Who, Why,
Which, Whom, Whose and How. For e.g.
m) You are advised to help the poor
What are your plans for this weekend? /
and needy.
Whom do you want me to meet there? /
n) You are requested to make a cup of How long should I wait for you? / When
tea for the guest. will you be able to complete this work? /
Why does your father travel to UK quite
Interrogations or Questions often?
There are different ways of asking
176 / 249

Non-Finite Verbs
.
A non-finite verb (also known as a verbal) is the term used to describe a verb that
does not indicate tense. The non-finite verbs are called gerunds, infinitives, and par-
ticiples.
Finite verb Non-Finite verb
A verb that indicates tense and A verb that does not indicate tense and
changes according to the subject does not change according to the subject
Finite verb:
Finite verbs change tense and number according to the subject.
Arun invited Suresh to his daughter’s birthday.

Her friends presented the girl with a toy.
His friend presented a watch.
on-finite verbs have no subject and do not change according to the tense or number.
N
Non-finite verbs are broadly classified as follows:
i. Gerunds 1. Walking is a healthy habit

(Present participle used as a noun)
ii. Infinitive 2. I like to walk early in the morning.

(to infinitive)
iii. Present participle 3. T

hese are my walking shoes.
(Present participle used as an adjective)
iv. Past participle 4. Having walked a long distance I felt tired.
C. Look at the action words in bold. Identify whether they are either finite or
non-finite verb.
They want to try a new approach.
Trying is easy.
Having tried everything , he gave up.
All I can do is try.
If she tried, she would succeed.
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Infinitives and Gerunds
The infinitive is often called as ‘to verb’
SUBJECT I can function as OBJECT I can function as

a subject. an object.
(e.g.) To swim is a good exercise. (e.g.) I like to swim.
Infinitives may be used without to and we call such infinitives a plain infinitive or a bare
infinitive.
(e.g.) She made me do my project.
We use plain/bare infinitives with these modals.
shall will do did would make need

may might could must let dare see
The infinitive may function as a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective,
or adverb in a sentence. Although an infinitive is easy to locate because of the to+verb
form, deciding what function it has in a sentence depends on the meaning.
(e.g.) To wait seemed foolish when decisive action was required. (subject)
(e.g.) We intended to leave early. (direct object)
(e.g.) His ambition is to fly. (subject complement)
(e.g.) He lacked the strength to resist. (adjective)
(e.g.) We must study to learn. (adverb)
Gerunds
A gerund is an action word that ends in –ing and functions as a noun
D. Read the following pairs of sentences

Identify the subject.
Telegram-plane T ravelling might satisfy your desire for new experiences.
Telegram-plane The study abroad program might satisfy your desire for new experiences.
Identify the direct object.
Telegram-plane They do not appreciate my singing.
Telegram-plane They do not appreciate my assistance.
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Book 1.indb 70 21-01-2020 17:28:08

Identify the subject complement.
Telegram-plane My cat’s favourite activity is sleeping.
Telegram-plane My cat’s favourite food is salmon.
Identify the object of the preposition.
Telegram-plane The police arrested him for speeding.
Telegram-plane The police arrested him for criminal activity.
Points to remember:
Telegram-plane A
Gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or
complement(s).
Dinesh and Divya have been assigned homework on non-finites.They are not sure when
to use a gerund and when to use an infinitive. They decide to meet their teacher and
get their doubts cleared. The teacher introduces them to Mr. Gerund and Ms. Infinitive.
E. You may role-play the conversation.

Teacher : This is Mr.Gerund.You may have seen him after these verbs ‘enjoy’, ‘finish’,
‘keep’, ‘mind’, ’suggest’, ’forgive’, ’excuse’, ‘postpone’,’go’
Gerund : I come after a Preposition too.
Teacher : Mr. Gerund comes in handy to describe a real action.
Infinitive : Hello friends, I am Infinitive. Words such as ‘like’, ‘refuse’ are followed by me.
Dinesh : I know you. I take your help to describe a general or future action.
(I think I need to get up early tomorrow to complete my grammar exercise.)
Divya : You have helped me to express ‘reason’, ’intention’,’ purpose’.
(I wish to finish my assigment by tonight.)
Gerund : Do you know, after verbs like ‘begin’,’ love’,’ continue’, ‘try’, ‘learn’, ‘start’,
‘neglect’, you can use either of us?
Infinitive : But remember we mean different things when used after ‘stop’.
Dinesh : D
ivya,When we saw Rajesh at the mall, I stopped to talk to him.Why didn’t
you wait?
Divya : Don’t you know I stopped talking to him?
Gerund : I am also used after these phrases –‘It’s no use ‘ , ‘It’s no good‘
Dinesh and Divya : Thank you , mam. Bye Mr.Gerund and Ms.Infinitive.
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F. N
ow, work in pairs and help Dinesh and Divya complete the exercise
given below.
Where are the astronauts headed to?
1. Write the gerund/infinitive form of the verbs in the blanks.

1. The astronauts managed ___________ (complete) their training in record
time.
2. They learned how __________ (survive) in space without gravity.
3. T
he best astronaut almost quit _________ (try) to learn the complex
information.
4. Their mission appeared __________ (be) in jeopardy.
5. T
hen Marina encouraged him by saying, "It’s no good __________ (quit) the
project right at the end."
6. Being an astronaut will enable you __________ (achieve) great success in life.
7. If you give up ____________ (study) now, our mission will be scrubbed.
8. T
hink of your fellow astronauts who wouldn’t hesitate __________ (help) you
in time of trouble.
9. We astronauts must keep on _______________ (prepare) for our space launch.
10. S
ome say it’s no use _____________ (travel) to distant planets, because it
takes too long.
11. B
ut we really want ____________ (visit) other planets and find
out if life exists on them.
12. C
an you imagine ___________ (walk) up to a Martian and shaking
hands and ____________ (say), “Hello, how are you? “
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13. W
e really look forward
_____________ (meet) alien
creatures and ________ (find)
out what they are really like.
14. M
any scientists have warned us
not _____________ (take) this
dangerous journey, but we are
not discouraged.
15. T
ravelling to far away planets involves ____________ (risk) our lives for the
thrill of discovery.
16. However we won’t delay ____________ (blast) off into space.
17. Would you like __________ (accompany) us on our journey if you could?
18. D
uring our training we have got used to ___________ (be) weightless and
___________ (live) under difficult conditions.
19. Scientists admit to __________ (be) intensely curious about life on other
planets.
20. I’m sure they would also enjoy __________ (travel) with our crew.
21. W
e told them ____________ (come) with us on our trip, but some of them
think it is a waste of time ____________ (search) for life that doesn’t exist.
22. W
e have been taught how __________ (endure) hardships during our trai-
ning and now we can’t afford __________ (waste) money.
We’re on our way!
Which planet are the astronauts heading to first? Add the infinitives.
Neptune-10 Venus-09 Mars-18 Jupiter-11
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B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate 3. indicate number, person and tense.
verb: 4. a re used in the present tense and the
1. The quality of dal ___ not good. past tense.
5. have to agree with the subject and
2. The horse carriage ___ at the door.
change accordingly.
3. M
y friend and teacher _____ come.
4. _ __ your father and mother at home? On the other hand, Non Finite verbs
5. H
onour and glory ____ his reward. 1. do not act as a verb.
6. The ship with its crew ___ sailing good. 2. act as nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
7. Gullivers Travels ___ an excellent story. 3. d
o not indicate number. person or
8. N
either food nor water ___ found here. tense.
9. M
athematics ___ a branch of study. 4. a re usually gerunds, infinitives or
10. Fifteen minutes ___ allowed to read participle.
the question paper.
The different kinds of Non Finites are:
C. C hange the singular nouns to plurals 1. Infinitives
by either adding ‘s’, ‘ies’, ‘es’, ‘ves 2. Gerund
3. Participles
Singular Plural
1. leaf leaves Infinitives:
2. lorry lorries 1. Full infinitives - It is “to+ a verb.
3. bat bats Example: P
ushpa eats lunch with me.
4. clock clocks {to+a verb}
5. table tables ‘eats’ is a third person
6. lamp lamps singular, simple present
tense, main verb.
7. doll dolls
8. biscuit biscuits 2. B
are infinitives - It is a verb without
9. knife knives ‘to’
Example: Reena will help me.
10. loaf loaves
Gerund:
Non Finites
Gerund functions as a noun, so it is
Verbs are action words. They are called a verbal noun. It also functions as
divided into two: Finite and Non Finites. an adjective.
Finite Verbs …. A gerund has the same form as a

present participle.
1. act as a verb.
2. act as a main verb of a sentence or a
clause.
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Gerunds are used in the following ways. Participles:

1. As a subject and a kind of a noun. Participles come after an object
to describe it and express the state the
a) Reading is a good habit.
object is in. A present participle indicates
b) L earning a language is always useful. an activity that is continuing and is in
2. As an object: progress. A present or past participle can
Rita likes cooking. function as an adjective phrase to describe
a noun placed before it.
3. As a complement:
Her liking is cooking. Example- 1. T he baby singing in the room
4. Used in compound nouns: is my child.
bath tub {a tub to bathe} 2. T he bird flying in the sky is
the lark.
The different forms of Participles are:

1. P
resent participle- verb +ing sleep+ing=sleeping
2. p
ast participles - verb+d/ed/en like+d=liked
3. p
erfect participles - having + past participles having + finished = having finished
4. p
resent - {passive} - being + past participle being + toed = being toed
5. p
erfect {passive} having been + past participle having been written
Participles are used as a verb Example Sita is sleeping.

It is used as an adjective Example She is a retired Principal.
D. Identify the non-finites in the following sentences and underline them

E.g., Children love eating chocolates
1. Roshan dreams of becoming an architect.
2. We must aim at fulfilling Dr APJ Abdul kalam’s dream to make India the most
developed country by 2020.
3. T
aking the children to the museum is Seema’s responsibility.
4. H
aving finished the work, the manager decided to return home.
5. Travelling with her family, Tara enjoyed every minute of it.
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E. Replace the underlined words by a participle in the following sentences:

Example: When young people wear soiled clothes on formal occasions to show
rebelliousness.
Ans: Young people wear soiled clothes on formal occasions to show rebelliousness.
1. While Sudha was climbing the stairs, she tripped and fell down.
2. After her evening prayers, my grandmother went to the temple.
3. Since he is a king, he can order everybody.
4. They took the last wicket and walked back to the pavillion.
5. When he saw the train in the platform he rushed
F. Fill in the blank with the correct alternative:

1. ---------- on the flute, Krishna returned it. {played/having played}
2. We wish she continues ---------- healthy. {being /be}
3. The doctor advised him against ------ in the sun. {wander / wandering}
4. I like ------------- rasam. {drinking / drink}
5. ------------ the scissors I returned it to her. {using / having used}
G. Tick the correct sentences:
1. I had desired to eat a cake. I had desired to have eaten cake.

2. My son is fond of music. My son is fond to music.
3. Sreena avoids eating fruits. Sreena avoids to eat fruits.
4. Bravery is not to pick a quarrel. Bravery is not picking a quarrel.
5. It is easier to say than do. It is easier said than done.
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c) B
etween ……………………………. All these are formed from verbs,
the train runs at it’s maximum speed. but are never used alone as action words
in sentences. Instead verbals function as
i) Bhopal and Gwalior
nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
ii) Bhopal and Jhansi
iii) Bhopal and Hazarat Nizamudin The gerund ends in –ing and is
iv) Bhopal and Agra actually a verb form but it functions as a
d) A
lmost ………… the train reaches noun too.
Vijayawada.
Jumping is fun.

i) the day after (subject to a verb)
ii) around early morning
My son enjoys skiing.

iii) late night
(Object to a verb)
iv) around noon
Mrs. Kala has a unique way of

e) P
eople prefer the Rajadhani express teaching. (Object to a preposition)
to travel from Chennai to reach the It is no use crying.

capital because …………….. (In Opposition to a pronoun)
i) it reaches the destination on the
The Infinitive is the base form of
same day.
a verb with ‘to’ –( to + verb). Usually it
ii) The charge is reasonable.
functions as a noun, although it can also
iii) the train halts at Ten stations.
function as an adjective or an adverb.
iv) it is the shortest route from
Chennai to New Delhi. To jump is fun.

(noun : Subject of the verb ‘is’)
f) T
he destination of Rajadhani express
is…………… My son likes to ski.

(noun : direct object of the verb ‘like’)
i) Hazarat Nizamudin.
 I have a suggestion to offer.
ii) New Delhi junction.
(adjective modifying suggestion)
iii) Old Delhi.
iv) Rajkot. The manager called her to give a last

warning.
Grammar (adverb modifying the verb ‘called’)
Non- finite verbs A participle is a verb that ends in –

ing (Present particle) or-ed, _d, _t, _en, _n,
Non-finite verb (also known as a (past particle). Participles may function as
verbal) is the term to describe a verb that adjectives, describing or modifying nouns.
does not show tense. In other words, it is
a verb form, which does not function as a The dancing parrots entertained the

verb. crowd.
There are three verbals– gerunds, The wrecked sailboat washed up on

infinitives and participles. shore.
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Task 1 7.
The archaeologists are trying
__________ the ruins of Keelady.
Underline the gerunds in the following
sentences. 8.
S olar energy is used ________
1. Boys love playing cricket. electricity.
2. I love eating ice creams. 9. ________ concession, you have to apply

3. Jessie enjoys bothering others. well in advance.
4. Painting is an interesting hobby. 10.

We have plans ________to London
5. Dancing gives me joy. during summer vacation.
Task 4
Task 2
Combine each of the following pairs of
Use the gerundial form of the verb in the sentences using participles. The first
brackets and fill in the blanks. one is done for you.
1. _ _______ (exercise) is good for health.
Example: I didn’t know what to do. I
2. ________ (fly) a kite is fun. phoned the police.
3. ________ (shop) is my favourite hobby.
ot knowing what to do, I
N
4.
My friend waited for the ________ phoned the police.
(meet).
5. Huckleberry Finn was responsible for 1. T
he baby cried. She was feeling sleepy.
__________ (signal).
2.
He lived alone. He had forgotten
Task 3 everybody.
Fill in the blanks with the correct 3. S he walked out. She was smiling.
infinitives.
4. The child says he needs attention. He
1. Deva forgot _________ the letter. shouts loudly.
2.
The doctor advised the patient 5. I threw the pen. It was broken.
__________ his medicines without fail.
6. H
is coat is tattered. It needs mending.
3. R ajesh went to the airport _______ his
friend. 7. I heard the noise. I turned around.
4. The bear climbed up the tree _______ 8. H

e was dissatisfied. He quit his job.
the honey. 9. The politician entered the campus. He
5.
The boys went to the forest was accompanied by many comrades.
_____________ birds. 10. The girl entered the room. She was
6. I tried hard _______ both ends meet. singing a song.
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VOCABULARY
Homophones are two words that are spelled differently but have the same sound.
A. E
xplain the difference between these words by making sentences. One is
done for you.
1. see/sea - Can you see the birds flying over the sea?
2. knight/night - -------------------------------------------------------------------.
3. right/write - -------------------------------------------------------------------.
4. arms/alms - -------------------------------------------------------------------.
5. fair/fare - -------------------------------------------------------------------.
6. here/hear - -------------------------------------------------------------------.
7. heard/herd - -------------------------------------------------------------------.
8. our/hour - -------------------------------------------------------------------.
9. no/know - -------------------------------------------------------------------.
10. not/knot - -------------------------------------------------------------------.
Homonyms are spelled the same way but differ in meaning.
B. R
ead the following sentences and write the meaning of the italicised words.
One is done for you.
1. T
he bandage was wound around the wound.
wound - injury
wound - past tense of wind
2. T
here is a fair Arts and Craft fair this weekend.
fair - -------------------------------------------------
fair - -------------------------------------------------
3. T
he woodcutter saw a huge saw in his dream.
saw - -------------------------------------------------
saw - -------------------------------------------------
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4. W
rite the right answers on the right side.
right - -------------------------------------------------
right - -------------------------------------------------
5. The well was dug by a well-known king.
well - -------------------------------------------------
well - -------------------------------------------------
6. We have march pass in March.
march - -------------------------------------------------
march - -------------------------------------------------
7. Can you get me a can?
can - -------------------------------------------------
can - --------------------------------------------------
8. How long will the live fish live without food?
live - -------------------------------------------------
live - -------------------------------------------------
9. She has tears in her eyes as she tears old photos.
tears - -----------------------------------------------
tears - -----------------------------------------------
10. I will be second in line if I wait one more second.
second - ----------------------------------------------
second - ----------------------------------------------
Syllable is a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without

C. Divide each word by putting a slash (/) symbol between each syllable.
surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word; for example, there
On the space provided, write how many syllables each word has. Use a dictionary if
are two syllables in water. Wa/ter
you're not sure where to divide the syllables.
1. adventure - ad/ven/ture - 3 syllables
2. courageous - -----------------------------------------------------------
3. incredible - -----------------------------------------------------------
4. knight - -----------------------------------------------------------
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190 / 249 15-05-2019 17:00:09

5. hilarious - -----------------------------------------------------------
6. excitement - -----------------------------------------------------------
7. peasant - -----------------------------------------------------------
8. imagine - -----------------------------------------------------------
9. shepherd - -----------------------------------------------------------
10. entreat - -----------------------------------------------------------
LISTENING
Listen to your teacher reading a passage on Adventure Trips.

Visualize the activities. Draw the scenes in the given boxes.
WATER ACTIVITIES BONFIRE
ROCK CLIMBING MOUNTAIN BIKING
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4. Ramayya's wife put the stud away in her box.
5. The Police searched Rammaya’s home.
E) Answer the following questions

1. Where did the sparrows build the nest?
2. Why did the bird drop diamond stud?
3. What were the words of Meenakshi Ammal to her daughter?
4. Who was suspected of stealing the diamond nose stud?
5. What did Ramayya’s wife do with the stud?
6. What happened to Ramayya’s wife at the end?
F) Answer the following in about 100 words.

1. Why did the sparrow throw the nose jewel into Ramayya's house?
2. Explain how Ramayya's wife reacted when she saw the nose jewel?
Vocabulary
Homophone
Homophones are words with same pronunciation but different meanings, origins,
or spelling.
For example:
new – knew
hole – whole
knight – night
see – sea
a. Pick out the correct homophone.

1. I am not ______ to drink soda. (aloud,allowed)
2. The wind ________ the leaves. (blue,blew)
3. I will __________ my friend. (meat,meet)
4. He will play the _________ in the second play. (role,roll)
5. I have _________ the movie already. (scene,seen)

7
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b. Choose the correct homophone.
1. Every morning my father likes to look at the ________ on the grass.
a) due b) dew
2. Chennai is the ________ of Tamilnadu.

a) capitol b) capital
3. I was very ________ last weekend because my friends went to the village
without informing me.
a) bored b) board
4. The cat caught the _______ of a mouse.
a) scent b) cent
5. The _______ rises in the east.

a) son b) sun
Abbreviation and Acronyms
a. Abbreviation:
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase.
Example: PM - Prime Minister
Example:
ATM Automated Teller Machine

GB Giga Byte
PC Personal Computer
CEO Chief Educational Officer
EMIS Education Management Information System
IAS Indian Administrative Service
NMMS National Means cum Merit Scholarship
SBI State Bank of India
OTP One Time Password
IFSC Indian Financial System Code
PDF Portable Document Format
LED Light Emitting Diode
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
GSt Goods and Services Tax
193 / 249
www.tntextbooks.in
Vocabulary
Homonyms
Two or more words having the same spelling and pronunciation but different
meanings and origins.
S.No Homonyms Meaning Example
address location This is her address.
1
She addressed the open-air
address to speak to
meeting.
band a musical group The band was playing old songs.
2
She always ties her hair back in
band a ring
a band.
bat mammal I am afraid of bats.

3
bat an implement used to hit a ball I love my cricket bat.
right correct He is right.

4
right direction Take a right turn.
a. Write a sentence of your own for each homonyms.

1. a. bright - very smart or intelligent –
b. bright - filled with light –
2. a. express - something done fast –
b. express - convey –
3. a. kind - type –
b. kind - caring –
4. a. well - in good health –
b. well - water resource –
126
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Homonyms Prefix and Suffix
Homonyms are words with similar Prefixes are added to the
sound and spelling, but with a
beginning of a root word while
different meaning.
suffixes are added to the end.
E. Use the words given below in
your own sentences so as to get
G. Look at the prefixes and suffixes
different meanings. One is done
given and frame two new words
for you.
for each one of them. One is done
Cricket is a popular sport. for you.
cricket
Cricket is active at night. Prefix Word-1 Word-2
bank sub subway subconscious
un
will re
en
bark
dis
watch ir
bat Suffix Word-1 Word-2

ly suddenly happily
Homophones or
er
Homophones are words with
similar sound but with a different ness
spelling and meaning.
ian
F. C
onsult a dictionary, to find the ist
homophones for the given words.
1 in *Listening
2 know
H. L
isten to the passage on
3 be
Paralympics and choose the
4 to
correct answer.
5 watt
6 right 1. The Paralympic games are for _____
7 were
a. children.
8 bare
b. disabled people.
9 herd
c. women.
10 throne
*Listening text is on Page No. 203
7 English
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Book 1.indb 7 21-01-2020 17:27:59

e) Prefixes and Suffixes. b) The car skidded to a halt when I applied
the ___________.
“Her silver locks were scattered untidily
over her pale, puckered face, and her lips ii) waste/waist
constantly moved in inaudible prayer.” a) Shivani wears a belt around her
___________.
In the above sentence, the word ‘inaudible’
is formed by adding the prefix in- to the b) We should never misuse or
root/base word ‘audible’. ___________natural resources.
A prefix is a letter or a group of letters iii) principle/principal

which is added to the beginning of a root a) Oxygen is the ___________ element
word in order to modify it. Usually, the present in the earth’s crust.
new word formed is the opposite of the
given word. b) Both these machines work on the same
___________.
In the above sentence, we also come across
the word ‘constantly’. Here the suffix –ly is iv) bread/bred
added to the root word ‘constant’. a) Turtles should be ___________ in a
healthy environment.
A suffix is a letter or a group of letters
added to the end of a root word. By adding b) I like to have toasted ___________ for
suffixes, the grammatical function of the breakfast.
word changes.
v) lesson/lessen
Words that are derived or formed from the a) This medicine will ___________ your
base word by adding prefixes and suffixes pain.
are called derivatives.
b) Finally, the manager learnt a
Form two derivatives from each of the ___________ the hard way.
following words.
vi) pale/pail
e.g. honest- dishonest, honesty a) The child looks very sick and
manage differ beauty ___________.
peace arrange collect
b) I need a ___________ of water to wash
approve narrate class
these cups.
f ) Homophones:
vii) through/threw
Fill in the blanks with suitable a) Ravi picked the banana peel and
homophones: ___________ it in the dustbin.
i) brake / break
a) We have a short ___________ between b) The soldiers had to pass ___________
the sessions. a dark tunnel.
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viii) corps/corpse Speaking Activity
a) The ___________ was covered with a
shroud. a. Work in pairs and arrive at five
points that bring out the benefits and
b) A five-day annual training camp for challenges of living in either a nuclear
the senior cadets of the National Cadet family or a joint family. Share your views
___________ has been organised. with your class.
Listening Activity b. Build a conversation of eight to ten

sets of exchange, with your grandmother
Read the following statements and the discussing the incidents that happened in
given options. Now, listen to your teacher your school that day.
read aloud a passage or play it on a recorder.
You may listen to it again if required, to c. Every member contributes to
help you choose the right options. forming a happy family. Share your views
for a minute or two with your class.
i) According to Napoleon ‘Good mothers
make good ___________.’
a) housewives b)jobs Reading
c) nations d) ideas Reading is to the mind, what exercise is
to the body. Have you ever counted the
ii) Mothers exhibit ___________ love.
number of words you read in an hour? The
a)unauthorized b) unapproved average reading speed of an educated adult
c)unacceptable d) unconditional is approximately 15000 to 18000 words per
hour. If you read four hours a day, you are
iii) ___________ mothers care much for likely to go through 60,000 words daily. As
their children. you go through this process, you would be
a) Adapted b) Adopted able to acquire several skills such as
c) Adoptive d) Adaptable ◆ intensive and extensive reading
iv) ___________ is the most important ◆ grasping meaning from the contexts
thing in the world. ◆ expressing what you have understood,
a) Wealth b) Power in appropriate words.
c) Love d) Influence You would be able to learn various types
of techniques like
v) Love should be extended to
___________ too. ◆ Skimming
a) friends b) relatives ◆ Scanning
c) countrymen d) creatures ◆ Decoding
◆ Encoding
8
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2. Based on your reading, answer the Dictio
nary
s
auru
thes
following questions in two to four Vocabulary

sentences each.
a) What made people wonder about the A. Homonyms and Heteronyms

absentmindedness of their fellow- Homonyms are two or more words that
beings? have same pronunciation but different
b) What are our memories filled with? meanings. They are of two types:
c) When does human memory work with
i. Homographs
less than its usual capacity?
d) Why, according to Lynd, should taking Homographs are words with same
medicines be one of the easiest actions spelling and same sound but different in
to remember? meanings.
e) How do the chemists make fortunes out e.g. park – a piece of public land
of the medicines people forget to take? for recreation / park – to leave
f) The list of articles lost in trains suggest a vehicle in a particular place
that sportsmen have worse memories
than their ordinary serious-minded bat – a sport equipment for hitting the
fellows. Why does Lynd say this? ball / bat – a mammal
g) What kind of absent-mindedness is
regarded as a virtue by Lynd? ii. Homophones
h) Narrate the plight of the baby on its day Homophones are two or more words
out. with the same sound but with different
spellings and meanings.
3. Answer the following in a paragraph of
about 100—150 words each. e.g. dear – a loved one / deer – a wild
animal
a) You have borrowed a branded cricket
bat from your reluctant friend for an Heteronyms also known as heterophones
outstation match. After returning home are two or more words with same spelling
you realize you have absent-mindedly but different sounds and meanings.
left it in the hotel room. Write a letter of
apology and regret to your friend. e.g. lead – a metal / lead – guide
b) Kahlil Gibran states ‘Forgetfulness is minute – a period of time / minute – very
a form of freedom.’ Write an article for small
your school magazine, linking your ideas
logically and giving appropriate examples. Complete the sentences by choosing a
suitable word from those given in the
c) Will you sympathise or ridicule
brackets.
someone who is intensely forgetful? Write
an essay justifying your point of view.
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i) Nobody can say _______ there will word ‘perambulator’ is an unclipped word
be an improvement in the ________. and the word ‘pram’ is a clipped word.
(whether / weather) What are clipped words?
ii) Your ring is ______. Do not _____ it. Clipped words are words that are
(loose / lose) formed by dropping one or more syllables
from longer words without changing the
iii) We found a ________ of biscuits in
meaning. Clipping is forming new words by
the old man’s shirt ______. (pocket /
shortening long words. We usually use them
packet)
while speaking or in informal speech.
iv) When the pole vaulter cleared 28
______, it was declared a record e.g. aeroplane – plane
______. (feet / feat) examination – exam
demarcate – mark
v) Explain the ______ ‘Cut your ______
according to your cloth.’ (coat / quote) Now, write the clipped and unclipped
form of the given words and complete the
vi) The stranger _______ for a few minutes table.
before he ______ my house. (paused /
passed) UNCLIPPED CLIPPED
chimpanzee
vii) The _______ dancer turned _______
photo
after the final performance. (weary /
mike
wiry)
cafeteria
viii) The chain that I presented to my gas
sister was not made of gold; it was helicopter
just _______. I am suffering from a telephone
sense of _______. (guilt / gilt) varsity
memo
Form meaningful sentences using the influenza
given words to bring out at least two hippo
different meanings. bridegroom
1. train 4. light fan
2. tear 5. file demonstration
3. wind 6. bear
refrigerator
B. Clipped Words c. ‘Certain psychologists tell us that we
We came across the word forget things because we wish to forget
‘perambulator’ in the last paragraph of them.’ Who is a psychologist?
the story. The word ‘perambulator’ can One who studies the human mind and
also be expressed as ‘pram’ in short. The behaviour is a psychologist.
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Now, refer to a dictionary and match always will abstain from alcohol and it is
the professions with their relevant job a matter of principle for him. We can call
descriptions. Peter a ________.
A B ii. Aruna always looks at the bright side of

studies languages and things. Even in the face of misfortune, she
1. pathologist
their structure firmly believes that everything will work
studies atmosphere, out for the best in the end. What can we
2. ornithologist
weather and climate call Aruna? __________.
studies the matter that
3. entomologist
constitutes the Earth iii. The rich industrialist donated a huge
sum of money to set up a public library in
4. archaeologist studies earthquakes
his native village. He is a ________ and a
studies reptiles and social reformer.
5. sociologist
amphibians
studies functioning of iv. The Chair person of our company
6. geologist
human society keeps travelling all over the world to
studies artefacts and attend conferences and we call her a
7. linguist
physical remains __________.
8. seismologist studies birds
v. Antony has the amazing ability to use
9. herpetologist studies insects
both his hands, equally well. He can write,
draw and perform various other tasks
10. meteorologist studies diseases with equal speed and efficiency with his
left as well as his right hand. Antony is
___________.
Fill in the blanks choosing the words from
the box. Refer to a dictionary if required. vi. Due to some disturbing incidents in
One has been done for you. her childhood, Neetu grew into a reclusive
thespian sadist polyglot adult. She tends to keep aloof and avoids
ambidextrous philanthropist all kinds of social activities. Neetu is a
misanthrope bibliophile ________.
nonagenarian teetotaller
vii. Tharini serves as interpreter at
globetrotter optimist
meetings between statesmen from
e.g. My brother buys a load of books at the different countries. She is also a much
book fair every year. He is a great lover of sought-after tour guide, as she is well-
books and has a huge collection at home. versed and fluent in multiple languages.
He is a bibliophile. Tharini is a ________.
i. Peter always refuses alcohol, when it is viii. My grandparents are in their nineties.
offered to him at parties and takes a soft I am glad that this _________ couple are
drink instead. He says he always has and active, cheerful and in good health.
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ix. Richard Burton was a gifted theatre artist. He donned several roles with ease and is
especially famous for the Shakespearean parts he played on stage. Mr. Burton is a born
__________.
x. The Chairman of this concern seems to derive pleasure from inflicting pain on others.
He humiliates and hurts his subordinates for no reason. He is a real __________.
d) Find the antonyms of the following words in the puzzle and shade them with a pencil.
The first one has been done for you.
seldom admitted methodical reality virtue vile indignant relish fact
Spot the word
Y V P I N X T F I Y L M I J I G D W K R
H O X J W F K R L W I A Q M Z Y H H M X
F A N T A S Y R E J S R D M C Q E S N C
T M C X A U E E Y L H A T E E P D E F F
O H Z V C D T Q V J A F I N A E E D Q N
U F H C R L D D X D O O G N F N N G C G
L B I O R O F M G Q A E X I N Z I A F D
V L S C O N F C L T Q H E E M Y E L M T
R I U G T O N O P T M D W C Q J D E G C
D K L Y Z I L D L H Q G Q I D L E G T O
E F D L R T O D E K B V M V A S P H M V
L N X T M C C N A E V I R R A F R W S F
I X M N H I H F S E N C L J P A K R O P
G M N E X F C A C K Y S F G U O T J Y N
H M P U X P Q I D K C Q J I Q F C F G U
T O A Q J H V D Q Z R D I F N T X O I I
E W P E L X Q N J E X S Y B K E W A W O
D I N R B U M Z H U V H V D J N X O D G
U C H A P H A Z A R D D I A V Q N I F S
W W D N W X J D K L I O L Q H H Q D X U
74
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Vocabulary (i) Given below is a list of common
confusables. Distinguish the meaning
of each pair of words by framing your
a) Read the following words taken from
own sentences.
the story. Give two synonyms and one
antonym for each of these words. Use a) emigrate - immigrate
a dictionary, if required.
b) beside - besides
Word Synonyms Antonym
c) judicial - judicious
cautious
d) eligible - illegible
disapprove
e) conscience - conscious
brisk
f) industrial - industrious
engaging
g) eminent - imminent
humble
h) illicit - elicit
eager
i) prescribed - proscribed
resistance
j) affect - effect
persuade
k) aural - oral
scarce
l) born - borne
nobility
(ii) Fill in the blanks with suitable
b) Homophones and Confusables homophones or confusables.
You have already learnt that homophones
are words that sound alike but are different wallet hoard
in spelling and meaning. E.g. feet – feat /
fairy desert
face – phase / sort – sought / hair – heir/
medal night
What are confusables?
wait sweet
Confusables /confusibles are words that
are commonly confused with one another
yoke plain
in meaning or usage because of slight
similarities in spelling, pronunciation grown might
or meaning. e.g. moment – movement
/ except – expect / human – humane / earn quite
discover–invent
202 / 249

Match the –ics words with their appropriate meanings. You can make use of a dictionary.
S.No. Words Meanings

1. Linguistics the scientific study of a language
2. Numismatics the study of principles of beauty
3. Electro Dynamics the study of speech sounds
4. Phonetics the study of genes
5. Aesthetics the study of analysing information shown in
numbers
6. Genetics the study of government and using power in
public life
7. Statistics the study of building and flying air-craft
8. Politics the study of money and coins
9. Aeronautics the study of processing data for storage and
retrieval
10. Informatics the study of the way that electric currents and
magnetic fields affect each other
c) H
omonyms, Homophones and Homograph
“The greatest works of ancient Tamil, the Sangam anthologies and the Pattupattu, date to
the first two centuries of the current era”.
Note: In the above sentence, the words ‘to’ and ‘two’ sound the same but they have
different meaning.
Sound Spelling Meaning Example
stare(looking deeply)
Homophones Same Different Different
stair(steps)
kind (type)
Homonyms Same Same Different
kind (caring)
tear(pull apart)
Homographs Different Same Different
tear(drop of liquid from eyes)
Complete the following with appropriate words from the box given.
night/knight scent/sent/ cent stationary/ stationery lead/lead reign/rain/rein
band/banned bows/boughs sell/cell pass/pause/paws present/present
1 My mother brought an expensive watch as a birthday-------------------
2 Everybody accepted the fact that overeating could easily ______________to obesity.
3 In the middle ages, people were trained to become a _________ at a young age.
4 Akshitha´s brother plays the bugle in his school__________ .
5 The weather is fine and the air is filled with the _______ of lemons.
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6 What a splendid _______ the emperor Alexander’s might have been!
7 Humans have foot, animals have ________.
8 They know how to _____ their mobile phones online.
9 The teacher is so happy that all the students are _______ today.
10 The cars were __________ in the traffic jam.
11 It is not easy for him to tie _______ in his shoe laces.
d) Collocation
Collocation: It is a pair or group of words that always appears in the same order. Here
are some collocations picked from the lesson:
subtlety and profundity greatness and richness

culture and tradition vast and rich
Some of the commonly used collocations are:
read and write pros and cons sooner or later

dead or alive null and void black and white
e) Descriptive Words
Go through the letter of Prof. George L Hart once again and enlist the words
describing Tamil.
e.g. oldest
Identify the words that mean the

following.
3 Things that are not specifically religious
Indigenous myriad ………..
conservative indescribable
4
The word to mention a large
antiquity aesthetics
number…………
universality secular
5
This describes something which is
1 This is something that is related to produced or belongs to a particular
ancient time…………… region……
2
The word that describes pleasing in 6 The thing that cannot be described…….
appearance ………….
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7 This one is something which cannot i) conscience ii) knowledge
come out of tradition……. iii) understanding iv) respect
8 The quality of existing or involving d) They should respect the …………….of

everywhere…….. the patients.
i) age ii) wealth
iii) background iv) secrets
Listening
e) The pledge is also to treat the patients
On successful completion of a without any…………..
university degree course, before taking up i) fee ii) discrimination
their professional careers, the graduates iii) interest iv) hatred
will wear their academic dress for the
graduation ceremony, in which they
declare their commitment to assume Speaking
the responsibilities and obligations of
the respective fields or professions. The Debate
underlying meaning of all oaths is always
‘Service above Self ’. A debate is a discussion in which
speakers form two groups, and argue in
The oath taken by Graduates of Medicine favour of or against a topic. Debates are
is given as Listening passage. conducted in lecture halls, parliament,
legislative assemblies and public places.
After listening to the pledge played on
the tape recorder carefully, fill in the
following statements with the right
options given.
a) The medical graduates take oath to
dedicate their ………… to the service
of humanity.
i) money ii) talent
iii) life iv) nation
b) The ………..of the patient should be

the doctor’s greatest concern.
i) dignity ii) gratitude The speakers from each group
iii) health iv) honour not only give reasons to support their
argument, but also counter the arguments
c) The would-be graduates promise made by the members from the opposite
to practise their profession with group.
…………..and dignity.
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Vocabulary
Singular and Plural
We have seen how to form plural from singular for certain nouns and now we are
going to see the other forms of plurals.
Some nouns become plural

when we change the vowels. 'us' changes into 'i'
Singular Plural Singular Plural
man men cactus cacti
foot feet
fungus fungi
tooth teeth
syllabus syllabi
goose geese
'is' changes into 'es' 'um' changes into 'a'

hypothesis hypotheses bacterium bacteria

oasis oases medium media
crisis crises curriculum curricula
Some nouns have same form

Add 's' to the first word in for singular and plural.
hyphenated word.
passer-by passers-by deer deer

sister-in-law sisters-in-law fish fish
hair hair
brother-in-law brothers-in-law
furniture furniture
runner-up runners-up luggage luggage
Write the plural form of the given words

1 food 6 commander-in-chief
2 radius 7 thesis
3 governor - general 8 forum
4 syllabus 9 cattle
5 datum 10 genius
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SENTENCES : SIMPLE, COMPOUND, AND COMPLEX
Simple sentence
A Simple sentence is one which has only one Subject and one
Predicate.
Example:- His courage won him honour.

He must work very hard to win the first prize.
With a great effort he lifted the box.
Hearing their father's footsteps, the boys ran away.
The man, being very hungry, ate too much.
Compound sentence
A Compound sentence is one made up of two or more Principal or
Main Clauses.
Example:- The moon was bright and we could see our way.
Night came on and rain fell heavily and we all got very wet.
I shall do it now or I shall not do it at all.
He threw the stone but it missed the dog.
I both thanked him and rewarded him.
You must hurry, or you will miss the train.
Give me the book and I will read it.
I ran all the way to the station but I missed the train.
Complex Sentence
A Complex sentence consists of one Main Clause and one or more
Subordinate Clauses.
Example:- They rested when evening came.

If he is at home, I shall see him.
I have found the book that I had lost.
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We selected this bicycle after we had tried several times.

Once upon a time a man owned a hen which laid every day a golden egg.
The evil that men do lives after them.
A) State which of the following sentences are Compound, and which are Complex.
1. Man proposes, but God disposes.
2. I went because I was invited.
3. Jancy returned home because she was tired.
4. Whatever you do, do well.
5. Listen carefully and take notes.
6. I called him, but he gave me no answer.
7. The town in which I live is very large.
8. They always talk who never think.
9. We must eat to live, but we should not live to eat.
10. Govern your passions or they will govern you.
Language Check Point
S.No. Incorrect correct reason
Each is used in speaking of two

Every of the two
Each of the two boys will or more things, every is used
1 boys will get a
get a prize. only in speaking of more than
prize.
two.
When there is only one auxiliary

Ten candidates
Ten candidates have to two principal Verbs it should
2 have passed one
passed one has failed. be correctly associated with the
failed.
both.
To express quantity or degree

Have you bought Have you bought any some is used in affirmative
3
some mangoes? mangoes? sentences, any in negative or
interrogative sentences.
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SIMPLE, COMPLEX AND COMPOUND

Let us recall some important points that we learnt in the previous unit.
 Gerunds, Infinitives and Participles are Non Finite Verbs.
 Phrase is a group of words which does not contain a Finite Verb.
 Clause is a group of words which has a Finite Verb.
 Finite Verbs indicate the tense and time of actions.
 Non Finite Verbs do not indicate tense and time of actions.
Now, let us study about the three different kinds of sentences.
1. Simple 2. Complex 3. Compound
 A Simple sentence consists of only one Finite Verb.

 A Complex sentence has one Main Clause and one or more Subordinate Clauses.
 A Compound sentence has two Main Clauses combined by a Coordinating
Conjunction.
SIMPLE SENTENCE COMPLEX SENTENCE

Examples Examples
1. Ramu is too poor to buy a bicycle. 1. Ramu is so poor that he cannot buy a
bicycle.
2. Despite his old age, Raghav
walked fast. 2. Though Raghav was old, he walked fast
3. In the event of not consulting a doctor, 3. Unless you consult a doctor, you
you cannot recover. cannot recover.
4. On seeing the teacher, the children 4. As soon as the children saw the
stood up. teacher, they stood up
5. Due to a heavy downpour, the match 5. As there was a heavy downpour, the
was cancelled. match was cancelled.
(In the above sentences, finite verbs are (The parts of the sentences highlighted
highlighted) are main clauses)
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COMPOUND SENTENCE 9. The boy could not attend the special

classes due to his mother’s illness.
Examples
(into Compound)
1. R
amu is very poor and he cannot buy a 10.
He followed my suggestion. (into
bicycle. Complex)
2. R
aghav was old yet he walked fast.
B. C ombine the pairs of sentences below
3. Y
ou consult a doctor otherwise you into simple, complex and compound
cannot recover
1. Radha was ill. She was not hospitalised
4. T
he children saw the teacher and they
2.
The students were intelligent. They
stood up
could answer the questions correctly
5. T
here was a heavy downpour and the 3. I must get a visa. I can travel abroad
match was cancelled
4. I saw a tiger it was wounded
(In the above sentences, the words
5.
There was a bandh. The shops
highlighted are conjunctions)
remained closed
A. Transform the following sentences as

instructed.
1. On seeing the teacher, the children
stood up. (into Complex)
2.
At the age of six, Varsha started
learning music. (into Complex)
3. As Varun is a voracious reader, he
buys a lot of books. (into Simple)
4. Walk carefully lest you will fall down.
(into Complex)
5. Besides being a dancer, she is a singer.
(into Compound)
6. He is sick but he attends the rehearsal.
(into Simple)
7. If Meena reads more, she will become
proficient in the language. (into
Compound)
8. He confessed that he was guilty. (into
Simple)
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3. Which word in the passage (paragraph
3) means the same as ‘forced’.
4. “Services of retired members of
Dog Squad during 26/11 will be
unforgettable”. Mention three services
rendered by Caesar.
5. Caesar is a Labrador breed of dogs.
Answer the following questions. Name a few other native breeds that
are used by the Police force.
1. Labrador retriever was covered with 6. Try to rewrite the news item in your
tri-colour. What does this signify? mother tongue without losing the spirit
2. How did Caesar save several lives at and flavour of the text. Give a suitable
the CST railway station? title to your translated version.
Grammar
f. Transformation of Sentences
Sentences can be of three types – Simple, Compound, Complex. A simple sentence has one
independent clause (A clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb). A Compound
sentence joins two or more number of independent clauses. A Complex sentence has one
independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
INDEPENDENT
SIMPLE I am healthy.
CLAUSE
INDEPENDENT
TYPES OF CLAUSE & ANY I am healthy
COMPLEX NUMBER OF because I exercise
SENTENCES every day.
DEPENDENT CLAUSES
ANY NUMBER OF
I am healthy and
COMPOUND INDEPENDENT
I am very active.
CLAUSES
Subordinate conjunctions such as ‘because, since, although, when, while, where, which,
that, after etc.’ are used to connect Independent Clauses with the Dependent Clauses in
Complex sentences.
Coordinate conjunctions such as ‘but, and, or, yet, so etc.’ are used to connect the Independent
Clauses in Compound sentences.
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Now complete the following. dissolve in the blood and carried to all
parts of the body.
a. Do as directed.
1. Dinesh and Prabhu wanted to meet
Varsha at the bus stop. They went to
the bus stop. (Change into a compound Writing
Narrative Writing
sentence)
There are many ways of expressing our
2. Varsha reached the railway station. She thoughts and ideas in an. interesting
was waiting for them there. (Change manner. One way is to present them as a
into a compound sentence) narration. In this section we shall learn
3. While she waited at the train station, how to develop a proverb and a news
Varsha realized that the train was late. headline into a story paragraph.
(change into a simple sentence)
Every story has a beginning, middle and an
4. Dinesh and Prabhu left the bus stop. ending. Here is the format for developing a
Varsha rang them. (change into a story:
complex sentence)
5. The trio met at the station. Varsha left Introduction / Beginning
for Madurai. (change into a complex 9 Describe the setting ( where?, when?)
sentence) 9 Introduce the characters ( who?)
9 Explain the situation.
b. This paragraph has only simple
sentences. Combine them into Events / Middle
compound and complex sentences. 9 Describe what happened.
The first one is done for you. 9 Use transition words that show time
One day Ajay and Tijo went to the canal. They and order ( suddenly, as soon as, before,
wanted to catch some fish. Some people were meanwhile)
playing nearby. They chose a better place. Solution / Ending
They took out the fishing rods. Suddenly
there was a loud splash. They also heard a 9 Explain how the story ends
loud scream. Both Ajay and Tijo looked up. 9 Describe what happens to the characters.
They saw something moving in the water. 9 State how the problem ends / gets
Then they saw a hand waving. Someone resolved
had fallen in the water. It was Yusuf. He had 9 Add a reflection sentence or a closing
jumped into the water. He wanted to swim. sentence.
One day Ajay and Tijo went to the canal to An example: Expand the Proverb ‘A bad
catch some fish..... workman always blames his tools’ into a
story-paragraph. Notice the beginning,
c. Here is one long sentence. Split them middle and the ending. Begin with the
into smaller sentences. meaning of the proverb.
Like all living things, human beings also
need food in order to live as every part of ‘A bad workman always blames his tools’.
the body must get a steady supply of food The meaning of this proverb is that our
so that it can work properly, but first the success does not depend on what kind of
food eaten has to be broken down through tools we have but how we use them. Here
a process called digestion so that it can is a story to elucidate the meaning.
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world’s fifth highest mountain] with Sir 1990s that the economic motives of
Edmund Hillary’’. We were not allowed to commercial guiding on Everest began.
go to the top. We wore leather boots that This leads to eclipse the amateur impetus
got really heavy when wet, and we only got of traditional mountaineering. Climbers
a little salary, but we danced the Sherpa looked after each other for the love of
dance, and we were able to buy firewood adventure and “the brotherhood of the
and make campfires, and we spent a rope” now are tending to mountain
lot of the time dancing and singing and businesses. Sherpas have taken up jobs
drinking. Today Sherpas get good pay and as guides to look after clients for a salary.
good equipment, but they don’t have good Commercial guiding agencies promised
entertainment. My one regret is that I any reasonably fit person a shot at Everest.
never got to the top of Everest. I got to the
South Summit, but I never got a chance to Grammar
go for the top.
The transformation began when Kinds of sentences

the Sherpa Tenzing Norgay and the New Sentences are of three kinds – Simple,
Zealander Edmund Hillary scaled Everest Complex and Compound. They have
in 1953. Edmund Hillary took efforts to been discussed in Class XI. Let us recall
build schools and health clinics to raise the basic structure of the three kinds of
the living standards of the Sherpas. Thus sentences:
life in Khumbu improved due to the efforts
taken by Edmund Hillary and hence he a) Simple sentence
was known as ‘Sherpa King’.
Look at the following sentences:
Sherpas working on the Everest i. There is a solution to every problem.
generally tend to perish one by one,
ii.
Work with dedication, to achieve
casualties of crevasse falls, avalanches,
success.
and altitude sickness. Some have simply
disappeared on the mountain, never to be iii.
The path to success is highly
seen again. Apart from the bad seasons complicated.
in 1922, 1970 and 2014 they do not die en iv. A golden key can open any door.
masse. Sherpas carry the heaviest loads v. In the event of your missing the bus,
and pay the highest prices on the world’s take a taxi.
tallest mountain. In some ways, Sherpas vi. A journey of a thousand miles begins
have benefited from the commercialization with a single step.
of the Everest more than any group, vii. The Chief Guest arrived in great haste.
earning income from thousands of
climbers and trekkers drawn to the A simple sentence has only one finite

mountain. While interest in climbing verb.
Everest grew gradually over the decades Simple sentences are used to depict

after the first ascent, it wasn’t until the universal truths, facts and descriptions.
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 A
simple sentence has just one what happens on cloudy, rainy days when
independent clause – it has only one the sun is completely covered by clouds?
subject and one predicate. If you think the sunflower withers or
 A
simple sentence may have subject turns its head towards the ground, you are
complements, object complements, completely mistaken. Do you know what
adverbial phrases and non-finite verbs. happens? Sunflowers turn to each other to
share their energy. Learning from Nature,
Task 1 we too should support and empower each
other.
Pick out the finite verbs in the following
sentences: b) Complex sentence
a) You can solve this problem in different Let us recall the differences between
ways. a phrase and a clause and learn to identify
b) The professor has been working on the Main and Subordinate clauses.
last chapter of the book since March.
Phrase
c) Despite being a celebrity, Ravi mingles
easily with everyone. i. A phrase is a group of words without a
d) You must speak clearly to make yourself finite verb in it.
understood. ii. It does not give complete sense.
e) The chairman being away, the clerk is Examples : my new watch, a barking dog,
unable to approve the proposal. the wise, the brave etc.
f) Getting down from the car, the Chief Clause
Guest walked towards the dais amidst
applause. i. A clause is a group of words with a
finite verb in it.
g) The old man struggled to walk without
support. ii. It may or may not make complete
sense.
h) In case of emergency, please contact
this number. Examples : my watch that is new, a dog
that is barking, people who
i) The sun having set, the temperature fell
are wise, those who are brave
rapidly.
j)
But for your help, I could not have Look at the following sentence:
completed the assignment.
I have lost the watch that you gave me.
Task 2 I have lost - Main clause (the clause
Read the following passage and identify the watch stands on its own)
the simple sentences. that you - Subordinate clause
gave me (the clause depends
Sunflowers turn according to the on the Main clause
position of the sun. In other words, they for its meaning to be
‘ chase the light’. Have you ever wondered completed)
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that - clause marker Honesty promotes - Main clause
character I
The above sentence is an example of a
dishonesty destroys it - Main clause
complex sentence.
II
A complex sentence has one Main clause and - conjunction
and one or more Subordinate clauses.
Two Main clauses connected by a
Task 1
conjunction form a compound sentence.
Look at the following complex sentences.
Circle the Main clauses and underline Task 1
the Subordinate clauses.
Identify the two Main clauses and
a) Nobody knows when the power supply conjunction in each of the following
will resume. sentences.
b) Please tell me what the time is. a) It started raining suddenly and people
c) The man who directed the film was my ran for shelter.
schoolmate.
b) Understand the concept well, otherwise
d) I believe that all men are basically good. you cannot solve the problem.
e) N
o one knows when he will return.
c)
Fifty candidates appeared for the
Task 2 interview, but only five were selected.
Pick out the complex sentences in the d) R amesh did not know Spanish, so he
following passage. wanted a translator.
A man saw a lion in the bush, as he
e) He is a good actor, still he is not popular.
was walking through the forest. He did not
know what to do. He was helpless. He was
Task 2
too scared to turn around and run. He just
knelt down as if he were getting ready to Pick out the compound sentences in the
pray. He closed his eyes, thinking that the following passage.
lion would pounce on him anytime. Out
The food we eat has to be digested
of the corner of his eye, he saw the lion on
and then thrown out of the body. The air
its knees too. Shocked, he asked the lion
we breathe in, has to be thrown out, to help
what it was doing. The lion replied that he
us survive. But we hold negative emotions
was praying before he started his meal.
like insecurity, anger and jealousy within
ourselves for years. If these negative
c) Compound sentence
emotions are not eliminated, the mind
Look at the following sentence: grows corrupt and diseased. Let us do
Honesty promotes character, and away with hatred and lead a healthy life
dishonesty destroys it. filled with peace and joy.
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Task 3
Complete the sentences choosing the right endings.
We were thoroughly disappointed to find out his address

Hardly had he stepped out we could not go further
They wanted since our team did not get a prize
Since we had run out of petrol was his reckless driving
The cause of his injury when it began to rain
Conditional Clauses
Let us recall what you have learnt about
conditional clauses in Std. 11.
Example:
Type I
If I play well, I will win the match.
(Possible condition)
Type II
If it rained, they would cancel the
match. (An unlikely or hypothetical
condition)
Type III
If Saravanan had played well, he
would have won the match. (Impossible
condition)
Task 1
Read the following sentences and fill in
the blanks.
a. If I ………..(be) a spider, I …….. (weave)
webs.
b. If Raj ………(be) a sculptor, he ………
(make) beautiful idols.
c. If Mary had an umbrella, she……….
(lend) it to me.
d. Rex would have played with me, if he
……..(has) time.
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PICTO GRAMMAR
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USE GRAMMAR
Solve the crossword puzzle using superlative adjectives.
Down Across
2.The ------- man ever whose age has 1. D

eserts are the ----------- places on
been verified is Jiroemon Kimura Earth
4. A
ntarctica is the --------- continent in 3. R
ussia is the ---------- country in the
the world world
6. T
he elephant is the ------ animal in the 4. Mercury is the -------- planet to the sun
world
8. M
ount Everest is the ------- mountain 5. V
atican City is the ------ country in the
in the world world
6. D
iamonds are the ------ material in the
world
7. T
he cheetah is the ------ animal in the
world
8
7
2 5
3
6
1
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Example:
What manner of man is he?
Which way shall we go?
Whose book is this?
Degrees of comparison
I run fast.
I run fast.
I run fast.
Oh! They all say that they run fast. So who will win a race?
We need to compare their speed to help them decide. For example let us think that
the ostrich runs at 40 km/hr, the deer at 60 km/hr and the cheetah at 80 km/hr.
We can see that the speed of the ostrich is lesser than the speed of the deer.
The speed of the deer is lesser than the speed of the cheetah.
There are three ways to compare. That is positive, comparative and superlative.
These are known as degrees of comparison.
Now, let us see how the word 'fast' changes to show us how fast each of them run.
The ostrich runs fast.
The deer runs faster than the ostrich.
The cheetah is the fastest of all.
We can see that the adjective 'fast' is changing form to show how fast each of them
run in comparison to the other.
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So, the cheetah, the fastest of all will win the race.
We add - er with the adjective to make it comparative and - est to make it

superlative. Let us see some examples:
Positive Comparative Superlative
fast faster fastest
tall taller tallest
small smaller smallest
strong stronger strongest
rich richer richest
poor poorer poorest
weak weaker weakest
For most one syllable adjectives you make the comparative form by adding -er and - est
for superlative form.
Monosyllabic adjectives
Adjective Comparative Superlative
tall taller tallest
long longer longest
fast faster fastest
If the adjective already ends in e, you just add -r.
One syllable adjectives ending in e
large larger largest
wide wider widest
For some adjectives you need to double the last letter before you add -er. You do this
when the last three letters of the word have the pattern consonant-vowel-consonant.
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One syllable adjectives that need a double letter
big bigger biggest
hot hotter hottest
For adjectives ending in y, you make the comparative form by changing the y to an i,
then adding -er.
Adjectives ending in y
happy happier happiest
pretty prettier prettiest
Disyllabic Words
For most words with two syllables or more, you make the comparative form by adding
the word more before the adjective.
Two syllable adjectives
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
important more important most important
The exceptional case
good better best
bad worse worst
little less least
farther farthest
far
(further) (furthest)
late later (latter) latest (last)
much/many more most
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a. Fill in the blanks
Positive Comparative superlative
tall
smarter
largest
big
later/latter
Let’s compare two things.

1. Which is faster? A train or a plane?
2. Which is cheaper? Gold or Silver?
3. Which is larger? City or village?
4. Which is bigger? A sea or an ocean?
5. Which is taller? A giraffe or a camel?
Let’s compare three things.
A donkey - a horse - an elephant (strong)
A donkey is strong.
A horse is stronger than a donkey.
An elephant is the strongest.
1. Town – city – village (quiet)
2. Istanbul – Moscow - London (populated)
3. Windy weather – warm weather – rainy weather (good)
4. Ocean - river - lake (deep)
5. The USA – Russia – Spain (large)
6. The Mahanadi – The Cauvery – The Ganga (long)
7. Chennai – Hyderabad – Bangaluru (modern)
8. Giraffe – Horse – goat (tall)
9. Elephant - Cat - Dog (strong)
10. Maharastra – Tamilnadu – Rajasthan (hot)
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Grammar
Degrees of Comparison
Comparison can be made using the three forms of an adjective.
Adjective is a word that describes or qualifies a noun. It gives more
information about a noun.
(e.g.) The tiger is a strong animal.
There are three degrees of comparison
(1) Positive (e.g.) Kumar is a kind man.
(2) Comparative (e.g.) Tsunami is more destructive than Cyclone.
(3) Superlative (e.g.) Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world.
Read the following examples.

No other girl in the class Ramya is taller than any Ramya is the tallest girl
is as tall as Ramya. other girl in the class. in the class.
Very few girls in the class Ramya is taller than most Ramya is one of the
are as tall as Ramya. other girls in the class. tallest girls in the class.
The Positive Degree is used to express or describe a quality.

The Positive Degree of an adjective states the characteristic of the noun.
(e.g.) It is a tall building.
(e.g.) Mango is sweet to taste.
The Comparative Degree is used when two things (or two sets of things) are compared.
(e.g.) This building is taller than any other building.
(e.g.) Mango is sweeter than pineapple.
The Superlative Degree is used when more than two things are compared.
(e.g.) This is the tallest building.
(e.g.) Mango is the sweetest fruit.
Examples
Prabhu is young. (Positive Degree)
Prabhu is younger than Amirtha. (Comparative Degree)
Prabhu is the youngest of all. (Superlative Degree)
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Book 1.indb 35 21-01-2020 17:28:03

Articles and Determiners 4. How ________ sugar do you want?
Articles 5. I am very tired today, as I had _______
Task 1 guests today.
Complete the following exercise 6. _________ of my students have become

using a/ an/ the/ ‘o’ (no article) in the doctors.
underlined space where appropriate. 7. _________ do I know about his personal
Change capital letters to lower case life.
letters at the beginning of a sentence if
necessary. 8. How ____________ pages did you read?
9.
________________ fertilizer used
According to (1)____ National these days spoils the soil.
Weather Report, cyclones are winds
circulating (2)____ counter clockwise 10. During my student life I used to give
in(3) ____ Northern Hemisphere and __________ trouble to my teachers.
clockwise in (4)____ southern Hemisphere.
Cyclones are usually accompanied by(5) DEGREES OF COMPARISON-
____ stormy weather. Tornadoes and TRANSFORMATION
hurricanes are types of cyclones.(6) ___ You have already learnt Degrees
hurricane is (7) ___ cyclone that forms of Comparison in earlier classes and
over(8) ____ tropical oceans and seas.(9) are therefore familiar with this concept
____ hurricane rotates in(10) ____ shape of grammar. Now, recall the rules and
of(11) ___ oval or a circle.(12) ____ guidelines related to this topic and try to
Hurricane Andrew, which hit (13)____ complete the task given below.
coasts of Louisiana and Southern Florida
in August 1992, caused (14)___ extreme We use the positive degree of an
devastation. It was one of (15)____ most adjective when we do not intend to make
devasting hurricanes ever to hit(16)____ any comparison. We use the comparative
U.S.. Fourteen people died of(17) ___ degree, when we compare two objects or
Andrew’s effect. two people. We use the superlative degree
when more than two objects or two people
Task 2 are compared. Adverbs, too, have degrees
Complete the following sentences using of comparison.
appropriate determiners.
Points to keep in mind
1. Only ______ people can afford to buy a
A great many adjectives and a few

flat in Chennai.
adverbs form their comparatives and
2. She earns so _____ that she could not superlatives by adding ‘–er and –est’
make a decent living. respectively. [e.g. short – shorter –
shortest]
3.
________ information that she gave
proved false.
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A few adjectives and many adverbs
 The adjectives in comparative

take ‘more and most’ to form their degree are generally used to indicate
comparatives and superlatives. [e.g. apposition and are followed by ‘than’.
wonderful – more wonderful – most They are also followed by ‘of ’ when it
wonderful] denotes selection. [e.g. Radha is taller
S ome adjectives and adverbs take
 than Anu. / Radha is the taller of the
either the former or the latter. [e.g. two.]
gentle – gentler – gentlest / gentle – We use ‘the’ with adjectives in

more gentle – most gentle] comparative degree to show that one
A few adjectives and adverbs form
 thing depends on another. [e.g. The
their comparatives and superlatives in deeper you breathe, the calmer you
an irregular way. [e.g. good – better – become.
best / little – less, lesser – least / old – S entences with adjectives and

older, elder – oldest, eldest] adverbs in one particular Degree of
There are certain comparatives that
 Comparison can be transformed into
end in ‘-or’.They are followed by ‘to’ other degrees of comparison without
instead of ‘than’. [e.g. Marble flooring changing their meaning.
is superior to mosaic flooring. / Ravi is
Here are a few examples that show

junior to me.]
how various types of sentences in
The adjectives in superlative degree
 different Degrees of Comparison can
are preceded by the definite article be interchanged.
‘the’. [e.g. The Nobel prize is the highest
award given to scientists. / The Japanese Type -1
are the most industrious people.] No other profession is as noble as

The article ‘the’ is often omitted before
 teaching.
superlative adverbs. [ e.g. John climbed Teaching is nobler than any other

(the) highest of all cadets.] profession.
The definite article ‘the’ is not used
 Teaching is the noblest of all

before superlatives that follow a noun professions. / Teaching is the noblest
in possessive case. [e.g. That should be profession.
Robert’s worst experience in all of his
Type – 2
childhood days.]
Very few professions are as noble as

C omparison of equals is expressed by
 teaching.
‘as + adjective + as’. In the negative
Teaching is nobler than many other /

comparison, ‘so + adjective + as’ is
most other professions.
often used instead of ‘as + adjective +
as’. [e.g. Ooty is as cool as Kodaikanal. / Teaching is one of the noblest

Bangalore isn’t so cool as Yercaud.] professions.
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Type – 3 Task 2
Apples are costlier than mangoes in
 Rewrite each of the following sentences
the summer season. using the superlative degree retaining
Mangoes are not so costly as apples in
 the meaning.
the summer season.
1. Shakespeare is greater than many other
Type – 4 dramatists of the world.
Apples are not more expensive than
 2. S ome people think that nothing is as
mangoes during winter. important as money in life.
Mangoes are as expensive as apples

3. The peacock is more colourful than any
during winter.
other bird found in India.
Type – 5
4. Very few people in this town are as
We have not watched such a thrilling
 generous as Mr. Mohan.
movie as this.
5. No other planet in our solar system is as
This movie is more thrilling than any

cold as Neptune.
other movie, we have ever watched.
This is the most thrilling movie, we
 6. I cannot do anything better for you than
have ever watched. this.
Type – 6 Task 3
My brother can climb a tree as fast as
 Replace the comparative adjectives
a monkey. in the following sentences with their
A monkey cannot climb a tree faster
 positive forms.
than my brother. 1.
Rural life is certainly more peaceful
Task 1 than urban life.
2. T
he pen is mightier than the sword.
Transform each of the following
sentences using the comparative degree 3. Train journey is more comfortable than
without changing the meaning. bus journey.
4. My mother can speak more sweetly than
1. Very few Indian languages are as ancient anyone else.
as Tamil.
5. G
old is not more useful than iron.
2.
Hurricanes are as dangerous as
tornadoes.
Writing
3. This is the most challenging task I have
ever undertaken. Slogan Writing
4.
E-mail is the fastest means of Generally slogans are written for the
communication. purpose of advertising a product or to
5. C ompulsive gambling is the worst habit create an awareness among the public for
a man can develop. a social cause.
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Vocabulary
Clipped Words
Clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to
one of its parts. These words are called clipped words.
advertisement – ad luncheon – lunch
automobile – auto mathematics – math
cabriolet – cab memorandum – memo
examination – exam moving picture – movie
fanatic – fan pantaloons – pants
gasoline – gas photograph – photo
gymnasium – gym refrigerator – fridge
hamburger – burger university – varsity
influenza – flu zoological park – zoo
laboratory – lab telephone - phone
a. Find out the clipped words for the following.

1. aeroplane -
2. microphone -
3. exhibition -
4. kilogram -
5. cafeteria -
b. Find and use the clipped words in your own sentence.
1. photograph -
2. gymnasium -
3. luncheon -
4. advertisement -
5. zoological park -
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Blends.
A blend word or a blend is a word formed from parts of two or more other words.
binary + digit = bit motor + pedals = moped
breakfast + lunch = brunch motor + hotel = motel
camera + recorder = camcorder news + broadcast = newscast
electro + execute = electrocute smoke + fog = smog
electronic + mail = email Spanish + English = Spanglish
mechanics + electronics = mechatronics vital + amine = vitamin
a. Find out the clipped words for the following.

1. international + police -
2. helicopter + pad -
3. motor + hotel -
4. education + satellite -
5. electronic + commerce -
b. Use the blended words in your own sentence.
1. electrocute -
2. spanglish -
3. moped -
4. brunch -
5. smog -
Idioms
An idiom (also called idiomatic expression) is an expression, word or phrase that has a
figurative meaning conventionally understood by native speakers. This meaning is different
from the literal meaning of the idiom's individual elements. In other words, idioms don't
mean exactly what the words say. They have, however, hidden meaning.
Example: "Kick the bucket".
The meaning of the expression is different from the literal meaning or definition of
the word of which it is made. The meaning is used figuratively - "to die". Here are some
interesting idioms.
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VOCABULARY
E. Look at the words in the boxes. Match the words to make as many new
words as possible. One is done for you. Eg. out house.
out root
river wall
water garden
flower body
sun hill
aerial bed
busy sill
window house
foot shine
compound fall
F. Look at the words in the box. Make new words by adding ‘ly’ whereever
possible. It will not be possible with all the words.
lone blossom fertile vigorous place constant complete strong unlike great
cross immediate broad
Suffix : A letter or letters added at the end of a word to make a different or a new form
of the word. Eg. lone+ly= lonely
G. Look at the words in the box. Fill the wheel with their antonyms.
All the words begin with ‘S’ and are from the text.
hard fat weak big fast hide rough dull
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Compound words
Compound words are formed when two or more words are put together to form a new
word with a new meaning.
Some important compound words using (NOUN + NOUN)
Noun Noun Compound Word

head master head master
key board key board
cell phone cell phone
school boy school boy
eye sight eye sight
home work home work
moon light moon light
note book note book
Some important compound words using (GERUND + NOUN)
Gerund Noun Compound Word

dining hall dinning hall
washing machine washing machine
waiting hall waiting hall
driving school driving school
walking stick walking stick
drawing room drawing room
calling bell calling bell
baking soda baking soda
Some important compound words using (NOUN + VERB)
Noun Verb Compound Word

snow fall snow fall
car park car park
book mark book mark
sun set sun set
cat walk cat walk
rain fall rain fall
hair cut hair cut
tooth ache toothache
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A) Match the following compound words and write them:
First word Second word New word

match mark
air cut
blood port
Pop machine
sky bank
hair blue
book corn
sewing box
B. Choose the best answer to make a compound word
1. Which can be placed after ‘soft’?

a) play b) ware c) run d) cycle
2. Which can be placed before 'light’?
a) try b) sun c) horse d) cat
3. Which can be placed after ‘safe’?
a) chair b) guard c) shop d) van
4. Which can be placed after ‘blue’?
a) cane b) print c) see d) land
5. Which can be placed after ‘water’?
a) food b) stick c) fall d) out
Listening
Questions on passage
1. What is Philately?
2. What is Numismatics?
3. Do you know where the rarest and the most beautiful shells are found?
4. Painting can help unleash your creative side. How?
5. What is your friend’s hobby? How does it differ from yours? Discuss and write.
Note: The listening passage is given at page no.226.
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D. Combine the words in column A with

those in column B to form compound
words as many as you can.
Compound Words Column A Column B

Read these sentences: rain light
1. Beyond the iron gates were the playing snow thing
field and the two-storeyed school star fall
building.
draw ball
2. The owner of the tea shop, now over play back
sixty, a little rustic in appearance, with
lottery ticket
his white neatly-combed hair and clean
look, was the same as before. under walk
man note
3. His nerves seemed overwrought for
some reason. side world
The words in italics are Compound words. foot hole
A compound word is a combination of two
E. Form compound words from the boxes
or more words that function as a single
given below and fill in the blanks in
unit of meaning.
the sentences that follow with the
C. Complete the following table with appropriate compound words.
two more compound words.
waiting out income
 Noun + Noun kitchen garden, green sun room
tax alarm dry
 Noun + Verb mouthwash
traffic wall house
 Verb + Noun watchman clock jam glasses
hair cleaning cut
 Preposition + overcoat put paper
Noun
1. Siva visited the hair stylist to have
 Gerund + Noun bleaching powder
a clean __________.
 Noun + Gerund housekeeping 2. Tharani had given the sarees for
__________.
 Adjective + good for nothing 3. The __________ is a natural process
Preposition + that warms the earth’s surface.
Noun
 Noun + mother-in-law 4. Never wait for an __________ to wake
Preposition + you up.
Noun 5. The children were late to school as there
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was a __________ near the toll plaza. 3. practice __________

6. The government expects every individual 4. technology __________
to promptly pay the __________. 5. fashion __________
7. People usually wear __________ during 6. different __________
summer.
7. child __________
8.
The patients were asked to sit in
8. national __________
the__________ until the doctor arrived.
9. origin __________
9. With teamwork we are able to multiply
our __________. 10. enjoy __________
10. The room was looking bright with the (ii) Frame sentences of your own using
colourful __________. any five newly formed words.
AFFIXES
G F
ill in the blanks by adding
appropriate prefix/suffix to the
Read the following line taken from the
words given in brackets.
text:
In the English language, new words can 1. He was sleeping __________ in his
be formed by a process called affixation. couch. (comfort)
Affixation means adding affixes to the root
word to form a new word. Affixes can be 2. Kavya rides a __________ to school.
classified into prefix and suffix. If an affix (cycle)
is attached to the beginning of a word, it is
3.
There was only a ___________ of
called a Prefix. If an affix is attached to the
people in the theatre.(hand)
end of the word, it is called a Suffix.
4. It is ___________ to cut sandalwood
Exampels:
trees.(legai)
Prefixes:
illiterate, disqualify, supernatural, 5.
The ___________ of the President
suburban, malnutrition. has been expected for the last half an
hour.(arrive)
Suffixes:
ch i l d h o o d, abi l it y, e x am i n at i on , 6.
The man behaved ___________ in
establishment, slavish. front of the crowd. (normal)
F
(i) Form new words by adding 7.
Swathy had no ___________ of
appropriate prefix/suffix: visiting the doctor. (intend)
1. accurate __________
8. The bacteria are so small that you need
2. understand __________ a ___________ to see them. (scope)
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nary
Dictio
s
auru
thes
Vocabulary
a) Read the following words and choose the correct antonyms from the options given:
Words Options
moist a. marshy b. arid c. slimy d. sultry
frivolous a. serious b. sad c. furious d. happy
omitted a. isolated b. rejected c. contracted d. included
protest a. promote b. apprehend c. accept d. project
serenity a. simplicity b. anxiety c. absurdity d. stupidity
scattered a. sprinkled b. multiplied c. gathered d. covered
monotonous a. interesting b. tiresome c. fragrant d. satisfying
b) Fill in the blanks choosing the c) Match the words in Column A with
appropriate compound words from those their pairs in Column B to form compound
given in the box: words and write them in Column C
Reeta hurried along the road, dressed in A B C

her ________ new dress towards the bus mantel lashes
stop. Before ___________, she had to reach eye wheel
the house of her _________. But the first water gate
___________ of her travel was slow due bee knob
to traffic jam. Her ___________would be toll piece
regarded with joy. She was ___________ door proof
herself to reach the place. When she finally spinning hive
stepped into the ___________, she was
received with a big hug by her kind aunt. d) Frame meaningful sentences of your
She was in time to join the ___________ own using the following expressions from
at the village, for a _________. the story. Use a dictionary if required.
singsong overstraining spotless i. the thought was almost revolting

gentlefolk grandmother courtyard
ii. an expanse of pure white serenity
sunset half-hour homecoming
iii. a turning point
iv. accepted her seclusion with resignation

The American writer Henry James
has written a novel, which is also titled v. frivolous rebukes
‘The Portrait of a Lady’.
6
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b) Phrasal Verbs turn on - to open
i) Given below are the phrasal verbs with took over - take lead
their meanings. Use the given phrasal set off - start a journey
verbs in sentences of your own. put off - postpone
ii) Given below are some Phrasal Verbs which are frequently used in connection with
travelling. Guess the meaning and match.
see off - start off / to begin a journey
stop over - to go to station or airport to say good bye to someone
t o stay at a place for a short period of time when travelling to

set off -
another destination
get in - leave a bus, train etc.,

get off - to go away from home for a vacation
get on - arrive inside train, bus etc.
get away - enter a bus, train, plane.
check in - pay the bill when leaving a hotel

check out - arrive and register at airport or hotel
c) Compound Words
i) Here are some compound words chosen from the text.
ice-fall knife-edge wind-proof sleeping-bags

half-way never-ending partly-full ice- axe
Let us learn a few more with their meaning.
ice-berg - an extremely large mass of ice floating in the sea

a layer of ice permanently covering parts of the earth, especially
ice-cap -
around North and South Poles
ice-floe - a large area of ice floating in the sea
a layer of ice that covers a large area of land for a long period of
ice-sheet -
time
ice-rink - specially prepared flat surface of ice, where you can ice-skate;
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d) Semantic network
Speaking
Words belonging to different
semantic fields.
a) Group Activity
i) Match the following with their right
field, choosing appropriately from the i) Have you ever been on an adventurous
box given. trip? If so, share your success story with
your friends.
Machinery Sports
ii) How will you organize or plan for a trip
Transportation Geography
or an event? Do you have the habit of
Weather Travel
preparing a check-list? Discuss.
snow-board -------------------
b) Individual Activity
snow-mobile -------------------
snow-chains ------------------- Given below are a few proverbs. Prepare
snow-storm ------------------- a short speech of two minutes on one of
the proverbs.
snow-bird -------------------
snow-belt ------------------- a) Nothing is impossible.
b) Where there is a will there is a way.
Listening c) Together we can achieve more.
First, read the following statements. Note: You can also include an anecdote.
Then, listen to the passage read aloud by
(Anecdote is a short amusing or interesting
your teacher or played on the recorder
story about real incident or person.)
and complete the statements. You may
listen to it again, if required.
Giving instructions
Complete the following.
We receive instructions in several
a) List any three aspects which contributed places in various contexts. Giving
to the success of the ascent of the instructions involves language abilities
summit. such as brevity , clarity and appropriacy.
i. ______________ The imperative is normally used to deliver
ii. ______________ the instructions.
iii. ______________ Listen to a teacher giving instructions

b) Without the help of ____________ at the Assembly Hall, on the eve of the
nothing would have been possible. annual examinations.
c) The main idea of the passage is 1. Do not be late to the venue. Reach
______________. school at least 40 minutes before the
d) The biggest thing of all is ___________. examination commences.
e) ____________________ were cheerful 2. Remember to take your Admit card and

and gallant men. ID card.
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VOCABULARY
British and
American English
British American
Torch Flashlight
Mobile phone Cell phone
Bin trash can
Lorry Truck
A) Find the suitable British or American English word and fill in the
following.
Flat
Lift
Petrol
French fries
Cookie
Vacation
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Spelling Differences
British American
Skilful Skillful
Cheque Check
Programme Program
Dialogue Dialog
B) Find the suitable British or American English spelling and fill in the
following.
Apologise
Judgement
Neighbour
Dreamed
Airplane
Plow
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C. Eponymous Words
Words whose origin is traced to individuals are known as eponymous words.
Eponym Meaning Origin
A South American country Christofor Columbus (1451-1506), the

Colombia and the name of many cities Italian discoverer of the America in
around the world. 1492.
A type of motor engine that Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913), the

diesel runs on heating oil rather German mechanical engineer who
than gasoline or petrol. invented it.
The third month of the

March Gregorian calendar between Mars, the Roman god of war.
February and April.
The annual award for

This name originated from Oscar
best performances by the
Oscar Pierce, US wheat farmer and fruit
Academy of Motion Picture
grower.
Arts and Sciences.
John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich
Food on a slice of bread or
(1718-1792), an English aristocrat
sandwich between two slices, eaten
after whom Captain James Cook also
with the hands.
named the Sandwich Islands.
Eponym Meaning Origin
saxophone
volcano
Eiffel Tower
Boycott
Mount Everest
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D. Euphemistic words
Using an inoffensive words in the place of an offensive words are known as
Euphemistic words.
Common Euphemisms in English
unemployed between jobs

old over the hill
enjoying your retired life staying on the tractor
died passed away
stupid intellectually challenged
slow Learners late bloomers
i. Fill in the blanks with correct euphemisms for the given words.
deaf, or hard of hearing

mentally ill
fat
blind
liar
Listening
E. Complete the following statements appropriately:

1. A mobile phone is like a world in our pockets as ……………………………….
2. Parents do not have to remain in tension if their sons and daughters are late
because………………….
3. Some of the negative effects of a mobile phone are:
(a) …………………………………….
(b) …………………………………….
(c) …………………………………….
(d) ………………………………….
4. Excessive use of mobile phones can be hazardous to one’s health
as………………………………
5. A mobile phone is a threat to one’s privacy as ………………………………………….
Note: The listening passage is given at page no. 231.
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ary
Diction
s
auru
thes
Vocabulary
A. Foreign words and phrases
You have come across the French phrases ‘en famille’ _ӂQIDPLOOH!_ and ‘bons mots’
ৣ_E࢝QৠP࢝১WV_ in the lesson. Now look at the following phrases and their meanings.
a) viva voce - /ৣYDࢵYӂYӂXVL / - a spoken examination
b) sine die - /ৠVࢵQӂৠGࣗࢵL১/ – without a date being fixed
c) resume- /ৠUH]MX১PHࢵ/ - a brief summary
d) rapport - /U ৠSࢠ১ U / - close relationship with good understanding
e) bonafide - /ৣEӂࣕQӂৠIDࢵGL/ - genuine
B. Refer to the dictionary and find out the meanings of the following foreign words /
phrases. Use them in sentences of your own:
1) bon voyage 2) in toto 3) liaison 4) ex gratia 5) en masse 6) en route

7) ad hoc 8) faux pas
Here is a list of some words borrowed from Indian languages and have
been included in the Dictionary of English. Add more words to the table.
WORD ORIGIN MEANING
veranda Hindi a roofed platform along the outside of a house
bungalow Hindi a house in the Bengal style
chutney Hindi a ground or mashed relish
cheetah Sanskrit uniquely marked
coir Malayalam rope
bamboo Kannada wood
bandicoot Telugu kind of rat
catamaran Tamil multi-hulled watercraft
guru Sanskrit master
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For example, British call the front of a loo
car the Bonnet, while Americans call it sweets
the Hood. bin
c. Some British English words are given in
column ‘A’. Write their corresponding d. Similarly there is a difference
American English word is Column ‘B.’ in the spelling of certain words
between American and British
British American
English. In Column ‘A’ words are
pavement side walk
spelled in American. Write down
pull over
the corresponding British English
waistcoat spelling for those words in column ‘B’.
chips (The first one is done for you)
flat
ground floor A B
underground odor odour
queue program
wind screen parlor
indicator apologize
timetable color
post check
holiday theater
autumn gray
lift behavior
happy humor
fully labor
Listening
Listen carefully to the story being read out and answer the questions.
1. According to the father what kept the kite up?
a. the kite itself b. air c. the string d. father’s skills
2. The string helped the kite to

a. withstand the pressure b. break free c. crash d. soar high
3. To realize our full potential, we should

a. obey our elders b. follow a set of rules c. work hard d. plan well
4. A train should go on the _________ to reach its destination.

a. track b. line c. road d. path
Page 181 On the Rule of the Road
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Quick Learning 4 TNPSC IBPS SSC

TNPSC GENERAL ENGLISH

BOOK FOR GRAMMAR

To Join Online Study Plan & Test Series

-ship -hood un- after- -ion

child ___ wonder___

F. Match the following and write them in Column C.

G. Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the box.

cupful handful spoonful mouthful pocketful bagful

3. He took a ____________ of the cake.

4. Ram takes a _____________ of soup before food.

5. John added a _______________ of sugar to the lemon juice.

6. The child was happy with his _______ of chocolates.

IV. Answer the following questions in detail.

2. What kind of a life do you want to lead in this world?

Prefix and Suffix

S.No. Root word Prefix/Suffix New word

1 form con conform

4. He was observed to be usually busy with his tools.

Prefix and Suffix

Prefix Root word New Word

Prefix Meaning Examples

unlock rewrite dislike unsafe remix relocate

Root word Suffix New Word

It has six types. They are:

1.Monosyllabic 2.Disyllabic (or) Bisyllabic 3.Trisyllabic 4.Tetrasyllabic 5.Pentasyllabic

bat Suffix Word-1 Word-2

Free Material - edited & compiled by Quick Learning

ii. Optimisation Creative Writing

Free Material - edited & compiled by Quick Learning

was a __________ near the toll plaza. 3. practice __________

A prefix is a letter or a group of letters iii) principle/principal

i) should be placed in the toilet

Free Material - edited & compiled by Quick Learning

a) How does the author justify the nuance insignificant

A comparison of one thing with 3. INDIGENOUS : NATIVE

Example : 5. SACRED : IRREVERENT

ii) APPRECIATION : ADULATION 8. ILLUMINATE : DARKEN

Page 147 The Status of Tamil as a Classical Language

Free Material - edited & compiled by Quick Learning

There are many There are some

Are there any No, there

Note to the teacher

J. Tick the correct option.

1. There are _____ (many/much) apples in the basket.

2. There isn’t _____ (many/much) traffic on Sundays.

1. There is _____ coffee left in the pot. Do you want?

2. Do you have _____ coins with you? I need some.

4. I can’t carry the luggage ______ more. I need _____ help.

Kandans’ grand father

______________ ____________ ____________

5. A handful of small scale scientific Grammar

Complete the following exercise 6. _________ of my students have become

Free Material - edited & compiled by Quick Learning

 The ball  Five cats

Articles Demonstratives Possessive Adjectives

Quantifiers Cardinal Numbers Ordinal Numbers

A. Choose the Correct Determiner

Free Material - edited & compiled by Quick Learning

5. It was ________ unforgettable experience. (a, an, the)

6. I haven’t got ________ pictures in my bedroom. (some, any, many)

7. He said that he wanted to become ________ engineer. (a, an, the)

11. My father doesn’t drink ________ coffee. (much, many, a lot)

child _ wonder_

3. He took a ____________ of the cake.

4. Ram takes a _____________ of soup before food.

5. John added a _______________ of sugar to the lemon juice.

6. The child was happy with his _______ of chocolates.

was a near the toll plaza. 3. practice

1. There are _____ (many/much) apples in the basket.

4. I can’t carry the luggage __ more. I need _ help.

__

Complete the following exercise 6. _________ of my students have become

he said, “I have won the first prize.” (Direct Speech)

2. Abdul has taken______ his father. (after/ at)

3. Vimal generally goes to his workplace______ bus. (by/on)

5. Mani divided his toys______his brothers and sisters. (among/ between)

C. Complete the passage by filling in appropriate prepositions from the list-