SCIENCE 3RD QUARTER – ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND HORMONES

Some of the hormones can come from the food that we eat.
Ex: a boy eating too much fried chicken, which is injected by estrogen (hormone released by the female reproductive organ),
developed female characteristic (naglaki do breast part)
Some women have mood swings because of hormonal imbalance.
We cannot release hormones if the brain does not order it.

Endocrine System consist of endocrine glands which will produce hormones and will be carried by the bloodstream to the specific
organ or specific cell called target organ or target cell
target organ or target cell – specific organ or cell that will be affected by the hormone
Ex: the ovary (endocrine gland) will release estrogen (hormone) and it will be carried through the bloodstream. The estrogen will be
delivered to the breast and other female reproductive organs.

Hormones – considered/also called as chemical messenger

- secreted by the endocrine glands and then carried to their destinations in the body by the blood
- chemicals released by the different glands which have different functions.
Every hormone has its own function.

Endocrine System – consist of a network of endocrine glands located throughout the body
– it regulates, coordinates and controls:
 Growth and development
 Male and female development
 How your body uses energy
 Levels of salts and sugars in your blood
 The amount (blood) of fluid in your body
 Appetite
 Many other functions
2 Types of Glands:
 Endocrine gland – it is ductless and goes directly to the bloodstream
 Exocrine gland – go directly to the duct and will release secretion going to the tissues
Ex: salivary gland,
Endocrine Glands
 Comes from the words "endo," meaning within, and "krine” came from the Greek word krinein meaning to separate or
secrete
 Special cells of glands that will produce hormones
 the organs of the Endocrine System
 they produce and secrete (release) hormones that will be carried by the bloodstream to the different parts of the body
 located all over the body

Some Endocrine Glands

There is a total of nine (9) glands.
 Pineal Gland – located at the center of the brain
 - releases melatonin, also release Serotonin (happy hormone)
 Melatonin – responsible for the sleep and wake cycle
- affetcs reproductive development and daily physiologic cycles
During night time, the Pineal Gland releases more melatonin during night/dark time.
During day time, it inhibits the release of melatonin.
Banana can be a source of melatonin.

 Hypothalamus – NOT AN ENDOCRINE GLAND but plays a vital role in releasing the hormones
- considered as the chief control center of our activities
- links nervous system and endocrine system (because it is originally part of the nervous system but sit releases
hormones
- release hormones going to the pituitary gland

 Pituitary Gland – considered as the “Master Gland”

 Has a size similar with a pea (pea-sized) and located at the base of the brain below the hypothalamus
 Release hormones that will trigger other glands to release their own hormones
Ex: it willl release hormone going tp the ovary which will release its own hormone
 Regulates all other endocrine glands and releases growth hormone
 Has three (3) sections/lobes:
 Anterior or front – lobe of the pituitary gland which produces six hormones which include;
Somatotropin or Growth Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH) control the growth, development,
and functions of the gonads
 Intermediate
 Posterior or rear – lobe of the pituitary gland shich secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which regulates the
balance of water in the body
- alsp produces oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions during the birth of a baby
 Releases other hormones:
 Growth Hormone – controles growh of bones and muscles
 Antidiuretic hormone – increases reabsorption of water in kidneys
 Gonadotrophins - controls development of ovaries and testes

 Thyroid Gland – located at the voice box or lower part of the neck
 Butterfly-shaped
– regulates metabolism, body heat, bone growth
 Thyroxine – controls rate of metabolism and rate that glucose is used up in respiration, and promote growth
 Parathyroid Glands – four (4) glands attached to the thyroid which is located at the voice box
 has a size similar to a grain of rice
 regulates the use of Calcium and Phosphorus
 Pancreas – located between the kidneys, feather-shaped
 regulates blood sugar
Insulin – Lowers the sugar and is released when blood sugar is high after being detected by pancreas (ex: you did
not eat)
- converts excess glucose into glycogen (the main storage form of glucose in the human body in liver
If a person is injected by an insulin, it means that the pancreas no longer has a capacity to release insulin
 Glucagon – increases the blood sugar and is released when blood sugar is low after being detected by pancreas (ex:
nagkaon ice cream)
- converts glycogen back to glucose in liver
 Adrenal glands – located on top of the kidneys, triangular-shaped
 response in emergency or stressful situations, metabolism, blood pressure, salt balance
 have two (2) parts:
Adrenal Cortex – secretes a hormone that inhibits the amount of sodium excreted in urine and serves to
maintin blood volume and pressure
- aldo secretes hormones that aid the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
 Adrenal Medulla – controlled by the hypothalamus and the autonomic nervous system
- secretes the hormones epinephrine (also called adrenaline) and norepinephrine
 Adrenaline – also called as Epinephrine
- prepares the body for emergencies, increases heart rate and depth of breathing
- raises blood sugar level so more glucose is available for respiration
- diverts blood from gut to limbs
 Ovaries –production of eggs: female characteristics
 located in the lower abdomen
 Oestrogen (Google: same malang sanda it estrogen) – controls ovulation and secondary sexual characteristics
 Progesterone – prepares the uterus lining for receiving an embryo

 Testes – production of sperm: male characteristics

 located in the lower abdomen
 Testosterone - controls sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics
- the male develops muscles because of this
Females can also have testosterone. (if she has muscles0
 Thymus – located at the top of the heart/front of the heart (near to the heart)
 gland that activates if you are sick
 parts of the immune system because it will release Thymosin
 Thymosin – responsible for the immune system ability to fight infection
- promotes production and maturation of white blood cells

PITUITARY HORMONES
Follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH – stimulates egg maturation in the ovary and release of sex hormones (estrogen and
progesterone)
- carried tby the bloodstrem going to the ovary which will release estrogen and progesterone
Lutenizing hormone – goes to the ovary and stimulates maturation of egg and of the corpus lutuem surrounding the egg,
which affects female sex hormones and the menstrual cycle
Thyroid-stimulating hormone – stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine (for metabolism, growth and development)
- hormones going to thyroid which will produce thyroxine
Adrenocortocotropic hormone or ACTH – hormones going to the adrenal glands
- causes the adrenal gland to release cortisol (stress hormone)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone – stimulates synthesis of skin pigments
- melanin
- stimulating hormone going to the skin for skin pigment
Growth hormone – also called Somatotropin
- stimulates growth during infancy and puberty (also bones)
Antidiuretic hormone – also called Vasopressin
- signals the kidney to conserve more water
- decrease/controls the urine flow
Oxytocin – affects childbirth, lactation, and some behaviors
- to stimulate the muscles of the uterus to contract during childbirth
- stimulate the mammary gland to produce milk (lactation)
- love

ENDOCRINE HORMONES
GLAND HORMONES FUNCTIONS
- Responsible for metabolism, growth
Thyroxine and development

Thyroid
- released to lessen the calcium when
the amount of calcium is very high
Calcitonin after being detected by the thyroid
 Parathyroids Parathyroid hormone - Stimulates the release of calcium from
the bones
- when the Calcium level is low, it will
increase Calcium
- for Calcium and Phosphorus
- decreases blood sugar by promoting
Islet Cells (in the pancreas) Insulin uptake of glucose by cells
- released when blood sugar is high but
stops when the blood sugar is already
normal
Glucagon - increases blood sugar by stimulating
breakdown of glycogen in the liver
- released when blood sugar level is low
but stops when the blood sugar is
already normal
Testes Testosterone - regulates sperm cell production and
secondary sex characteristics/male
- being produced by testes at puberty
stage (male produce sperm in puberty
stage; no sperm cell when infant)
- stimulates egg maturation, controls
Gonads Ovaries Estrogen secondary sex chharacteristics
(at birth, there are already egg cells Progesterone - prepares the uterus to receive a
released every month but will only fertilized egg
increase at the puberty stage so the egg
will be matured and can be re leased
which is menstruation

Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine - stimulates “fight or flight” response

Adrenal Glucocorticoids - part of stress response, increase blood
glucose levels and decrease immune
Gland
Adrenal Cortex response
Aldosterone - regulates sodium content in the blood
Testosterone - adult body form (greater muscle
mass), libido
Females can also have Testosterone
because of Adrenal Cortex but male
cannot have the female characteristics
Pineal Gland Melatonin - sleep cycles, reproductive cycles in
many mammals

The endocrine system is important during the teen years because one of its main fuctions is to regulate growth and development.
Hormones produced during puberty trigger physical changes in the body.
Glands willl function better if the hormones are in the normal level. There is an instance in which there is excessive or lesser amount
of the hormone that will be produced by different glands which will lead to diseases/disorder.

DISEASES/DISORDERS
 Diabetes Melitus – a disorder in which the pancreas produces too little or no insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels
- too high sugar
- symptoms: fatigue, weight loss, thirst, and frequent urination, Shape of the body is V, thirst, sleepy
 Graves’ Disease/ Hyperthyroidism – a disorder in which an overactive and enlarged thyroid gland produces excessive
amounts of throxine
- symptoms: nervousness, weight loss, increased thirst, rapid heartbeat, and intolerance for heat
 Hypothyroidism – results from the low thyroxine production
- symptoms: fatigue, dry skin, weight gain, constipation, and sensitivity to cold
 Cushing’s Disease – results from the overproduction of adrenal hormones
- symptoms: round face, humped upper back, thin and easily bruised skin, and fragile bones
 Goiter – an enlargement of the thyroid gland
 - caused mainly by a lack of Iodine in the diet
Since the introduction of iodized salt, goiters have become rare in the United States
 Growth Disorders – caused by abnormal amounts of growth hormone
- with early diagnosis and proper treatment, a child with a growth disorder can reach a normal height
- causing body tissues and bones to grow more quickly. Over time, this leads to abnormally large hands and feet, and
a wide range of other symptoms.
Gigantism – too much somatotropin at a young age
Acromegaly – too much production of somatotropin during adult; worst than Gigantism
- deformed face
 Dwarfism – lesser amount of growth hormone
 Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) – overproduction of melatonin due to longer night time
- symptoms: depressed, oversleeping, overeating
- phototherapy – being exposed to light

CARE OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

 Eat nutritious meals, get enough sleep, and avoid stress
 Get medical tests done by health care professionals to determine whether your endocrine function is normal