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Read Online Textbook A House Divided Sulari Gentill Ebook All Chapter PDF
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9 Archives of Neurology and Electrology, for May, 1875, and Opera Minora, p. 180.
12 Brain, vol. v. p. 458, Jan., 1883; Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. xi. p.
425, July, 1884.
During the last five years I have published a number of articles and
lectures on the subject of hysteria and hystero-epilepsy, some of
which have been freely used in the preparation of this and the
succeeding sections.13 My first paper on hystero-epilepsy, in the
American Journal of the Medical Sciences, was written to strongly
direct the attention of the American profession to the subject as
studied in France. It was in large part a translation from the works of
Charcot, Richer, and Bourneville, with, however, notes of some
observed cases.
13 “Hystero-epilepsy,” American Journal of the Medical Sciences, October, 1881.
“Illustrations of Local Hysteria,” Polyclinic, vol. i., Nos. 3 and 4, September 15,
October 15, 1883.
“A Case of Nymphomania, with Hystero-epilepsy, etc.,” Medical Times, vol. xv. p. 534,
April 18, 1885.
“Hystero-epilepsy in the Male, etc.,” Medical Times, vol. xv. p. 648, May 30, 1885.
“Some Forms of Myelitis, their Diagnosis from each Other and from Hysterical
Paraplegia,” Medical News, vol. xlvii., Nos. 7 and 8, August 15 and 22, 1885.
“Clinical Lecture on Acute Mania and Hysterical Mania,” Medical Times, vol. xvi. p.
153, November 28, 1885.
PATHOLOGY.—Strictly speaking, hysteria cannot be regarded as
having a morbid anatomy. In an often-quoted case of Charcot's,14 an
old hystero-epileptic woman, affected for ten years with hysterical
contracture of all the limbs, sclerosis of the lateral columns was
found after death. On several occasions this woman experienced
temporary remissions of the contracture, but after a last seizure it
became permanent. This is one of the few reported cases showing
organic lesion; and this was doubtless secondary or a complication.
In a typical case of hystero-epilepsy at the Philadelphia Hospital, a
report of which was made by Dr. J. Guiteras,15 the patient, a young
woman, died subsequently while in my wards. Autopsy and
microscopical examination revealed an irregularly diffused sclerosis,
chiefly occupying the parieto-occipital region of both cerebral
hemispheres. Undoubtedly, as suggested by Charcot, in some of the
grave forms of hysteria either the brain or spinal cord is the seat of
temporary modification, which in time may give place to permanent
material changes. Old cases of chronic hysteria in all probability may
develop a secondary degeneration of the cerebro-spinal nerve-
tracts, or even degeneration of the nerve-centres themselves may
possibly sometimes occur. Two cases now and for a long time under
observation further indicate the truth of this position. One, which has
been reported both by H. C. Wood16 and myself,17 is a case of
hysterical rhythmical chorea in a young woman. Although the
hysterical nature of her original trouble cannot be doubted, she now
has contractures of all the extremities, which seem to have an
organic basis. The other patient is a woman who has reached middle
life; she has several times temporarily recovered from what was
diagnosticated as hysterical paraplegia, in one instance the recovery
lasting for months. Now, after more than four years, she has not
recovered from her last relapse. Contractures, chiefly in the form of
flexure, have developed, and she has every appearance of organic
trouble, probably sclerosis or secondary degeneration of the lateral
columns.
14 Leçons sur les Maladies du Système nerveux.
After a time, the idea that the uterus was the exclusive seat of
hysteria was in large measure supplanted by the view that the sexual
organs in general were concerned in the production of hysterical
phenomena. Romberg defined hysteria as a “reflex neurosis caused
by genital irritation.” Woodbury20 concludes as late as 1876 that only
where the pathological source of hysterical symptoms resides in the
uterus or ovaries, cases may, with some show of propriety, be
termed hysterical; and where the uterus and organs associated with
it in function are not in a morbid condition no symptoms can be
correctly called hysterical.
20 Medical and Surgical Reporter, December 2, 1876.
The truth would seem simply to be, that, as the uterus and ovaries
are the most important female organs, they are therefore a frequent
source of reflex irritation in hysterical patients.
Two hypotheses, the vaso-motor and the dynamic, chiefly hold sway.
The vaso-motor, attractive because of its apparent simplicity, has
been well set forth by Walton,24 who contends that while it may not
be competent to easily explain all hysterical symptoms, it will best
explain some of the major manifestations of hysteria—for example,
hemianæsthesia. Hemianæsthesia, he argues, may appear and
disappear suddenly; it may be transferred from one side of the body
to another in a few seconds; so blood-vessels can dilate as in a
blush, or contract as in the pallor of fear, in an instant. In fainting the
higher cerebral functions are suspended, presumably because of
vaso-motor changes; therefore the sudden loss of function of one-
half of the brain-centres, seen sometimes in hysterical hemiplegia
and hemianæsthesia, may easily be imagined to be the result of an
instantaneous and more or less complete contraction of cortical
blood-vessels on that side. Neurotic patients have a peculiarly
irritable vaso-motor nervous system. He records a case seen in
consultation with H. W. Bradford. The patient had a right-sided
hemianæsthesia, including the special senses, the sight in the left
eye being almost wanting. The fundus of the right eye was normal;
the left showed an extreme contractility of the retinal blood-vessels
under ophthalmoscopic examination; these contracted to one-third
their calibre, and the patient was unable to have the examination
continued. The explanation offered is, that spasm of the blood-
vessels on the surface of the left cerebral hemisphere had caused,
by modification of the cortical cells, a right-sided hemianæsthesia,
including the sight, and by reaching the meninges a left-sided spastic
migraine, and by extending to the fundus of the left eye an
intermittent retinal ischæmia.
24 Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. xi., July, 1884, p. 424 et seq.
Lloyd28 contends that most hysterical symptoms, if not all, are due to
abnormal states of consciousness. The development of this idea
constitutes his argument for the recognition of the disease as a true
psychosis. In the reflex action, not only of the lower spinal cord and
ganglia of special sensation, but of the highest centres of the brain,
he sees the explanation of many of the characteristics of hysteria. In
other words, he finds that the sphere of the disease is more
especially in the automatic action of the brain and cord.
28 Op. cit.
(4) The psychical element enters in that, either, on the one hand,
violent mental stimuli which originate in the cerebral hemispheres
are transmitted to vaso-motor conductors,30 or, on the other hand,
psychical passivity or torpor permits the undue activity of the lower
nervous levels.
30 Rosenthal.
Briquet has also made some careful investigations into the subject of
the health of infants born of hysterical mothers. The investigations
were based upon a study of 240 hysterical women, with whom he
compared 240 other patients affected with such diseases as fever,
phthisis, cancer, diseases of the heart, liver, and kidneys, but without
any hysterical symptoms. In brief, the result of his investigations was
that children born of hysterical mothers die more frequently and at a
younger age than those who are born of mothers not hysterical.
The relation of hysteria to certain morbid constitutional states has
long been recognized, particularly its connection with the tubercular
diathesis. This has been shown by numerous observers, especially
among the French. The most valuable recent contribution is that of
Grasset,33 who believes that a direct connection can be traced
between the tubercular diathesis and hysteria. When the relations of
hysteria to the scrofulous and tubercular diathesis are spoken of by
him, it is not meant that hysterical subjects have tubercles in the
lungs, but that these diatheses are found in various generations, and
that among some subjects of the hereditary series the constitutional
states manifest themselves as hysteria. It is not the evidences of
hysteria with pulmonary and other tuberculous conditions that he is
considering, but that hysteria may be, and often is, a manifestation of
the tubercular diathesis. Two cases may present themselves: in one
the neurosis is the only manifestation of the diathesis; in the other, it
is continued in the same subject along with the other diathetic
manifestations. In demonstration of his thesis he concludes with a
series of most interesting cases, which he arranges into two groups.
In the first, hysteria is the only manifestation of the tubercular
diathesis; in the second, are simultaneous pulmonary and hysterical
manifestations. In the first group he has arrayed eight personal
observations and seventeen derived from various authors; in the
second he has two personal and seventeen compiled observations.
33 “The Relation of Hysteria with the Scrofulous and the Tubercular Diathesis,” by J.
Grasset, Brain, Jan., April, and July, 1884.
Hysteria may occur in any rank of life. It is not, as has been held by
some, a disease of the luxurious classes. The American physician
who has seen much of this disorder—and that means every
physician of large practice—has met with hysterical cases in every
walk of life. While this is true, however, hysteria of certain types is
met with more frequently in certain social positions. Some of the
remarks about race and climate apply also here. It is the type of the
disorder, and its relative frequency among various classes, which are
affected by social position. Young women of the richer classes, who
have been coddled and pampered, whose wants and whose whims
have been served without stint or opposition, often pass into
hysterical conditions which do not have any special determining
causative factor, or at least only such as are comparatively trivial.
Occasionally, in them hystero-epilepsy, catalepsy, and the train of
grave hysterical phenomena are observed. We are more likely,
however, to have the minor and indefinite hysterical symptoms; or, if
grave manifestations be present, they are most usually ataxia,
paralysis, contractures, or aphonia, and not convulsive phenomena.
Hysteria in our American cities is especially prevalent among certain
classes of working-people, as among the operatives in
manufacturing establishments. Dividing American society into the
three classes of rich, middle, and poor, hysteria is most prevalent in
the first and the last. It is, however, by no means absent in the
middle class.
The absence of occupation on the one hand, and, on the other, the
necessity of following work for which the individual is unfitted,
particularly irritating lines of work, predispose to the occurrence of
hysteria. It may be caused, therefore, either by no work, overwork, or
irritating work. As to the special occupations, hysteria would seem to
result most commonly in those positions where physical fatigue
combines with undue mental irritation to harass and reduce the
nervous system. In men it occurs often as the result of overwork
conjoined with financial embarrassment. It is met with not
infrequently among teachers, particularly those who are engaged in
the straining and overstraining labor of preparing children for
examinations. A good method of education is the best preventive; a
bad method is one of the most fruitful causes of the affection. The
injurious effect of American school or college life in the production of
hysteria is undoubted, and should be thoroughly appreciated. Our
educational processes act both as predisposing and exciting causes
of this disorder. Both in our private and public educational institutions
the conditions are frequently such as to lead to the production of
hysteria or to confirm and intensify the hysterical temperament. In
our large cities all physicians in considerable practice are called
upon to treat hysterical girls and boys, the former more frequently,
but the latter oftener than is commonly supposed. Hysteria in boys,
indeed, does not always meet with recognition, from the fact that it is
in boys. Cases of hysteria in girls under twelve years of age have
come under my observation somewhat frequently. About or just
succeeding examination-time these cases are largely multiplied. The
hysteria under such circumstances may assume almost any phase;
usually, however, we have not to deal in such patients with
convulsive types of the disease.