U. Tietze· Ch.

Schenk

Advanced Electronic Circuits

Wi th the Assistance of
E. Schmid

With 570 Figures

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1978

 Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Tietze· Dr.-Ing. Christoph Schenk
Universitat Erlangen-Niirnberg

Dipl.-Ing. Eberhard Schmid

Ph.D. (University of Southampton, UK)
Siemens AG, Erlangen

The book is based on

Tietze, U.; Schenk, Ch.: Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik.
4. Aufl. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1978

ISBN-13:978-3-642-81243-9 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-81241-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-81241-5

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Tietze, Ulrich, 1946-. Advanced electronic circuits. Based
on the 4th ed. (1978) of the authors' Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik. Bibliography: p. Includes index.
J. Integrated circuits. 2. Electronic circuits. I. Schenk, Christoph, 1945- joint author. II. Schmid, Eberhard,
1946- joint author. III. Title TK7874.T53 621.3815'3 78-13342.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying
machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are
made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined
by agreement with the publisher.
© by Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1978.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1978

The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publi,ation does not imply, even in the absence of a
specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore
free for general use.
We also undertake no guarantee that the contents of this book are free from rights of patent. The publication
guarantees neither tacit nor explicit license for existing patents.

236213020-543210
 Preface
In the earlier stages of integrated circuit design, analog circuits
consisted simply of type 741 operational amplifiers, and digital circuits
of 7400-type gates. Today's designers must choose from a much larger
and rapidly increasing variety of special integrated circuits marketed
by a dynamic and creative industry. Only by a proper selection from
this wide range can an economical and competitive solution be found
to a given problem. For each individual case the designer must decide
which parts of a circuit are best implemented by analog circuitry,
which by conventional digital circuitry and which sections could be
microprocessor controlled.
In order to facilitate this decision for the designer who is not familiar
with all these subjects, we have arranged the book so as to group
the different circuits according to their field of application. Each chapter
is thus written to stand on its own, with a minimum of cross-references.
To enable the reader to proceed quickly from an idea to a working
circuit, we discuss, for a large variety of problems, typical solutions,
the applicability of which has been proved by thorough experimental
investigation. Our thanks are here due to Prof. Dr. D. Seitzer for the
provision of excellent laboratory facilities.
The subject is extensive and the material presented has had to
be limited. For this reason, we have omitted elementary circuit design,
so that the book addresses the advanced student who has some back-
ground in electronics, and the practising engineer and scientist.
The book is based on the fourth edition (1978) of the text book
"Tietze/Schenk, Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik". Chapter 17 has been
added to help the reader settle questions arising from definitions and
nomenclature.
The English manuscript was prepared by Eberhard Schmid in close
collaboration with the authors. We should like to express our gratitude
to Patricia Schmid for her careful revision and to Springer-Verlag for
their continued close co-operation.

Erlangen, September 1978 U. Tietze Ch. Schenk

 Contents

1 Linear and non-linear operational circuitry

1.1 Summing amplifier 1
1.2 Subtracting circuits 2
1.3 Bipolar-coefficient circuit. 6
1.4 Integrators . 7
1.5 Differentiators 13
1.6 Solution of differential equations 16
1.7 Function networks 18
1.8 Analog multipliers. 34
1.9 Transformation of coordinates 47

2 Controlled sources and impedance converters 50

2.1 Voltage-controlled voltage sources . 50
2.2 Current-controlled voltage sources. 51
2.3 Voltage-controlled current sources. 53
2.4 Current-controlled current sources. 64
2.5 NIC (negative impedance converter) 65
2.6 Gyrator 68
2.7 Circulator 72

3 Active filters. . 76
3.1 Basic theory of lowpass filters. 76
3.2 Lowpassjhighpass transformation 97
3.3 Realization of first order lowpass and high pass
filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.4 Realization of second order lowpass and
highpass filters . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.5 Realization of lowpass and highpass filters
of higher orders. . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.6 Lowpassjbandpass transformation. . . . 111
3.7 Realization of second order bandpass filters 116
3.8 Lowpassjband-rejection filter transformation 122
3.9 Realization of second order rejection filters . 123
VIII Contents

3.10 All pass filters . 126

.3.11 Adjustable universal filter 131

4 Broadband amplifiers . 136

4.1 Frequency dependence of the current gain 136
4.2 Influence of transistor and stray capacitances 138
4.3 Casco de amplifier . 139
4.4 Differential amplifier as a broadband amplifier 140
4.5 Symmetrical broadband amplifiers. 142
4.6 Broadband voltage follower. 147
4.7 Broadband operational amplifiers 149

5 Power amplifiers . 152

5.1 Emitter follower as a power amplifier 152
5.2 Complementary emitter followers 154
5.3 Electronic current limiter . 160
5.4 Complementary emitter followers using
Darlington circuits 162
5.5 Rating a power output stage 164
5.6 Driver circuits with voltage gain 166
5.7 Boosting the output current of integrated
operational amplifiers 169

6 Power supplies . 171

6.1 Properties of mains transformers 171
6.2 Transformer rectifiers 172
6.3 Series regulation 177
6.4 Generation of the reference voltage 190
6.5 Switching power supplies . 196

7 Analog switches and comparators . 203

7.1 Principle. 203
7.2 Electronic switches 203
7.3 Analog switch using amplifiers 209
7.4 Sample-and-hold circuits 213
7.5 Analog comparators . 216
7.6 Schmitt trigger 219

8 Signal generators. 224

8.1 LC oscillators . 224
8.2 Quartz oscillators 231
 Contents IX

8.3 RC sinewave oscillators 235

8.4 Function generators . 242
8.5 Multivibrators 247
9 Combinatorial logic circuitry . 256
9.1 Coding circuits 257
9.2 Multiplexer and demultiplexer 268
9.3 Unc10cked shift register 270
9.4 Digital comparators 272
9.5 Adders. 274
9.6 Multipliers . 286
9.7 Digital function networks 288

10 Sequential logic circuitry 292

10.1 Straight binary counters. 293
10.2 BCD counters in 8421 code 301
10.3 Presettable counters 305
10.4 Shift registers 306
10.5 Generation of pseudo-random sequences 309
10.6 Processing of asynchronous signals . 312
10.7 Systematic design of sequential circuits 317
11 Microprocessors 325
11.1 Basic structure of a microcomputer . 325
11.2 Operation of a microprocessor . 326
11.3 Instruction set . 332
11.4 Development aids 345
11.5 Microcomputer hardware 349
11.6 Input/output circuits 357
11.7 Minimum systems 365
12 Digital filters 373
12.1 Sampling theorem 373
12.2 Digital transfer function. 377
12.3 Bilinear transformation . 380
12.4 Construction of digital filters 384
13 Data transmission and display 394
13.1 Transmission lines 394
13.2 Error detection and correction 396
13.3 Static digital displays 403
13.4 Multiplex displays 406
x Contents

14 DjA and AjD converters. 411

14.1 Design principles of DjA converters 411
14.2 Design of DjA converters using electronic
switches. 416
14.3 . DjA converters for special applications 421
14.4 Basic principles of AjD conversion 426
14.5 Accuracy of AjD converters 427
14.6 Design of AjD converters 431

15 Measurement circuits . 442

15.1 Measurement of voltage. 442
15.2 Measurement of current. 447
15.3 A.C.jD.C. converters 449

16 Electronic controllers . 464

16.1 Underlying principles . 464
16.2 Controller types 465
16.3 Control of non-linear systems 474
16.4 Phase-locked loop 477

17 Appendix: Definitions and nomenclature 491

Bibliography 498

Index 501