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English accents & dialects

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Is English one language? Or several? The answer to this question depends on how you define the word "language".
But however the word is defined, it is clear that English is a language with many different varieties. Even within the
United Kingdom there are different regional or social varieties of English; worldwide there are very many more, some
of them quite a long way from what is known as standard English.

How many English languages are there? Well, it depends where you draw the line between different languages. Are American and
English different? An American might say : " I dropped all my tomatoes on the sidewalk" (with the middle syllable of tomatoes
pronounced mate — an Englishman would say "I dropped my tomatoes on the pavement", (with the middle of tomatoes
pronounced mart).
This example has two differences: the first is just a question of accent — the second is a question of language, or dialect. Sidewalk,
or pavement.
O.K. so American is different from English — we all know that: but what about the different types of English spoken in Great Britain
alone ? British English is actually one of the most varied languages in Europe. The kind we usually teach is called R.P., or Oxford
English, or the Queen's English — but it's just one of many varieties. Accents and dialects vary according to geographical region and
social standing and there are hundreds of different varieties! Take the word garage: in the south of England people usually say garage,
as in French; in the north of Britain people tend to say garridge, as if it rhymed with bridge .
Sometimes, more rarely, the intonation of a word varies: a careful speaker will probably say controversy, other people will
say controversy.
A much more common feature is the way English speakers frequently "drop their Hs": a careful speaker, meeting his friend coming
back from holiday might say: "Hello Henry, I Hope you Had a Happy Holiday !"
Someone speaking with a more "common" accent might say: " 'Allo 'Enry, I 'ope
you 'ad an 'appy 'oliday."
The last three examples are questions of accent . But then there's the question
of dialect too. We talk about dialect when it is not only the pronunciation of words
that changes, but the words themselves and even the grammar. This is a common
feature of regional varieties of English, but sometimes it also distinguishes
between different social levels of language.
If you, as a foreigner, were in England and asked someone for change for a fifty-
pound note, the person might reply: "Sorry, I haven't got any!" No problem there:
it's just what you learn in your English classes ! But what if the person you're
talking to replied, "Sorry mate ! Ain't got none !" ? In this case, you'll probably
understand that the reply is negative, because of the word sorry, but the rest of the
sentence may be incomprehensible. Mate, is a slang word (in this context)
meaning friend; the word I has disappeared from the answer; ain't is a general
negative form that can replace most negative auxiliaries (haven't, isn't, etc.),
and any has become none, a double negative. Sorry mate, ain't got none ! is the
kind of sentence you might hear anywhere in Britain.
Most dialects are regional: for example
there are several different dialects of LEARN ABOUT
English in Scotland. Many Scots say things
differently from the English: phonetically, as
💡 UNDERSTAND
in the word go (with a monophthong) rather English grammar Only a minority of English speakers speak "the Queen's
than go [gəu], with a diphthong or hame English".
instead of home. Sometimes grammar and
words change too; many Scotsmen say I
dinna ken rather than I don't know,
or couldna instead of couldn't, wee instead
of little, or a lum instead of a chimney.
Scotland is a different country from England,
and the reasons for its language being
different are not hard to imagine: but
England itself has many regional accents
and dialects. Northern English is different
from Southern English, but there again,
there are many varieties of each ! From Amazon, Barnes & Noble,
There are obviously some general shared features: in most Northern dialects, the [ʌ] sound of Waterstones and good bookshops
southern English becomes [u]: the word duck, in the North of England, rhymes with look. In
many southern regional dialects, other vowels change: the pronoun I may be pronounced [oi], rhyming with boy, and the short [ɔ] as
in fox becomes [a:], so making fox rhyme with Marx (as in many American dialects). While it is the vowels that change most from one
accent or dialect to another, some consonants change a little, especially the R which is fully pronounced in some English and many
American dialects. Compare standard English I'm a farmer with Westcountry English Oi'm a varrmer!
Yes, it's all very complicated, and no one expects a student from another part of the world to understand all the details ! Whole books
have been written on the question ! What is important is that non-native speakers of English realise that all these different varieties of
English do exist, even within the United Kingdom. If you go to England expecting everyone to speak "the Queen's English", you will
get a big surprise ! Go expecting to find a variety of accents and dialects, and you will find that they are easier to understand !

WORDS

RP: Received Pronunciation - feature : characteristic, quality -

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English accents and dialects

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