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Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude

Objective -
This paper will include questions to test the candidate's -
- Attitude and approach to issue relating to integrity, probity in public
life and
- problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him
in dealing with society.
Pattern -
Questions may utilize the case study approach to determine these aspects.
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Ethics
- Introduction -
- The word Ethics is made up of Greek word Ethos; which means -
customs.
- The term Morality is used for Ethics in common life, while in the field
of knowledge and studies, the word Ethics is used.
- In the field of study Ethics is a branch of philosophy.
- In practical terms, morality is a criterion on which the behavior of
common man, the traditions of society and the policy of the nation are
evaluated.
- It can also be called as 'duty' as an essence.
- Generally, conduct helpful in achieving the ultimate purpose of life is
considered ethical.
- Characteristics -
- It is related to the person living in the society.
- Its values are social, not personal.
- Conduct is related to voluntary actions, not involuntary actions.
- Its elements are associated with the physical world, but not spiritual
world.
- Moral values vary by society.
- Changes in these happen according to the time.
- The mental state of the person should be normal.
- The effect of conduct should be on the society.
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Determinants of Ethics
Introduction - Elements that determine morality (what is good, and what is
bad) are subject to change according to society and time.
Generally, its main determinant are considered as:
(1) Act
- Society clearly considers some acts as moral or immoral. For example,
it is moral to tell the truth and it is immoral to lie.
(2) Actor
- Ethics is also determined by who is going to do it. For example,
stealing bread by a hungry person is considered less
unethical.
(3) Affected Person
- Whether the effect of an action on a person is good or bad, e.g.
donating to a rich person and donating to a needy poor person.
(4) Intention
- The purpose of the work was good or bad. For example, killing for loot
and inadvertently killing someone.
(5) Circumstances
- During the action, what was the situation at that time; e.g., a
woman's assault on someone in her defense with a sharp
weapon.
(6) Consequence
- What is the end result of an action; For example, inhuman steps
taken by the police for law and order.

---

Dimensions of Ethics
Role -
- Understanding the various aspects of ethics is to know its
dimensions.
- Its dimensions are mainly divided into two major parts - (1) on the
basis of branches, and (2) on the basis of ideologies.
(1) Based on the branches -
- On the basis of branches, Ethics has three parts –
1. Normative Ethics
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2. Meta Ethics
3. Applied Ethics
1. Normative Ethics -
- It is the most important of the three branches.
- Its main concern is to create ideals, principles and
standards.
- It indicates 'what should be done’.
- Since it enunciates principles, it is called normative
ethics.
- It is divided into three categories - (a) Deontological (b)
Teleological, and (c) Virtue.
i. Deontological Ethics
- Since it lays emphasis on established rules, it
has also been called Absolutist.
- Three types of theories are discussed under this -
(i) Theory of Kant – It emphasizes on doing the
duty, without concerning with the results. Kant
(1724-1804) was a German philosopher.
(ii) Principle of Swadharma (Desireless Action of
Gita) - According to the Gita, a person should
do karma according to his religion (swabhava).
(iii)Intuitionism– A person should act according to
their conscience.
ii. Teleological Ethics -
- Accordingly, the basis of an action being moral-
immoral will be based on the result of that action and
not by the rules laid down for it.
- Since it is related to the result of action, it is also
called result-oriented.
- Mainly five types of principles are discussed within- (a)
Egoism (b) hedonism (c) Utilitarianism (d)
evolutionism , and (e) perfectionism.
(1) Egoism - Everyone should act according to their
self interest.
(2) Hedonism -
- The major supporter of hedonism is Thomas
Hobbes.
 5

- The person should do the same work, which

brings him maximum happiness.
- Charvaka (Lokayat community) – materialistic
philosophy
(3) Utilitarianism-
- Bentham and Mill are the supporters of the
idea.
- It talks about ' the greatest amount of good for
the greatest number'.
(4) Evolutionism -
- Those are the best ethical rules, which help in
the development of society.
- Ethics change with time, society, place etc.
(5) Perfectionism -
- Only those principle are ethical, which make a
man perfect.
iii. Virtue Ethics -
- It is based on the principle that what decision will be
taken by a virtuous person for any act.
- Mainly the principles of three philosophers are
discussed under this-
A. Socrates - Knowledge is virtue. According to
Socrates, the elements which strengthens the soul
are virtues.
B. Plato - A virtuous person has four main qualities
–
i. prudence
ii. courage
iii. temperance and
iv. justice.
- According to Plato, ethics could be taught.
C. Aristotle - according to his 'Golden
mean' theory - Virtue is in the middle of two
extremes. Therefore, one should avoid the
excesses of good and bad.
- This theory of Aristotle is similar to Gautam
Buddha's theory of 'Middle path'.
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- Under this, we can also put the concept of 'Ashtangik

Marg' of Buddha, Panch Mahavrata of Mahavir Swami
and Gandhi's 'Seven Sins'.
- Eight fold path of the Buddha –
1. Right View,
2. Right Resolve,
3. Right Speech,
4. Right Conduct,
5. Right Livelihood,
6. Right Effort,
7. Right Mindfulness and
8. Right Concentration.
- Panch Mahavrata of Mahavir Swami –
1. Ahiṃsā (Non-violence),
2. Satya (Truth),
3. Asteya (Non-stealing),
4. Brahmacharya (Chastity),
5. Aparigraha (Non-possession)
- Gandhiji 's vision of seven sins – " Young
India ", 22 October 1925
1. Politics without principle,
2. Wealth without work,
3. Pleasure without conscience,
4. Knowledge without character,
5. Commerce without morality,
6. Science without humanity, and
7. Worship without sacrifice
- Eleven vows of Mahatma Gandhi
1. Satya (truth)
2. Ahimsa (non-violence)
3. Asteya (non-stealing)
4. Aparigraha (non-possession)
5. Brahmacharya (celibacy)
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6. Sharirshrama (bread labour)

7. Sarva Dharma Samantva (Equality of
religions)
8. Swadeshi (Use locally made goods)
9. Aswada (Control of the palate)
10. Sparshbhavna (remove untouchability)
11. Sarvatra Bhayavarjana (fearlessness)

2. Meta Ethics
- It is also called analytical ethics.
- According to this, an action and statement can be
meaningful (moral), which can be analyzed.
- Normative ethics is concerned with “what should I
do”, While analytical analysis is concerned with “what is
good? And What is goodness?” and “How can we tell what
is good from what is bad?”

METAETHICS NORMATIVE ETHICS

Metaethics is the study of the Normative Ethics is the study of

nature of ethics. ethical action.

Analyzes the meaning of moral Evaluates standards for the

language and metaphysics of rightness and wrongness of
moral facts. actions.

More philosophical in nature as More practical in nature.

it analyzes the nature of ethics
and morality.

3. Applied Ethics -
- It is a new branch developed in the modern era.
- It is related to the conducts that are followed in different
phases and parts of life.
- These fields have their own standards of ethics. Conducts
are evaluated based on these criteria (principles).
- Principles of some major areas of life
(1) Political Ethics
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- It applies to different persons in politics such as –

- Who is in politics
- Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA)
- Member of Parliament (MP)
- Cabinet of Ministers
- It deals with the political principles, political service
and devotion to public service.
- The preamble to the constitution of India consist
certain values –
- Secularism
- Socialism
- Economic, social and political justice
- Equality
- Fraternity
- Personal dignity
(2) Business or Economic Ethics
- It deals with how business should benefit both the
businessmen and the consumers.
- It is code of conduct for businesses or corporate
sector. It focuses on ethical trade.
(3) Medical Ethics
- The ethical assessment of matters related to the
conduct of doctors and the system of medicine has
been determined.
- A code of conduct has also been made in this
sector.
- The oath taken by the doctors is also part of
this.
(4) Environmental Ethics
- It is related to the relation of nature and
humans.
- All activities of humans are evaluated on a moral
basis, which affects nature.
(5) Sports Ethics
- Under sports ethics, we evaluate the rules of sports,
behavior of players, conduct of coaches and rules of
various sports organizations based on the criteria of
ethics.

(2) Ethics based on Modern Ideologies

1. Marxist Ethics
 9

- Since interests are always class based, this ideology rejects the
principle of common interest.

- It considers only the rules related to the interests of the exploited

and deprived.

- It considers values like violence (for achieving equality) and

equality as the best moral value.
2. Gender Ethics

- According to feminist thinkers, since all moral values of religion

and society are created by men, they are anti-women.
- Its supporters demand the establishment of moral norms, which
can also give women equal and dignified place in the society.

- They demand the intervention of the state for this purpose.

3. Black Ethics

- It is also related to the demand for moral values, which can

eliminate exploitation and oppression from the society.

- It opposes all the criteria that differentiate humans by color.

- It also advocates for blacks the equal rights and dignity as
whites.
4. Freudian Ethics

- The core of this ethics is related to the collective

subconscious.

- During the process of socialization, the values which are filled in

the consciousness of the people, those values create their
subconscious.
---

Religion and Ethics

Main point -

- If the meaning of religion is taken as following one’s duty, then religion

and morality become one. Indian philosophy accepts the same meaning
of religion.
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- But when religion is associated with a 'sect' or any immoral

authority, then it has the following four types of relationship with
morality -
i. Religion and ethics are same - thoughts of Jesus Christ, Guru
Nanak Dev , Bhakti saints and Mahatma Gandhi etc.
ii. Religion but not ethics - people who demand the Islamic
state, sacrificial system, sati etc.
iii. Ethical but not religion – Bhagat Singh and Karl Marx's
ideology.
iv. Neither religion nor morality - Terrorists and Naxalites who
kill innocent people.
Conclusion – It is clear that in practical terms the presence of one does not
depend on the presence of the other. It is not necessary that the two are
together.

- In general it has been found that an individual who is religious, is

relatively more likely to remain moral.
But ignorance and orthodoxy of religion make the society ritualistic and
make it unethical; For example, Varna System, animal sacrifices, and the
low status of women in society.

- Many thinkers considers religion and ethics as conflicting. Thinkers like

Karl Marx and Jawaharlal Nehru support secular ethics as they consider
religion as a basis of exploitation. They also consider it as a center of
immorality. Therefore, according to them, people of this class are more
likely to deviate from morality.
---

Ethics and law

Main point -
- There is usually a relationship of cooperation and coordination in ethics
and law.

- While the laws are made on prevailing ethics in the society, the new laws
also establish new ethics.

- Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and

Fundamental Duties of the Indian Constitution are related to the
ethics.
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- Article 38 of the Constitution provides that the State shall make social
arrangements for the promotion of public welfare.

- Articles 39 to 48 are directly and indirectly related to morality, such as

the provision of protection and enhancement of the environment and
protection of forests and wildlife according to Article 48A.

- Some institutional arrangements have also been made to meet the

provisions of ethics, remove obstacles from their path and safeguard
them. For example - Ethics committees of Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha,
recommendation of creation of post like 'Ethical Commissioner' for this
by Administrative Reforms Commission etc.

- The judiciary is one such institution which interprets the cases on

ethical grounds. At the same time, many of the decisions made by it also
establish new morals.
---

Ethics in private and public relations

Important point -

- Personal morality is concerned with that behavior of a person, which

affects his personal relations.
Under this, values like motherhood, warm-heartedness, honesty,
trustworthiness, belonging, forgiveness, sacrifice and motherhood
develop in relations.
These are the values that deepen interpersonal relations.

- Public relations is mainly concerned with those public servants who have
to discharge their responsibility to work for the society by rising above
their own.
It is clear that it mainly consists of those moral values, which are related
to the proper discharge of responsibilities.
Moral values like integrity, impartiality, neutrality, devotion to service,
sympathy for the weaker sections, tolerance and compassion are covered
under this.
Apart from these, taking the side of justice, respecting the privacy and
dignity of the person, adopting values like freedom and equality in
behaviour, moral values like honesty and transparency also come under
this.
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Human Values
Introduction -

- What is appropriate in ethics is human value.

- Values rank above ethics.
- In fact, values are related to the deep moral ideals for which morality
paradigms are created.
For example, respecting elders is a human value. Social rules like
touching the feet of elders have been made for its achievement and
expression.

- In the same way, in order to realize the values, certain norms, customs,
traditions and practices etc. are made in the society.
Features of Values -

- Values are mainly in the form of ideals.

- They are intangible. Moral paradigms embody them in tangible form.
- The establishment of values is the result of a long development
cycle.
- Values are not innate. They are taught by the society.
- Values have a hierarchy. That is, while some values are very high , some
of them are of relatively lower order.
- Values are socially oriented.
- Values are dependent upon society, time, profession, climate,
environment etc.
Types of Values -

- Mainly two types -

(1) From the point of view of purpose, and (2) from the point of view of
perspective.
- From the point of view of purpose -
(i) End values, which we are seeking. Such as
peace, freedom, justice, etc.
(ii) Means values, through which we want to achieve. Such as
courage, patience, humility, honesty etc.
- From the point of view of perspective -
(i) Positive values, which are important to have; Like
love, justice, gentleness etc.
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(ii) Negative values, which are not expected. Such as

violence, jealousy, partiality, dishonesty etc.
Role of human values

- Positive
 Order, peace and development in society
 Easy decision making

- Negative
 Difficulty in adaptability for persons in other societies
 Obstacles to change – dowry custom, women rights
Subject based values

- Social values – equality, fraternity, cooperation

- Moral values – character, personality

- Material values – Earning

- Spiritual values – Faith, Belief

- Aesthetic value – nature and art

- Political values – service of nation, social service

- Civil service values – honesty, integrity, impartial, judicious, neutral

---

Development of Values
Introduction -

- The development of values means their inception, their establishment

and their changes etc.
- Generally, family, educational institutions and society have a very
important role in the development of values.
But apart from these, some other factors also play an important role.
- Key Factors -

- Temperature - Values of hot and cold regions.

- Land –

- Agricultural land - Vegetarian.

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- Coastal Zone – Non-Vegetarian.

- Desert - Struggling.
- Hill Region - Importance of Labor.
- Contact with other societies -

- Rural and tribal areas - conservatism.

- Towns on National Highway - Mobility.
- Metropolitan cities - Very openness.
- Demographics -

- Sex Ratio –
- Monoandry practice.
- Polyandry practice.
- Polygamy practice.
- Life expectancy -
- Respect for the aged.
- May you bathe in milk, blossom and grow.
- Population -
- Low population - Prohibition of abortion.
- Economic condition -
- Capitalist system - Individualism.
- Socialist system - Equality.
- Agricultural society – Love of environment,
conservatism.
- Industry oriented – mobility, multiculturalism etc.
- Role of family in the development of values –

- The role of family is primary in inculcating values in a child as brain

of a child is a clean slate. Even in a family, role of a mother is
primary.

- A child observes value system of his/her parents and then adopt the
value system. Development of values in a child also depend on the
bonding and relation between the parents.

- In a joint family, grandparents play an important role in development

of attitude of child. But in the absence of joint family, children are
devoid of these valuable inputs.
- Role of educational institutions in the development of values -
 15

- Growth on two levels - at the level of primary education, and at the

level of higher education.
- Effect of Primary level education is highest, where foundational values
develop.
- Personality change and ideological maturity are most likely at higher
levels of education.
- Teachers and groups of students also contribute.
- Role of society in the development of values -

- Through observation and practice of social interactions.

- Maintaining relationships with people develops values
like patience, tolerance and harmony.
- The views and personalities of different people have an impact.
- The values will also develop in accordance with the type of society.
---
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Attitude
Meaning -

- Attitude is the presence of a positive or negative emotion towards a

psychological subject.
Thurston gave this definition in 1946.

- Later this definition had the following expansion -

(i) Attitude is not only related to emotions, but it also has a
cognitive side.
(ii) Later on, the aspect of behavior was added to it.
- Thus, the broad definition of attitude is expressed through
the ABC approach -

- A - Affective (Emotional)
- B - Behavioral and
- C - Cognitive.
Features -

- Attitudes are not hereditary. Even if they are hereditary, it is in a very

limited way.
- It is learnt.
- It generally has three elements - emotion, knowledge and behavior.
- It is related to the opinion or emotions regarding any
person, object, group, thought, situation, event and anything else.
- It is relatively permanent.
- It has the ability to motivate a person.
- The intensity of different attitudes varies.
- Attitude to any subject is made up of two types of options-
(i) Positive or Negative, and
(ii) Positive and Negative.
---

Structure of Attitude
Introduction –

- There are three main components of attitude – (1) Emotion (2)

Cognition and (3) Behavior.
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The structure of attitude refers to how these three are related to each
other. That is, what is their internal harmony.
Conditions of Structure –
(i) These three components have emotional aspect at the center. But
sometimes, the cognitive side is also established in the
center.
(ii) The intensity of attitude depends on mutual reconciliation of these
three components.
(iii) There is usually a mutual consistency in emotion and knowledge. But
the presence of a behavioral side (action) is not mandatory. Such as –
not greeting anyone despite being influenced by him/her
at the level of thought and feeling, not giving any positive
expression.
(iv) Sometimes, there is no complete association in emotion and
knowledge, but the behavioral side is inactive. People do not show a
negative attitude towards their boss even after knowing that ‘he/she
is a bad person’.
(v) These three components may have multiplexity. For example, if a
person is honest, but also characterless, there will be positive attitude
towards honesty and negative attitude towards characterlessness.
---

Attitude and related concepts

(1) Attitude and Value

- Both of these are learnt.

- Both of these are relatively permanent.
- The impact of both of these fall on a person’s behavior.
- Attitude is related to the psychological subject, while the values are
broad and deep.
- Being intangible, values are not related to any particular
thing.
While attitudes often arise from values.

- Changes in values also result in changes in attitudes.

- In special circumstances, attitudes may determine values.
- Sometimes it also happens that due to a particular value, the
behavior of a person becomes different from his attitude.
(2) Attitude And Belief
 18

- These two are relatively permanent.

- Both have the preponderance of the cognitive aspect.
- Both of these affect the behavior of the person.
- In the attitude, the emotional side is the most important among
the three components. The cognitive side is also essentially
present. But it is not necessary to have a behavioral side.
Whereas the cognitive aspect is most important in belief. The
emotional side is absent. The behavioral side can either be present
or absent.
- There is a belief in every attitude. Its cognitive side is concerned
with belief.
But it is not necessary for belief to be related to an attitude.
- Attitude inevitably leads to inspiration.
It is not necessary for faith.
(3) Attitude and Opinion

- Aptitude has three components.

Whereas opinion has only cognitive component.

- Development of aptitude takes place at a subconscious level in

childhood through the process of socialization.
Whereas the opinion is formed in a conscious form.
- Attitude is permanent.
Whereas the opinion is temporary.

- Attitude affects behavior.

The opinion does not usually affect behavior.

Factors affecting attitude

- Introduction -

- It can also be called the element forming the attitudes.

- Since human is a conscious and rational being, his/her attitudes are
often influenced by all the things and events with which he comes in
contact.
- Under this, the factors from biological factors to individual and social
factors are included.
- Key Factors –
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(1) Genetic Factors

- They affect only the attitudes related to intrinsic motivation
(food, music, clothes, colors).
- It is very difficult to change the attitudes formed by these factors.
- They have a very strong and profound effect on the behavior of a
person.
(2) Individual Factors
(i) Wants satisfaction
- We have positive attitudes towards the things, persons and
ideas that satisfy our needs; such as the attitude of the child
towards the mother.
(ii) Information
- Information received from any medium (person, family,
institution, communication medium etc.) has a very
important role in the formation of our attitudes.
(3) Cultural Factors
- The kind of thoughts that exists in a culture regarding any
value, the same attitude is formed in the person of that culture
towards those values.
(4) Individual differences
- Differences such as introvert, extrovert, polite, rude etc. affect our
attitude.
(5) Group affiliations -
- The pressure of a group forces a person to accept a particular type
of values, beliefs and norms.
(i) Primary group – closely associated people – these groups
are formed on the basis of certain equality (of views or
habits or behavior or profession).
(ii) Secondary group – formal relation – group members are
expected to behave in a certain way.
(iii) Reference group – we are not associated with these
groups but we associate ourselves with such groups by
behaving in similar manner.
(6) Social Learning
- It mainly consists of three principles.
(i) Classical Conditioning
- Its basic principle is that when two stimuli are
encountered almost simultaneously in a certain
sequence, after some time the first stimulus
becomes the signal for the second
stimulus.
 20

Many attitudes of children are formed by family

members according to this principle.

- It is a conscious process, that is, a thoughtful

work.
Although it is also possible at subconscious level.
(ii) Instrumental Conditioning
- The behavior for which a person gets praise, award
or name, gradually he develops favorable attitudes
for it.
He tries to avoid criticizing attitudes.
(iii)Observational Learning
- This theory has been given by Albert Bandura.
- The core of this theory is that observation of other
people’s behaviors plays a very important role in
the formation of attitudes.
- The attitudes of children are formed in their family
according to this principle.
(iv) Immediate incidents
---

Functions of Attitude
Introduction

- Since attitudes have a direct and maximum impact on our

behavior and actions, its function can be understood only from the
point of view of profit and loss.
Benefits -
- Cognitive Function
(i) Attitudes help us understand the social world.
(ii) These keep us away from unnecessary information.
(iii) Time saving - Our thoughts are shaped by our attitude and
this attitude helps in time savings as our thought process is
aligned with the attitude.
- Affective Function
(i) We feel the necessary satisfaction if we behave according to
our attitudes.
(ii) Since most of the attitudes have the motivation of social
interest, one gets social satisfaction by expressing them.
(iii) Our attitude enhances our respect in the eyes of society and
also in our own eyes.
 21

- Behavioral function
(i) Attitudes help us in what kind of behavior we should, or what
work we choose.
- Through this, there is mutual consistency in emotion, benefit and work
in our personality.
- Losses -

- This leads to conservatism, as most of the attitudes are formed from

childhood, which are difficult to change later.
- Due to this, the neutral attitude of the person becomes weak.
- The person lacks mobility and flexibility.
- The disadvantaged and weaker sections of the society suffer a lot from
it.

Relation between Attitude and Behavior

- Introduction -

- Complete consistency in attitude and behavior is an ideal

situation, which does not exist generally.
- Under this, we will know about the factors due to which this
association is interrupted.
- Factors of inconsistency
(1) Situational factors -
- Due to which attitude, how the person will behave, it depends
on the situation at that time.
- It mainly includes these four elements - (a) Value (b) social
pressure (c) personality and (d) ambition.
(a) Value
- Behavior of a person is influenced by the fact that
between the value and attitude, whose intensity is
more.
(b) Social Pressure
- The pressures of a conservative society prevent a
person from behaving in a manner suited to his
attitudes.
As a result, there is a lot of inconsistency between
these two here.
Social pressure is more on prominent values while
less on secondary values.
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(c) Personality
- The inconsistency in aggressive personality will be
less than that of introvert and polite personality.
(d) Ambition
-
The behavior of a person usually follows his
ambitions.
(2) Factors Related With Attitude
(a) Source of Attitude-
- If the attitude is formed by direct experience of
oneself, then the behavior would be relatively more
favorable to it.
(b) Strength of Attitude
- The intensity of attitude adapts the behavior of the
person in accordance with itself.
(c) Specificity Of Attitude
- Consistency of general attitude is more with general
behavior, while consistency of specific attitude is more
with specific behavior.
(d) True v/s Expressed Attitude
- This is the situation when the attitude towards
someone is different than what a person showcases.
This also brings a lot of inconsistency in attitude and
behavior.
(3) Time Factor -
- The longer the time interval between the attitude and the
behavior based on it, the greater will be the inconsistency
between the two.

Relation between Attitude and thought

Important point -

- Ideas form the cognitive aspect of attitude.

- The person selects and accepts information according to his / her
attitude. These information then play a role in the creation of new ideas
of the person.
- The deeper and clearer the idea, the more it affects the attitude.
Thoughts affect adults' attitudes more than children, as adults develop
more understanding.
 23

- The communication skills of the communicator also have a substantial

impact on the effectiveness of ideas.
- Different thoughts and attitude
- General thoughts – on a middle path, allow flexibility and their
attitude can be changed with little persuasion
- Strong thoughts – strong point of view, not flexible, their attitude
change requires greater act of persuasion
- Neutral thoughts – having no point of view, attitude can be
changed easily.

---
Persuasion
- Meaning -
- To try to change the attitudes of a person/persons.
- To instill confidence in someone else's mind/thoughts.
- Ability to get someone to follow you.
- Approach to the process of persuasion - Two approaches
1. Initial Approach
- Who is the person to persuade?
- Which attitude does he/she want to change?
- Whose attitude does he/she want to change?
- Through which medium does one want to change?
2. Cognitive Approach
-The central question of this approach is with ‘the whole process
of persuasion'?
1. Initial approach -
(i) Persuader
- The person has to be reliable.
- Experts are generally reliable.
- Persuader should be attractive and familiar.
- Persuader should be economically, socially or politically
influential.
(ii) Content of Massage-
- The message should provoke emotions.
- Causing fear or greed in the mind.
- The message is expressed indirectly.
 24

- The original message should be expressed at the

beginning.
(iii)Targeted Audience Group-
- The message has less impact on the aggressive/dominant
listener.
- Effect is more on the humble listener.
- The effect is less on more self-confident and rational
person.
- As the age increases, the effect of the message decreases.
- If the message is against the values and traditions of the
audience, the effect will be less.
Rather, such messages are also likely to be rejected.
(iv) Method of communication
- Under this, contacts at the personal level have been seen to
be more effective than the mass media.
-Two-way dialogue has more effect.
-The message conveyed to the group has a more important
role in attitude change than solitary dialogue.
2. Cognitive approach -
- Emphasis is placed on the fact that how the message has
affected the observer.
- If the listener's intellectual ability is good and he/she also has
knowledge of the subject related to the message, then systematic
resources will be used for that. Whereas in the absence of these,
the process of self-research will be adopted.
- Some other factors for the success of persuasion -

- Persuasion will be successful only when the new attitude will

accomplish the tasks which the old attitude was doing.
- The attitude of a corrupt person cannot be changed unless the damage
caused by it is being compensated.
- The success of persuasion also depends on the time gap between the
old attitude and the new attitude. The shorter the interval, the higher
the chance of success.
- Persuasion will become suspicious due to the facts and vocabulary
being difficult and complicated.
- Persuasion is hindered by the high speed of speaking or displaying
facts.
- In persuasion of things of secondary importance, importance is given
to general things instead of facts and arguments.
 25

- Success factors in persuasion -

- To convey both sides of the ideas.
- Telling in advance that "I want to change your attitude." This makes
the person alert.
- By applying more pressure to change, the person starts reacting.
- It is impossible to change the attitude related to the identity of a
person.
---

Political attitude

Introduction -

- Political attitude means - attitude towards politics.

- This attitude occurs in two classes - individual and group.
- It is mainly seen in two forms -
- positive and negative, and
- Conservative and progressive.
- Collective attitude towards politics in India is 'negative’.

- Major politics attitudes -

(1) Conservative v/s Liberal
 26

Conservative Liberal

Maintaining status quo Importance to change

Religious affinity Secular nature

Affection towards tradition Acceptance of traditions on

logical basis

People of conservative People of liberal personality

personality
 Youths
 Old age people
 People with logical
 Religious person thinking
 People of rural  People with urban
background background
 Illiterate  Literate

(2) Rightist v/s Leftist

- Orthodox - Right - wing person. Right wing persons give important
to religion, race, language, caste, culture etc.
- Liberals - Left. Believes in extreme progressiveness.
(3) Personality Centered v/s Issue Centered
- Personality centric –

- Emotional people

- Less educated

- Rural people

- Immature

- Issue centric

- Logical people

- Educated

- Urban people
 27

Formation of political attitude

- Role -

- Like other attitudes, political attitudes are mainly formed by family

and social factors.
- Key Factors -

- Political Socialization
- It is that part of socialization, which forms the views, attitudes
and values of a person on issues related to politics.
- The formation of political attitude in children begins with the
ideology of the parents.
- Education plays important role in formation of political
attitudes. It includes the curriculum, the ideology of the
teachers and the system and character of the educational
institutions.
- The political attitude of women in rural areas is
mostly compatible with the attitudes of men.
- Pressure groups in India play an important role in this. For
example, neighbors, friends, ethnic groups, social institutions,
etc.
- At present media and social media have also become very
influential.
- To some extent, the “principle of necessity fulfilment” also
works.
- Generally, there is an attitude against the ruling political
party.
---

Development of political attitude in India

- First Phase - (1951 to 1967) -

- This period was a period of political attitude centered on the

personality of Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
- Being the central party of the freedom movement, there was a positive
attitude among the people towards Indian National Congress.
- Phase II - (1967-1980) -

- Due to the birth of anti-incumbency, political attitudes were formed in

the states against the Congress and in support of the regional political
parties.
 28

- Still, the influence of the personality of Mrs. Indira Gandhi on the

attitudes remained substantial.
- Emergency was imposed in 1975 which brought changes in political
attitudes of people at large scale.
- Non congress government formed for first time in centre in 1977
which continued till 1980.

- Phase III - (1980–1998) -

- As a result of the development of political consciousness among the

deprived and backward classes, caste based political attitudes
brought them to power in the states.
- The absence of a single political party's majority at the center started
the trend of coalition politics.

- Primacy to religion and community - 1992 Babri Masjid – Rama

Janmabhoomi dispute. At this period, communal polarization was
happening and then right wing parties came into prominence.
- Phase IV - (1998-2014) -

- The developed middle class as a result of economic liberalization

played an important role in the formation of political attitudes based
on issue rather than caste, religion, region and language.
As a result, issues like economic development and corruption came in
the center of politics.
- Fifth phase (2014 to present)

- Ethnic based attitudes flourished again in the country under the

leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
- At the same time, personality-centred attitude was established due to
them.
- Issues like development, good governance, transparency and
corruption remain prominent in politics.
- Rural areas and towns have still not come out of caste politics.

---
 29

Aptitude
- Meaning-
- Particularly innate ability to learn skills related to a particular
field.
- But exceptionally, it can also be earned.
- It is different from intelligence, knowledge, perception, interest and
skill.
- Attitude and Aptitude

- Attitude is mostly learned, whereas aptitude is mostly innate.

- Attitude can be positive or negative. Whereas aptitude refers to a
person's proficiency in a particular area.
- Attitude deeply affects behavior. Whereas aptitude has no direct
relation to behavior.
- Attitude is essentially related to some psychological subject. Whereas
aptitude is related to the skill in a particular area.
Both of these have impact on the success and failure of the
person. The possibility of success increases when there is an
association between the two. Whereas in case of inconsistency, the
chances of success are reduced.
- Aptitude and Intelligence

- Generally, intelligence is related to knowledge capacity.

While aptitude is associated with any particular area.

- The only criterion for intelligence is mental ability.

Whereas a person may have many aptitudes independent of each
other. Like a person can be a musician, lyricist and also an actor.

- In areas with high logical abilities, these two have greater

proximity. For example, if one wants to become a scientist or a
philosopher, one should also have intelligence.
- But for areas of creative interest, it is not necessary to have high level
of intelligence.
- Aptitude and Interest

- Interest means that when a person is presented with a variety of

options, the one he chooses from them is his interest.
While aptitude is related to its basic and permanent ability.
 30

- It is possible that someone has a lot of aptitude of something, but

there is no interest at all. Less chance of success.
- On the contrary, it may also happen that he has a lot of interest in a
particular field, but he may not have aptitude at all. The chances of
success of such people are negligible.
- This is the situation when one has neither aptitude nor interest
towards a particular task. In this case, success cannot be achieved.
- The ideal condition is to have high aptitude and high interest. Here
the chances of success are highest.
---

Aptitude for civil service

- Important required aptitudes -
- High reasoning ability -
- Understanding complex situations.
- Integration of various facts.
- To analyze.
- Decision making -
- Clear and balanced point of view.
- Neutrality.
- Grip on language -
- Drafting.
- Understanding complex statements.
- Comprehension.
- Communication skills -
- Understanding of people's thoughts and feelings.
- Being able to express your words accurately.
- Knowledge of contemporary issues -
- Knowledge of national and local conditions / events.
- Observation of major global events.
---
 31

Foundational values of civil service

(1) Integrity
- Meaning -

- Honesty and trustworthiness.

- To have complete harmony between moral principles and practices.
- In the event of a conflict between the two principles, the civil servant
should take a decision without doubt.
- There should be sufficient grounds to justify deviation from the moral
principle.
- Second Administrative Reforms Commission on integrity

- Civil servant will be aloof from financial greed.

- The integrity of civil servant will be more than financial honesty.

- Type -
(i) Intellectual Integrity
- to evaluate others on those standards on which he/she
evaluates himself/herself.
- If any contradictions are found after considering the principles
and practices deeply, then measures should be taken to remove
them.
(ii) Personal Integrity
- It is concerned with maintaining harmony between principles
and practices in personal life.
- It is related to the whole life and not just the work related to the
civil service.
(iii)Professional Integrity
- It relates with adherence to the values of the code of conduct
associated with the business.
- In the event of conflict between business ethics and social
ethics, social ethics should be followed.
- Benefits in personal life -

- Enhance the credibility of the person.

- Higher chances of success.
- Achievement of self-satisfaction due to increase in respect.
- Minimum risk of loss even if there is a mistake.
- Benefits in administration -
 32

- Gets the trust of subordinates and superiors.

- Helps in the execution of work.
- Achieving affection, respect and cooperation from people due to a good
public image.
- Some examples of Integrity -

- Not making false promises.

- Don't take wrong credit.
- Accepting responsibility for failure.
- Avoiding efforts for personal gain.
- Delivering your promises on time.
- To set practical expectations.
- Not supporting any wrong person/thing, etc.

(2) Impartiality and Political Impartiality

- Meaning -

- This is a major principle of justice.

- Impartiality is the way to make neutral decisions only on objective
grounds, rising above prejudices.
- If there is sometimes a situation of violation of the principle of
impartiality in the social interest, then it is considered preferable to
do so.
- Political neutrality -

- It is related to a civil servant not having any affiliation with any

political party.
- Thinker Max Weber mainly conceptualized 'neutral bureaucracy’.
- But it is not possible to do so in practice.
- Consequently, the need for political neutrality was classified among
different classes -
- Industrial workers - No politics restrictions.
- High level officials - can participate in political
activities, but cannot contest elections.
- Low-level employees - No political restrictions.
- In India, America and Britain, no officer can make political
commitment.
- The bureaucracy should be committed to constitution, welfare state,
vulnerable groups, laws made by parliament, rules and regulations of
departments, code of conduct and not to any political party.
 33

(3) Objectivity
- Meaning -

- When a person takes any decision, his decision should be free from
his own thoughts, fantasies, attitudes, prejudices, preconceptions and
beliefs.
- It is not possible to do this in practice. Therefore, to maintain it some
external measures have to be taken, such as -
- To pay special attention to the quality of objectivity in the
selection and training of officers.
- To give proper representation to all sections, especially the
weaker and minorities, and
- To ensure the presence of a woman in matters relating to
women, etc.

(4) Dedication to Public Service

- Meaning -

- Dedication refers to a state of mind with a high intensity of

commitment to a personal or social cause.
This state of mind controls the behavior of a person by creating
intense feelings towards the purpose.
- Service means - Acting driven by a sense of moral obligation rather
than personal gain.
- Features of Dedication

- Always be ready for the work, not keeping the job attitude towards the
work.
- Feeling of satisfaction in working for or helping people, especially the
disadvantaged sections.
- To exercise your rights in a fair and maximum interest, and
- In the absence of necessary formalities, helping people as much as
possible by going ahead on your own.

(5) Empathy towards Weaker Sections

- Meaning -

- The perception of thoughts/feelings at the same level is called

empathy.
- It is an inner feeling beyond sympathy.
 34

- Empathy is a broad conceptual fact, while sympathy is a

relatively narrow concept.
- For empathy, it is necessary to experience those feelings at the
same level. It is not at all necessary for sympathy.
- In empathy, the process of help (action) is mandatory, whereas
in sympathy it is not so.
- In empathy, the difference between 'self' and 'other' is
eliminated. While this difference remains in sympathy.
- Weaker Sections -

- In a democratic welfare and unequal society, the empathy of the civil

servants towards the weaker sections is not only an administrative
but also a constitutional and human obligation.
- Bringing this class of people into the mainstream of the society is an
essential condition for the overall development of the nation.
- Weaker sections include –
- Scheduled castes/Scheduled tribes
- Educationally and socially backward
- Minorities – on the basis of religion and language
- Women
- Children
- Old age people
- People with disability
- Homosexual, bisexual, transgender
- Development of empathy

- Upbringing of children in family

- Level of experience through activities

- Mixed group of children in educational institutions

(6) Tolerance towards weaker sections

- Meaning -

- Its general-practical meaning is to tolerate. The word connotes a kind

of negativity, in which there is a sense of pressure.
 35

But here, the word is used in a positive form. It means respecting

your opponents, listening to their views, respecting their culture,
etc.
- This quality is the basis of India's culture - unity in diversity.
- Since people belonging to weaker sections suffer from inferiority
complex, it is necessary that civil servants develop the qualities of
tolerance towards them.
- Due to this quality, the feeling of being considered excellent by civil
servants is also controlled.
- Benefit -

- This makes society democratic.

- New ideas develop.
- There is moral progress.
- Freedom of thought and expression is ensured.
- This quality is essential for peaceful coexistence.
- Peace prevails in the society, which paves the way for all-round
development.
- The solution to religious fundamentalism and communalism can be
tolerance.

(7) Compassion for weaker sections

- Meaning -

- Compassion is a feeling of sadness and an attempt to remove sorrow

of a person after seeing him sad.
While only being sad is mercy.

- Thus, it is a form of empathy.

- Main components of compassion

- For compassion towards a person, that person should be in grief or

sad. The feeling in compassion can be more than that in empathy.

- It involves service for elimination of the cause of grief of the person.

The compassion involves every necessary action to eliminate the grief
and helping the person.
- Mercy and Compassion

- Mercy is feeling of sympathy but it is understood to be towards a

specific person. Whereas compassion is general feeling for all persons.
 36

- Mercy is an immediate mental state, while compassion is

comparatively a permanent emotion.
- In the spirit of mercy, it is implied that the character of mercy is not
able to overcome itself. Whereas it is not necessary in compassion
that he should not be able to come out of his position. He may be, and
may not be.
- Compassion in a civil servant

- For a civil servant, compassion is beneficial, but it is also harmful. -

(i) Through this, the civil servant can help the development of the
weaker sections by giving special help to them.
(ii) While sometimes a sense of compassion can also prevent a civil
servant from making the necessary drastic decisions.
---
 37

Emotional intelligence
-Meaning -
- Its basic meaning is to manage emotions wisely.
- Under this comes the management of the feelings of both - the
feelings of the other person, and also of one's own feelings.
- It also means maintaining balance (harmony) in feelings and thoughts
(intelligence).
- Development of concept -
- Thinker Hegel calls the intelligence and imagination of a person as a
measure of his ability.
- The existential thinker Kierkegaard believed that a person should be
identified with his emotions, not with intelligence.
- In 1920, Thorndike, while discussing the types of intelligence, gave
the concept of social intelligence.
This meant - the ability of a person to make the right choices for the
proper maintenance of social relations.
- In the 1950s, the famous psychologist Abraham Maslow outlined the
emotional side of human. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:
1. Physiological
2. Safety
3. Love/belonging
4. Esteem
5. Self-actualization
First two of these are related to intelligence while last three are
emotion oriented.
- In 1983 Howard Gardner formulated the theory of Multiple
Intelligence. Of this, two of the 8 types of intelligence are considered
to be related to emotional intelligence -
(i) Interpersonal intelligence - understanding the
feelings, thoughts, desires, motivations and dispositions of
other people and adapting various people for work success, and
(ii) Intrapersonal intelligence – Understanding and managing
one 's own feelings, desires, weaknesses and abilities etc.
- For the first time in 1985, Wayne Payne used the term emotional
intelligence.
- In 1995, Daniel Goleman's very famous book "Emotional Intelligence:
why it can matter more than IQ" made the notion of " emotional
intelligence " very popular.
---
 38

Conceptions of emotional intelligence

(1) Salovey and Mayer concept (model)

- Concept - Emotional intelligence is that ability in which a person -

- recognizes one’s and others’ emotions and feelings,

- differentiates them, and
- Uses this information to direct its thinking and actions.
Abilities - Under Emotional Intelligence, they have included four types of
abilities -
(i) Ability to perceive emotions.
(ii) Connecting emotions to the thought process.
(iii)Understanding emotions, and
(iv) Managing emotions.
(i) Perceiving Emotions
- Due to this ability, a person can guess the correct state of
mind by visualizing and listening to someone's face,
gesture, sound or picture etc. For example, identifying
after seeing a laughing person that he is actually sad.
(ii) Connecting Emotions with Thought Process
- It is a state of high maturity.
- To react thoughtfully instead of being influenced by
emotions.
- Avoiding immediate emotionally charged response.
(iii)Understanding Emotions
- To understand the feelings of oneself and others to the
micro level. For example, after being scolded by father,
understanding that he is indeed my well-wisher.
(iv) Managing Emotions
- The most complicated side.
- It has two parts - (i) to restrict emotions before expressing
them, and (ii) to restrict the expression of emotions.

(2) Daniel Goleman's concept (model)

- Goleman considers emotional intelligence as a group of the
following five abilities -
(i) Self Awareness
- It is a clear knowledge of one's own
feelings , nature , values , objectives , abilities and
weaknesses.
At the same time, knowing how these aspects of my
personality will affect others.
(ii) Self Regulations
 39

- It refers to the intensity of one's own emotions and

restricting their expression.
(iii)Self Motivation -
- It is the ability to keep yourself motivated in the event of a
delay in getting success.
(iv) Empathy
- It has mainly three levels -
(a) Understanding of other's emotions/feelings
accurately.
(b) use this information in decision
making, and
(c) to put oneself in his place before drawing
conclusions about a person.
(v) Social Skills
- Goleman calls it ‘Interpersonal competence’.
- It means those abilities of the person, on the basis of
which he treats other people in such a way that it benefits
him and everyone else.

Utility of Emotional Intelligence in Administration

(1) Benefits in Civil Services -
- Assistant in stress management.
- Helpful in the selection of employees and allocation of work
to them.
- Creation of healthy work culture.
- Mitigation of the atmosphere of extremism.
- Ability to inspire others.
- Useful in disaster management.
(2) Benefits in politics and governance -
- It also gets all the benefits that the civil services get.
- Management of pressures of different pressure groups.
- Social change with ease.
- Gaining public support.
- Democratic leadership in the true sense.
(3) Benefits in social relations -
- Positive effects on relationships.
- Expanding the scope of the relationship.
- Flexibility in relationships.
- Balanced life.
- End of communication gap.
- Taking the feelings of others on the right path.
- Financial benefits -
- Selection of right employees.
 40

- Ability to withstand recessionary conditions.

- Success in competition.
- Winning the bargain.
- Physical and mental benefits -
- Stress reduction; As a result, prevention of blood pressure, diabetes
and cardiovascular diseases.
- Strength in immunity.
- Less chance of drug abuse.
- Building lasting relationships.
- Increased self-esteem, etc.
---

Emotional Intelligence Training

- Two learning processes -
(i) Cognitive Learning
- For this, attention is given to intellectual aspects.
- This process is quite simple.
(ii) Emotive Learnings
- It has to go through a very difficult and lengthy process.
- It is completely related to emotions.
- Ways of Learning
(i) Children -
- Through pictures in elementary classes.
- By non-linguistic gestures in secondary classes.
- Through many principles and practices in higher classes.
- Characteristic education given to children in every society is
related to the training of emotional intelligence.
- Social and emotional learning – through educational
institutions. UNESCO in 2002 started a worldwide campaign for
Social and Emotional Learning (SEL).
(ii) Self-Learning
- Open acknowledgment of your mistakes during the period of
self-evaluation.
- Instead of getting frustrated, try to get rid of them by
considering the shortcomings.
- To maintain the feeling of self-respect.
- Utilize the measures such as Auto Suggestion.
- Don't let empty sentiments dominate you.
- Using laughter in conversation.
(iii)In a state of stress -
 41

- Listening to calming music in times of intense anger, talking on

the phone with a loved one.
- Listening to fast music and performing activities like cycling in
the state of depression.
- Taking the focus beyond the issue.
(iv) In case of dispute -
- Avoid bringing things of the past.
- Stay confined to the present dispute.
- Avoiding the use of arguments and facts that increase the
dispute.
- Understanding the attitude of other person as well.
- To find a middle path to a solution.
- In the absence of a solution, keep the option of dialogue
open, and
- Let go of the mistakes of the other person from mind, etc.
---
 42

Ethical issues

Determinants of Ethical Status in Administration

Introduction -
- Moral values develop in the society gradually. Some values are
public, and some are contemporary. Therefore, they are constantly
changing.
- Here the details of the factors contributing to the formation of moral
values are being given.
Determinant factors –
(1) Historical Factors
- In Chanakya’s ‘ Arthasastra’, there is a mention of corrupt and
immoral acts of administration.
- In the medieval period, ‘Nazrana’ and ‘Bakhshis’ were socially
accepted.
- The British administration was also corrupt.
- This unethical tradition exerts its influence on the morality of
the present administration.
(2) Social factors
- Respect for money in society.
- The importance of the goal, but not the purity of the means.
- Development of materialistic life-style.
- Currently, more money is needed for education/health etc.
(3) Legal Factors
- Extremely complex judicial system.
- Expensive justice system.
- Delayed justice.
- Ambiguity and complexity of rules and regulations.
- Difficulty of compliance with laws.
(4) Political Factors
- Pressure of electoral corruption on the ethics of administration.
- Expensive electoral system.
- Criminal background of politicians.
- Lack of political ideals.
- Government compromises in coalition type of governments.
- Crony Capitalism
 43

(5) Economic Factors

- Rapid competition for resources in underdeveloped
economies.
-
The crisis of remaining ethical in a society with economic
inequality.
(6) Administrative Factors
- Conservative and aristocratic nature of civil service.
- Unequal distribution of rights.
- Politicization of bureaucracy.
- Political pressure on administration.
- Lack of proper work culture -
- Not getting the benefit of good work.
- Not getting punished for wrongdoing or not doing
work.
- Lack of clear code of conduct.
- Lack of transparency.
- Lack of a system of accountability.
- Lack of proper protection of those reporting corruptions
or whistleblowers.
- Presence of many pressure groups based
on caste, religion and region in administration.
- No immediate drastic measures against corrupt officials, etc.
---

Ethical concerns in government institutions

(Ethical Concerns in Government's Institutions)
- Meaning -

- This is a bit superficial compared to dilemma.

- Ethical concern occurs when ethical dilemma has not arisen.
- There is no problem of selection of options here.
- Ethical concern refers to the state of mind when a person feels that
some ethical aspect may be violated by doing or occurrence of this
act.
- Ethical Concerns in Governance/Politics

- To be against the spirit of the Constitution.

- Violation of any policy, process of proceedings or judicial system.
 44

- Pressure from corporate houses on the government.

- Greater control over the public.
- Political interest vs. public interest.
- Control over media
- Ethical Concerns in Administration

- Possibility of fraud.
- Theft/Misuse of Government property.
- Public economic loss.
- Use of government money in personal interest.
- Bribery.
- Taking advantage of high contacts.
- Providing confidential information.
- Conflict of interests.
- Misconduct for future benefits.
---

Ethical concerns in private institutions

- Main concerns -

- Large institutions
- To put pressure on the government to make policy in its own
interest.
- To cheat in big cases with the help of political contacts.
- Direct and indirect benefit to administrative officers
- Ignorance of corporate social responsibility
- Small institutions
- Sexual harassment.
- Child labor.
- Lack of job security.
- No other facilities other than salary.
- Lack of suitable work environment.
- Any employee of the company leaving the company to undertake
similar work, and take advantage thereof, etc.

Ethical Dilemma
 45

Dilemma - This is the situation when,

- A person has two or more options available.

- These options are completely opposed to each other.
- It is mandatory to choose one of these options.
- All options should be such that choosing one of these does
not give full satisfaction.
Ethical Dilemma -

- Not all dilemmas are ethical dilemmas.

- Under ethical dilemma, one of the choices must be related to ethics.
- It is also possible that both options are related to different moral
values, and it is mandatory to choose one of them.
---

Ethical dilemma in government institutions

Two types of dilemmas -
(1) Dilemma of personal interest vs ethics -
- The ethical dilemma in this is that one should choose a beneficial
option for themselves, or choose an option which is not
beneficial, but is ethical.
- Here there is mainly a dilemma of choosing between personal
benefit and social benefit.
(2) Dilemma in different ethical values -
like -

- More importance should be given to the order-observance of the

officer, or to the public interest.
- If any law is not in harmony with the religious beliefs of the officer,
then he/she should choose the religious value or the law.
- If a poor person is caught red-handed by an officer taking a
bribe, then he should take steps according to the law, or show a
sense of compassion.
- Whether to take bribe for official work or not.
- Whether or not to use office resources
(vehicle, phone, peon, stationary etc.) for personal gain.
- If I have to go out of office for personal work, then I should take
leave for it or not.
 46

- Should I make good relations with my ministers and political

leaders or not.
- Keeping in mind the purpose of getting a job in a particular
company after retirement in future, whether I should benefit that
company at present or not, etc.

- Solution of Dilemma

- One should not rush in taking decisions on such matters.

- The problem should be considered fairly with depth.
- Do not hesitate to consult your acquaintances/friends.
- If there is a clear law for it, then it should be followed.
- If the law is not sufficient, it should be seen whether there are any
rules and regulations about it. If there are, then a decision should be
taken accordingly.
- Even if there are no rules and regulations, it should be seen what
decisions were taken by its officers in similar cases before, and what
arguments they gave in support of their decision.
- If the resolution of a matter comes under discretionary power, then -

- In the conflict of two values, whichever value is more broad

based and important, it should be adopted.
- The society should be given priority in the struggle for the help
of an individual and the interest of the society.
- More importance should be given to the values related to the
society than the values attached to the family.
- While deciding, it should also be kept in mind that what will be
its impact on the work culture of the office, etc.
- The moral principles and feelings inherent in doubtful cases can also
be properly identified.
---

Ethical Dilemma in Private Institutions

- Dilemmas Of Owners

- Give staff 'over time' or not.

- Give importance to the maximum benefit of the company or social
responsibility.
 47

- Among the interests of employees and wider social interests, priority

should be given to whom.
- Among the more qualified but less ethical employees and more ethical
but less qualified employees/officers, who should he give importance
to.
- In the selection of the employee/officer, only look at the merit or at
the aspects like social justice.
- Whether to tell customers about the merits of your product as well as
its shortcomings.
- Whether to pay taxes honestly, even when its competitors are not
doing so.
- Dilemmas of Employees

- Self interest vs. company interest.

- Good work vs. good relations with high authorities.
- To whom should the integrity be in case of high salary? etc.
---

Solutions of ethical concerns

- Some main measures -

- Appropriate testing of ethical values at the time of appointment.

- Greater emphasis on moral values in training.
- Formulation of clear codes of conduct and ethics.
- Punishment for compensation of monetary damages if proven guilty.
- Regular assessment of personnel.
- Creation of proper work culture etc.
- Sources of ethical guidance -

- The sources of ethical guidance are in two forms - internal and

external.
- The form of the inner source is the conscience and the form of the
external source is law, rules and regulations.
(1) Law
- Generally, there are three sources of law - religious, social and
state.
State gives the form of laws to many religious and social
traditions; Such as Sharda Act, Hindu Code Bill, 1955 etc.
 48

- Three types of laws are made by the state -

(i) Law (ii) Rules (iii) Regulations.
- Meaning -
- Here the law is related to the law made by the
constitutional body of the state (Parliament and
Legislature).
- Under this comes the decisions given by the Supreme
Court.
- The position of this law is supreme.
- Qualities of good law -
- be in public interest.
- Consistent with human nature.
- Possible to follow.
- Made by due process.
- Not against socio-cultural values.
- There should be a balance in rights and
responsibilities.
- Simple and clear.
- The public has been informed about this.
(2) Rules
- Law is made by the legislature.
- The legislature entrusts the executive with the responsibility of
making detailed rules of this law.
Thus, the law laid down by the executive are called rules.
Hence, they are called Delegated legislation.

-
It is mandatory that no rule be inconsistent with the spirit of
the Basic Law.
- Private institutions also have the power to make rules.
(3) Regulation
- It is same as the rule, but in a slightly polite form.
- The framer of regulations gets relatively greater autonomy.
- These are especially associated with technical and procedural
aspects.
- Regulations are sometimes made to clarify the rules.
- These are made by both government and private
organizations.
- Reaction to unethical laws -
 49

- General Person -
- Peaceful protest in democratic form.
- Publicity and debate by media.
- To create mass awareness.
- To file a Public Interest Litigation (PIL).
- Civil servants -
- To follow that law after it has been justified by the
judiciary.
- If the court has any law under consideration, keep it
postponed.
- If the law has not been referred to the court, suggestion can
be given through noting in file.

Conscience as a source of moral guidance

- Meaning -
- Conscience is that mental strength, which
- Provides knowledge of right and wrong.
- motivate to perform ethical acts, and
- Immediately brings out ethical qualities.
- According to Christianity, the moral voice that comes from within the
mind is the voice of God.
- Kant considers conscience as practical intelligence, which is never
wrong.
- In Indian philosophy, it is often named internal prudence. This
internal prudence is present in every person. Internal prudence can
be learnt and taught.
- Existentialists believe that the best decision is the one, which is in
harmony with the conscience.
- Psychologist Sigmund Freud describes it as 'Super Ego’. Sigmund
Freud believed that the conscience is formed from the environment, so
every person's conscience is different.
- Generally, it is also called an “enlightened conscience”. Sensible
persons develop this ability while working in system that they take
right decisions from their understanding without having knowledge of
laws/rules.
- Law and conscience -

- There is a general rule of law, which applies in different situations.

 50

With regard to conscience, this may or may not be a general rule.

- Law is an external pressure, whereas in conscience, this pressure is

internal.
- Objectivity is higher in law, while subjectivity is more in conscience.
- When to use conscience -

- When the rules and procedures are not clear.

- Facts and figures may not be available.
- It is necessary to take immediate decision.
- The right to decide should be discretionary.
- Number of laws, rules and regulations is very high.
- Precautions in the use of conscience -

- Efforts should be made to develop prudence capability.

- If the matter is very important, related to one's life, then it should be
reconsidered.
- Efforts should be made to bring the conscience's judgment to the right
level by getting some other facts.
- If the conscience's voice is doubtful, then decision making should be
avoided.
- In case of doubt or lack of facts, enlightened persons should be
consulted.
- In case of doubt, these facts can be made the basis of the decision -
the spirit of the Constitution, the traditions , the examples of other
countries and the statements of enlightened people and the life
context.
---
Ethical Issues in International Relations
- Role -
- In the present era of globalization, the importance of moral
responsibilities has increased in terms of determination of mutual
relations of nations and establishment of a global order.
- International ethics depends on the harmonization of the moral values
and moral principles of the cultures of different countries.
- Realist thinkers consider the national interest supreme in
international politics. The place of morality is secondary.
- Idealist thinkers consider global principles, not national principles, as
important for determining human subjects.
 51

- Neo-idealist ideology is based on internationalism. It favors global

society, and believes in common humanity. According to it, universal
human rights hold a higher position than the sovereignty of nations.
- Cosmopolitanism emphasizes the moral side of globalization. Its core
values are - Global Justice, Global Ethics, universal rights and Global
Responsibility and so on.
- Ethical Values in international relations
- Article 51 of the Constitution of India states that:
- India will work to promote international peace and security
- India will promote just and honorable relations between
nations
- India will encourage settlement of international disputes
through peaceful means
- India will respect international laws and treaties and will
fulfill its international obligations
- First Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru along with Chinese
President put forward ethical principles known as Panchsheel –
1. Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and
sovereignty
2. Mutual non-aggression
3. Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs
4. Equality and mutual benefit
5. Peaceful co-existence
- United Nations Organization (UNO) was founded in 1945. Objectives
of the UNO –
- Establishment of international peace
- Promoting friendship between nations
- Helping nations in eliminating poverty, diseases, hunger,
illiteracy etc.
- To achieve all these goals, UNO will work as coordinator.
- John Rawls’s list of international ethics (from ‘The Law of Peoples’)
–
- Peoples are free and independent, and their freedom and
independence are to be respected by other peoples.
- Peoples are to observe treaties and undertakings.
- Peoples are equal and are parties to the agreements that
bind them.
 52

- Peoples are to observe the duty of non-intervention.

- Peoples have a right of self-defense, but no right to instigate
war for reasons other than self-defense.
- Peoples are to honor human rights.
- Peoples are to observe certain specified restrictions in the
conduct of war.
- Peoples have a duty to assist other peoples living under
unfavorable conditions that prevent their having a just or
decent political and social regime.
- International Ethical Issues -
(1) Minimum human intervention -
- Respect for sovereignty of nations.
- Intervention is valid only for protection from human damage.
(2) New International System -
- The operation of the world economy should be based on the
principle of respect for each other's sovereignty, non-
interference and absolute authority of the productive nation
over raw materials.
- Development of developing countries should not depend on the
will of developed/capitalist countries.
(3) Improvement in international monetary institutions -
- Institutions such as the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund should be freed from the dominance of the
developed western nations.
- To make institutions autonomous, fair, transparent and
democratic.
(4) Human Rights -
- It should not be used as a weapon on other nations.
(5) Mass Media
- Rights of countries like America on these mediums.
- Most of the social media servers are located in western
countries.
- Information is used for the economic, political and cultural
interests of Western nations.
(6) Environment -
- Environmental protection is currently the most important global
ethical issue.
- The issue of the protection of biodiversity also comes within
it.
(7) World terrorism -
- This issue has currently become a central issue determining
diplomatic relations.
 53

- Its support and shelter are disrupting the principle of

internationalism and peaceful co-existence.
- There is a need for a collective struggle against 'terrorism' by
defining it.
(8) Nuclear weapon -
- There is a race for nuclear testing and manufacture of
weapons.
- Treaties related to this are discriminatory.
(9) Intellectual property rights -
- This right is being misused in the field of drug
manufacturing.
- It is a violation of the moral norms of humanist ideology.
(10) World Trade Organization -
- Dominance of developed countries.
- Pressure on developing countries to alter their subsidies and
manufacturing support.
---

Ethical issues in international funding

- Role -
- Wide disparities exist in different countries of the world in terms of
economic standard of living, availability of resources and level of
technological development.
- Therefore, for the creation of a just world-economic order in human
and moral terms, it is necessary that sufficient funds should be
arranged for issues like poverty alleviation, environmental protection,
human development, disaster relief and food security.
- In this way, inspired by the spirit of mutual cooperation to solve these
problems, the money that the world's capable nations, international
donor organizations, voluntary organizations, inter-governmental
organizations, corporate houses and capitalists provide, that is called
'International Fund arrangement'.
- Arguments in favor of developmental-ethics -
(1) Peter Singer, the supporter of ‘the general leniency principle' believes
that we should work for overall happiness.
(2) Doctrine of Human Rights - 'Right to development' is also
included under human rights. The duty of the people is not only not
to deprive them, but also to free them from deprivation.
(3) To Rectify Past Injustice – the reasoning to rectify past injustices is
based on the argument that the prosperity of the North is the result of
 54

exploitation of the South's resources in the past. So now they must

compensate the South.
- Forms of International Aid -
- Grants
- Loans
- Credit
- Debt Guarantee
- Technical Assistance
- Relief Workers and Materials, and
- Military Assistance etc.
- Main ethical issues related to the International Fund -
- International funds are also used to fulfill diplomatic objectives and
establish domination.
- Countries like America also give foreign fund aid to keep the terrorist
nation on their side while not giving it on economic basis.
- There is undue pressure from Western nations on global donor
agencies such as the World Bank and the International Monetary
Fund. Due to this, backward countries have to accept difficult
conditions for taking loans.
- The condition of a "structural adjustment program" by these global
institutions to the countries affected by the economic crisis is
to violate the sovereignty of that nation.
- Attempts are made by the donor agencies to exert political and
undesirable influence on that country by transferring funds to NGOs
in the Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF).
- According to the 'Monterrey Consensus', rich countries have to give
0.70% of their GNP as development funds. They are not fulfilling their
commitment.
- Rich countries also use this fund to establish their dominance over
poor countries. By imposing conditions with the fund, they influence
the policies of those nations.
- The countries of the South believe that multinational corporations of
the countries of the North exploit their resources. The Sovereign
Wealth Fund-SWF has been created with this money. Therefore, this
fund should be distributed in a judicious manner.
- SWF is also used for damaging the environment and setting up
suspicious industries (hazardous). This raises concerns
about national security and political independence.
- The countries of the north see this fund as a technical intervention,
not as a complete human development.
 55

Corporate governance
Meaning -
Corporate Governance is a modern and multi-dimensional concept
emerging in the changing socio-economic environment, in which it is a matter
of directing and controlling the functioning of the company, decision process,
operating system, goals and objectives in such a way that the company's
growth occurs along with:-
1. Protection of transparency, accountability, fairness, social interest
and environmental values.
2. The interests of shareholders and other partners;
consumers, citizens, employees etc. should also be protected and
they should also have long-term growth with the company.
Utility of Corporate governance -
1. They have an important role in generating employment by increasing
business activities.
2. A large part of the government's revenue comes in the form of
corporate tax.
3. They have a role in attracting foreign investment.
4. Corporate sector is a share-based organization. In this way, corporate
governance becomes a social subject. Hence, the concept of corporate
good governance has also come up.
Cadbury Committee -

- In 1991, the London Stock Exchange, set up the Cadbury Committee

(Committee on Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance). It mainly
focused on three aspects:

- Transparency

- Integrity
- Responsibilities
Principles of Corporate Governance
A company should -
1. Recognize and publish the role and responsibilities of the board
and management.
2. Put in place a Board with an effective structure, size and
commitments to properly discharge its responsibilities and duties.
3. Encourage actively the ethical and accountable decision making.
 56

4. Develop an independent structure, which could verify the integrity

of the financial statements of the company and protect it.
5. The company should deal with all matters related to the company
in a timely and balanced manner.
6. Respect the rights of the shareholders and encourage the effective
implementation of those rights.
7. Establish a robust system of risk monitoring and management and
internal controls.
8. Conduct neutral review and actively encourage increasing the
effectiveness of the board and management.
9. Ensure that the level and structure of remuneration is adequate
and justified and their relationship with corporate and personal
performance is well defined.
10. Recognize legal and other commitments to all statutory partners.

Usefulness of Corporate Governance in Government

Administration
Introduction -

- Although the basic idea of corporate governance has come into

existence for the private sector, its core concept also has importance
for public administration.
- The biggest drawback in public administration has been lack of
transparency, participation and accountability, due to which the
desired socio-economic goals have not been achieved.
- In order to develop into a welfare state after independence, many
public undertakings were established. But the lack of transparency
and accountability and mismanagement not only led to huge financial
losses, but also impeded the pace of socio-economic development.
The problem is that -
1. Directors of a government company are appointed by the
government, which gives priority to the interests and directions
of the government and not the interests of the company. There
is a conflict between governmental directives and ethical
dilemmas.
2. In the public sector, the company is often asked to act on a
direct political basis, such as opening a company unit in the
area of a major political leader.
 57

That is why this concept is being talked about in the

government administration at the present time. The following
elements should be emphasized to ensure corporate governance
in the government sector:

- All PSUs should declare their results on a quarterly

basis.
- All decisions and reasons for the decision should be
published.
- Officers should be punished for delay in decision.
- Outcome budget should be implemented across the
nation and development programs should be reviewed on
a quarterly basis.
- All government departments should be brought under the
right to information and government departments should
themselves publish all the necessary information and
decisions online.
- Thus, the Code of Conduct of Corporate Governance should be given
importance in public administration, so that taxpayers' money can be
properly utilized.
Corporate Sector -

- Companies, industries and business houses engaged

in industrial, business, financial, agricultural and commercial
development of a nation are called corporate sectors. Generally the
companies registered under the Companies Act, denote the 'Corporate
Sector'.
- Corporate (Corporate) Social Responsibilities

- This means that the private sector spend a fraction of the profits in
social development.
- Basis - The profit earned by a company is not solely dependent on its
efficiency and working process. Rather, the infrastructure developed
by the government, efforts to develop human resources and the
cooperation of the society and the government also have a role to play.
In such a situation, companies have an obligation to fulfill their social
responsibilities as well; Such as environmental protection, human
rights protection, consumer interest etc.
- Code of Corporate Governance -
The main provisions of the 'Code of Corporate Governance' introduced
by SEBI are -
1. The board of the company should be independently formed, with at
least 50 % independent directors.
 58

2. The board will constitute various important

committees, which will also have an independent and effective
audit committee.
In order to promote morality in industries and businesses, it is necessary
that they be made voluntary and also legally binding.
Key provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 -
1. Under the new law, at least one-third independent directors will be on
the board of registered companies. This will increase the
representation of small investors in the board.
2. Companies falling under certain categories have to have at least one
female director.
3. Small shareholders or their representatives will have the right to make
a legal claim on a company.
4. Companies must compulsorily spend 2% of their net profits on social
work under corporate social responsibility (CSR).
5. This amount will be used to tackle extreme poverty, hunger, human
resource development; Such as education, health, reducing maternal
and infant mortality or gender equality or women's
empowerment, dealing with serious illnesses in the country
(AIDS, TB) and employment training. Otherwise, investment can also
be done in funds established by government for development (Prime
Minister Fund).
---

Probity in governance and its philosophical basis

Introduction -

- Probity is to perform one's duties firmly in public interest by keeping

allegiance to constitutional values, free from fear, coercion,
temptation, prejudice and hypocrisy.
- Probity is also defined as the firmness of moral principles, impeccable
character and uprightness, etc. The term probity in public service
indicates that public servants will discharge their responsibilities with
integrity and honesty, while presenting a high standard of morality
and conduct. The need for probity in public services is felt more
because civil servants not only administer but also make policy.
- Probity is the basic element of good governance, which motivates the
government to exercise ethical governance and fulfill its duties.
- Philosophical Foundations -
 59

The philosophical basis of probity in governance is generally laid down

on three grounds -
1. Cultural/Traditional Philosophy 2. Political, and 3. Administrative
Philosophy.
(1) Cultural / Traditional Philosophy -
- This philosophy has been propounded by thinkers
like Plato, Aristotle, Hegel, Green and Mill.
- According to Plato, "It is the responsibility of the king
to administer the administration of the state and to formulate
policy for its security and governance." It is very important for
the king to be prudent. The king should be such that in whom
prudence is predominant and there is no place for greed or
indulgence. Plato considered prudence to be the special virtue
of administrators.
- According to Aristotle, "the state makes a person a
person”. That is, the state is a moral institution in its
nature. Probity is fundamentally present in a moral
institution.
- According to Hegel, "The state is a moral institution." It is
implied that the king and his servants will focus on public
welfare, not on selfishness. When not motivated by selfishness,
one automatically does his work honestly.
- According to T. S. Green, "The state is an obstacle to obstacles
in the path of moral life.''
- Philosophy of utilitarianism has been propounded by thinkers
like J S Mill and Bentham. Its basic motto is “maximum
happiness of maximum people”. According to utilitarians, the
state is not a natural institution. Humans have created it for
increasing their happiness. The administrative system is
responsible for implementing the policy of maximum
happiness. Dishonesty means that the benefit which was to be
received by the society was kept by an employee.
Indian philosophy -

- According to the Rajadharma philosophy, the state should not fall

under any covetousness or pressure in the performance of its moral
duties. It is a clear statement that the rule of the king is safe only as
long as the people are happy and not angry with the rule.
- In the Gita, there has been an ‘emphasis on following self-
righteousness’ for the king and the state. That is, according to the
Gita, the king's religion is to conduct the administration honestly
without any selfish motives.
(2) Political philosophy -
 60

- The philosophical basis of probity in governance has

been presented by many political philosophers, such as
Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau and Voltaire.
- According to John Locke, “The rule of the state will last so long
as it safeguards our interests and as long as the trust of the
people is maintained in it.”
- According to the democratic ideology, the main function of the
state is not only to maintain law and order, but also to do
welfare work, in which distributive or social justice is the
central party.
(3) Administrative philosophy -
- The Good Governance Approach proposed by the World Bank in
the year 1992 considers the ethical conduct of administrators
as the most important basis of public order.
- Although administrative efficiency is at the center of the vision
of new public administration, it also considers probity to be an
important part of administration.
---

Taxpayer’s Charter
- Introduction
- Effective from – 13 August 2020
- It is mainly related to the rights of taxpayers.
- It also mentions the obligations of the officers of the tax
department towards the taxpayers.
- In this, six duties of taxpayers have also been listed.
- Its basic objective is to build trust between the taxpayers and
the Income Tax Department.
- It brings transparency in the tax services of tax department.
- 14 Rights –
1. Provide fair, courteous, and reasonable treatment.
2. Treat taxpayer as honest.
3. Provide mechanism for appeal and review.
4. Provide complete and accurate information.
5. Provide timely decisions.
6. Collect the correct amount of tax.
 61

7. Respect privacy of taxpayer.

8. Maintain confidentiality.
9. Hold its authorities accountable.
10. Enable representative of choice.
11. Provide mechanism to lodge complaint.
12. Provide a fair & just system.
13. Publish service standards and report periodically.
14. Reduce cost of compliance.

- Duties of Taxpayers – total six

1. Be honest and compliant.
2. Be informed.
3. Keep accurate records.
4. Know what the representative does on his behalf.
5. Respond in time.
6. Pay in time.

Code of Ethics
- The first code of conduct for public servants was created in
Germany.
- There are also some countries, whose code of conduct has been
included under the constitutional system: such as Germany and
France.
- In the United States, England and India, the Code of Conduct has
been created by the administration.
Suggestions of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission -
- Integrity - Public servants should only focus on public interest in
decision making. The decision should not be influenced by
financial gain or any kind of personal financial gain for their family
members or friends.
- Impartiality - Decision should be taken on the basis of merits and
demerits in the performance of their official work.
- Commitment towards Public service - Public servants should
render services in a fair, effective, impartial and courteous manner.
 62

- High Behavior - Civil servants should treat all people with respect
and humility, which may lead to preservation of the rich traditions
of civil services.
- Perseverance towards duty - A public servant should always
maintain full devotion towards his duties and responsibilities.
- Accountability - A public servant should be accountable for
his/her decisions and actions and present himself/herself for
appropriate investigation for the purpose.

- Code of Ethics:
- Be easily available to citizens (be neutral or open minded).

- Ensure timeliness and quality of work.

- Be committed to values of Constitution (Freedom, Equality,

Dignity, Rights) and Rule of Law (2nd ARC recommended in Code
for Politicians that Politicians should give orders to civil servants in
writing).

- Should not be affected with political ideology.

- Professional point of view.

- Should not make any relation with politicians or political parties.

---

Code of Conduct
Meaning -

- The collection of rules made to regulate and direct a society or

organization from within and outside is called a code of conduct.
- Through this, the members are informed about what to do and what
not to do.
- Violation of this can result in disciplinary action or punishment.
- A code of conduct has been enacted to uphold the conduct of public
servants and to prevent the misuse of powers given to them.
- Santhanam committee was set up in 1964 to control corruption.

- For a country like India, the development of its physical

resources and raising the standard of living of all sections is a
real necessity. The degradation of the norms of public life has to
 63

be overcome. Such ways or means have to be found which can

give proper place to idealism and patriotism in the ambition of
youth. Such ways or means have to be found. Lack of ethical
integrity, which has been a clear feature of recent years, is
probably the main factor hindering the development of a strong
tradition of integrity and efficiency.
- Article 309 of the Constitution of India gives the President the
responsibility to frame rules for civil services.

- Fourth report of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission

states that - In order to maintain the standards of social
responsibility, proper behavior of civil servants cannot be ensured
only by strict rules and regulations. Civil servants should accomplish
this through effective, inclusive training.
Code of Conduct Requirements -
(1) Ideal for the public.
(2) Prohibition of abuse of power.
(3) Politically neutral public servant.
(4) Administrative efficiency.
(5) Ensuring moral conduct.
(6) To ensure accountability
(7) To develop moral conduct
(8) Prevent misuse of public property

Popular elements of code of conduct -

1. Honesty.
2. Transparency.
3. Faithfulness
4. Neutrality
5. Values.
6. Goal based approach.
7. Excellent service
8. Austerity
9. Sympathy for the weaker sections, etc.
---
 64

Differences in code of ethics and code of conduct

Code of ethics and code of conduct; both are related to the establishment of
ethics in administration management. These two cannot
be completely separated practically, but principally there is difference between
them.
1. Code of ethics includes moral values, whereas code of conduct is a
document based on code of ethics, which makes it clear about certain
actions and conduct that a public servant should and should not do.
2. The code of ethics is general and intangible, while the code of conduct
is specific and tangible.
3. Under the code of ethics, the main guiding principles of good behavior
and governance are kept, while the code of conduct keeps information
and action on the accepted and disapproved behavior.
4. Code of ethics is an expression of values, while code of conduct is an
expression of what to do and what not to do.
5. It is possible that the code of ethics is the same for different
departments, but the code of conduct will be different. The main
reason for this is that the conduct values are expressed in different
forms in different departments; For example, the code of conduct will
be different for a police officer, and different for a teacher.
6. Code of ethics is permanent, while codes of conduct are variable, with
changes occurring over time; For example, honesty is one aspect of
the moral code, which remains the same all the time. But change is
necessary in the code of conduct, because with time new forms of
corruption and crime keep coming to the fore.
----

Nolan Committee Report

Introduction -
- British Prime Minister John Major had formed a committee headed by
MP Lord Nolan in 1994.
- It was intended to set ethical standards for people connected with
public life (MPs, ministers, civil servants etc.).
- This committee mainly suggested seven such standards
(principles), which are called "seven principles of public life".
- Seven Principles of Public Life:
 65

1. Selflessness: Public officials should act solely in terms of public

interest. They should not seek any personal gains or economic gains
for their families or friends out of the public position they hold.
2. Integrity: Any obligation to a person or organisation must be avoided
by public officers which can influence them in performing their official
duties.
3. Objectivity: All selections should be made on the basis of merit,
including making appointments, awarding contracts or recommending
persons for award or benefit while performing public work.
4. Accountability: Government officials are accountable to the public
for their decisions and actions. They should therefore cooperate with
any investigation as deemed fit for their office.
5. Openness: Government servants should be as open as possible about
every decision they take and the work done. They should give reasons
for their decisions and withhold information only when it is clearly
necessary in the larger public interest to do so.
6. Honesty: It is the duty of government officials to declare any private
interest related to their public duties and to try to resolve conflicts in
such a way that the public interest is protected.
7. Leadership: The holders of public office must uphold these principles
in their behavior and lead by example.
---

Second ARC's Recommendations on Code of Ethics for

Ministers
- Second Administrative Reforms Commission was formed in 2005.
- MP Veerappa Moily was the chairman of this commission.
- A total of 15 reports were submitted by the Commission from time to
time.
Recommendations –
(A) Ministers must uphold the highest ethical standards;
(B) Ministers must uphold the principle of collective responsibility
(C) It is the duty of the ministers to give an account of the policies,
decisions and actions of their departments and agencies to the
Parliament and they should be held accountable for these.
(D) Ministers must ensure that no conflict arises, or appears to arise,
between their public duties and their private interests;
 66

(E) Ministers in the Lok Sabha must keep separate their roles as Minister
and constituency member;
(F) Ministers should not use government resources for their party or
political purposes. They should accept the responsibility for the
decisions taken by them and should not attribute the same to those
who give wrong advice.
(G) Ministers should uphold the political impartiality of the civil service
and should not ask Government servants to act in a manner that
conflicts with the duties and responsibilities of the Government
servant.
(H) Ministers should act in such a way as to serve as factors for
promoting good governance and for the betterment of the people at
large and for promoting socio-economic development; and
(I) Ministers must act objectively, impartially, honestly, equitably,
diligently and in a fair and just manner.
Measures to follow the code of conduct -
(A) In addition to the existing code of conduct for ministers, there
should be a code of ethics in the above sequence.
(B) Dedicated units should be set up in the offices of the Prime Minister
and the Chief Ministers to monitor the observance of the Code of
Ethics and the Code of Conduct.
(C) The Prime Minister or the Chief Minister should be duty bound to
ensure the observance of the Code of Ethics and the Code of
Conduct by Ministers. This would be applicable even in the case of
coalition governments where the Ministers may belong to different
parties.
(D) An annual report with regard to the observance of these Codes
should be submitted to the appropriate legislature. This report
should include specific cases of violations, if any, and the action
taken thereon.
(E) The Code of Ethics should inter alia include broad principles of the
Minister-civil servant relationship and the Code of Conduct.
(F) The Code of Ethics, the Code of Conduct and the annual report
should be put in the public domain.
----
 67

Work culture
Meaning -

- Work culture is the combination of ways of functioning in an office or

organization, behavior of people, interaction, environment, goals,
values, beliefs and expectations.
- An organization's work culture tells its employees what they should
and should not do.
- Work culture positively or negatively affects the attitude of
employees.
Criteria for a Work culture-

- How aware and committed is each person towards work related

obligations and what is the level of his/her commitment?
- How committed is the person towards time?
- What is their level of understanding and commitment to the problems
of the customers of the organization?
- What is the proportionate share of women, members of different
sections of society and individuals belonging to different cultural
groups and persons of different age groups in the organization?
- The level of management in the organization and how the manager
behaves with other employees?
- What is the level of mutual cooperation among the employees of the
organization and mutual harmony between them to fulfill the
objectives of the organization?
- What is the level of mutual ease in employees?
Basic philosophy of work culture -

- While on the one hand there is an influence of pre-independence

colonial values on the work culture, on the other hand there is also
the influence of post-independence constitutional values and norms.
- According to this principle, every officer of the lower level is
accountable to the work done by him to the higher officer.
- Article 311 of the Indian Constitution, under which the civil servants
have been given protection, has also had a great impact on the
administrative work culture. Two aspects have emerged from this
article - according to the first aspect, this article has promoted
corruption and according to the second aspect, this protection is
necessary for impartiality in public services.
- The Directive Principles mentioned in Part 4 of the Indian
Constitution have also clearly influenced the work culture. The
Directive Principles ensure the administrative and ethical
 68

responsibilities of the government, which influence the administrative

work culture.
Indicators of Negative work culture -
1. Apathy and laxity in actions. As a result, timely and effective
implementation of the works is not possible. This increases costs and
affects the achievement of goals.
2. To consider work as a burden or a means of livelihood.
3. Complaint and dissatisfaction.
4. Time mismanagement and disorderliness.
5. Insensitivity towards citizens, personal aspirations.
6. No recognition, designation and praise for the person who performs
duty sincerely.
7. The habit of taking leave, red tapism, emphasizing the process rather
than the result.
8. Tendency to please senior officers and leaders. For example, the police
are careless and insensitive towards the big problems of the general
public. Whereas even for the solution of a small problem of a minister
and high official, it shows hyper activeness and commitment.
9. The Indian administration has still not recovered from the colonial
mindset. People-centric and people-oriented culture has not yet been
developed in administration. They still consider themselves the lord of
the masses and prefer to work in the style of commanding or giving
order.
10. Lack of objectivity, non-discrimination and impartiality etc.
11. Insensitivity to weaker sections.
12. Lack of sensitivity and commitment to national interest, social
interest and environmental interest.
13. Article 311 provides special protection to public servants. This feeling
of extreme security sometimes makes employees relaxed and
indifferent to their tasks.
Effects of Negative Work Culture on the Organization-
1. Apathy and laxity in actions. As a result, there is no timely and
effective implementation of the works. This has an impact on
achievement of targets and it overruns the cost.
2. Low productivity.
3. Decreased quality of goods and services.
4. A state of exhaustion, stress and malaise.
5. Negative effect on family.
6. No sense of respect for the leader.
7. No Internal Inspiration.
8. Waste of time
9. Culture of avoidance.
 69

Ways to make Positive Work Culture -

1. Office and working system should be neat and clean.
2. There should be a fast and effective process to deal with indiscipline.
3. Emphasis on development.
4. Clarity of the goal and the plan and methodology to achieve it.
5. Determination of timeframe for achieving government plans and
targets.
6. Logical distribution of responsibilities of various members of the
organization and accountability in case of delay.
7. Continuous and objective evaluation of performance in critical areas
of the organization.
8. A judicious system of praise, rewards and promotions for good work
and punishment for lax and negligent actions.
9. Spirit of teamwork.
10. Work is worship - acceptance of this popular saying.
11. Execution of work through mutual cooperation and mutual
encouragement. (Friendly atmosphere)
12. Capability development through training etc.
13. Respect for innovation and creativity.
14. The urge to provide the best service.
15. Provision of efficient and speedy grievance redressal system keeping
in mind the needs of the employees.
16. Clarification of policies related to employee welfare and social
security.
17. There should be a code of conduct so that the conduct of the
employees does not create a hindrance in achieving the objectives of
the organisation.
18. Interaction-meetings to know the opinion of the organization or
employees on specific topics.
19. Development of performance driven work culture.
20. Lack of unnecessary external intervention. (There is political pressure
in many areas of the civil service.)
21. Cultural harmony is essential in workplaces where employees from
several countries work together.
---
 70

Quality of Service
(Quality of Service Delivery)
- Introduction -

- Public services are those services which are fundamental to life.

- - These mostly include services that often fall within the state's
monopoly or are not or are not provided in sufficient quantities by the
market; Such as - law enforcement, police service, fire service,
regulation, health, education, civil supply service, disaster
management etc.
- Since the quality of public service is directly related to the quality
of our life, the real heart of administration is the basic services
provided to the public. That's why the welfare state is also called
'service state'.
- Sevottam model

- The Second Administrative Reforms Commission in India discussed

improvement in the quality of services in its report.
- Three major components were included under ' Sevottam ' - Citizen
Charter, presence of grievance redressal system and service capacity.
- Some important points have been discussed for improving the quality
of services and redressal of related complaints under the 'Sevottam'
framework.
- Important points of Sevottam Framework -
- Defining public services and providing service by identifying
customers.
- To lay down the standards, rules and norms for the delivery
of the service.
- Developing standards and norms for public service delivery,
so as to effectively perform public services.
- To direct to achieve the prescribed standards and norms.
- Monitoring and effective evaluation of public services and
based on that an independent, fair and effective work-
- Building the system.
- Continuously improving services and assessing the impact
on these services through these reforms.
- Three components of the Sevottam model -
1. The first component of the model relates to Effective
Charter Implementation. Citizen charters publicly declare
information regarding citizen's rights. Thus, empowering
them to demand better services.
 71

2. The second component of the model deals with Public

Grievance Redress. Citizen is more satisfied with how the
organization responds to his/her complaints, irrespective of
the final decision.
The main steps for redress of grievances -
 Providing a platform/mechanism for receiving
complaints.
 To put in place a mechanism by which complaints can
reach the grievance platform.
 To make the complaint system convenient and effective
for all users.
 Timely acknowledgment of complaints, so that
complaints made are taken into account in time.
 Fixation of a time frame for redressal of
grievances. Along with this, action for redressal should
be initiated and communicated within this time-frame
fixed.
 Effective analysis of complaints, so that correct and
consistent action can be taken.
3. The third component of the model is related to Excellence
in Service Delivery.

-An organization can achieve excellent performance in

service delivery only when it effectively manages the
key components of good service delivery and builds its
ability to continuously improve service delivery.
- Components of Citizen's Charter -
1. Organization's vision and objectives.
2. List of major services provided by the organization.
3. Measurable service standards in relation to the services
provided and the remedies available to customers for non-
compliance with standards.
- Features of Citizen's Charter -
1. Organized efforts of the organization to emphasize its
commitment to its customers.
2. Simple and intuitive comprehension and printing in local
languages as required.
3. Be non-discriminatory.
4. Mention the complaint handling procedure.
5. The name, address, telephone number and other
contact details of the Public Grievance Officer should be
included.
 72

6. Review should be done from time to time to make updates

and make continuous improvements.
7. When necessary, organizations should highlight the
aspirations of their customers.
8. Information to be given regarding the date of issue of the
Citizen's Charter and the persons consulted during its
preparation.

The ARC Seven Step Model for Citizen Centricity

The model is based on the principles of 'IS: 15700:2005', 'Sevottam
Model' and UK's 'Customer Service Excellence Model'. Every organization
should adopt a step-by-step approach. This helps in making it more and more
citizen centric.
The ARC Seven Step Model for Citizen Centricity

1 Define Services

2 Set standards

3 Develop capacity

4 Perform

5 Monitor

6 Evaluate

7 continuous improvements
----
 73

Utilization of public fund

Meaning-

- Necessary financial resources are made available from the public fund
for the attainment of public purposes.
- It is concerned with nation building, development of socio-economic
infrastructure, human resource development, concept of welfare state
and good governance.
- All government money received from taxes etc. is called public fund.
Method of use -

- By legal process in a lawful manner as per rules.

- According to the budget.
- As per the executive rules.
Traditional problems and important issues -
1. The issue of efficiency
2. Manner of Fund Utilization
3. Issue of Input-Outcome Relations
4. Rule of lapse
5. Ethical Issues
6. Corruption
7. Financial Propriety
8. Financial Responsibility
9. Audit
10. Delay in funds sanction - instalments delayed.
11. Increased cost due to inflation.
12. Lack of skilled employees/officers.
13. Stiffness of parameters of central schemes.
Recommend such works, which are contrary to the guidelines of the
Regional Development Fund.
14. Financial centralization
---

Corruption
Meaning -
- Corruption is the willful disregard for the duties prescribed for
personal gain, directly or indirectly.
 74

- Indian Penal Code (Section 161) has clarified the meaning of

corruption that 'when any public servant, in addition to lawful
remuneration, takes any pecuniary advantage for himself or any other
person in order to make a government decision in a partisan manner,
that is corruption and the person concerned is a corrupt person.'
- According to Elliott and Merrill, ''when one's duty is deliberately not
performed for direct or indirect gain, it is called corruption.''
- According to the Anti-Corruption Committee, ''Corruption is the
undue selfish use of power and influence vested in a public office or a
particular position available in public life.''
- Area and nature -
1. Corruption is basically a personal act. But now its area has
expanded. Its form has now institutionalized. It has taken the form of
a collective action.
2. Corruption is related to individual or group neglecting their
duties.
3. Duties are ignored for economic gain or other benefits.
4. There is an element of favor and inducement in corruption.
5. Corruption has taken the form of social problem at present, as its
area has become related to the normal functioning of most sections of
society. As a result, moral and social values are also disintegrating in
society.
- Causes -
Philosophical thoughts

- According to the liberals, human is basically selfish. Therefore, when

given the opportunity, he misuses power in his own interest. Thus,
liberals believe that corruption is the result of the basic nature of
man.
- Marxists see the root cause of corruption in the capitalist system and
class division. According to them, the capitalist class makes such
laws for the fulfillment of its interests, which directly or indirectly
promote corruption. That's why they talk about the abolition of the
capitalist system to eliminate corruption.
- Anarchists consider the existence of the state to be fundamentally
responsible for corruption. According to them, the wrong political
system separates a person from his natural nature. As a result,
corruption is promoted. Anarchists believe that the state is
unnecessary.
- Gandhiji believed that the state talks about the establishment of
peace and order through fear and violence. Due to this, there is no
 75

free, natural moral development of man. As a result, corruption is

promoted.
Other reasons -
1. Spread of materialistic values.
2. Tendency to centralize.
3. Weakening of the socialization process.
4. Expecting to get more by working less.
5. Less salary than work and responsibilities.
6. Lack of public awareness.
7. Discretionary voluntary rights.
8. Lack of transparency and accountability in administration (now RTI
(Right to Information) has been brought in to address this).
9. Complex rules, lengthy procedures.
10. Lack of special laws for prevention.
11. Extreme competition.
12. Criminal-political alliance.
13. Trade -Political Alliance.
14. The rich have more prestige in the society than the people of
knowledge, character and value.
---

Bad effects of corruption

- In political field -

- Attack on democratic values.

- No sense of responsibility developed.
- Entry of criminals into politics.
- Note for vote in many areas.
- Dissolution of freedom
- Lack of equality
- In Economic Sector -

- Obstacles to development.
- Parallel Economy of Black Money.

- Anonymous property
 76

- Consumerism
- Inflation
- Ineffective government policies
- Infringement of small industries
- Centralization of capital - Economic disparity/poverty.
- Effect on demand and supply.
- Promotion of black marketing.
- Trying to get more profit through any means in less time.
- In social sector -

- Growth of social inequality - (Promotion of social evils)

- Decline of social values - (Individualism)
- Lack of mutual trust.
- Disintegration of social and family values.
- Religious area -

- Emotional exploitation of religious people.

- Increasing number of self-proclaimed religious teachers.
---

Measures to curb corruption

1. Election reforms
2. Reduction in taxes
3. Decentralization of power.
4. Effective, speedy and stringent punishment regime.
5. Administrative transparency, transparency in government work, work
in time-limit, fixation of responsibility.
6. Public awareness.
7. Use of Right to Information.
8. Protection and encouragement to those who fight against corruption
or raise their voices.
9. Decrease in discretionary powers.
10. Emphasis on ethics in governance.
11. Whenever a public corruption case is exposed, the focus is only on
the guilty person. There is no talk of any change or improvement in
 77

the institutional units attached to it. Whereas the reform in that

institutional unit should also be emphasized.
Measures to curb corruption
- I.P.C. (Section 161–168) is the anti-Corruption law. However, Section
161-165 have ben repealed by the Prevention of Corruption Act,
1988.
- The Central Government has established the following four
departments under anti-corruption measures-
(i) Administrative Vigilance Division in the Department of
Personnel and Training,
(ii) Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI),
(iii)Domestic Vigilance Units in Nationalized Banks/Public
Undertakings/Ministries/Departments and
(iv) Central Vigilance Commission (CVC).
- Appointment of Lokpal, Chief Vigilance Commissioner, Lokayukta
etc.
- 'Right to information' to the general public.
- Administrative Reforms Commission.
- Formation of speedy courts.
- Talk of e-governance.
- Digital payment.
- Benami Property Law and
- Whistleblower Act etc.
----

In relation to article 311

- Constitutional protection enjoyed by civil servants

- Article 311
- No person, who is a member of a Civil Service of the Union or an
All India Service or a Civil Service of a State or holds a Civil post
under the union or a State shall be dismissed or removed or
reduced in rank except after due process.
- Article 311 gives job security to government employees. This gives
them methodological protections against arbitrary dismissal or
removal or demotion to a lower position. These provisions are
enforceable by the court.
- The provisions of Articles 310 and 311 apply to all government
employees.
 78

- Arguments in Favour of Retaining Article 311

- Those who want to maintain it say that the disease (Malaise) is

somewhere else and there will be no benefit from removing it. Giving
opportunity to be heard is the fundamental principle of natural
justice. Therefore, even if Article 311 is removed, the need to give an
opportunity to be heard will continue.
- Article 310 states that government employees remain in office only to
the pleasure of the President or the Governor. If it is maintained even
after abolishing Article 311, then governments cannot ignore rules in
departmental proceedings. They cannot dismiss government
employees merely by withdrawing the pleasure of the President or the
Governor without proving the charges in departmental
investigations.
- The Supreme Court has stated in many of its rulings that Article 311
is not a hindrance in speeding up the pace of departmental
proceedings.
- The Supreme Court has so far adopted rational thinking for Article
311. Therefore, it would be unfair to think that the above article has
proved to be a panacea for the guilty government employees.
Arguments In Favour of Repealing Article 311

- The removal of article 311 will reduce job security of government

employees.
- Disciplinary actions against government employees cease due to legal
technicalities. Removal of article 311 will speed up departmental
proceedings.
- In order to ensure that honest and skilled employees are given the
requisite protections but unscrupulous employees do not thrive in the
office, constitutional protections under Article 311 should be
reconsidered.
- In most countries (including Britain), permission to listen to the guilty
(employee) in disciplinary proceedings against government employees
is not granted as a right, but only at the discretion of the appropriate
authority. India is one of the few countries where a government
employee can exercise constitutional rights against his employer.
- Reasonable opportunities given to government employees to present
their case should not be too much. This should not create such a
situation that long and uncertain disciplinary actions encourage
government employees to become lazy and dishonest.
- The accused officer has the right to challenge the legal validity of the
proceedings of the disciplinary authority before the Administrative
Tribunal, seek interim stay and subsequent relief on the proceedings,
 79

and subsequently appeal against the decision of the disciplinary

authority or the Government. In addition, it reserves its right to
exercise the judicial systems of the High Court and the Supreme
Court while opposing the violation of its fundamental rights in
conducting investigations.
- With the passage of time, there have been many decisions of the court
regarding the provisions of Article 311, which have led to
misconceptions and uncertainty in the interpretation (of the
provisions). If this article is repealed, then the legal decisions based
on the article will no longer be applicable and binding.

Reasons given by Second Administrative Reforms Commission to repeal

Article 311

- No other constitution gives such protections to government

employees.
- This has created an environment of extreme safety without fear
of punishment for wrongdoings or incapability.
- Under the Constitution, the rights of government employees should be
subject to the overall requirements of public interest and contractual
rights of the nation.
- Even after removing Article 311, the government will not remove
government employees arbitrarily or without investigation. Such
arbitrary removal (from the job) is also not possible in the public
private sector.

Final Recommendations of Second Administrative Reforms Commission

- Articles 311 of the Constitution should be repealed.

- Necessary protection to government employees against arbitrary
action should be made under Legislation (law) under Article 309.
---
 80

Strategy for messages from Great Personalities

Preparation Strategy -

- To know the origin of the thoughts of some great / important / very

famous personalities.
- Focusing only on the ethical aspects of ideas -
- Aristotle/ Plato
- Gandhiji
- To develop a good understanding of the fourth paper of General
Studies, so as to develop practical and creative analytical ability on
ethics, administration and character.
- Pay special attention to the following personalities while reading
history;

Western thinker Indian philosophy

- Socrates - Kautilya
- Confucius - Ashoka
- Plato - Akbar
- Aristotle - Buddha
- Napolean - Mahavir
Bonaparte - Charvaka
- Karl Marx - Non-Vedic
philosophers
- Lenin
- Medieval Bhakti poets
- Nelson
and Sufi saint
Mandela
- Raja Ram Mohan
- Abraham
Roy
Lincoln
- Dayanand
- Dr. Martin
Saraswati
Luther King
- Narayan Guru
- Gandhiji
- Jyotirao Phule
- Rabindranath
Thakur
- Vinoba Bhave
- Dr. Bhimrao
Ambedkar
 81

- Subhash Chandra
Bose
- Bal Gangadhar
Tilak
- - Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel etc.

- Do not go into detail at all.

- As far as the concept related to a single thought of a thinker is
concerned, it is better to leave it. Take the guesswork there.
---

Ethical Views of Mahatma Gandhi

Introduction -

- Mahatma Gandhi has been a successful politician and activist as well

as a political, moral, spiritual and economic thinker.
- His thoughts and conduct have influenced the present day public the
most.
- Gandhiji's thinking was influenced by-
- Upanishads and Gita.
- Jain and Buddhist philosophy.
- Jesus Christ.
- John Ruskin (Unto the last)
- Tolstoy and
- Henry David Thoreau.
- He based his philosophy on Upanishadic philosophy which says that
Everything of this earth has an expression of God. Mahatma Gandhi
was influenced by this Neo Vedanta philosophy and it was the seed of
his ethical thoughts and principles.
Five Vows of Gandhiji -

- Non-violence
- Observance of non-violence through mind, speech and deeds.

- He believed that non-violence is a natural law of mankind.

- One who has unwavering faith in God will always accept non-
violence.
 82

- Only non-violence can provide permanent solution.

- Non-violence requires a high level of self-power.

- Truthfulness

- According to him, philosophy of truth is incomplete without

non-violence.

- In broad sense, God and Truth are same. To live a life of truth,
have faith in God and fill your life with morality.

- In the limited sense, truth means that it is to be followed by

mind, word and deeds.

- Non-Stealing
- Three types of theft – Physical theft, mental theft, and
conceptual theft.
- Non-Possession

- Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not

every man’s greed.
- Nature does not give permission for storing/possession, it is
against its law.

- You have to work for what you are earning from society.
- Take what you need, but according to your requirement only

- Trusteeship theory of Mahatma Gandhi – rich people should

invest extra resources for the welfare of society

- There should be no discrimination in the value of labor given to

the people.

- Everyone should get a chance to work.

- Celibacy

- Complete control over all our senses is celibacy.

- Celibacy is not a natural quality of human beings.
Six other vows of Gandhiji

- Physical labour

- Control of the palate

- Fearless
 83

- Use locally made goods

- Untouchability prevention

- Respect for all religions

Gandhiji's other Ethical views

- Purity of means and end.

- Balance with nature.
- The place of religion in politics.
- Sense of universal wellbeing.
- Ethical economy.
- Equal respect for all religions.
- Opposition to casteism.
Relevance of Gandhism -

- Non-violence in the era of nuclear, chemical and biological

warfare.
- Thoughts on harmony with nature in the context of natural
conservation.
- Purification of politics.
- Importance of emotionalism in the materialistic world.
- Emphasis on the purity of personal conduct.
- Development of the spirit of global brotherhood.

---

Basic Teachings of Some Great Personalities

Samrat Ashoka
 Supporter of peace and coexistence
 Affectionate relation between ruler and the people.
 Follower of Buddhist philosophy -
- Against violence
- In favor of Compassion
Mahatma Gandhi
 Great advocate of truthfulness and non-violence.
 84

 Strong supporter of character and moral values.

 Living examples of easy, natural and simple life.
 Committed to the voice and principles of the conscience.
 Fascinated towards rural life.
Jawaharlal Nehru
 Leader with democratic values.
 Leader of world peace and freedom.
 Belief in socialist values.
 Advocated secularism and scientific consciousness.
Nelson Mandela
 The struggle for independence of the country through Gandhian values.
 Sturdy Courage and Boldness.
 Amazing humility.
 Patience.
Abraham Lincoln
 Struggling personality
 Simplicity and lowliness.
 Commitment to principles.
 Supporter of freedom and equality.
 A feeling of human love and compassion.
Subhash Chandra Bose
 Struggle, courage and sacrifice.
 Keen desire for human freedom.
 Clear viewpoint.
 Selflessness
 Belief in socialist values.
Martin Luther King -
 Courage and struggle
 leadership ability
 Commitment to objectives
 Compassion
 Non violence
 85

 Progressive ideas
Mother Teresa
 Compassion
 Service
 Modesty
 Peace
Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore -
 Supporter of freedom
 Advocated Global religion
 Admirer of art, literature and culture.
Swami Vivekananda
 Advocate of Vedanta.
 Defined service as religion.
 Emphasis on confidence and self-development.
 Called upon youths.
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar
 Logical
 Supporter of weaker sections of the society.
 Follower of Buddhism
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
 Clarity of purpose
 Persistence of thoughts
 Firm personality
 Connected to Culture
 Courage
---

Formulas for Case Study

- Understand the nature of case study.
- Case study will present an ethical dilemma.

- Study the case study very carefully and slowly.

 86

- Highlight the ethical dilemmas in it.

- Identify your role in case study and identify the role of the person
regarding whom the decision is to be made.
- Divide the problem given in the case into two parts (main problem and
other problem).

- Make a list of decisions and analyze their consequences.

- The decision taken should be in accordance with the
constitution and law.

- The decision taken should be objective, i.e., the decision should

be in public interest and not in personal interest.
- There should be responsibility in the decision taken.

- There should be courage in the decision making. Decision

should not be taken under pressure.

- There should be humanity and compassion in decision.

- There should be honesty in decision.

- There should be leadership capabilities.

- There should be clarity, transparency and scientific approach in

decisions.

- There should be quality of forgiveness in decisions.

- There should be human affection in decisions.

- There should be a will to help.

- There should be disaster management capability.

---

Basis of answers for Case Study

- Ethics

- Persuasion
- Aptitude and foundational values for civil service

- Integrity

- Impartiality
 87

- Objectivity
- Dedication

- Empathy

- Tolerance
- Emotional intelligence

- Thoughts of ethical thinkers

- Public/Civil Service Values

- Law/rules and conscience plays role in ethical dilemma

- Probity in governance

- Right to Information and Information Sharing

- Code of Ethics

- Code of Conduct

- Citizen’s charter
- Work culture

- Utilization of public fund

- Corruption
---

Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964

- A government servant shall at all times maintain absolute integrity and
devotion to duty.

- A government servant shall do nothing which is unbecoming of a

government servant.
- When a government servant acts under the directions of his official
superior, he should obtain the direction in writing wherever practicable.

- No Government servant shall use the influence of his post directly or

indirectly for the job of his family member.
- No government servant shall become a member of any political party, nor
shall participate in any political activity.
 88

- He shall not participate in any demonstration against the unity and

integrity of the nation.

- He shall not undertake editing of publication of any newspaper,

magazine and electronic media without the prior permission of the
government.

- He will not criticize the government publicly.

- He shall not present any testimony or witness before any inquiry
committee without prior permission.

- He will not collect money from people for any purpose without the
permission of the government.
- He will not accept any gift for himself and the family.

- He will neither take dowry nor give dowry.

- He shall not attend any function held in his honour without permission.
- He won’t do any business.

- He can do any social or service related work without prior permission.

Article 311 of the Constitution

- No person who is a member of a civil service of the Union or an all India

service or a civil service of a State or holds a civil post under the Union or
a State shall be dismissed or removed by a authority subordinate to that
by which he was appointed.

Case Study – 1
You are heading the rescue operations in an area affected by severe natural
calamity. Thousands of people are rendered homeless and deprived of food,
drinking water and other basic amenities. Rescue work has been disrupted by
heavy rainfall and damage to supply routes. The local people are seething with
anger against the delayed limited rescue operations. When your team reaches
the affected area, the people there heckle and even assault some of the team
members. One of pa-Ur team members is even severely injured. Faced with this
crisis, some team members plead with you to call off the operations fearing
threats to their life.
In such trying circumstances, what will be your response? Examine the
qualities of a public servant which will be required to manage the situation.

Response in such situation

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- Duty has to be completed here.

- Keep yourself balanced

- Judicious decision

- Sending injured members for treatment

- Communication of moral courage in the teams

- Morality

- Courage
- Dedication

- To explain the compulsions and limitations to people politely.

- Receiving support from local leader, NGO, respected people and

volunteers.

- Accelerating relief work

Qualities of public servant to manage such situation –

- Emotional intelligence

- Leadership quality

- Communication skills
- Power of persuasion

- Decision

Case Study – 2
Honesty and uprightness are the hallmarks of a civil servant. Civil servants
possessing these qualities are considered as the backbone of any strong
organization. In line of duty, they take various decisions, at times some become
bonafide mistakes. As long as such decisions are not taken intentionally and
do not benefit personally, the officer cannot be said to be guilty. Though such
decisions may, at times, lead to unforeseen adverse consequences in the long-
term.
In the recent past, a few instances have surfaced wherein civil servants have
been implicated for bonafide mistakes. They have often been prosecuted and
even imprisoned. These instances have greatly rattled the moral fibre of the
civil servants.
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How does this trend affect the functioning of the civil services? What measures
can be taken to ensure that honest civil servants are not implicated for
bonafide mistakes on their part? Justify your answer.

Effect on function –

- Afraid of taking decisions

- Delay in decisions
- Capacity reduction

- Decline in morale
Measures to rectify it -

- Probity in governance

- Collective decision system

- Make administration transparent

- Decision review

- Stop the politicization of bureaucracy

Case Study – 3
In one of the districts of a frontier state, narcotics menace has been rampant.
This has resulted in money laundering, mushrooming of poppy farming, arms
smuggling and near stalling of education. The system is on the verge of
collapse. The situation has been further worsened by unconfirmed reports that
local politicians, as well as some senior police officers, are providing
surreptitious patronage to the drug mafia. At that point of time a woman police
officer, known for her skills in handling such situations is appointed as
Superintendent of Police to bring the situation to normalcy.
If you are the same police officer, identify the various dimensions of the crisis.
Based on your understanding, suggest measures to deal with the crisis.

Issues involved here –

- Illegal business

- Prevalence of black money

- Arms smuggling
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- Poppy farming
- Security challenge

- Border security challenge

- Challenge to internal security

- Increase in anti-social activities

- Administrative crisis

- Economic dimension
- Moral hazard
Measures to deal with crisis

- Network breakdown – smuggling, black money, weapons, poppy farming,

police officers, politician

- Stop the route of smuggling

- Intensive investigation
- Take help of paramilitary forces

- Support of famous people, NGOs and panchayats of that region

- Explain illegal poppy cultivation to panchayat

- Knowledge of law

- Information about crisis caused by poppy farming

- Beginning in education system development

- Conversation with chief secretary (Home Ministry)

Case Study – 4
An apparel manufacturing company having large number of women employees
was losing sales due to various factors. The company hired a reputed
marketing executive, who increased the volume of sales within a short span of
time. However, some unconfirmed reports came up regarding his indulgence in
sexual harassment at the work place.
After sometime, a woman employee lodged a formal complaint to the
management against the marketing executive about sexually harassing her.
Faced with the company’s indifference in not taking cognizance of her
grievance, she lodged an FIR with the Police.
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Realizing the sensitivity and gravity of the situation, the company called the
women employee to negotiate. In that she was offered a hefty sum of money to
withdraw the complaint and the FIR and also give in writing that the marketing
executive is not involved in this case.
Identify the ethical issues involved in this case what options are available to
the women employee?

Ethical issues involved

- Series of unethical acts

- Take money

- Take back the FIR after taking money

- Give in writing that this case is not related to marketing executive

- Sexual harassment against women

- Company did not show sensitivity

- Immoral proposal in front of a woman

- Company did not follow business ethics

- Moral dilemma in front of other women

Available options

- Woman accept the proposal, take back the FIR and give in writing that
marketing executive has nothing to do with this case.

- Benefit to woman

- She will not be fired from the job.

- She will be protected from FIR and investigation

- Benefit to company

- Company’s prestige will remain.

- Loss to woman
- Deprived of justice for self

- No self-satisfaction

- Woman will lose her self-respect

- Resign from the company and accepts company’s terms and offers
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- Benefit
- Freedom from legal hassles

- Company’s prestige will remain

- Focus on new career

- Loss

- neglect of crimes against women

- Sense of inferiority
- weak in the eyes of his coworkers

- Rumors

- She neither take money nor resign from the job and let the police do its
work.

- Benefit

- Prestige will increase among coworkers

- Self-confidence will increase

- Company will never neglect such case in future

- Marketing executive will learn to never repeat such thing

- Loss

- She will be fired from the job.

- Problems associated with legal investigation

- False rumors

- Problems in getting another job