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 CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 IoT (Internet of Things)

Fig 1.

IoT tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of IoT. Our Internet of Things tutorial is
designed for beginners and professionals. IoT stands for Internet of Things, which means
accessing and controlling daily usable equipment’s and devices using Internet. Our IoT tutorial
includes all topics of IoT such as introduction, features, advantage and disadvantage,
ecosystem, decision framework, architecture and domains, biometric, security camera and door
unlock system, devices, etc.

Fig 2.

IoT is an advanced automation and analytics system which deals with artificial intelligence,
sensor, networking, electronic, cloud messaging etc. to deliver complete systems for the

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product or services. The system created by IoT has greater transparency, control, and
performance.

As we have a platform such as a cloud that contains all the data through which we connect all
the things around us. For example, a house, where we can connect our home appliances such
as air conditioner, light, etc. through each other and all these things are managed at the same
platform. Since we have a platform, we can connect our car, track its fuel meter, speed level,
and also track the location of the car.

Fig 3.

If there is a common platform where all these things can connect to each other would be great
because based on my preference, I can set the room temperature. For example, if I love the
room temperature to be set at 25 or 26-degree Celsius when I reach back home from my office,
then according to my car location, my AC would start before 10 minutes I arrive at home. This
can be done through the Internet of Things (IoT).

1.1.2 How does Internet of Thing (IoT) Work?

The working of IoT is different for different IoT echo system (architecture). However, the key
concept of there working are similar. The entire working process of IoT starts with the device
themselves, such as smartphones, digital watches, electronic appliances, which securely
communicate with the IoT platform. The platforms collect and analyse the data from all
multiple devices and platforms and transfer the most valuable data with applications to devices.

Fig 4.

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1.1.3 Features of IOT

The most important features of IoT on which it works are connectivity, analysing, integrating,
active engagement, and many more. Some of them are listed below:

Connectivity: Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection between all the things of
IoT to IoT platform it may be server or cloud. After connecting the IoT devices, it needs a high
speed messaging between the devices and cloud to enable reliable, secure and bi-directional
communication.

Analyzing: After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to real-time analyzing the data
collected and use them to build effective business intelligence. If we have a good insight into
data gathered from all these things, then we call our system has a smart system.

Integrating: IoT integrating the various models to improve the user experience as well.

Artificial Intelligence: IoT makes things smart and enhances life through the use of data. For
example, if we have a coffee machine whose beans have going to end, then the coffee machine
itself order the coffee beans of your choice from the retailer.

Sensing: The sensor devices used in IoT technologies detect and measure any change in the
environment and report on their status. IoT technology brings passive networks to active
networks. Without sensors, there could not hold an effective or true IoT environment.

Active Engagement: IoT makes the connected technology, product, or services to active
engagement between each other.

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1.2 Relevance of IoT in Electrical Engineering

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept that encompasses a vast network of physical devices,
vehicles, home appliances, and other items. These objects are equipped with electronic
components, software, sensors, and actuators, and are interconnected through various forms of
connectivity. This interconnectedness allows for the collection, exchange, and analysis of data,
facilitating a new level of interaction and intelligence among these objects. In electrical
engineering, this translates to:

Home automation systems

IoT's integration into home automation is creating smarter, more energy-efficient, and
interconnected living spaces.

Smart grids and energy management

IoT is revolutionising how energy is distributed and managed, making grids smarter and more
efficient.

Wearable tech and health monitoring

The development of wearable devices that monitor health parameters is a testament to the
convergence of IoT, biotechnology, and electrical engineering.

● 5G networks - The rollout of 5G is critical for supporting the massive data transfer required
by IoT devices, enabling faster, more reliable communication

● Wireless sensor networks - These networks are key in data collection and transmission in
IoT, finding applications in diverse fields from agriculture to urban planning

● Edge computing - Processing data closer to the source reduces latency and enhances
efficiency, a crucial aspect of IoT systems

Enhanced efficiency and energy management: IoT-enabled devices in electrical

engineering facilitate unprecedented levels of energy efficiency and management.

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 Fig 5.

Smart grids, for instance, leverage IoT to optimise the distribution and consumption of
electricity, reducing waste and improving the reliability of power systems.

Sensors embedded in electrical infrastructure can monitor and adjust energy usage in real-time,
leading to more sustainable and cost-effective energy solutions.

Innovation in design and development

IoT's influence extends to the design and development phase of electrical systems and devices.

Engineers can now incorporate IoT components into their designs, creating products that are
not only functionally superior but also capable of communicating with other devices and
systems.

This innovation opens up possibilities for more intuitive and responsive designs, where devices
can adapt to user needs and environmental conditions.

Predictive maintenance and monitoring

Connectivity and IoT have introduced a new era of predictive maintenance in electrical
engineering. By continuously monitoring the condition and performance of electrical
equipment, IoT sensors can predict failures before they occur.

This proactive approach minimises downtime, extends the lifespan of equipment, and reduces
maintenance costs, significantly improving the reliability of electrical systems.

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Enhanced safety and security

IoT technologies contribute to improved safety and security in electrical engineering. Real-
time monitoring and automated controls can quickly identify and respond to potential hazards,
such as circuit overloads or equipment malfunctions, to prevent accidents. Additionally, IoT-
enabled security systems ensure the protection of critical infrastructure against unauthorised
access and cyber threats. Starting in January, this degree programme provides hands-on
experience and theoretical knowledge, equipping you for a career at the cutting edge of
electrical engineering and IoT.

1.3 Components of IoT(Internet of Things)

What are the Components of IoT ?

The Internet of Things (IoT) architecture is a harmonious interplay of several key components
that collectively enable the seamless interaction between the digital and physical worlds. When
exploring the hardware components of IoT, it becomes evident that four fundamental elements
play a crucial role in shaping this innovative landscape. Let’s explore the 4 important
components of IoT.

Sensors and Actuators:

These form the sensory organs of the IoT world. Sensors, such as temperature sensors, motion
detectors, and humidity sensors, collect real-time data from the environment. Conversely,
actuators enable IoT devices to initiate physical actions in response to the collected data.
Sensors and actuators bridge the gap between the physical and digital realms.

Connectivity Modules:

The heart of IoT lies in its ability to connect devices and transmit data seamlessly. Connectivity
modules, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks, facilitate communication
between devices, ensuring that the collected data can be transmitted and received effectively.

Data Processing Units:

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Once the data is collected, it needs to be processed and analysed to extract meaningful insights.
Data processing units, ranging from edge computing devices to cloud servers, handle the
computational tasks required to turn raw data into actionable information. Edge computing
processes data closer to the source, reducing latency, while cloud servers handle more resource-
intensive tasks.

Control Interfaces:

The ability to remotely control and manage IoT devices is a significant advantage. Control
interfaces provide the means to interact with IoT devices, allowing users to monitor and
manage their devices, adjust settings, and trigger actions from a distance.

This architecture underscores the main components of IoT and their interdependence. The
hardware components of IoT, including sensors, connectivity modules, data processing units,
and control interfaces, come together to create a dynamic and interconnected ecosystem. This
intricate balance of components drives the functionality of IoT devices and paves the way for
innovative applications across industries, redefining how we interact with technology and our
environment.

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 CHAPTER 2

Application of IoT in Electrical Engineering

Smart Metering of Household Electricity:

Drawing smart meters into the Internet of Things (IoT) with internet connectivity is essential
to their successful deployment. The combination of smart meters, two-way communications
networks and data management systems is known as Advanced Metering Infrastructure
(AMI). AMI has a variety of benefits that include helping utility companies automate device
connections, meter readings and customer billing. Smart metering, IoT connectivity and data
analytics together make it easier for utilities to improve the delivery of services. The
combination further makes it possible for utilities companies and their customers to work
together to manage consumption and even pricing.

Smart metering and smart grids:

Using various applications for centralised reading and usage tracking, gas and electricity
smart metering locally monitors customers’ energy consumption. Smart meters that integrate
a variety of IoT sensors are capable of collecting more and richer data in close to real-time.

The data collected by smart meters is the lifeblood of smart grids, which give utility
companies the ability to aggregate and manage service delivery flows as well as monitor the
health of the grid remotely and at scale. The smart grid allows utilities to deliver services
sustainably, efficiently and securely, enabling them to track and achieve their climate change
and carbon footprint targets. The flow of data improves utilities’ ability to predict and
monitor demand in order to manage supply. It further permits companies to share usage
patterns with customers, which can represent an incentive to adopt more responsible usage
practices. The benefits include quicker demand response, better-distributed resource
management, operational efficiencies and improved customer relationships. By 2030, there
could be 2.2 billion smart meters deployed by electrical utilities alone, according to the
Transform Insights Connected Things TAM forecast. The adoption pattern is global, driven in
part by government sustainability initiatives.

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Sustainable low-power IoT devices:

Another factor helping to accelerate the adoption of smart meters is the increasing availability
of low power wide area network (LP-WAN) technologies, which relieve utilities from having
to string a communications wire to every single smart meter. Instead, smart meters can
connect to the Internet once or twice a day through a wireless LP-WAN to deliver data; the
transmitters can be powered by small batteries.

Fig 6.

LPWA networks expanded, especially those using NB-IoT technology NB-IoT adoption took
off, with connections growing by 61% YoY, driven by various implementations, most notably
in smart metering.A safe and secure technology solution. Connectivity is key, but
connections must be secure, especially in wireless networks. There are many ways to protect
smart meters and other IoT devices, but in the context of wireless networking, an important
one to consider is to use a secure SIM. IoT device manufacturers are increasingly choosing
the permanently fixed SIM form factor – an embedded SIM (eSIM) , or even an integrated
SIM (iSIM) as part of their design. An eSIM is a tamper-resistant chip, physically and
logically isolated, offering controlled protection from the rest of a device’s processes and
resources. Irremovable SIMs, whilst infinitely more physically secure, would have prevented
a device from being swapped onto a new connectivity provider’s subscription. However,
thanks to GSMA’s Remote SIM Provisioning (RSP) architectures and a capable, compliant
SIM operating system (OS), the SIM hardware can remain securely in place whilst the
carrier’s credentials and settings, the SIM profile, can be remotely added or removed
securely.The ability to verify the identity of smart meters is important. The installation of
virtual private networks (VPNs) is an additional step, and security can be amplified further by
implementing data encryption.

IoT SAFE is one option which offers a root of trust within the SIM on the device side. This
secures a utility’s cryptography, which can be used to prove the meter’s authenticity to the
utility. It can also be used to encrypt all data sent from the device.

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Other advantages of eSIM:

Meters often reside in restricted locations. eSIMs are of course highly integrated, so using
them naturally enables designers to create compact connectivity modules.

With an eSIM, a manufacturer can select a default, out-of-the-box connectivity option,

meaning they don’t have to procure multiple regional MNO SIMs or create and manage their
own product variations; the default will connect to any supporting cellular network.

Available cellular connectivity options include LTE-M, NB-IoT, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G.
Operators can not only switch connectivity providers, they can also switch connectivity
technologies. Fallback options are supported; should the selected network fail, connectivity
can automatically get routed over an entirely different network.

Opportunities across the ecosystem:

Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) can incorporate eSIM functionality at the point of
manufacture. They can then offer their utility customers a choice of cellular connectivity
provision and management options.

Mobile network operators (MNOs) or MVNOs provide ‘connectivity only’ or act as an end-
to-end connectivity solution enabler. The second option means they can facilitate integration
or provide back-end subscription management, data traffic reporting, billing and even remote
cloud management capabilities.

Connectivity management platform (CMP) providers aggregate connectivity across multiple

different cellular networks, putting them in a position to manage smart meter network
connectivity on behalf of utilities who are customers.

Consumers can use real-time information from their smart meters (often viewable in mobile
apps or web-based dashboards) to minimise consumption or manage usage to potentially
manage their billing costs.

Governments and other regulators must have accurate data to set energy usage goals and
monitor progress toward achieving those goals, necessitating smart meters. Additionally,
governments can also use this data to gain greater understanding of the levels of affluence
and poverty across the populace, so that areas of vulnerability can be identified, and
appropriate intervention measures can be adopted.

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2.1.1 SMART GRID

The “grid” is the electrical network serving every resident, business, and infrastructure
service in a city. The “smart grid” is the next generation of those energy systems, which have
been updated with communications technology and connectivity to drive smarter resource
use, energy efficiency, and reduced carbon footprint. The technologies that make today’s
IoT-enabled energy grid “smart” include wireless devices such as sensors, radio modules,
gateways, and routers. These devices provide the sophisticated connectivity and
communications that empower consumers to make better energy usage decisions, allow
cities to save electricity and expense, and enables power authorities to restore power more
quickly after a blackout. The growing trend today is for municipalities to move toward smart
grid technologies for a range of reasons. These include the need to improve energy usage,
provide better customer service to their citizens, prepare for disasters and upgrade aging
technology that is expensive to maintain. As well, advances in technology have made
wireless, both cellular and RF (radio frequency), affordable and easy to use in smart grid
applications.
According to Scientific American there are 200,000 miles of high voltage transmission lines in
the United States that collectively carry more than one million megawatts of electricity. The
problem for the U.S. is that a lot of this infrastructure was built in the twentieth century in a
multi-billion-dollar project conceived and executed largely before the invention of the
Internet, and certainly before cellular and other wireless technologies emerged as viable
replacements of expensive cable.

Smart Grid in Action

Fig 7.

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The businesses, services and private citizens that require electricity from the grid, and therefore
stand to benefit when municipalities adopt smart grid technologies, span every resident, city
service and critical infrastructure installation. While we won't cover every use case, some key
examples can help to illustrate the impact of the movement to the smart grid.

Smart grid allows a power company to assess system health in significantly more detail than
was previously possible. For instance, with smart meters the power company can discover real
time power demands with a granularity and accuracy that is simply not possible with older
technology. This can allow them to better predict and respond to sudden increases in demand,
which can help to prevent blackouts.

In the event that a blackout does occur, IoT devices that use cellular and RF technology
installed in transformers and substations can automatically redirect power. That can allow for
a faster, easier fix versus having to dispatch service personnel in a truck each time the power
goes.
“A smarter grid will add resiliency to our electric power system and make it better prepared to
address emergencies such as severe storms, earthquakes, large solar flares, and terrorist attacks.
Because of its two-way interactive capacity, the Smart Grid will allow for automatic rerouting
when equipment fails or outages occur.”

This idea of smart grid mitigating the effects of a terrorist attack is an interesting one and a
topic we’ll cover in a later section. For now it would be informative to look at how smart grid
can benefit a city.

Fig8.
Smart city applications are vast, and include everything from smart city lighting, energy
management and intelligent traffic management to water treatment and wastewater

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management. Sensors in traffic lights can send information back to a central authority for
decision making. Even better, with intelligent traffic systems, both surface traffic and public
transportation can be managed with routing and traffic lighting to improve or eliminate
congestion. IoT sensors in streetlights can also adjust off and on timing and brightness
according to real time conditions. Plus or minus a few watts might not sound like much.
However, when considering the thousands or tens of thousands of streetlights that can be found
in any given city, the savings and environmental impact quickly add up. Those same sensors
can also send out an alert if a light needs servicing. No need to wait for a call from an angry
customer complaining about street lights being out. Additionally, with a sophisticated remote
management solution, technicians can remotely troubleshoot the issue and determine whether
or not to send a truck. In the past, a truck roll – a highly expensive proposition compared to a
fast firmware fix or reboot from a management system in the home office – was inevitable.
Smart meters enable demand response which lets home and business owners see real time
pricing information so that they can adjust their energy usage accordingly. For example,
switching off the AC, or turning down the thermostat in winter. Most of all smart meters will
benefit electric car owners. With real time pricing information EV owners will be able to charge
their cars when electricity is the cheapest and avoid charging, if possible, during times of peak
demand.

The Top Three Benefits of Smart Grid

Fig9.
While there are numerous benefits to smart grid the following three instances show just how
useful an updated power grid can be.

1. Smart Grid Enables Renewable Energy Generation

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Traditional energy grids are designed to transmit electricity from a large, centralized power
station to a wide network of homes and businesses in the area. At this stage, the electric grid is
not designed to accept inputs from homes and businesses that are generating power via solar
panels or windmills. A smart grid is designed to accept power from renewable resources.
Crucially, the smart grid in conjunction with wirelessly enabled smart meters can keep track of
how much energy a net-positive establishment is generating and reimburse them
accordingly. The smart grid also allows for monitoring of solar panels and equipment as well.
We mentioned earlier that a smart grid can mitigate the effects of a disaster such as a terrorist
attack or natural disaster on a power station, a feat that is possible due to decentralized energy
generation. Under the traditional model, a small number of power plants powered a city. This
left these services vulnerable to threats that would result in widespread blackouts and energy
shortages. With a decentralized model, even if the centralized power plant is taken offline,
multiple alternative sources, including wind and solar, can supplant the resources in the grid.
This decentralized system is much harder to take offline and can provide a robustness that is
not possible when one plant is powering an entire city.

2. Better Billing, Better Predictions

Smart meters offer two benefits. First, via wireless IoT devices they can collect a tremendous
amount of data, data that utility companies have never had access to before. Utilities can use
that information to better forecast when electricity demands will be high and from what areas
the demand will be highest.

Second, for consumers the smart grid means more efficient billing. Previously the costs of
electricity during peak demand were averaged out among communities and neighbourhoods.
Now, if you use electricity while rates are high, you’ll be billed for it. And if you turn off
appliances and save electricity, your bill will drop accordingly. This increases the incentive for
everyone to use electricity responsibly.

3. Smart Grid Is More Resilient

A US DOE (Department of Energy) report suggests that every year power outages in the United
States cost businesses about $150 billion. While that is only an estimate, even if only $50 billion
a year lost these outages are a problem which must be solved.

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With smart grid technology, power can be automatically rerouted as soon as a blackout
happens, minimizing the effects on households and businesses. IoT sensors can also report on
the condition of equipment so that repairs can be made before failure. Utilities can notify their
customers (via email/social media) when there is an outage instead of reactively responding to
customer calls reporting outages.

The Smart Grid as the Backbone of the Modern Smart City

Fig10.
According to the Solar Energy Industries Association, by 2018 the United States had enough
solar panels installed to power 12.3 million American homes. Since 2013, solar energy has
always been either the first or second most added energy source in the US, in terms of total
generation capacity. Cities are becoming increasingly aware of how important it is to generate
electricity from renewable sources and supporting all of that energy generated from
renewable methods requires the smart grid. An updated power grid will also become all the
more essential as more households purchase an electric car that must be charged.

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2.1.2 Home Automation using IoT:

IoT (Internet of Things) home automation refers to the use of internet-connected devices and
smart home technologies to control and automate various aspects of a home's functionality,
such as lighting, heating, security, and entertainment systems. With IoT home automation,
homeowners can control and monitor their homes remotely using their smartphones or other
internet-connected devices. For instance, they can turn on or off the lights, adjust the
thermostat, check their security cameras, and lock or unlock doors, among other things, from
anywhere with an internet connection. IoT home automation typically involves a central hub
or controller that connects and communicates with various smart devices throughout the home.
These devices may use various communication protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or
Z-Wave to communicate with the hub and with each other. Through the hub, users can
configure and customize various automation settings, such as creating schedules and rules for
when certain devices should turn on or off or setting up alerts for specific events, such as motion
detection or door opening.

How IoT Home Automation is Evolving Modern Homes?

IoT home automation is transforming modern homes in several ways, making them more
comfortable, convenient, and energy-efficient. Here are some of the ways IoT home automation
is evolving modern homes.

• Smart Lighting − IoT home automation allows homeowners to control the lighting in
their homes remotely. Smart lighting systems can be programmed to turn on and off at
specific times, adjust brightness and colour temperature, and respond to voice
commands.
• Energy Efficiency − Smart thermostats and smart appliances can optimize energy
usage in the home, leading to significant energy savings. For instance, a smart
thermostat can learn a homeowner's preferences and adjust the temperature
accordingly, reducing energy waste.
• Security − IoT home automation systems can integrate security cameras, door locks,
and motion sensors, allowing homeowners to monitor and control their homes
remotely. Smart door locks can be programmed to unlock when the homeowner is in
proximity or when they enter a specific code, while security cameras can alert the
homeowner when motion is detected.

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 • Entertainment − IoT home automation can integrate home entertainment systems,
allowing homeowners to control their music, TV, and other devices from a single
interface. Voice assistants like Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant can also be
integrated, allowing for hands-free control.
• Convenience − IoT home automation can simplify daily tasks and routines, such as
turning on the coffee maker or starting the dishwasher. Homeowners can also use voice
commands or their smartphones to control various devices, making it easier to manage
their homes.

Demand of IoT Home Automation

• No stress of security − IoT home automation systems can integrate security cameras,
door locks, and motion sensors, providing homeowners with added security and peace
of mind.
• Improved home value − Homes equipped with IoT home automation systems are
increasingly becoming more attractive to homebuyers, leading to higher home values
and a competitive edge in the real estate market.
• Easy accessibility − IoT home automation can make homes more accessible for
individuals with disabilities or mobility issues, allowing them to control various devices
with ease.
• Integration with other technologies − IoT home automation can integrate with other
technologies, such as voice assistants and smart speakers, allowing for seamless control
and automation of various devices.

Overall, the demand for IoT home automation is increasing as homeowners look for ways to
improve their homes' convenience, efficiency, security, and value. With the increasing
availability and affordability of smart devices and IoT technologies, it is expected that the
demand for IoT home automation will continue to grow in the future.

Basic Set-up of IoT Home Automation

Setting up an IoT home automation system typically involves the following basic steps −

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• Determine your automation needs − Identify the areas of your home that you want to
automate and the devices you want to control remotely. This could include lighting,
thermostats, security cameras, door locks, entertainment systems, and more.
• Choose your hub/controller − Select a central hub or controller that will connect and
communicate with your smart devices. Popular options include Amazon Echo, Google
Home, Apple HomeKit, and Samsung SmartThings.
• Select your smart devices − Choose smart devices that are compatible with your
hub/controller and that will meet your automation needs. Smart devices may include
smart light bulbs, thermostats, door locks, security cameras, and more.
• Connect your devices to the hub/controller − Follow the manufacturer's instructions
to connect each smart device to the hub or controller. This may involve connecting to
Wi-Fi or using a specific communication protocol, such as Zigbee or Z-Wave.
• Configure your automation settings − Use the hub/controller app or web interface to
configure your automation settings. This may include creating schedules for when
devices should turn on or off, setting up alerts for specific events, and creating rules for
device interactions.
• Test and adjust − Test your automation system and adjust as needed. This may involve
tweaking your automation settings or adding or removing devices.
• Enjoy your automated home − Once your IoT home automation system is set up and
configured, sit back, and enjoy the convenience and efficiency of a connected home.

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2.2 IoT (Internet of Things) Enabled Devices

Types of IoT Sensors:

Examples of the most widely used types IoT sensors are force sensors, humidity sensors,
pressure sensors, photoelectric sensors, water level sensors, and ultrasonic sensors.

2.2.1 Force Sensors:

Force sensors, also known as load cells, have a wide range of IoT and Industrial Internet of
Things (IIoT) applications. Specifically, force sensors can take the form of compression-,
tension-, shear load-, single-point-, and S-type load cells. Typically, force sensors convert
mechanical force into an electrical signal, which technically makes them transducers
– devices that convert one form of energy into another.

Applications of IoT force sensors include: Material Handling: IoT force sensors can be
used to monitor the weight of materials being moved or stored in warehouses, distribution
centres, and other facilities. These sensors enable the automation of manufacturing and
supply chain processes

• Structural Monitoring: by continuously monitoring and logging the stresses,

strains, and shear forces experienced by bridges, buildings, and aircraft, IoT force
sensors improve safety and allow for preventative maintenance before failures occur

• Environmental Monitoring: IoT force sensors help to monitor environmental

conditions, such as soil and water quantities. This improves the quality of research
and intervention in the areas of climate change and drought monitoring
Mettler Toledo, Honeywell, and TE Connectivity are examples of leading manufacturers of
force sensors for Internet of Things (IoT) devices.

2.2.2 Humidity Sensors:

Humidity sensors, also called hygrometers, are devices that are used to measure and monitor
the moisture content in the air. These sensors include capacitive, resistive, and infrared

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measurement methods. Typically, humidity sensors provide an output in the form of an
electrical signal, which can, in turn, be used to control other devices or systems.

• Home and Office Automation: IoT humidity sensors help monitor the humidity of
the air in buildings, enabling the automation of air conditioning and HVAC systems.
Also, these sensors have important implications on improving the energy efficiency
of buildings

• Weather Forecasting and Climate Research: IoT humidity sensors permit

continuous, real-time measurements of localized atmospheric humidity levels. By
using this data, weather forecasters can make predictions with a level of accuracy
that would otherwise be impossible. Moreover, tracking changes in humidity levels
over time is also important to improve our understanding of climate change

• Industrial Process Control: in manufacturing, warehousing, and storage, changes

in humidity can have major effects on product quality, durability, and shelf life. IoT
humidity sensors allow superior control and monitoring of these processes,
improving efficiency and sustainability
Vaisala, Michell Instruments, Fisher Scientific, and Comet are examples of well-known
manufacturers of humidity sensors for Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

2.2.3 Pressure Sensors:

IoT pressure sensors measure the application of force by gasses or liquids. They work by using
force balance, piezoelectric, capacitive, or resistive principles to measure the pressure being
applied to a surface. Similar to force sensors, many pressure sensors are often (but not always)
transducers – devices that convert one form of energy into another. Many of the use cases are
similar to the examples listed under humidity sensors, as pressure and humidity are often
closely-related environmental factors, and are commonly monitored by several systems.
Applications of IoT pressure sensors include industrial process control, building automation,
environmental monitoring, transportation, medical devices, and wearable devices. Ashcroft,
Rockwell Automation, and HYDAC are examples of the leading manufacturers of pressure
sensors for IoT and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).

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2.2.4 Photoelectric Sensors:

Photoelectric sensors, also called photoelectric switches or proximity sensors, use a light to
detect the presence or absence of an object, or to assess other physical properties such as air
clarity. Typically, these devices use a light source such as LEDs or lasers, aimed at a sensor.
Any interruption in the beam is detected and used to perform various measurements.

Photoelectric sensors are widely used in IoT applications owing to their accuracy, reliability,
and resistance to interference. For instance:

• Industrial Automation: IoT photoelectric sensors are used to detect the presence
of objects on conveyor belts, assembly lines, and other industrial automation
systems

• Smart Cities: Smart City systems use IoT photoelectric sensors to monitor traffic,
detect pedestrians and bicycles, and improve public safety

• Security: in security systems, IoT photoelectric sensors help detect intruders and
physical security breaches. Pepperl + Fuchs, Siemens, and Festo are examples of the
leading manufacturers of photoelectric sensors for Internet of Things (IoT)
applications.
2.2.5 Water Level Sensors

IoT water level sensors measure the amount of water in a water body or storage tank. These
devices commonly use float switches, ultrasonic sensors, optical sensors, or pressure sensors
to measure or infer the amount of water present.

IoT water level sensors have myriad applications, such as:

• Agriculture: IoT water level sensors monitor the level of water in irrigation ponds,
canals, or reservoirs, optimizing irrigation and helping to reduce wastage and leaks

• Manufacturing: in industrial processes, the level of water in tanks is monitored by

these sensors, enabling sophisticated automation for the production of chemicals,
pharmaceuticals, and other products

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 • Temperature Control: IoT water level sensors are used to monitor the level of
water in humidifiers, chillers, and refrigeration and HVAC systems. This is useful
in residential as well as healthcare and warehousing / storage contexts
Endress+Hauser, IFM, and SST Sensing are examples of the leading manufacturers of water
level sensors for Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

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 CHAPTER 3

3.1 Communication Protocols

IoT Data Link Communication Protocol:

The IoT Data Link communication protocol provides service to the Network Layer. There are
various protocols and standard technologies specified by the different organization for data link
protocols.

3.1.1 Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication network over a radio frequency. Bluetooth

is mostly integrated into smartphones and mobile devices. The Bluetooth communication
network works within 2.4 ISM band frequencies with data rate up to 3Mbps.

There are three categories of Bluetooth technology:

1. Bluetooth Classic
2. Bluetooth Low Energy
3. Bluetooth Smart Ready

The features of Bluetooth 5.0 version is introduced as Bluetooth 5 which have been developed
entirely for the Internet of Things.

Properties of Bluetooth network

o Standard: Bluetooth 4.2

o Frequency: 2.4GHz
o Range: 50-150m
o Data transfer rates: 3Mbps

Advantages of Bluetooth network

o It is wireless.
o It is cheap.
o It is easy to install.

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 o It is free to use if the device is installed with it.

Disadvantages of Bluetooth network

o It is a short-range communication network.
o It connects only two devices at a time.

Fig 11.

3.1.2 Z-Wave

Z-Wave is a wireless communication protocol with the frequency of 900MHz. The ranges of
Z-Wave lies between 30 meters to 100 meters with the data transfer rate of 100kbps so that it
is suitable for small messages in IoT applications for home automation. This communication
protocol operates on mesh network architecture with one and several secondary controllers.

Fig 12.

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Properties of Z-Wave protocol
o Standard: Z-Wave Alliance ZAD12837 / ITU-T G.9959
o Frequency: 908.42GHz
o Range: 30-100m
o Data transfer rate: 100kbps

Advantages of Z-Wave protocol

o Low power consumption
o Remote or local control
o Simple installation
o Interoperability

Application of Z-Wave protocol

o Smart product and IoT based application
o Energy saving
o Home security

3.1.3 ZigBee

ZigBee is a low power, low data rate wireless personal area network communication protocol.
It is mostly used in home automation and industrial settings. Since ZigBee is a low power
communication protocol, the IoT power devices used with ZigBee technology. The ZigBee
communication protocol is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard operating at the 2.4GHz
frequency. The ZigBee protocol supports star, cluster or wireless mesh technology topology.

ZigBee uses the following devices in its network:

o Zigbee Coordinator
o Zigbee End Device
o Zigbee Router

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 Fig 13.

Properties of ZigBee protocol

o Standard: ZigBee 3.0 based on IEEE802.15.4
o Frequency: 2.4GHz
o Range: 10-100m
o Data transfer rate: 250kbps

Advantages of ZigBee protocol

o Wireless
o Mesh networking
o Direct communication
o Low power consumption

Disadvantages of ZigBee protocol

o Costly
o Works with low speed within a small distance

Application of ZigBee protocol

o Commercial and residential control
o Personal and healthcare
o Home networking
o Industrial control and management
o Consumer electronics

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3.1.4 LoRaWAN

LoRaWAN refers to Long Rage Wide Area Network which is a wide area network protocol.
It is an optimized low-power consumption protocol design to support large-scale public
networks with millions of low-power devices. A single operator operates the LoRaWAN. The
LoRaWAN network is a bi-directional communication for IoT application with low cost,
mobility, and security.

Properties of LoRaWAN protocol

o Standard: LoRaWAN
o Frequency: Various
o Range: 2-5km (urban environment), 15kM
o Data Rates: 0.3-50 kbps.

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3.2 Challenges and Considerations of IoT in Electrical Engineering

Security Issues in IoT

DOS

Denial of service (DOS) is a security attack that aims to prevent legitimate user and entity to
have an authorized access to network resources. It is considered as the most popular and
dominant attack. Generally, attackers can use flooding attack to exhaust system’s resources
including memory, CPU, and bandwidth. Thus, he either prevents the system to provide service
or he makes it ineffective. In this attack, pirates can use numerous skills such as sending
unwanted packets or flooding network with multiple messages. Therefore, legitimate users are
prevented from taking advantage of services.

Replay Attack

Replay attack is among old attacks on communication network, especially on authentication

and key exchanging protocols. It allows the pirate to capture and store a fragment or the whole
of captured session in a legitimate traffic. After gaining the trust in a public network, the
attacker either sends the captured message to the entity that has participated in origin session
or to another different destination. Therefore, in IoT networks, replay attack is measured as a
security weakness in which particular data are stored without any authorization before been
sent back to the receiver. The goal of this attack is to trap the person in an unauthorized
operation. For example, in a smart home system, a temperature sensor is used to detect the
temperature and then the measured values are sent to system controller. Based on these values,
the system can run or stop the air conditioner to adapt the air temperature as desired by the
personnel. However, if an attacker has pirated the sensor’s temperature, he can save the day’s
values and send them at night. As result, the air conditioner will not be functioning normally.
To deal with replay attack, current solutions use three main mechanisms including timestamp,
nonce, and response-challenge. The first one is the mechanism that helps to detect replay attack
by checking the freshness of received message. Nonetheless, it is hard to assure time
synchronization between IoT objects. The second mechanism is the nonce, which is a series of
random digits. However, the problem of this mechanism is that the node has no sufficient
memory for keeping the list of received nonces. The last mechanism is the challenge-response.
It has as objective to verify that the other party can resolve some challenges. But this technique
necessitates that the two entities have a pre-shared secret.

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Password Guessing Attack

Due to the importance of password in authentication process and its large adoption by
numerous authentication protocols, pirates have invented various attacks to get the correct one.
Hence, the most used attack is password guessing. Particularly, this attack can be executed
either online or offline. In this attack, an attacker eavesdrops on the communication between
two entities during authentication phase to get some useful values. Then, attacker must guess
all probable passwords to succeed in the authentication.

Spoofing Attack

In the network security context, spoofing attack is a situation when an unauthorized entity
produces falsified parameter . The goal of this attack is to make servers believe that the attacker
is an authorized entity. So, the pirate gains the trust of the authority. For example, in smart
health, the pirate can send fake information to authentication server. So, if he performed the
authentication phase successfully, he can request victim’s sensor and then get the secret health
information about this victim.

Insider Attack

In cyber security field, insider attack occurs when a legitimate entity that has an authorized
access tries to harm the system. The action of authorized entity can be either intentional or
accidental [80–84]. In both cases, the system is considered vulnerable and we should find out
the solution in the short term. According to, more than 57% of confidential business data are
targeted by insider attack. On the other hand, the study confirms that more than 60% of existing
attacks have been completed by insider.

Required Security Services for IoT

After debating various security attacks applied by attackers, this section mentions some
security services. Thus, the objective of this section is to discuss the security requirements for
IoT devices. As illustrated in Table 1, IoT solutions must come with some basic security
services including authorization, authentication, confidentiality, availability, integrity, and
non-repudiation.

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 CHAPTER 4

4.1 Conclusion

The integration of IoT (Internet of Things) in Electrical Engineering heralds a profound

transformation in the way we conceive, construct, and manage electrical systems. This
convergence of digital technologies with traditional electrical engineering principles has
ushered in an era of unprecedented connectivity and intelligence, fundamentally altering the
landscape of the discipline.

At its core, IoT in Electrical Engineering represents the fusion of physical devices, sensors,
actuators, and connectivity technologies, all orchestrated to enable seamless data exchange
and decision-making. By embedding sensors within electrical infrastructure, IoT facilitates
real-time monitoring of parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and power quality.
This granular data acquisition empowers engineers with insights into system performance,
facilitating predictive maintenance, fault detection, and optimization strategies.

One of the most significant advantages offered by IoT in Electrical Engineering is enhanced
operational efficiency. Through advanced analytics and machine learning algorithms, IoT-
enabled systems can intelligently optimize energy consumption, minimize downtime, and
streamline resource allocation. For instance, in power distribution networks, IoT sensors can
dynamically reroute electricity flow to mitigate congestion or respond to fluctuations in
demand, ensuring reliable and resilient service delivery.

Moreover, the advent of IoT has revolutionized asset management practices within the
electrical industry. Traditionally, maintenance schedules were based on fixed intervals or
reactive responses to failures. With IoT, however, maintenance becomes predictive and
proactive. By continuously monitoring equipment health and performance metrics, IoT
systems can anticipate potential failures, triggering primitive maintenance actions to prevent
costly downtime and prolong asset lifespan.

Furthermore, IoT empowers electrical engineers with unprecedented levels of remote

visibility and control over distributed systems. Through cloud-based platforms and mobile
applications, engineers can monitor and manage electrical assets from anywhere in the world,
facilitating rapid response to emergencies and enabling optimized decision-making in real-
time. This remote accessibility not only improves operational efficiency but also enhances
safety by minimizing the need for onsite interventions in hazardous environments.

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The application of IoT in Electrical Engineering extends beyond operational optimization to
encompass broader societal benefits. In the context of smart grids, for instance, IoT-enabled
technologies facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources, demand response
mechanisms, and energy storage systems, fostering a more sustainable and resilient energy
ecosystem. Similarly, in smart buildings, IoT sensors enable adaptive lighting, HVAC, and
occupancy control systems, reducing energy consumption and enhancing occupant comfort.

However, the widespread adoption of IoT in Electrical Engineering is not without its
challenges. Chief among these is the issue of cybersecurity. As electrical systems become
increasingly interconnected and digitized, they also become more susceptible to cyber threats
such as hacking, malware, and data breaches. Safeguarding critical infrastructure against
these risks requires robust cybersecurity measures, including encryption protocols, access
controls, and intrusion detection systems.

Moreover, interoperability and standardization remain significant hurdles in the IoT

landscape. The proliferation of disparate devices and communication protocols complicates
integration efforts and hampers seamless data exchange between systems. Addressing this
challenge requires industry-wide collaboration to develop common standards and protocols
that enable interoperability across diverse IoT ecosystems.

In conclusion, the integration of IoT in Electrical Engineering represents a paradigm shift that
holds immense promise for enhancing efficiency, reliability, and sustainability in electrical
systems. By harnessing the power of connectivity, data analytics, and automation, IoT
enables engineers to unlock new levels of performance optimization and asset management.
However, realizing the full potential of IoT requires addressing challenges such as
cybersecurity and interoperability through collaborative efforts across industry stakeholders.
As we continue to innovate and evolve, IoT will undoubtedly continue to reshape the future
of electrical engineering, driving progress towards a more connected, intelligent, and resilient
world.

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 CHAPTER 5

5.1 References

Atzori, L., Iera, A., & Morabito, G. (2010). The Internet of Things: A survey. Computer
Networks, 54(15), 2787-2805.
Ashton, K. (2009). That 'Internet of Things' thing. RFID Journal, 22(7), 97-114.
Hambley, A. R., et al. (2017). Electrical Engineering: Principles & Applications. Pearson.
Dorf, R. C., & Svoboda, J. A. (2016). Introduction to Electric Circuits. Wiley.
Websites:

https://www.iiot-world.com/industrial-iot/connected-industry/the-role-of-iot-in-smart-grid-
technology-and-
applications/#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20Smart%20Grid,other%20and%20with%20the%2
0consumers.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sensors-in-internet-of-thingsiot/

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