Mod 1 Intro 2023 24

ELEC3442
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
MODULE 1 : CLASS LOGISTICS AND
INTRODUCTION
LOGISTICS
• INSTRUCTOR • Class schedule
• DR. VINCENT TAM • Tuesday 16:30-18:20, MB-256
• CB707 • Friday 17:30-18:20, MB-256
• EMAIL: VTAM@EEE.HKU.HK
• Assessment
• CONSULTANCY
• Labs : 20%
• BY APPOINTMENT THROUGH EMAILS (PLS. CHECK
• Final Grp. Proj. Presentation &
MY TIMETABLE ON THE COURSE MOODLE)
Video (1~2 min) : 42%
• TEACHING ASSISTANTS • Test: 38%
• DING YE & WU TAIQIANG
• Late submission for Final Prj.
• EMAILS:
DINGYE95@CONNECT.HKU.HK &
Video
TAKIWU@CONNECT.HKU.HK
• Penalty of 2% per day
2
ELEC3442 Embedded Systems

DEVELOPMENT TREND
• 1980S: LARGE MAINFRAME COMPUTERS, HUGE TAPE DRIVES
• 1990S: PERSONAL COMPUTERS
• 2000S: PORTABLE COMPUTERS
• NOW: SMALL PORTABLE DEVICES
ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 3

TRENDS SUPPORTING EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
• Convergence of several trends • Hardware size
• Cost of hardware has decreased • Smaller size and less weight needed to
• ENIAC 1945: US$500,000 incorporate computation into devices
• Generic laptop computer today: US$500 • ENIAC 1945: 1,800 square feet; 27 tons
• Laptop today: 0.05 square feet; under 3
pounds

COMPUTATIONAL ABILITY AND INTERNET ACCESS
• Many embedded systems need significant computation and speed
• Speed-to-text, audio processing, network communication
• ENIAC, 1945: instructions per second, 5000
• Laptop today: Instructions per second, 18 billion
• Internet available almost everywhere in the developed world
• Some parts of the world still lack easy access, but this is being addressed

WIRELESS ACCESS
• Wireless access (cell phone, WiFi) enables networking with cheap infrastructure
• Less need to install physical cables
• Data costs are fairly low

• Arguable, but many can afford it
• Data bandwidth is high
• Can stream multiple movies in real-time
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES
• CHARACTERISTICS OF FUTURE ICT
• UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING
• PERVASIVE COMPUTING
• AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE
• THE DISAPPEARING COMPUTER
• POST-PC ERA
• CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
• BASIC TECHNOLOGIES
• EMBEDDED SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES
• COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

INFLUENCE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS ON UBIQUITOUS
COMPUTING

European Commission
IMPACTS OF AI OR GEN-AI ON EMBEDDED SYSTEMS..
Basically, we
can clearly see
that AI or GenAI
has great influence
on many areas of
embedded systems
including the design
and optimization
aspects that we will later
discuss in more detail
in this course.
WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM?
It has many names:
• Cyber-physical system
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Industrial Internet
• Systems of systems
• Industry 4.0
• Internet of Everything
• Smart <Everything>
Main functions
• Integration of computation with physical processes, defined by their combination
FORMAL DEFINITIONS
• EMBEDDED SYSTEMS (ES) ARE INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS EMBEDDED INTO
ENCLOSING PRODUCTS
• EMBEDDED SOFTWARE IS SOFTWARE INTEGRATED WITH PHYSICAL PROCESSES. THE
TECHNICAL PROBLEM IS MANAGING TIME AND CONCURRENCY IN COMPUTATIONAL
SYSTEMS (- TO BE DISCUSSED LATER IN MOD-3)
• CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS (CPS) ARE INTEGRATIONS OF COMPUTATION AND PHYSICAL
PROCESSES
• LINK TO PHYSICAL QUANTITIES SUCH AS TIME, ENERGY AND SPACE
• CPS = ES + PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Let’s check out this YouTube Video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vt7kXpAaqGo

CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
CPS = ES + physical environment
Cyber-physical systems
Embedded systems
("computers in
physical environments")
Embedded systems
("small computers")
12

DEFINITION ACCORDING TO THE
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (USA)
• CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS (CPS) ARE ENGINEERED SYSTEMS THAT ARE BUILT FROM AND
DEPEND UPON THE SYNERGY OF COMPUTATIONAL AND PHYSICAL COMPONENTS. EMERGING
CPS WILL BE COORDINATED, DISTRIBUTED, AND CONNECTED, AND MUST BE ROBUST AND
RESPONSIVE. THE CPS OF TOMORROW WILL NEED TO FAR EXCEED THE SYSTEMS OF TODAY IN
CAPABILITY, ADAPTABILITY, RESILIENCY, SAFETY, SECURITY, AND USABILITY. EXAMPLES OF THE
MANY CPS APPLICATION AREAS INCLUDE THE SMART ELECTRIC GRID, SMART
TRANSPORTATION, SMART BUILDINGS, SMART MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES, NEXT-GENERATION
AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT, AND ADVANCED MANUFACTURING.

POSITIONING OF THE TOPICS
14

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Develop basic understanding of the role of embedded systems in

contemporary electronic systems
2. Evaluate embedded systems in terms of performance, power and energy
consumptions
3. Understand the fundamentals of hardware-software co-design in embedded
system
4. Develop practical techniques in constructing embedded systems with
hardware and software components addressing real-world challenges

BROAD SET OF TOPICS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SPECIFICATION AND MODELING
3. CPS/ES HARDWARE
4. CPS/ES SYSTEM SOFTWARE
5. EVALUATION
6. MAPPING OF APPLICATIONS TO EXECUTION PLATFORMS
7. OPTIMIZATION
8. TEST

EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

LET’S THINK BIG!
You are expected to
• Learn the basic concepts and implementations of embedded systems
• Bring in your innovative ideas
• Design a prototype of your own embedded systems
You may
• Bring new things to life
• Establish your own startup
• Pledge your project on Kickstarter

SUCCESSFUL STORIES FOUNDED IN HK
Umbrella Here - Light up your umbrella for sharing Remix Mini - The World's First True Android PC

EXAMPLE: LILY CAMERA
https://youtu.be/4vGcH0Bk3hg
EXAMPLE: SMART LIGHTING SOLUTION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExL6-SP7kp8
EXAMPLE: SMART COFFEE MAKER (2ND GEN)
ELEC3442 Embedded Systems https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f33g1HoMqPA 22

REFRIGERATOR
• Start with a device (a “thing”)
• Anything besides a traditional computer

REFRIGERATOR
• Add computational intelligence to improve the function of the device

REFRIGERATOR
• Add a network connection to the device to further enhance its function
+ +
TRADITIONAL REFRIGERATOR VS. INTELLIGENT
REFRIGERATOR
• Keep items cold Tell you
• Does not do much else • When the door is ajar
• When the water filter needs replacing
• When you are low on butter
• When you buy foods with high fat content
• What recipes match its contents
26

IOT REFRIGERATOR
• Orders food items when stock is low
• Searches for lowest food prices
• Orders water filter when needed
• Anticipates your meals; orders food preemptively
• Searches news sites for worldwide food price trends
• Provides consumption information to businesses for marketing purposes
• Greatly enhanced functionalities with Internet connection
• Example: Samsung Family Hub

• Cameras, 21.5-inch touchscreen full HD display
• Let you see inside without opening the door
• Check the contents when you are in the store
• Post shopping list, notes, and reminders
• Keep track of food stocks and remind when the time to buy more
• Alert favorite food products on sale
• Manage expiry dates
• Display recipes
• Avoid wastage
• Save energy 27

AUTOMOTIVE
• Computational technology is used to enhance a product
• 1950’s car with electro-mechanical control
• 21th century car

• Computer-based control systems enable fuel injection, anti-lock braking, etc.

LOGISTICS
• Internet access gives access to external computation and data (“the cloud”)
• 1970’s logistical tagging - barcode
• 21st century logistical tagging – intelligent RFID tags

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS VS. COMPUTERS
• Embedded systems have a main function separate from computation
• Cars drive, phones make calls, TVs display shows
• Computation is a means to an end
• The main function of a computer is to compute
• Any type of program can be execute

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS VS. COMPUTERS
• Computers are general-purpose
• OK at executing anything
• Not particularly efficient for type of code
• Embedded systems are special-purpose
• Software and hardware are efficient for the task but inefficient
for other tasks
• A music player is great for playing, but terrible for playing video
• Laptops can do both, but less efficiently

INTERFACE TO THE CLOUD
• Window of massive computational resources
• Siri enables search with verbal questions
• View any movie, listen to any song, read any book
• Networking is powerful
• IoT device interfaces can leverage powerful servers and large databases

• EMBEDDED SYSTEMS ARE PERVASIVE
• At home
• TV/game machine can listen to your commands
• Home automation system can control your appliances
• At work
• Motion sensors detect your presence
• RFID readers detect entry/exit
• On your person
• Cellphones
• Smart watches
• Health monitoring devices
• Everywhere else
• Car
• Traffic lights (red light cameras)

SOCIAL BENEFITS
• IoT makes life easier
• What food do I need?
• Are my accounts balanced?
• Without adding complexity
• No need to write codes
• Independence from people
• Embedded devices handle things you needed humans for
• Fewer doctor visits; no trips to the supermarket
• Link to the world
• Information access
• Global interactions between people are possible

RISKS
• Social isolation
• Dependence on technology and infrastructure
• IoT requires power and network
• Network outages and blackouts are more
critical

PRIVACY AND SECURITY
• Observation by embedded systems is pervasive
• Location: cell phone
• Health: health monitor
• Media watching habits: TV/media system
• Purchasing habits: credit card, cellphone
• Driving habits: car incident recording
• Data may be used to market to you
• Health problem? Drugs may be marketed to you
• Purchasing an embedded system may give the manufacturer permission to use or sell your data
• Consumer agreement contracts can be cryptic
• Data may be used by insurance agencies
• Were you speeding at the time of the accident?
• Do you have any undiagnosed health problems?
• Data may not be held in a secure way
• Cloud is attacked with your data inside
• Even encrypted data is decrypted in use
DEFINITION
• Computer-based systems that do no appear to be computers
• Complexity is hidden from the user
• Much more common than desktops or laptops
• Interact with users via simple interface
• Digital camera, TV, cellphone

DEFINITION
• Interact with other devices, invisible to users

• Disk drive, memory stick, anti-lock braking system
• Efficiency
• Most embedded products are in cost-critical markets (e.g., consumer electronics)
• Other applications are in performance or power critical markets (e.g., military, medical)
• Tight constraints
• Manufacturing cost
• Design cost
• Performance
• Power
• Time-to-market
• Very different from traditional software engineering
• Moore’s law will save you eventually

APPLICATION SPECIFICITY
• Embedded systems tend to be application-specific
• Perform one task or set of related tasks
• Some devices blur the line (e.g. cell phones)
• Design is focused on one application
• Unlike general-purpose systems (e.g. laptops)
• Higher design efficiency is possible
• Special-purpose vs. general purpose (e.g. video gaming devices like the Sony
PSP vs a laptop)
• Hardware and software are often designed together
• General-purpose systems use hardware and software developed by
different companies
• More work for the designers
• Must understand both hardware and software
EMERGING IT SCENE
Infrastructural core
Sensory swarm
Mobile access
COMPUTERS AND MOBILES ARE DISAPPEARING!
• Predictions: 7 trillions devices servicing 7 billion people!
• 1000 devices per person by 2025 ?!

INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS • Gather, synthesize, and apply information
• Change the way entire industries operate

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
• CPS MUST BE DEPENDABLE
• SAFETY-CRITICAL
• DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
• IMMEDIATE IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
• RELATED TO RELIABILITY, MAINTAINABILITY, AVAILABILITY, SAFETY, AND SECURITY
• “MAKING THE SYSTEM DEPENDABLE MUST NOT BE AN AFTER-THOUGHT” [KOPETZ, 1997]
• ES MUST BE EFFICIENT
• ENERGY EFFICIENT
• RUN-TIME EFFICIENT
• CODE-SIZE EFFICIENT
• WEIGHT EFFICIENT
• COST EFFICIENT
43

IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY
44

CPS & ES HARDWARE
• CPS & ES HARDWARE IS FREQUENTLY USED IN A LOOP
(“HARDWARE IN A LOOP“):
Cyber-physical systems (!)

© Graphics: Microsoft, P.
Marwedel, 2011
REAL-TIME CONSTRAINTS
• CPS MUST MEET REAL-TIME CONSTRAINTS
• A REAL-TIME SYSTEM MUST REACT TO STIMULI FROM THE CONTROLLED OBJECT
(OR THE OPERATOR) WITHIN THE TIME INTERVAL DICTATED BY THE
ENVIRONMENT.
execute
t
• “A real-time constraint is called hard, if not meeting that constraint could

result in a catastrophe“ [Kopetz, 1997].
• All other time-constraints are called soft.
• A guaranteed system response has to be explained without statistical
arguments [Kopetz, 1997].
46
ELEC3442 Embedded Systems © Graphics: Microsoft

REAL-TIME SYSTEMS & CPS
• CPS, ES AND REAL-TIME SYSTEMS (RTS) SYNONYMOUS?
• FOR SOME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, REAL-TIME BEHAVIOR IS LESS

IMPORTANT (SMART PHONES)
• FOR CPS, REAL-TIME BEHAVIOR IS ESSENTIAL, HENCE RTS @ CPS
• CPS MODELS ALSO INCLUDE A MODEL OF THE PHYSICAL SYSTEM

REACTIVE & HYBRID SYSTEMS
• TYPICALLY, CPS ARE REACTIVE SYSTEMS:
“A REACTIVE SYSTEM IS ONE WHICH IS IN CONTINUAL INTERACTION WITH IS
ENVIRONMENT AND EXECUTES AT A PACE DETERMINED BY THAT
ENVIRONMENT“
[BERGÉ, 1995]
BEHAVIOR DEPENDS ON INPUT AND CURRENT STATE.

F AUTOMATA MODEL APPROPRIATE,
MODEL OF COMPUTABLE FUNCTIONS INAPPROPRIATE.
• HYBRID SYSTEMS
(ANALOG + DIGITAL PARTS). 48

DEDICATED SYSTEMS
• DEDICATED TOWARDS A CERTAIN APPLICATION
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BEHAVIOR AT DESIGN TIME CAN BE USED TO MINIMIZE RESOURCES AND
TO MAXIMIZE ROBUSTNESS
• WHY?
• DEDICATED USER INTERFACE

(NO MOUSE, KEYBOARD AND SCREEN)
• DISAPPEARING COMPUTER
• SITUATION IS SLOWLY CHANGING HERE: SYSTEMS BECOME LESS DEDICATED, E.G., IN SMART
PHONE
Def.: Information processing systems having most of the above

characteristics are called embedded systems. 49
CHALLENGES IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
• ES REALLY MUST BE DEPENDABLE

• DUE TO EFFICIENCY TARGETS, SOFTWARE DESIGNS CANNOT BE DONE INDEPENDENTLY OF THE
UNDERLYING HARDWARE
• ES MUST MEET MANY NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS, E.G., REAL-TIME CONSTRAINTS, ETC.
• LINK TO PHYSICS HAS ADDITIONAL IMPLICATIONS
• REAL SYSTEMS ARE PROFOUNDLY CONCURRENT
• ES HAS A COMPOSITIONAL DESIGN
• SEQUENTIAL PROGRAMMING MAY NOT DESCRIBE CONCURRENT TIMED SYSTEMS WELL

SCOPE OF MAPPING APPLICATIONS

HYPOTHETICAL DESIGN FLOW
Specification Design repository Design

Application Knowledge
ES-hardware Test *
Application mapping
System software Optimization * Could be

(RTOS, middleware, integrated
Evaluation & Validation into loop
…) (energy, cost, performance,
…)
Generic loop: tool chains differ in the number and type of iterations
ITERATIVE DESIGN (1): - AFTER UNROLLING LOOP -

ITERATIVE DESIGN (2): - AFTER UNROLLING LOOP -
• EXAMPLE: V-MODEL
Requirement
analysis System
architecture System
design Software
architecture
Software
design
Unit
Integration tests
System testing
integration
Acceptance
& use Skipping some explicit repository updates;
ELEC3442 Embedded Systems very late integration, problems may be missed .. 54
ITERATIVE DESIGN (3): - GAJSKI‘S Y-CHART -

RASPBERRY PI 2 MODEL B (2015)
Specifications:
• A 900MHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 CPU
• 1GB RAM
• 4 USB ports
• Only 2 on Raspberry Pi B
• 40 GPIO pins
• Only 26 on Raspberry Pi A and B
• Full HDMI port
• Ethernet port
• Combined 3.5mm audio jack and composite video
• Camera interface (CSI)
• Display interface (DSI)
• Micro SD card slot
Operating system support:
• Full-sized SD card slot on previous versions
• Full range of Linux distributions (e.g., Raspbian)
• VideoCore IV 3D graphics core GPU • Microsoft Windows 10 56

RASPBERRY PI 3 B BOARD (2016)
57
ELEC3442 Embedded Systems * Img Src URL : https://osoyoo.com/2017/06/26/introduction-of-raspberry-pi-gpio/

RASPBERRY PI 4 B BOARD (2019 – NOW)
58
ELEC3442 Embedded Systems * Img Src URL : https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-4-model-b/

PI 2 VS. PI 3 VS. PI 4
Pi 2 Pi 3 Pi 4
Release date Feb. 2015 Feb 2016 Jun 2019
CPU 900 MHz 32-bit 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad- 1.5 GHz 64-bit quad-
quad-core ARM core ARM Cortex-A53 core Cortex-A72 (ARM
Cortex-A7 v8)
On-board MicroSD MicroSD, USB boot mode MicroSD, USB boot mode
storage
On-board 10/100 Mbit/s 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet, 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz
network Ethernet 802.11n wireless, IEEE 802.11b/g/n/ac
Bluetooth 4.1 wireless LAN, Bluetooth
5.0, Gigabit Ethernet
Power ratings 600 mA (3.0 W) 800 mA (4.0 W) 540 mA (2.7 W) [idle] 59
1010 mA (5.1 W) [100%]
COMMONLY USED CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

RASPBERRY PI EXTENSIONS
Sense HAT with Orientation, Pressure, Humidity
and Temperature Sensors
Display
Camera

RASPBERRY PI VS. ARDUINO
• Raspberry Pi processor is faster

• 900MHz vs. 16 MHz
• 32-bit processor vs. 8-bit
• Bigger address space, number representations
• Raspberry Pi has more memory
• Arduino: 32k flash, 2k SRAM, 1k EEPROM
• Raspberry Pi: 4GB flash, 1GB SDRAM, micro SD
• Raspberry Pi has lower I/O voltage levels
• 3.3V vs. 5V
ARDUINO UNO
RASPBERRY PI AS AN OPERATING SYSTEM
Application
Application
Library
functions
Microcontroller
System calls
Application
• Raspberry Pi can support an operating system

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems • Enable a range of features 63
THE CRIME-FIGHTING NERF-GUN ROBOT
ELEC3442 Embedded Systems https://youtu.be/9WOxRIo8AGI 64

RASPBERRY PI PIANO
https://youtu.be/m-qSBGu9FBI https://youtu.be/Wk76UPRAVxI
https://youtu.be/CDJ87UMOsE8
RASPBERRY PI RFID DOOR ACCESS SYSTEM
ELEC3442 Embedded Systems https://youtu.be/MTWdaVdO240 66

CAR COMPUTER
https://youtu.be/uRb0gY0AAH0
LEGO ROBOT
https://youtu.be/LLFfQI5LlBo
A Emotion/Learning Analytics Project – in Collab with Fac. of
Edu@HKU (2020)
Learning states and

activities recognition based
on physiological data and
movement data
Interviews with teachers/students

were conducted to review the
effectiveness of the proposed
platform
Interview Results of the Proposed Platform
(- Published in the IEEE ICALT 2020)
Students who participated in this platform are interviewed to evaluate this platform in
three dimensions: effectiveness, user-friendliness, interestingness. For effectiveness,
students should describe its impact on their daily lives and learning
Platform Impact on Students’ Daily Lives Platform Impact on Students’ Learning

Another Deep Learning-based Sign Language
Translation Project (in Collab with A Local School, 2021)
Pretrained Deep
Learning Model
Preprocessed Sign Video

Result
Local
Area
Network
Translation Results NVIDIA Jetson

Nano Engine
URL : https://developer.nvidia.com/embedded/jetson-nano-developer-kit
GROUP PROJECT
• Form groups of 2 or 3 (for fairness, a larger project scope or more system features to be
expected for a group of 3)
• Design a brand new application using Raspberry Pi
• Direct adoption of existing projects is strictly prohibited
• Criteria
• SenseHAT, camera OR other sensors
• Data processing thru’ S/W OR H/W
• Data analytics OR visualization
• For each group, conduct a final presentation & demo. during the assigned slot ar. the end of
semester AND a short video (of 1 ~ 2 mins) highlighting
• Names of the members
• Description of the project
• Attractive/Unique Features
• Equipment required
• Tentatively Due on Apr 22, 2024 (Mon) – 23:55, submission through Moodle [with the final 72
due date to be confirmed on the course Moodle platform]

Mod 1 Intro 2023 24

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ELEC3442

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 3

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 4

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 5

• Data costs are fairly low

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 7

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 8

Let’s check out this YouTube Video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vt7kXpAaqGo

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 13

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems

1. Develop basic understanding of the role of embedded systems in

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 15

2. SPECIFICATION AND MODELING

4. CPS/ES SYSTEM SOFTWARE

6. MAPPING OF APPLICATIONS TO EXECUTION PLATFORMS

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 16

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ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 18

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ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 21

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f33g1HoMqPA 22

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ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 24

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems

• Greatly enhanced functionalities with Internet connection

• Example: Samsung Family Hub

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems

• 21th century car

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 28

• 21st century logistical tagging – intelligent RFID tags

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 30

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 31

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ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 33

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• Interact with other devices, invisible to users

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 38

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 40

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 41

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 42

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems

Cyber-physical systems (!)

• “A real-time constraint is called hard, if not meeting that constraint could

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems © Graphics: Microsoft

• FOR SOME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, REAL-TIME BEHAVIOR IS LESS

• FOR CPS, REAL-TIME BEHAVIOR IS ESSENTIAL, HENCE RTS @ CPS

• CPS MODELS ALSO INCLUDE A MODEL OF THE PHYSICAL SYSTEM

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 47

BEHAVIOR DEPENDS ON INPUT AND CURRENT STATE.

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems

• DEDICATED USER INTERFACE

Def.: Information processing systems having most of the above

• ES REALLY MUST BE DEPENDABLE

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 50

ELEC3442 Embedded Systems 51

Specification Design repository Design

System software Optimization * Could be