FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH STREETISM AMONG YOUTHS IN BWAISE II-

KAWEMPE DIVISION KAMPALA DISTRICT

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO UGANDA NURSES AND MIDWIVES

EXAMINATION BOARD

IN PARTIALFULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OFTHE

DIPLOMA IN COMPREHENSIVE NURSING

BY

KIBERU TANANSI

JAN21/U020/DCN/013

NOVEMBER, 2023
 FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH STREETISM AMONG YOUTHS IN BWAISE II-

KAWEMPE DIVISION KAMPALA DISTRICT

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO UGANDA NURSES AND MIDWIVES

EXAMINATION BOARD

IN PARTIALFULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OFTHE

DIPLOMA IN COMPREHENSIVE NURSING

BY

KIBERU TANANSI

JAN21/U020/DCN/013

NOVEMBER, 2023
 Copyright
This report must not be copied, printed, reprinted without written permission of the author or
administration of Masaka School of Comprehensive Nursing

Copyright© 2023 by Kiberu Tanansi

i
 AUTHORISATION

Topic: Factors associated with streetism among youths in Bwaise ii-Kawempe division Kampala

district.

I hereby approve this work that has been produced and done by this student under my guidance

and supervision as a requirement of award of diploma in comprehensive nursing

Signature of student…………………… Date………………………………….

KIBERU TANANSI

(Author)

Signature………………………………………… Date………………………………….

MR. THEMBO HOSSEA

(Supervisor)

Signature………………………….......................... Date……………………………………...

SR. NAWUSINDO KEKULINA

(Principal MSCN)

ii
 DECLARATION
I Kiberu Tanansideclarethat to the best of my knowledge and understanding, this report is my

own and original work except where literature has been reviewed and it has never been

submitted anywhere for award.

Sign……………………… Date………………

KIBERU TANANSI

(Researcher)

Masaka School Comprehensive Nursing

P.O BOX 445, Masaka

iii
 DEDICATION

To the Divine master who has granted me health, wisdom, love, mercy, and finances through my

Aunty Mrs. Namusoke Cossy, my Uncle Kiberu Frank, mother Mrs. Egiman Grace, father Mr.

Guwatudde Patrick and relatives who have supported me throughout my education.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The production of this research report was as a result of efforts and sacrifice of good hearted

people who deserve applause.

I am so grateful to Mrs. Namusoke Cossy, Mr. Kiberu Frank, Mrs. Egiman Grace, Mr.

Guwatudde Patrick and my relatives for their support and reliable index on my education’s

progress.

Thanks to the teaching and non-teaching staff of Masaka School of Comprehensive Nursing for

their efforts during my stay in school. Great thanks go to my supervisor Mr. Thembo Hossea

who despite his other commitments spared time for the success of this research.

Much tribute goes to all my friends for their co-operation, advice and courage towards the

production of this book. Thank you all may God bless you.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Copyright.........................................................................................................................................i

AUTHORISATION.......................................................................................................................ii

DECLARATION..........................................................................................................................iii

DEDICATION..............................................................................................................................iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................v

TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................vi

LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................................x

LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................xi

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................xii

DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS..............................................................................................xiii

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................xiv

CHAPTER ONE: NINTRODUCTION.......................................................................................1

1.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background...........................................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the problem.................................................................................................3

1.3 Purpose of the study.............................................................................................................3

1.4 Specific objectives................................................................................................................3

1.5 Research questions...........................................................................................................4

1.6 Justification.......................................................................................................................4

1.7 Significance of the study......................................................................................................4

vi
 1.7.1 To the nursing practice.....................................................................................................4

1.7.2 To the nursing education..................................................................................................4

1.7.3 To the nursing research....................................................................................................5

1.8 The scope of the study..........................................................................................................5

1.8.1 The geographical scope of the study................................................................................5

1.8.2 Content scope.....................................................................................................................5

1.8.3 Time scope.........................................................................................................................5

1.8.4 Conceptual scope...............................................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................6

2.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................6

2.1 The social factors associated with streetism...................................................................6

2.2 The economic factors associated with streetism............................................................8

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY.................................................................................10

3.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................10

3.1 Study design and rationale................................................................................................10

3.2 Study Setting/area and rationale......................................................................................10

3.3. Study population...............................................................................................................11

3.3.1 Sample size determination..............................................................................................11

3.3.2 Sampling procedure........................................................................................................12

3.3.3 Inclusion criteria.............................................................................................................12

3.3.4Exclusion Criteria............................................................................................................12
vii
 3.4 Definition of variables........................................................................................................12

3.4.1 Independent Variables....................................................................................................13

3.4.2 Dependent Variable........................................................................................................13

3.5 Research Instruments........................................................................................................13

3.6 Quality Control..................................................................................................................13

3.6.1 Pre-Visiting......................................................................................................................14

3.6.2 Pre-Testing.......................................................................................................................14

3.6.3 Training of Research Assistants....................................................................................14

3.7 Ethical Considerations.......................................................................................................14

3.8 Data Collection Procedure................................................................................................14

3.9 Data Management..............................................................................................................15

3.10 Limitations faced during the Study................................................................................16

3.11 Dissemination of Results..................................................................................................16

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION..........................................17

4.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................17

4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents...................................................................18

4.2 Social factors..........................................................................................................................19

4.3 Economic factors...........................................................................................................25

CHAPTER FIVE.........................................................................................................................28

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND NURSING........................28

IMPLICATION...........................................................................................................................28
viii
 5.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................28

5.1 Discussion............................................................................................................................28

5.1.1 Demographic characteristics..........................................................................................28

5.1.2 Social factors....................................................................................................................29

5.1.3 Economic factors.............................................................................................................31

5.2 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................32

5.3 Recommendations..............................................................................................................32

5.3.1 To the government..........................................................................................................32

5.4 Nursing implications..........................................................................................................33

5.5 Research topics for further study.....................................................................................33

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................34

APPENDICES..............................................................................................................................39

APPENDIX I: CONSENT STATEMENT................................................................................39

APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW GUIDE......................................................................................40

APPENDIX III: INTRODUCTORY LETTER........................................................................44

APPENDIX IV: MAPS................................................................................................................45

A MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING THE LOCATION OF BWAISE II................................45

A MAP OF BWAISE II PARISH...............................................................................................46

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Showing the demographic characteristics of respondents..............................................18

Table 2: Showing the distribution of respondents who lost their parents, have parents but

divorced and those who have step parents.....................................................................................19

Table 3: Showing the distribution of respondents who had ever been severely punished by any

of their parents...............................................................................................................................21

Table 4: Showing the distribution of respondents who have ever been sexually abused and the

family members who abused them................................................................................................23

Table 5: Showing the distribution of respondents who came to street to look for money and

those who have family members they support financially............................................................26

x
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Showing the distribution of respondents who were attracted to street by other youths

who were already on the street......................................................................................................20

Figure 2: Showing what the respondents thought might force some youths to run away from

their homes to the street.................................................................................................................22

Figure 3: Showing the distribution of respondents who came to street because they found street

life very good for them..................................................................................................................24

Figure 4: Showing the distribution of respondents who left their homes for street because of no

food at their homes........................................................................................................................25

Figure 5: Showing the distribution of respondents who came to street because of poverty at their

homes.............................................................................................................................................27

xi
 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CDC: Centre for Disease Control and prevention

WHO: World Health Organization

USA: United States of America

DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo

CSC: Consortium for Street Children

DW: Deutsche Welle

UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund

UNHCR: United Nations High Commission for Refugees

TSI: Turkish Statistics Institute

MSCN: Masaka School of Comprehensive Nursing

LC I: Local Council I

CRO: Children Restoration Outreach

FOHO: Foundation of Hope Organisation

NGOs: Non-Government Organizations

UPE: Universal Primary Education

USE: Universal Secondary Education

xii
 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS

Factor; Is one of the things that affect an event, decision, or situation.

Streetism; Refers to the life situations of street children who usually live in the streets and

engage in menial income(Encyclopedia Britannica).

Youths; The United Nations define youths as those persons between the ages of 15 and 24 years.

Street child or youth; Any boy or girl who has not reached adulthood, for whom the street (in

the broadest sense of the word, including unoccupied dwellings, wasteland, etc.) has become his

or her habitual abode and/or sources of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, supervised

or directed by responsible adults (Dwyer, 2016).

xiii
 ABSTRACT

Introduction: There are over 2600 street children in Kampala due to unclear reasons and this

number is likely to increase if nothing is done. This predispose them to child labor and high

crime rates in the community.

Aim: To investigate the factors associated with streetism of youths aged between 15 to 17 years.

Scope: The study was carried out Bwaise ii Parish-Kawempe Division, Kampala district from

August to October, 2023.

Methodology: Descriptive and cross sectional study designs employing both quantitative and

qualitative methods. A total of 30 respondents were recruited in the study using snow balling

sampling method. An interview guide was used to collect data analyzed using Microsoft excel

and presented in form of frequency table graphs and pie charts.

Results: Social demographics indicated that 70% were males, 56.7% aged 17 years and 66.7%

acquired primary education. Regarding the social factors, the significant were: 80% due death of

parents, 58.8% hated step parents due to mistreatment, while 26.7% were sexual abused. With

regard to the economic factors the most significant were:13% could not get food at home, and

23% left their homes due poverty.

Conclusion: Majority of the factors associated with streetism were social such as death of

parents, and a few were socio economical as described above.

Recommendation: The researcher recommends that parents should plan earlier for their children

such that even when they die, their children can be catered for. The government should enforce

xiv
the laws regarding the children’s rights and also Bwaise ii leaders should monitor the village for

family related problems such as domestic violence

xv
 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction

This chapter addresses the background to the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the

study, specific objectives of the study, research questions, justification of the study, significance

of the study and scope of the study.

1.1 Background

According to the Consortium for Street Children, (2019), Streetism means living on the streets or

being of the streets. The WHO, (2023) defines youth as the individuals between the age of (15-

24) years.

Street children are a global phenomenon that has caused numerous problems for millions of

children worldwide (Quainoo, 2020). As a result, street children are marginalized in society, live

in deplorable conditions, are harassed, and are sexually abused (Dankyi & Huang, 2022). More

than one billion children are estimated to be growing up on city streets everywhere, and this

number is liable to grow as urbanization and rising world population accelerates (Gill, 2021).

An estimate of 120-150 million street children live in the world and out of this number, 50% live

in South America, 25% in Asia, and 25% in Africa (CDC, 2021). In Europe, Street children are

one of the most significant challenges for example, in Turkey, particularly in Istanbul, in the

study carried out by Gulesci et al., (2020), it is revealed that 77% of these street children come to

streets because of broken families, 23% because of domestic violence which is common in their

homes.

1
In the Philippines, there are roughly 1.5 million street children, with 70% of them being boys and

30% girls, this is because the girls are more vulnerable to various forms of abuses such as sexual

abuse and this instills fear in them to join the street-life unlike the boys (Porio, E, 2020).

In Brazil, the National Department of Human Rights reports that 23,927 children are living on

the streets due to economic problems such as poverty and low socioeconomic status (Gadd,

2021).

In Africa, statistics show that there are three million street children in various countries due to

political changes, natural disasters (flood and earthquake), parent separations and conflicts

(Alidost et al., 2021).

In Ghana the number of street children has increased from 35,000 to 90,000 in the last five years

because of the impact of divorce, death of a parent(s) or parent not being able to fend for their

children (Bawah et al., 2019). Similarly in Kenya it is estimated that there are around 250,000-

300,000 street children although the exact cause of the increased number is not known, they are

swelled by the children of refugees who have fled ongoing violence in South Sudan and Somalia

(Mutua, 2017).

In Uganda, the number of street children vary in different towns where, in both Jinja and Mbale

there are close to 600 children living on the streets and in Kampala there are over 2,600 children

working on the streets in order to support their families economically (Ebitu, 2018).

In Bwaise II, the number of the street children is increasing continuously as reported by the LCI

Defense of the area as on 1 st January,2023 but the exact cause of this is still not known which

prompted the researcher to investigate the factors that are associated with streetism among the

youths in this area.

2
1.2 Statement of the problem

Available data in Uganda indicate that there are 15000 street children in Uganda, a 70% increase

in the number of children on the street since 1993 with approximately 16 new children coming to

Kampala’s streets every day (UNICEF, 2015).

In Bwaise II, according to the LC I chairperson’s speech on 25 th December, 2022,the number of

street children has increased which has led to high crime rates because these homeless youths

end up engaging in unlawful activities like pick pocketing, gang violence and street fights.

The Ugandan government has tried to remove them through police force and dropping them off

at rehabilitation centers designed to detain juvenile criminals plus other interventions by non-

government organizations such as CRO and FOHO (Human Rights Watch, 2014). Despite the

above interventions there is still a growing number of street children.

Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with streetism

among youths in Bwaise II, Kawempe Division-Kampala District in order to generate

recommendations for interventions.

1.3 Purpose of the study

The main objective of this study to investigate the factors associated with streetism among

youths aged between 15 to 17 years in Bwaise II, Kawempe Division-Kampala District.

1.4 Specific objectives

1) To find out the social factors associated with streetism among youths aged between 15 to

17 years in Bwaise II, Kawempe Division-Kampala District.

2) To find out the economic factors associated with streetism among youths aged between

15 to 17 years in Bwaise II, Kawempe Division-Kampala District.

3
1.5 Research questions

1) What are the social factors associated with streetism among youths between 15 to 17

years old in Bwaise II, Kawempe Division-Kampala District?

2) What are the economic factors associated with streetism among youths between 15 to 17

years old in Bwaise II, Kawempe Division-Kampala District?

1.6 Justification

Streetism is a major problem in Ugandan towns that is becoming a threat and if not handled, it

will lead to increased crime rates in the areas where these children are residing and it will also

lead to increased violation of the children’s rights. Thus the aim of this study is to investigate the

factors associated with streetism among youths so that these factors are brought to light to be

mitigated by the Government, the Non-government organizations, families and any other

stakeholders dealing with the protection of children’s rights.

1.7 Significance of the study

1.7.1 To the nursing practice

The study will be a baseline for the health workers especially nurses when nursing street youths

through providing appropriate counselling to the youths in regards to the factors that may push or

pull the youths to the streets.

1.7.2 To the nursing education

The study will enable the researcher to get the award of Diploma in Comprehensive Nursing.

The study will be used by the health workers specifically the nurses to raise public awareness

through health education about the factors that can push or pull the youths to the street such that

the rate of streetism can be minimized.

4
1.7.3 To the nursing research

The study will be used as source of literature for the future studies and it will create a gap for

further studies.

1.8 The scope of the study.

1.8.1 The geographical scope of the study

The study was carried out in Bwaise II Parish, Kawempe Division, Kampala. Bwaise II Parish is

made up of 8 zones namely Katale, Jambula, Mukalazi, Nakamiiro, Tebuyoleka, Lufula,

Nabukalu, and Mugowa. The study will cover all the 8 zones.

1.8.2 Content scope

The study was focused on the factors associated with streetism among the youths in Bwaise II,

Kawempe Division, Kampala capital city.

1.8.3 Time scope

The study was carried out for two months from September 2023 to November 2023 from data

collection, data analysis, report writing and submission of dissertation.

1.8.4 Conceptual scope

The study was focused on street youths aged between 15 to 17 years.

5
 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction

This chapter presents review of literature that has been discussed by earlier writers under the

following objectives;

2.1 The social factors associated with streetism

Endris & Sitota, (2019) in their study found out that, with pertaining to street life initiatives,

among street children who participated in the study, 24.56% of them reported that they have left

home in escape of their parental punishment. Another study carried out by Mia & Islam, (2021)

revealed that some of the children are abused by their family member through giving them

corporal punishments which pushes them to run away from their homes and find peace on the

streets.

Abuse of step-parents was the driving force for young people to leave home and find comfort on

the street as revealed by a study carried out by Adebayo & Olaogun, (2019) which indicated that

19.29% of the participants left home for street because of hate of their step mothers.

Family conflict was among the other sociological factors that make young people leave home

and live on the street because the misunderstandings between the parents in most cases affects

the children more in terms of parental care and provision of basic needs like food, clothes,

education and many others hence pushing the children on the streets where they can feel safe

and escape the collateral punishments that result from the parents’ conflicts (Chauke & Mudau,

2019).

The support the children also receive from their peers on the street, which could be in form of

both materials and emotional support, encouraged streetism among urban children (Oluwaseun,

2014).

6
According to Yacob, (2018), the long-lasting family related problems inside the family house

such as family size, family disintegration, reorganization of family system and the arrival of step-

father or mother, the tradition of physically disciplining children, death of parents and peer

friendship, looking for the perceived freedom and independence serve as the social factors for

some children to leave their parents‘ home, even after governmental and non-governmental

organizations reintegrating them.

Child labor constitutes as one of the greatest sources of child abuse in Uganda (Margaret, 2015).

Child labor violates the dignity of children and prevents them from a prospective bright future as

it pushes them on to the streets to get comfort (Reid, 2013).

Those families who are living below the poverty line, cannot give proper care to their children

and children will become subject of negligence, carelessness of their parents leads them to move

out from home and start to make their own groups on the street (Crombach & Elbert, 2014).

Some children decide to leave home for the street when the family cannot satisfy their social

needs, even when the problems they are facing are more than what their age can bear, the best

option, the children think of is to leave home for the street and stay alone (Oluwaseun, 2014).

Another key finding regarding the factors that promote child streetism is the death of parents.

The death of one or both parents usually comes with the challenge of proper care, proper

guidance and protection. When a parent dies, the surviving parent is confronted with the

challenges of combining both parental roles. The inability of the surviving parent to play the

combined role often leads children to the street. In a situation where both parents are dead, the

children are left alone without any care. This situation mostly forces the children to make a

decision of moving to the street to make a living (Siibaway, 2021).

7
 According to Kebede, (2014), streetism is due to un accepted habits among youths such as

gasoline (petrol) glue sniffing, chat chewing, tobacco, hashish, alcohol etc. Yacob, (2018) in his

study reveals that children are rejected by their family because of delinquent behavior and crime

such as gambling during their early age, they are engaged in criminal activities by fighting each

other in group and sometimes destroy and plunder properties of their own families and others.

Many girls leave their homes and go to streets in case they get impregnated while still studying

and because they don’t want to be punished by their parents at home. In addition to that, some

resort to abortion of the unwanted pregnancies which they can’t do at their homes hence

resorting to street as the convenient place for them (Warf et al., 2013).

Chauke & Mudau, (2019), in their study state that young girls especially those who are staying

with non-biological fathers continue to be the victim of sexual abuse. The sad reality is that even

when a girl child reports such activity to her biological mother there is a likelihood of mother to

neglect such a case as a result of the mother trying to protect her marriage for survival thus,

leaving home to the street remains as the only option they have.

2.2 The economic factors associated with streetism

The main aim of children to enter into the street is to get sufficient food either from begging or

from any other means (Tuladhar, 2013). Their means of survival is to form groups, search for

food in garbage dumps, ask strangers for help and roam from shops to markets. These children in

Uganda are like sheep without a shepherd (Mwebaze, 2016).

Endris & Sitota, (2019) in their study state that 21% of the participants left their home for street

because of no food to eat at home.

The level of family poverty contributes to streetism in a way that the level of parents’ poverty

determines how life will be for the children at home. If the family fails to provide the basic

8
economic needs for the children, the children may go out to the street to find the means of

survival (Oluwaseun, 2014).

In addition to that, economic hardship is evaluated to have led most children to the street to work

to support themselves and their families and the growing norm whereby children are expected to

contribute to the economic sustenance of their families, thus, resulting in more and more parents

sending their children to work in the streets seeing nothing wrong with it (Amekuedi, 2016).

SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER

In summary, with regard to social factors associated with streetism they included; escape of step

parents, family conflicts, child abuse and neglect, sexual abuse, peer influence, divorce and

separation, child independence, death of parents or guardians, deviant behaviors of some youths,

unwanted pregnancies and abortion and economic factors included poverty, lack of food at home

and low socioeconomic status.

9
 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction

This chapter describes the study design, study setting, study population, sample size

determination, sampling procedure, inclusion criteria, study variables, research tools, data

collection procedures, data management, data analysis, ethical considerations, study limitations,

and dissemination of results.

3.1 Study design and rationale.

The study was cross-sectional and descriptive in nature employing both quantitative and

qualitative methods of data collection. This design was chosen because it was fitting in the

researcher’s limited resources, time, and simplicity and brought out real life experience of street

children thus yielding the best results.

3.2 Study Setting/area and rationale

The research was conducted in Bwaise II Parish situated in Kawempe Division, Kampala district

The Parish is bordered by five Administrative Parishes of Kampala City which are: Kawempe 1

Parish to the north, Kyebando Parish to the east, Mulago Parish to the southeast, Makerere III

Parish to the south East and Kasubi Parish to the southwest. Kampala City is located on the

Northern Shores of Lake Victoria formally known as Lake Nalubale and it covers approximately

1,935 sq. Kilometers along latitude 00 190 North and longitude 320 330 east of the Greenwich 00

and 19 minutes north and about 45 kilometers north of the equator. Kawempe is located on

latitude 00230 North and longitude 320 330 east (Mubiru K.P, 2013).

The coordinates of Bwaise are: 00 21 00N, 32 33 40E (Latitude:0.3500; Longitude:32.5610).

(https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwaise, n.d.). The area is led by the LC I chairperson called Mr.

Bwogezi Samuel. The main economic activity of the area is trade and the area has a number of

10
both large scale and small scale businesses including markets like Bwaise market, and Kalerwe

market. This area is chosen for the study because it has an increasing number of street youths.

3.3. Study population

The study targeted street youths from 15 to 17 years of age in Bwaise (II) Kawempe Division.

Due to children policy in Uganda that limits their consent or giving out information, the LC I

chairperson consented on their behalf and allowed the researcher and the team to interview the

street children. The children were interviewed directly. This enabled the researcher to get enough

and accurate information as per the study objectives.

3.3.1 Sample size determination

A sample of 30 youths was interviewed, both males and females depending on the UNMEB

research guidelines which state that a sample of 30 is considered to be sufficient for a diploma

student.

The researcher used Yamen’s formula to calculate sample size.

That is;

Sample size = N .

1 + N (e2)

Where N= population size

e = level of significance (0.05)

Therefore, sample size = 33 .

1 + 33 (0.052)

11
= 33 .

1 + 33 (0.052)

= 33 .

1.0825

= 30 respondents

3.3.2 Sampling procedure

A probability method was used to select the villages, and snowball non probability sampling

method was used to identify the respondents until when the sample size was obtained, the

method used because it is difficult to identify the street children since they keep on moving but

one respondent was used to identify others because they knew each other. The method was also

easy to use and not biased.

3.3.3 Inclusion criteria

The study included street youths from 15 to 17 years of age who lived in Bwaise (II) Parish.

Participation was only for individuals who voluntarily consented to take part in the Study.

3.3.4Exclusion Criteria

Anybody below 15 years or above 17 years of age was not involved in this study and all those

who did not consent voluntarily were excluded from the study. Also the youths in the parish who

are not street children were excluded.

3.4 Definition of variables

A variable is any item of interest that when manipulated can have more than one possible value

and so we say that its value changes.

12
The study involved both independent and dependent variables. The independent variables were

regarded as the predictor variables while independent variables were the outcomes.

3.4.1 Independent Variables

These are the variables which have an effect on the dependent variable under study, so that its

effects can be determined, also known as predictor variable. The independent variables of the

study were, social factors associated with streetism among youths like death of parents, child

abuse, hate of the stepmothers/ stepfathers and economic factors associated with streetism among

youths like poverty and lack of food at home.

3.4.2 Dependent Variable

This is a variable being affected or assumed by the independent variable and does not include all

the specific information. It is the variable that is used to measure the effects of the independent

variable also known as an outcome of the research. The dependent variable of the study was

streetism of youths in Bwaise(II).

3.5 Research Instruments

Data was collected using self-designed interview guide with both open ended and close ended

questions. The interview guide focused on the target group, qualitative and quantitative data was

collected from 30 respondents. This tool was preferred because some of these children may be

illiterate.

3.6 Quality Control

In order to ensure that the data collected was reliable, quality control techniques were ensured

through pre-visiting, pretesting of interview guide and training of the research assistants.

13
3.6.1 Pre-Visiting

The researcher visited the study area before conducting the study so as to familiarize with the

study setting and to identify the ways how data can be easily collected. This also helped the

researcher to contact the relevant authorities for necessary consent and active participation.

3.6.2 Pre-Testing

The interview guide was pre-tested before the actual survey was done to seek clarity and relevant

questions. Pre-testing enabled reliability of instruments that is; - verified the clarity and accuracy

of the tool and the necessary corrections were done before the interview was applied in the study

area.

3.6.3 Training of Research Assistants

Two research assistants were employed in this study to assist in the data collection process.

These were appropriately trained by the researcher to ensure that they properly understood the

requirements of the study.

3.7 Ethical Considerations

The research proposal was submitted to the research committee of Masaka School of

Comprehensive Nursing.

The committee presented the researcher with an introductory letter which was presented to the

LCI Chairperson Bwaise (II) who signed it and granted permission for the study to be conducted.

Informed consent was obtained from the respondents who were informed of their will or right to

or not to participate in the study, they were assured of confidentiality.

3.8 Data Collection Procedure

The researcher got an introduction letter from the school which he took to the LCI Chairperson

who gave him permission to approach the street youths in the parish.

14
After getting permission from the LCI chairperson of the area, the respondents were interviewed

by the researcher. During the interview, translation into vernacular to fit the respondents’

perception of questions for accurate data collection was done. Respondents were interviewed as

the researcher assistants filled in the tool. Respondents were thanked for having accepted to

participate in the study and confidentiality was highly observed.

3.9 Data Management

Data collection instruments were carefully designed and edited by the researcher and his

supervisor to guarantee accuracy and validity.

Data was cleaned after consultation to respondents before leaving the site and coded before being

entered in micro soft excel package, electronic copies were stored on researcher flash disk.

Data was edited at the end of each interview to ensure completeness, consistence, and accuracy

in recording responses. The researcher made necessary corrections in order to avoid errors.

Coding of the data was done by assigning numbers or codes to specific responses. It was done

with the aim of enabling data analysis and presentation. Data was manually analyzed by tallying.

This tallied data was then changed into percentage; the relationship between data was expressed

inform of statistical tables, graphs, pie charts where applicable. Analysis was done in order to

establish the relationship between independent and dependent variables, possible reasons for

arising relationships were stated in view of the study objectives and questions.

Quantitative data was presented in form of graphs, pie charts, and bar graphs. Data obtained was

organized for easy interpretation and respondents with similar responses were tallied together.

Using micro soft word and excel, results were presented in form of tables, bar graphs, pie charts

while qualitative data was presented as texts.

15
3.10 Limitations faced during the Study

The researcher found some limitations during the research which included;

1. Limited understanding of the specific street language (slangs used by the street kids)

2. Reaching out to the street children homes was hard since they keep changing their

residing places.

3. Gaining trust from the children to easily share their experiences was somehow difficult.

4. Short time frame and financial constraints during the process of carrying out research.

3.11 Dissemination of Results

Approved copies of research findings were distributed to the following:

1. The Uganda Nurses and Midwives Examination Board as partial fulfillment for an

award of a Diploma in Comprehensive Nursing Direct (DCND).

2. Library of Masaka School of Comprehensive Nursing for use as reference by students

doing related studies.

3. Chairperson LC I Bwaise (II) to act as a reference in related studies.

4. Supervisor.

16
 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the results obtained from the study in line with the study objectives in form

of frequency tables, graphs and pie charts. The study was confined to the social and economic

factors associated with streetism among youths in Bwaise II Kawempe Division- Kampala City

and recruited 30 respondents.

17
4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents

Table 1 : Showing the demographic characteristics of respondents.

` N=30
Character Description Frequency(f) Percentage(%)
Age (years) 15 4 13.3
16 9 30
17 17 56.7
Total 30 100
Sex Female 9 30
Male 21 70
Total 30 100
Level of education None 6 20
Primary 20 66.7
Secondary 4 13.3
Tertiary 0 0
Total 30 100
Tribe Karamajong 8 26.7
Muganda 12 40
Lango 4 13.3
Others 6 20
Total 30 100

From table 1, majority 21 (70%) of the respondents were males, more than a half 17 (56.7%)

were 17 years old and the least 4 (13.3%) were 15 years old. Majority 20(66.7%) had been

stopped at primary education and a few 6 (20%) did not get any formal education. For tribe,

majority 12 (40%) of the respondents were Baganda and the least 4 (13.3%) were Lango.

18
4.2 Social factors

Table 2: Showing the distribution of respondents who lost their parents, have parents but

divorced and those who have step parents.

Question Answer Frequency(f) Percentage(%)

Are both of your parents alive? N=30
Yes 6 20
No 24 80
Total 30 100
If no, which of parents died? n=24
Father 5 20.8
Mother 7 29.2
Both 12 50
Total 24 100
If your parents are alive, are they divorced? n=6
Yes 5 83.3
No 1 16.7
Total 6 100
Do you have any step parent? n=29
Yes 17 58.6
No 12 41.4
Total 29 100
If yes, specify the step parent n=17
Father 5 29.4
Mother 12 70.6
Total 17 100
Do you think your step parent is the reason n=17
why you are on street? Yes 10 58.8
No 7 41.2
Total 17 100

19
From table 2, majority 24 (80%) of the respondents had lost one or both of the parents and those

whose parents are alive were the least 6 (20%). Among the respondents who had lost parents a

half 12 (50%) had lost both parents and the least 5 (20.8%) had lost their fathers. For those

whose parents were alive majority 5 (83.3%) were divorced and the least 1 (16.7%) were not

divorced. Among the respondents who had lost one of their parents and those whose parents

divorced majority 17 (58.6%) had step parents and the least 12 (41.4%) had no step parents.

Among those whose parents died and those whose parents divorced, 12 (70.6%) of them had step

mothers and the least 5 (29.4%) had step fathers. Most 10 (58.8%) of the respondents with step

parents agreed that their step parents were the reason for them to be on the street and only 7

(41.2%) disagreed.

N=30

17%

83%

Yes No

Figure 1: Showing the distribution of respondents who were attracted to street by other youths

who were already on the street.

Results above show that most25 (83%) of the respondents were not attracted by other youths

who were already on the street yet a few 5 (17%) reported that they were attracted to street by

other youths who were already on the street.

20
Table 3: Showing the distribution of respondents who had ever been severely punished by

any of their parents.

Question Answe Frequency Percentage

r (f) (%)

Have you ever been severely punished by any of N=30

your parents?
Yes 18 60

No 12 40

Total 30 100

If yes, is that the reason why you left home to n=18

street?
Yes 5 27.8

No 13 72.2

Total 18 100

Most18 (60%) of the respondents had ever been severely punished by their parents and only 12

(40%) had never. Most 13 (72.2%) of those who were severely punished by their parents

disagreed that they left home to street because of being severely punished and only 5 (27.8%)

agreed.

21
 N=30

40
30
20
Percentage of respondents (%)

10
0
Unwanted Pregnancy

Abortion

Need to be independent

None of the above

Bad behaviors of some youths
Which of the following do you think might force some youths to run away from their homes to the
street?

Figure 2: Showing what the respondents thought might force some youths to run away from

their homes to the street

The results above show that majority 12 (40%) of the respondents thought that bad behaviors of

some youths might force them to run away from their home to the street and only 2 (6.7%) did

not agree with any of the alternative which were given to them.

22
Table 4: Showing the distribution of respondents who have ever been sexually abused and

the family members who abused them.

Question Answer Frequency (f) Percentage

(%)

Have ever been sexually abused N=30

at home?
Yes 8 26.7

No 22 73.3

Total 30 100

If yes, who abused you? n=8

Father 0 0

Elder 3 37.5

sibling

Step father 5 62.5

Total 8 100

A big number 22 (73.3%) of respondents reported that they had never been sexually abused at

their home and only 8 (26.7%) reported that they had ever been sexually abused and of these, 5

(62.5%) were sexually abused by their step fathers but non 0 (0%) were abused by their

biological fathers.

23
 N=30

10%

90%

Yes No

Figure 3: Showing the distribution of respondents who came to street because they found

street life very good for them.

Results above show that the highest proportion 27 (90%) of respondents did not come to street

because the street life was very good and only 3 (10%) came to street because they found the

street very good for them.

24
 4.3 Economic factors
N=30

Yes No

13%

87%

Figure 4: Showing the distribution of respondents who left their homes for street because of

no food at their homes.

The figure shows that most 26 (87%) of the respondents did not leave their homes because of no

food at home and only 4 (13%) left their homes because there was no food.

25
Table 5: Showing the distribution of respondents who came to street to look for money and

those who have family members they support financially.

Question Answer Frequency (F) Percentage (%)

Did you come to street to look for money? N=30

Yes 3 10

No 27 90

Total 30 100

If yes, do you have any family member that n=3

you support?
Yes 0 0

No 3 100

Total 3 100

Majority 27 (90%) of the respondents did not come to street to look for money but only 3 (10%)

came to street to look for money. All 3 (100%) of the respondents did not have any family

members they support financially.

26
 N=30

23%

77%

Yes No

Figure 5: Showing the distribution of respondents who came to street because of poverty at

their homes.

From the figure above, most 23 (77%) of the respondents did not come to street because of

poverty at their homes yet a few 7 (23%) came to street because of poverty at their homes.

27
 CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND NURSING

IMPLICATION
5.0 Introduction

The chapter discusses the findings of the study in line with the study objectives compared to the

previous studies including conclusion, recommendations and nursing implications

5.1 Discussion

5.1.1 Demographic characteristics

Demographic characteristics showed that most (56.7%) of the respondents were of age 17 years

followed by (30%) who were aged 16 years. This could be because youths in these age groups

are greatly influenced by their opinions and peer pressure. Respondents of the age 15 years were

the least (13.3%). This is because these youths rarely react to situations unless in severe

conditions which cannot be avoided like parental death, domestic violence, some are persuaded

by their elders or lose their truck back home.

The number of male respondents was much higher (70%) than that of females (30%), this could

be because the girls are always occupied with domestic work, are timid by nature and once on

the street many are hooked up in to bars, restaurants, early marriages and commercial sex yet the

boys can succumb to the harsh living conditions of the streets.

With regard to education status, results revealed that most (66.7%) of respondents had only

acquired primary education and (13.3%) reached secondary but some did not continue. This

might be because they lacked parental and financial support. The results are in line with those of

Ferguson, (2014) who noted that lack of funds make it hard for the street children to have quality

education.

28
Considering the tribe, majority (40%) of the respondents were Baganda because the study area is

in Buganda region and a few (13.3%) were Lango.

5.1.2 Social factors

Regarding social factors, results revealed that majority (80%) of the respondents had lost one or

both of the parents whereby half (50%) lost both parents and half (50%) lost one of the parents

implying that they had no parent to care and guide them in their lives which might have rendered

them vulnerable to both push and pull factors to streetism such as need to look for food. This is

in line with the findings of Siibaway, (2021) who stated that the death of one or both parents

usually comes with the challenge of proper care, proper guidance and protection which lead

children to the street.

Basing on whether the respondents’ parents were divorced, results revealed that among the

youths whose parents are still alive, majority (83.3%) their parents are divorced which resulted

into broken families and arrival of step parents who did not provide enough care to these youths

and this made them to go away from homes to the street. These results are in agreement with

those of Chauke & Mudau, (2019) who reported that family conflicts like divorce was among

the sociological factors that make young people leave home and live on the street.

Furthermore, considering whether step parents are the reason for the respondents to come to

street, results showed that among the respondents who had step parents, a vast number (58.8%)

of them reported that their step parents are the reason why they are on the street due to the abuse

by their step parents. This relates to Adebayo & Olaogun, (2019) who said that abuse of step-

parents was the driving force for young people to leave home and find comfort on the street.

Concerning whether the respondents were attracted to street by other youths who were already

on street, (17%) of them reported that they were attracted to street by other youths who were

29
already on street. This is because of the love and support they received from their friends who

were already on the street. This agrees with the results of Oluwaseun, (2014) who reported that

the support the children also receive from their peers on the street, which could be in form of

both materials and emotional support, encouraged streetism among urban children.

Looking at whether the respondents had ever been severely punished by their parents, results

revealed that more than a half (60%) of the respondents had ever been severely punished by their

parents but only a few (27.8%) agreed that they left home to escape parental punishments. This

agrees with what Endris & Sitota, (2019) reported that among street children who participated in

the study, only (24.56%) of them reported that they have left home in escape of their parental

punishments.

Depending on what the respondents thought might be the cause of streetism of some youths,

results revealed that most (40%) of the respondents thought that bad behaviors of some youths

such as theft and drug abuse leads to streetism of these youths as they cannot be tolerated at

home so they decide to go street where their misbehaviors can be tolerated. This relates to what

Kebede, (2014) reported that streetism is due to un accepted habits among youths such as

gasoline (petrol) glue sniffing, chat chewing, tobacco, hashish, alcohol.

With regard to whether the respondents had ever been sexually abused, result indicated that

a few (26.7%) of the respondents had ever been sexually abused and majority (62.5%)of them

were abused by their step fathers which made them uncomfortable at home and they ran away

from home to street. This agrees with what Chauke & Mudau, (2019) reported that young girls

especially those who are staying with non-biological fathers continue to be the victim of sexual

abuse which force them to run to the street.

30
Considering whether the respondents joined the street because of the street life being very good

for them, finding showed that only (10%) reported that they joined street because the street life

was very good for them compared to the life in their homes that is to say they found the street

life very conducive for them as it gives them too much freedom compared to the village life they

were coming from. This relates to what Yacob, (2018)reported that some youths join the street

looking for perceived freedom and independence.

5.1.3 Economic factors

Economically, results revealed that (13%) of the respondents reported that they left their homes

for street because there was no food. This is in line with what Tuladhar, (2013) reported that the

main aim of children to enter into the street is to get sufficient food either from begging, search

for food in garbage dumps, ask strangers for help and roam from shops to markets.

With regard to whether the respondents joined street to look for money, (10%) of the respondents

agreed and none of them had any family member(s) they supported financially. This means that

these youths came to street to work for themselves and get money such that they can fulfill their

personal desires like buying fancy materials like clothes, shoes, phones and many others. This

agrees with what Amekuedi, (2016) reported that economic hardship is evaluated to have led

most children to the street to work to support themselves.

Regarding whether the respondents joined the street due to poverty at home, (23%) of them

agreed and (77%) disagreed. This might be because of lack of basic needs at home such as food,

clothes, and education hence joining the street to in order to earn a living and fulfill some of their

basic needs. This relates to what Oluwaseun, (2014) reported that the level of family poverty

contributes to streetism in a way that the level of parents’ poverty determines how life will be for

31
the children at home, if the family fails to provide the basic economic needs for the children, the

children may go out to the street to find the means of survival.

5.2 Conclusion

From the study findings, with regard to the social factors associated with streetism of youths, the

most significant were (80%) due to death of parents, (83%) due to divorce and (58.8%) due to

hate of step parents whereas with regard to economic factors the significant were (23%) due to

poverty at home and (13%) due to need to look for food.

5.3 Recommendations

Basing on the study findings and conclusion, the following recommendations and suggestions

were thought to be helpful in handling the ongoing problem of youths streetism.

5.3.1 To the government

Public technical schools should be set up in the parish where the school dropouts can gain skills

like tailoring, carpentry, construction so that they can earn a living.

Child protection and family relations policy should be established and properly monitored in all

towns.

5.3.2 To Bwaise ii Parish Leaders

To assign responsible persons to move to all villages and monitor various family related

problems such as cruel domestic lifestyles, over drinking.

Parents should be sensitized to plan earlier for their children such that even when they die, their

children can be catered for.

32
5.4 Nursing implications

Street children are victims of alcohol and drug abuse and the stressful life styles that predispose

them to mental problems which call for nurse interventions.

Children living on street are prone to chronic and acute infections like malaria, skin diseases,

HIV/AIDS or other related diseases which is medically a burden to health workers if immediate

interventions are not sought early.

Street girls are prone to teenage pregnancies and early marriages which puts them at risk of

maternal death so nurses have got to be involved in counselling and educating children, families

and community members to eradicate this problem.

Cruel domestic life styles in homes destroy the potentials and capabilities of children that may in

the long run cause negative impact on the society and the state at large thus the need for

community nurse to intervene in the early stages.

5.5 Research topics for further study

 Health seeking behaviors of street children.

 Survival strategies of street children in Bwaise ii.

 Impact of streetism on the street children and the nation.

33
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Dankyi, E., & Huang, K.-Y. (2022). Street Children in Ghana’s Golden Triangle Cities: Mental

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Endris, S., & Sitota, G. (2019). Causes and Consequences of Streetism among Street Children in

Harar City, Ethiopia. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 7(2), 94–

99. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.7n.2p.94

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Yacob, Z. (2018). Factors Leading to Children on the Street, Challenges and their Coping

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38
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: CONSENT STATEMENT

Dear respondent,

My name is Kiberu Tanansi a student at Masaka School of Comprehensive Nursing conducting

research in partial fulfilment of academic requirements for the award of the Diploma in

Comprehensive Nursing Direct (DCND). The study is to investigate the “Factors associated

with streetism among youths in Bwaise (II)- kawempe Division-Kampala District”. The

outcome of this study is expected to guide policy and planning regarding youth streetism. I regret

that your participation in this study will not have any direct personal benefits but as stated earlier

may guide policy makers towards making better policies towards children. This exercise might

take about 10 minutes of your time to complete and all information will be strictly confidential

and will only be used for this study purpose.

Do you have any question? May I proceed with the interview now?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

Thank you!

Sign of the participant............................................ Date.......................

Sign of Interviewer: …...........................................................................

39
 APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW GUIDE

Instructions: for each question, put a tick in the box on the best answers and fill where necessary

Section A: Demographic data of respondents

1) Sex

a) Male

b) Female

2) How old are you?

a) 15 years

b) 16 years

c) 17 years

3) What is your level of education?

a) None

b) Primary

c) Secondary

d) Tertiary

4) Which tribe are you?

a) Karamajong

b) Muganda

c) Lango

d) Any other, specify……………………………….

40
Section B: The social factors associated with streetism among youths

5) Are both of your parents alive?

a) Yes

b) No

6) If no, which of your parents died

a) Mother

b) Father

c) Both

7) Do you have any step parent?

a) Yes

b) No

8) If you have a step parent, specify the step parent………………………..

9) If both of your parents are alive, what is the state of their relationship?

a) Married

b) Divorced

10) Do you think your step parent is a reason why you are on street?

a) Yes

b) No

11) Were you attracted to the street by the other youths who were already on the street?

a) Yes

b) No

12) Have you ever been severely punished by any of your parents?

a) Yes

41
b) No

13) If you have ever been severely punished by your parent, is that the reason why you

left home to street

a) Yes

b) No

14) Which of the following do you think might force some youths to run way from their

homes to the street?

a) Unwanted pregnancy

b) Abortion

c) Bad behaviors of some youths

d) Need to be independent

e) None of the above

15) Have you ever been sexually abused at home?

a) Yes

b) No

16) If you have ever been sexually abused, who was the abuser?

a) Father

b) Elder siblings

c) Step parent

17) Did you come to street because you found street life very good for you?

a) Yes

b) No

42
Section B: Economic factors associated with streetism among youths

18) Did you leave your home because there was no food at home?

a) Yes

b) No

19) Did you come to the street to look of money?

a) Yes

b) No

20) If yes, do you have any family member you support financially?

a) Yes

b) No

21) If yes, which family member(s) do you support

a) Father

b) Mother

c) Siblings

d) Husband

e) Wife

22) Any other family member you support, specify…………………………………

23) Did you come to street because of poverty at home?

a) Yes

b) No

43
APPENDIX III: INTRODUCTORY LETTER

44
 APPENDIX IV: MAPS

A MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING THE LOCATION OF BWAISE II

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A MAP OF BWAISE II PARISH

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