Introduction and anatomical

terminologies
• Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body
and the relationship of its constituent parts to
each other.
• -is one of the oldest basic medical sciences first
studied
• Formally in Egypt(approximately 500BC).
• Subdivision---- systemic , regional, functional
,clinical anatomy., embryology, neuroanatomy,
histology, surface anatomy(topographic),
radiographic, sectional and genetics.
 Anatomical planes
• Midsagittal plane—vertical plane dividing the body into
right and left halves.
• Parasagital(paramedian ) plane---vertical planes
parallel to the midsaggital plane.
• Coronal planes—vertical planes ,perpendicular to the
sagittal planes.,divides the body into anterior and
posterior parts.
• Transverse(horizontal) planes—dividing the body by
cross sections into upper and lower
parts,perpendicular to sagittal and the coronal planes
• Radiologist refer to horizontal planes as transaxial
• Superficial—close to the skin/ towards the
body surface
• Deep—away from the skin/ away from body
surface
• Ipsilateral—on the same side of the body as
another structure
• Contralateral—on the opposite side of the
body from another structure.
• Invagination—projection inside
• Evagination—projection outside.
• Ventral( anterior)—towards the belly
• Dorsal ( posterior)—towards the back
• Cranial or rostral—towards the head
• Caudal—towards the tail.
• Origin—end of the muscle which is relatively
fixed during its contraction
• Insertion---end of the muscle which moves
during its contraction.
• Belly—fleshy and contractile part of muscle
• Tendon—fibrous non-contractile part and
cord like part of muscle
• Aponeurosis—flattened tendon
 Anatomical positions
• Anatomical position
• -refers to the body position as if the person were
standing upright with the:
• -head gaze (eyes), and toes directed anteriorly
(forward)
• -arms adjacent to the sides with the palms facing
anteriorly
• -lower limbs close together with feet parallel.
• Supine position
• Prone position
• Lithotomy position
 Anatomical movements
• Are usually described as pairs of opposites.
• 1) flexion—brings the primitively ventral surfaces
together decreasing the angle.
• -takes place in the sagittal plane.
• --planter flexion and dorsiflexion.
• --lateral flexion-movement of the trunk in the
coronal plane.
• 2) extension—straightening the joint,bringing the
dorsal surfaces nearer.
 Adduction and abduction
• Adduction--Moving the body part towards
the median(midline ) of the body
• Abduction—moving the body part away from
the mid line of the body
• Inversion and eversion of foot
 Rotation

• Medial (internal) and lateral(external)

rotations—takes place around the vertical axis
• Medial rotation—inward rotation moving the
body part so that its anterior surface is faces
to the midline.
• Lateral rotation—outward rotation
• Supination and pronation of forearm
• Protraction and retraction.
• Elevation and depression.
• Elevation and depression
• Superficial and deep
• Medial and lateral
• External and internal
• Proximal and distal
• BONES
• a) Elevations and projections
• Ala—wing-like projection
• Auricular---ear-shaped
• Condyle---smooth, rounded elevation, often
covered with articular hyaline cartilage
• Epicondyle---elevation on the condyle
• Crest---a sharp ridge
•
• Facet---smooth area, usually covered with
articular hyaline cartilage
• Hamulus---hook-like projection
• Lamina---a thin plate of bone
• Spine---an elongated projection
• Trochanter---a large rounded elevation
• Trochlea---a pulley-shaped surface
• Tubercle---a small rounded elevation
• Tuberosity---a large rounded elevation.
• HOLES AND DEPRESSIONS
• Canal---a bony tunnel
• Fissure---a narrow slit
• Foramen---a hole
• Fossa--- a wide depression
•