Result & Discussions

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Chapter-4 RESULT & DISCUSSIONS
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4.1 Taguchi method

Taguchi’s parameter design offers a procedural approach for utilization of various
parameters with respect to performance quality . the material the important factor to
improve productivity of the any industries. A good performance of the tapered roller bearing
is a basic requirement to the customer and satisfy the customer demand. For this purpose
quality of a product and productivity should be with good material. Design optimization for
quality was carried out and single to noise ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were
employed using analysis result to confirm effectiveness of this approach. The signal to
noise ratio in Taguchi methodology have been widely used in engineering design to find the
optimal parameter for load and speed operation based analysis results done on the three steel
materials AISI52100, 316 Stainless steel, S235 Structural steel. the parameters is different
speeds to the different loads to the three materials. The results has been obtained and the
total parameters are 27.

When using Taguchi methods, the goal is to optimize a process or system by identifying
the factors that have the greatest impact on the response variable of interest. The S/N ratio is
a measure used in Taguchi methods to evaluate the performance of a process or system. The
larger the S/N ratio, the better the performance. The Mean of Means table is another tool
used in Taguchi methods to summarize the results of an experiment. To conclude Taguchi
results after S/N ratios and Mean of Means tables in larger is better form, follow these steps:
Identify the factors that have the greatest impact on the response variable of interest by
analyzing the S/N ratios. The factor with the largest S/N ratio is the most important factor.
Use the Mean of Means table to determine the optimal levels of the important factors. The
Mean of Means table provides an estimate of the average response for each combination of
factor levels. Choose the factor levels that result in the largest S/N ratio and the highest
average response based on the Mean of Means table. These factor levels represent the
optimal settings for the process or system. Validate the results by conducting additional

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experiments and comparing the results to the predicted values. If the results match the
predictions, then the Taguchi method has been successful in optimizing the process or
system.

4.1.1 Taguchi results for given three materials at different loading and speeds

Table 4.1.1.1 Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios

Larger is better

Level MATERIAL LOAD SPEED

1 43.81 38.77 42.67
2 38.75 41.85 41.43
3 42.96 44.90 41.43
Delta 5.06 6.13 1.24
Rank 2 1 3

Table 4.1.1.2 Response Table for Means

Level MATERIAL LOAD SPEED

1 164.85 98.02 148.32
2 95.33 127.55 127.59
3 143.30 177.90 127.57
Delta 69.52 79.88 20.75
Rank 2 1 3

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Mean of means plots

Graph1

S/N ratio plot

Graph2

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Table 4.1.1.3 Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios

Larger is better

Level MATERIAL LOAD SPEED

1 39.97 33.40 36.51
2 31.91 36.49 36.31
3 37.26 39.26 36.33
Delta 8.06 5.86 0.20
Rank 1 2 3

Table 4.1.1.4 Response Table for Means

Level MATERIAL LOAD SPEED

1 102.25 53.10 75.00
2 43.36 71.73 72.40
3 74.33 95.12 72.55
Delta 58.89 42.01 2.59
Rank 1 2 3

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 Graph 3

Graph 4

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Table 4.1.1.5 Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios

Larger is better

Level MATERIAL LOAD SPEED

1 44.55 38.30 41.20
2 37.00 41.19 41.21
3 42.11 44.18 41.25
Delta 7.55 5.88 0.05
Rank 1 2 3

Table 4.1.1.6 Response Table for Means

Level MATERIAL LOAD SPEED

1 172.78 92.73 126.55
2 77.92 121.01 126.68
3 129.98 166.94 127.45
Delta 94.86 74.21 0.91
Rank 1 2 3

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 Graph 5

Graph 6

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Table 4.1.1.7 Factor Information

Factor Type Levels Values

MATERIAL Fixed 3 AISI52100, SS316, S235
LOAD Fixed 3 1000, 2000, 3000
SPEED Fixed 3 2000, 2500, 3000

Table 4.1.1.8 Analysis of Variance

Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value

MATERIAL 2 22796 11398.2 18.24 0.000
LOAD 2 29366 14683.2 23.50 0.000
SPEED 2 2582 1290.9 2.07 0.153
Error 20 12495 624.7
Total 26 67240

Regression Equation

Principal Stress = 134.49 + 30.36 MATERIAL_AISI52100 -

39.16 MATERIAL_SS316
+ 8.81 MATERIAL_S235 - 36.47 LOAD_1000 -
6.95 LOAD_2000 + 43.41 LOAD_3000
+ 13.83 SPEED_2000 - 6.90 SPEED_2500 -
6.93 SPEED_3000

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Table 4.1.1.9 Analysis of Variance

Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value

MATERIAL 2 15620.9 7810.43 119.07 0.000

LOAD 2 7977.7 3988.83 60.81 0.000

SPEED 2 38.2 19.08 0.29 0.751
Error 20 1311.9 65.60

Total 26 24948.6

Regression Equation

Shear stress = 73.32 + 28.94 MATERIAL_AISI52100 -

29.95 MATERIAL_SS316
+ 1.01 MATERIAL_S235
- 20.21 LOAD_1000 - 1.59 LOAD_2000
+ 21.80 LOAD_3000 + 1.68 SPEED_2000
- 0.91 SPEED_2500 - 0.77 SPEED_3000

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Table 4.1.1.10 Analysis of Variance

Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value

MATERIAL 2 40617.5 20308.8 205.59 0.000
LOAD 2 25247.1 12623.5 127.79 0.000
SPEED 2 4.3 2.2 0.02 0.978
Error 20 1975.7 98.8
Total 26 67844.6

Regression Equation

Von-Mises stress = 126.89 + 45.88 MATERIAL_AISI52100 -

48.97 MATERIAL_SS316
+ 3.09 MATERIAL_S235 - 34.16 LOAD_1000 -
5.88 LOAD_2000 + 40.04 LOAD_3000
- 0.35 SPEED_2000 - 0.21 SPEED_2500
+ 0.56 SPEED_3000

4.2 Mean of means

The Mean of Means table is a tool used in Taguchi methods to summarize the results of an
experiment. It is a table that shows the average response for each combination of factor
levels. The factors are the independent variables that are being studied, and the response
variable is the dependent variable that is being measured. The purpose of the Mean of
Means table is to help identify the optimal levels of the factors that will result in the highest
average response. The optimal levels are the ones that produce the best overall performance
of the process or system being studied. To generate a Mean of Means table, multiple
experimental runs are performed with different combinations of factor levels. The responses
for each run are recorded, and the means of the responses are calculated for each
combination of factor levels. The Mean of Means table is then generated by displaying the
means of the responses in a tabular format, with each row representing a factor level and

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each column representing a factor. By analyzing the Mean of Means table, it is possible to
determine which factor levels produce the highest average response. This information can be
used to optimize the process or system being studied by selecting the optimal factor levels.
Additionally, the Mean of Means table can be used to identify interactions between factors,
which can help to further refine the optimization process.

4.2.1 S/N Ratio

In Taguchi methods, the S/N ratio is a measure used to evaluate the performance of a
process or system. The S/N ratio is calculated using the signal-to-noise ratio, which is a
statistical measure that compares the magnitude of a signal to the level of background noise.
The S/N ratio is calculated using the mean and standard deviation of the response variable.
The specific calculation for the S/N ratio depends on whether the response variable is a
"larger is better" or "smaller is better" type of variable.
The S/N ratio measures the quality of the response variable by assessing the magnitude
of the signal compared to the level of background noise. A higher S/N ratio indicates a better
quality response, which means that the process or system is performing better. The S/N ratio
is used to evaluate the performance of each factor and combination of factor levels in an
experiment. The S/N ratio is a key parameter in Taguchi methods because it provides a
quantitative measure of the quality of the response variable. By optimizing the S/N ratio, it
is possible to improve the performance of the process or system being studied. The S/N ratio
can also be used to identify the optimal levels of the factors being studied, as the factor
levels that result in the highest S/N ratio are typically the ones that produce the best
performance. In summary, the S/N ratio is a measure used in Taguchi methods to evaluate
the quality of the response variable and to identify the optimal levels of the factors being
studied. A higher S/N ratio indicates a better quality response, which means that the process
or system is performing better.

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4.2.3 Taguchi Experimental Analysis
In Taguchi experimental analysis we have performed 27 experiments using three factors
called material, load and speed of the taper roller bearing. By giving parameters such as total
deformation, maximum principal stress, maximum shear stress, maximum principal strain
and equivalent stresses(von- misses stresses) of taper roller bearing at various loading and
speeds at every possible event.
In our case of our project , ”larger is better" response variable is preferred because it
tends to be more intuitive and easier to interpret. When a "larger is better" response variable
is used, the goal is to maximize the response variable, such as production output, quality, or
yield. In this case, a larger S/N ratio indicates a better performance, which means that the
process or system is producing more of the desired output. For example, in a manufacturing
process, a larger S/N ratio would indicate that the process is producing more high-quality
products, which is the desired outcome. Using a "larger is better" response variable also
allows for easier interpretation of the results, as a larger response is typically seen as more
desirable. Additionally, "larger is better" response variables tend to have a more normal
distribution, which allows for more accurate statistical analysis.
From the results obtained from the taguchi method using larger is better variable, the
above obtained six graph plots show clearly that the AISI 52100 is the larger among three
given bearing materials at all speeds and loads. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results also
shows that the error in not more which makes this taguchi experiment more effective. So the
results obtained are satisfactory.
AISI 52100 plots are larger. In this case, larger is better which makes AISI 52100
better material comparatively from the other two materials.We consider that for this size of
bearing ,loads of1000N, 2000N, 3000N and speeds of 2000rpm, 2500rpm, 3000 rpm can
bearable. So, we must conclude that AISI 52100 is a better material in this loading
conditions and at these different speeds.

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