17M.3.SL.1Z2.2 Disposable plastic lighters contain butane gas. In order to determine the molar mass cof butane, the gas can be collected over water as illustrated below: 500cm* measuring cylinder Water a. List the data the student would need to collect in this experiment. [a] bi. Explain why this experiment might give @ low result for the molar mass of butane. (2] bili. Suggest one improvement to the investigation. Ql 17M.1.HL.1Z1.6 What is the order of decreasing ionic radius? A. S2 > Cl> > ABY > Mg@* B. Cl > S? > ABt > Mg? C. S% > Clo > Mg > AB D. Mg2* > als > cl > $2 17M.1.HL.1Z1.11 Which combination describes the PH,,* ion? Molecular geometryA Tetrahedral sp B. ‘Square planar sp c. Tetrahedral sp D ‘Square planar sp* 17M.1.HL.TZ1.12 Which combination describes the bonding and structure in benzoic acid, C,HgCOOH? oO '‘O—H Number of electron Number of z-electrons Number of o-bonds domains per carbon atom A 3 7 : ‘ 5 8 15 c 4 . : ‘ x 8 10 17M.1.HL.1Z1.13 Which species have resonance structures? 1. Ozone, O; ll Carbon dioxide, CO2 lll Benzene, CeHg A. Land Il only B. Land Ill only C. Iand Ill only D. I, Hand tl17M.2.HL.TZ1.5 Two hydrides of nitrogen are ammonia and hydrazine, One derivative of ammonia is methanamine whose molecular structure is shown below. Hydrazine is used to remove oxygen from water used to generate steam or hot water. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in a sample of water is a. Estimate the H-N-H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory. Ql b. State the electron domain geometry around the nitrogen atom and its hybridization in methanamine. (2] c. Ammonia reacts reversibly with water. Explain the effect of adding ions on the position of the equilibrium. (2) di. Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. (The association of a molecule of hydrazine with a second H’ is so small it can be neglected.) Calculate the pH of a solution of hydrazine. (3] diii Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration of hydrazine solution with dilute sulfuric acid using section 22 of the data booklet. e. Outline, using an ionic equation, what is observed when magnesium powder is added to a solution of ammonium chloride. (2]f. Determine the enthalpy change of reaction, _, in kl, when 1.00 mol of gaseous hydrazine decomposes to its elements. Use bond enthalpy values in section 11 of the data booklet, (31 g. The standard enthalpy of formation of is Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization, _, of hydrazine in (If you did not get an answer to (f), use but this is not the correct answer.) (2) hi. Calculate, showing your working, the mass of hydrazine needed to remove all the dissolved oxygen from of the sample. 3] hii Calculate the volume, in, of nitrogen formed under SATP conditions. (The volume of 1 mol of gas = at SATP.) al 17M.2.HL.TZ1.6 This question is about carbon and chlorine compounds. a. Ethane, _, reacts with chlorine in sunlight. State the type of this reaction and the name of the mechanism by which it occurs. Type of reaction Mechanism: QlFormulate equations for the two propagation steps and one termination step in the formation of chloroethane from ethane. ‘Two propagation steps: One termination step: (3) bili. Deduce the splitting patterns in the “+H NMR spectrum of C;HgCl. ul bili. Explain why tetramethylsilane (TMS) is often used as a reference standard in*H NMR. (2] ci. One possible product, X, of the reaction of ethane with chlorine has the following composition by mass: carbon: 24.27%, hydrogen: 4.08%, chlorine: 71.65% Determine the empirical formula of the product. [2] c. The mass and H NMR spectra of product X are shown below. Deduce, giving your reasons, its structural formula and hence the name of the compound. Mass spectrum: [3] 1000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 mz ‘HNMR spectrum: 6 5 4 3 Chemical shift / ppm [Source: hitp//sdbs db aist.go jp] cull. When the product X is reacted with NaOH in a hot alcoholic solution, C2H5Cl is formed. State the role of the reactant NaOH other than as a nucleophile. d. Chloroethene, , can undergo polymerization. Draw a section of the polymer with three repeating units. Ql 17N.1.HL.1Z0.39 Which compound gives this *H NMR spectrum?hl 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Chemical shift / ppm A. CHsCH20CH2CHs, B, CH;CH2OH C. CH;CH2CH,, D. CHyCH2CH20H 17N.1.SL.1Z0.1 How many atoms of nitrogen are there in 0.50 mol of (NH,)2CO;? AL B.2 C. 3.01 x 1075 D. 6.02 x 1078 17N.1.SL.1ZO.2 What is the value of x when 32.2 g of NagSO,*xH20 are heated leaving 14.2 g of anhydrous Na2SO,? M,(H20) = 18; M-(Na2SO,) = 142. Na2SO,,.xH20 (s) + Na2SO, (s) + xH20 (g) A.O.1 B.1 cs D.10 17N.1.SL.TZO.3 How many grams of sodium azide, NaN, are needed to produce 68.1 dm? of Np (g) at STP? Molar volume at STP = 22.7 dm3 mol; M,(NaN;) = 65.02NaN; (s) + 3N3 (g) + 2Na (s) A. 32.5 B. 65.0 C.130.0 D. 195.0 17N.1.SL.1Z0.4 What is the sum of the coefficients when the following equation is balanced using the smallest whole numbers? ~-CeHi20¢ (aq) + _C2HgOH (aq) + __CO2 (g) Aw B.5 cg D.10 17N.1.SL.1ZO.7 Which trends are correct across period 3 (from Na to Cl)? I. Atomic radius decreases Il, Melting point increases Ill. First ionization energy increases A. and Il only B. | and Ill only C.Iland Ill only D.1, Hand I 17N.1.SL.1Z0.8 Which oxide dissolves in water to give a solution with a pH below 7? A. MgO B.Li,0 Cc. CaOD.P,Or0 17N.1.SL.1Z0.9 The electronegativity values of four elements are given. c N oO F 26 3.0 34 40 What is the order of inereasing polarity of the bonds in the following compounds? A.CO < OF; < NO < CF, B. CF, < CO < OF, < NO C.NO < OF; < CO < CF, D. CF, < NO < OF) < CO 17N.2.SL.1Z0.2 Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists. The Activity series lists the metal in order of reactivity. Mn 4 Most reactive Ni Ag | Least reactive a. Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3 elements, Na to Ar. (2] b. Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li ~ Cs) decrease down the group. (2) c. State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus (V) oxide, P, Oxo (s), with water. fld. Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen. 12] ei. Identify the strongest reducing agent in the given list. rey) ei. A voltaic cell is made up of a Mn?*/Mn half-cell and a Ni2*/Ni half-cell. Deduce the equation for the cell reaction. a eilii, The voltaic cell stated in part (ii) is partially shown below. Draw and label the connections needed to show the direction of electron movement and ion flow between the two half-cells. ‘Mn(s) Ni(s) NF*(eq) Mn*(aq) (2) 17N.1.SL.1Z0.10 Which compound has the shortest C-N bond? A. CHsNH B. (CHs)sCNH2 C. CH3CN D. CHyCHNH 17N.1.SL.1ZO.11 Which of the following series shows increasing hydrogen bonding with water? ‘A. Propane < propanal < propanol < propanoic acid B. Propane < propanol < propanal < propancic acid C. Propanal < propane < propanoic acid < propanolD. Propancic acid < propanol < propanal < propane 18M.1.HL.TZ1.11 Which metal has the strongest metallic bonding? A. Na B. Mg Cc Al Ca 18M.1.HL.TZ1.12 Which molecules have at least one sp” hybridized atom? |. CHsCOOH I. CHsCOCHs I CHyCHCH,OH A. Land Il only B. land Ill only Cc. land ill only D. I, tland il 18M.1,HL.TZ1.13 Which can be represented with only one Lewis structure? A. CH20 BL CoHy Cc. O05 D. NOs 17N.3.SL.1Z0.8 Consider the following lipid and carbohydrate.CH20H CH20H (CH,(CH,),(CH=CHCH,),(CH,),COOH H OH OH H Linoleic acid, M, Fructose, M, = 180.18 In order to determine the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in a molecule of linoleic acid, 1.24 g of the lipid were dissolved in 10.0 cm? of non-polar solvent. The solution was titrated with a 0.300 mol dm"? solution of iodine, Ia. ai. Determine the empirical formula of linoleic acid. Ql alii The empirical formula of fructose is CHO. Suggest why linoleic acid releases more energy per gram than fructose. bi, State the type of reaction occurring during the titration. Ql bili. Calculate the volume of iodine solution used to reach the end-point. [3] c. Outline the importance of linoleic acid for human health. [2] 18M.2.HL.1Z1.1 Urea, (HN)2CO, is excreted by mammals and can be used as a fertilizer. Urea can also be made by the direct combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases, 2NH3(g) + CO2(g)_— (H2N)2CO(g) + H20(g) AH < O ail, Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea to two decimal places using section 6 of the data booklet. [2] ali, Suggest how the percentage of nitrogen affects the cost of transport of fertilizers giving a reason. Qlb, The structural formula of urea is shown. ANA N Su Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries at the nitrogen and carbon atoms, applying the VSEPR theory. Electron domain geometry Molecular geometry Nitrogen Carbon trigonal planar c. Urea can be made by reacting potassium cyanate, KNCO, with ammonium chloride, NH,Cl. KNCO(aq) + NH,Cl(aq) — (H2N)2CO(aq) + KCl(aq) Determine the maximum mass of urea that could be formed from 50.0 em of 0.100 mol dm” potassium cyanate solution. (2) d.i. State the equilibrium constant expression, Ke. ol dit. Predict, with a reason, the effect on the equilibrium constant, K:, when the temperature is increased. Ql) di Determine an approximate order of magnitude for K., using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet. Assume AG? for the forward reaction is approximately +50 kJ at 298 K. (21 ei. Suggest one reason why urea is a solid and ammonia a gas at room temperature. Ql)eli Sketch two different hydrogen bonding interactions between ammonia and water. (2) f The combustion of urea produces water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, Formulate a balanced equation for the reaction. (2) 9. Calculate the maximum volume of COs, in em3, produced at STP by the combustion of 0.600 g of urea, using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet. h. Describe the bond formation when urea acts as a ligand in a transition metal complex ion. (2) The C-N bonds in urea are shorter than might be expected for a single C-N bond. Suggest, in terms of electrons, how this could occur. fa) j. The mass spectrum of urea is shown below. 100: 80 60 40 Relative intensity 20 25 50 75{Source:http:/tsdbs db ast 90] Identify the species responsible for the peaks at m/z = 60 and dls. 60 44: (2] k. The IR spectrum of urea is shown below. 100 4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500 [Source: sdbs db aist go jp) Identify the bonds causing the absorptions at 3450 cm“ and 1700 cm“ using section 26 of the data booklet. 34500m"" 170m" 12) Li, Predict the number of signals in the *H NMR spectrum of urea. al Li. Predict the splitting pattern of the *H NMR spectrum of urea. olOutline why TMS (tetramethylsilane) may be added to the sample to carry out +H NMR spectroscopy and why it is particularly suited to this role. (2) 18M.1.HL.TZ1.40 Which would be the most effective method to distinguish between liquid propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol? A. Observation of colour change when warmed with acidified potassium dichromate B. Determination of m/z value of molecular ion in the mass spectrum C. Determination of percentage composition D. "HNMR spectroscopy 18M.2.SL.1Z2.6 ‘Some physical properties of molecular substances result from the different types of forces between their molecules. ai. Explain why the hydrides of group 16 elements (H2O, HS, HzSe and H2Te) are polar molecules. [2] aii, The graph shows the boiling points of the hydrides of group 16 elements. H:0 = & 2 3 HaTe H,Se HS 1 2 3 4 5 Period Explain the increase in the boiling point from HpS to HzTe. (21Lewis structures snow electron aomains ana are usea to preaict moiecular geometry. Deduce the electron domain geometry and the molecular geometry for the NH>~ ion Electron domain geometry: Molecular geometry: [2] 18N.1.SL.1Z0.1 How many moles of FeS2 are required to produce 32 g of SO2? (A;: S = 32, O = 16) UF eSp (s) + 1102 (g) + 2Fez0s (s) + 850, (g) A. 0.25 B. 0.50 c. 10