FORMULAS FOR BASIC CALCULUS

4th Quarter

Basic Integration Rules Upgraded Integration Rules

∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶

𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑢𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1 𝑛+1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
∫ = ln |𝑥| + 𝐶 ∫ = ln |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑢

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶

𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑢
∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑎 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 1 ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶, 𝑎 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 1
ln 𝑎 ln 𝑎

∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶

∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶

∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶

∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑢
∫ = arcsin + 𝐶 ∫ = arcsin + 𝐶
√𝑎2
− 𝑥2 𝑎 𝑎 √𝑎2
− 𝑢2 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
∫ 2 2
= arctan + 𝐶 ∫ 2 2
= arctan + 𝐶
𝑎 +𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 +𝑢 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 1 |𝑢|
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = arcsec | | + 𝐶 ∫ = arcsec +𝐶
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ln | cos 𝑥 | + 𝐶 = ln|sec 𝑥| + 𝐶 ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln | cos 𝑢 | + 𝐶 = ln|sec 𝑢| + 𝐶

∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sin 𝑥 | + 𝐶 = − ln|csc 𝑥| + 𝐶 ∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln | sin 𝑢 | + 𝐶 = − ln|csc 𝑢| + 𝐶

∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝐶 = − ln|sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥| + 𝐶 ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝐶 = − ln|sec 𝑢 − tan 𝑢| + 𝐶

∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 | + 𝐶 = − ln|c𝑠𝑐 𝑥 + cot 𝑥| + 𝐶 ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln | csc 𝑢 − cot 𝑢 | + 𝐶 = − ln|c𝑠𝑐 𝑢 + cot 𝑢| + 𝐶

Integration by U-Substitution ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥); 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Application of Indefinite Integrals

Separable Differential Equation ℎ(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

General Form ∫ ℎ(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐻(𝑦) = 𝐺(𝑥) + 𝐶

Exponential Growth and Decay 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡

 Definite Integrals
𝑛

Sigma Notation ∑ 𝑎𝑖 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛

Sigma of the Constant Multiple ∑ 𝑐𝑎𝑖 = 𝑐 ∑ 𝑎𝑖 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

Sigma of the Sum and Difference ∑(𝑎𝑖 ± 𝑏𝑖 ) = ∑ 𝑎𝑖 ± ∑ 𝑏𝑖

𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛

Summation Formulas ∑ 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑛, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
∑𝑖 = 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯+ 𝑛 =
2
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
∑ 𝑖 2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 =
6
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1)2
∑ 𝑖 3 = 13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ + 𝑛3 =
4
𝑖=1
𝑛

The Riemann Sum ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ∗ )∆𝑥𝑖

𝑖=1
𝑛

Area Under Curve 𝐴 = lim ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ∗ )∆𝑥

𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑏
𝑏−𝑎
Definite Integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ∗ )∆𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∆𝑥 =
𝑎 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑏
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎

𝑏 𝑔(𝑏)
Definite Integral by U- Substitution ∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 𝑔(𝑎)

Areas of Plane Region

𝑏 𝑏
Area Between Two Curves 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 = ∫ [𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝑙 ]𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎