Notes

KEBS 2021‐08‐24
INTRODUCTION TO EUROCODES
KS EN 1991
GENERAL ACTIONS
by Muthomi Munyua
University of Nairobi
August 2021
RECAP
EN 1990 gives guidelines for related aspects of structural reliability,
durability and quality control. It is based on the limit state concept
and used in conjunction with the partial factor method.
EN 1990 is used with every Eurocode for the design of new structures.
KS EN 1990(Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design) is the head key

code for the harmonised Structural Eurocodes.
muthomi@uonbi.ac.ke 1
KEBS 2021‐08‐24
OUTLINE
KS EN 1990(Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design) is the head key
code for the harmonised Structural Eurocodes.
KS EN 1991-1-1:
This is different to the

current BS system.
BS 8110
BS 5950
BS 5268
KS EN 1991-1
by Muthomi Munyua
KEBS 2021‐08‐24
Background
EN 1991 (Eurocode 1) provides comprehensive information and

guidance on all actions that is normally necessary to consider in the
design of buildings and civil engineering works.
The EU initiated the preparation of EN 1991 in 1985. All parts have the
UK National Annexes.
EN 1991 comprises of 10 parts.
EN 1991-1-1: Densities, self-weight and imposed loads
EN 1991-1-2: Actions on structures exposed to fire
EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads
EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions
EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions
EN 1991-1-6: Actions during execution
EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions due to impact and explosions
EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges
EN 1991-3: Actions induced by cranes and machinery
EN 1991-4: Actions in silos and tanks
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Definition of actions in EN 1990
In EN 1990 and EN 1991, actions are classified by their:

a. Variation in time – permanent, variable or accidental
b. Origin – direct or indirect
c. Spatial variation – fixed or free
d. Nature or structural response – static or dynamic
The table below shows the classification of actions with regard to

variation in time.
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Definition of actions in EN 1990
The self-weight of a structure can be represented by a single

characteristic value (Gk), provided the variability of G is small, and it
can be calculated on the basis of the nominal dimensions and the
mean unit mass.
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Representative values
A variable action has the following representative values

a. Characteristic value, Qk.
b. The combination value 0 Qk
c. Frequent value 1 Qk
d. Quasi-permanent value 2 Qk
The combination value 0 Qk takes account of the reduced probability

of simultaneous occurrence of the most unfavourable values of several
independent variable actions. It is used for the verification of ultimate
limit states and irreversible serviceability limit states.
The frequent 1 Qk is used for the verification of ultimate limit states
involving accidental actions and reversible limit states.
The quasi-permanent value 2 Qk is also used for ultimate limit state
verification involving accidental actions and for reversible
serviceability limit states.
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Factors for buildings
Information on combining Actions for particular design situations

is given on EN 1990 for both ultimate and serviceability limit
state
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KS EN 1991-1-1 Eurocode 1: Part 1.1: Densities,

self-weight and imposed load
by Muthomi Munyua
KEBS 2021‐08‐24
Scope and field of application
EN 1991-1-1 covers the assessment of actions for use in structural

design due to:
a. The density of construction materials and stored materials.
b. The self-weight of structural elements and whole structures and
some fixed non-structural items.
c. Imposed loads on floors and roofs of buildings (but excluding
snow)
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Densities of construction and stored

materials
Nominal densities of materials can be treated as the characteristic

values when determining self-weights.
The guidance in EN 1991-1-1 on densities is generally similar to that
contained in BS 648 which was withdrawn.
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Self-weight of structural elements
Methods are provided for assessing the self-weight of construction

elements in buildings, e.g. floors, walls, partitions, roofs, cladding,
finishes and fixed services.
As in BS 6399-1, loads due to movable partitions are treated as
imposed loads but in a slightly different way as there is no minimum
load on floors for offices.
Provided that a floor allows a lateral distribution of loads, the self-
weight of movable partitions may be taken into account by a uniformly
distributed load, qk which should be added to the imposed loads of
floors. The defined uniformly distributed load is dependent on the self-
weight of the partitions as follows:
<1.0kN/m qk = 0.5kN/m2
<2.0kN/m qk = 0.8kN/m2
<3.0kN/m qk = 1.2kN/m2
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Self-weight of structural elements
Traffic and Railway bridges,

The determination of the self-weight of construction elements
including coating, services and other non-structural elements is also
explained.
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Imposed loads on buildings
Table 4 of EN 1991-1-1 gives characteristic values of loads for floor

and roofs for the following categories of occupancy and use:
a. residential, social, commercial and administration areas
b. Garage and vehicle traffic
c. Areas for storage and industrial activities including actions induced
by forklifts and other transport vehicles.
d. Roofs
e. Helicopter landing areas.
f. Barriers and walls having function of barrier.
A reduction factor alpha a may be applied to the qk values for imposed
loads given in EN 1991-1-1 for floors, and accessible roofs for
maintenance purposes alpha A is a function of phi nought and the floor
area A.
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Imposed loads on buildings
Load reduction
Additionally, provided that the area is classified according to EN 1991-
1-1 6.1 into the categories of residential, social, commercial and
administration areas (Categories A to D) as described in Table 4 of EN
1991-1-1) for columns and walls the total imposed loads from several
storeys may be multiplied by the reduction factor alpha n (where
alpha n is a function of phi nought and the number of stories n)
The UK NA does not allow the use of these reduction factors and
specifies the use of the reduction factors in BS 6399-1.
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Implications for practice in the UK and

Kenya
The scope of EN 1991-1-1 is greater that for the appropriate UK

national codes (BS 6399-1 and BS 648).
There remain some topic (e.g. vertical loads on parapets and values
for actions for storage and industrial use) which are not covered as
comprehensively in BS EN 1991-1-1 when compared to BS 6399 and
these topics feature in a non-contradictory complementary
information in PD 6688-1-1, which will also provide background
information.
Most of the characteristic values for imposed loads are given in
ranges, with a value recommended within the range, and the UK
national annex generally specifies the values given in BS 6399-1. EN
1991-1-1 used together with the national annex will not alter the
current practice in the UK.
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INTRODUCTION TO KS EN 1991-1-2
Eurocode 1: Action on Structures
Part 1-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
by Muthomi Munyua
August 2021
KEBS 2021‐08‐24
KEBS 2021‐08‐24
EN 1991-1-2 covers the actions to be used in the structural design of

buildings and civil engineering works where they are required to give
adequate performance in fire exposure.
It is intended that EN 1991-1-2 is used with EN 1990 and with Parts

on structural fire design in Eurocodes 2 to 6 and 9. For fire design, fire
actions are the dominant action.
EN 1991-1-2 provides general guidance and actions for the structural
design of buildings exposed to fire.
The parts 1-2 of material Eurocodes EN 1992 to EN 1996 and EN 1999

that deal with passive fire protection of construction works made of
different materials represent an extension of the basic document EN
1991-1-2.
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Essentially the objective is to limit risk to life from fire by meeting the
following performance requirements of the structure:
a. To maintain load bearing function during the relevant fire exposure
b. To meet deformation criteria where the separating or protecting
function of the construction may be impaired by structural
deformation in the fire.
c. To maintain separating function i.e. no integrity or insulation
failure during the relevant fire exposure where fire
compartmentalisation is required.
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Practice
It is expected that the construction works must be built and designed in such a
way that in the event of fire outbreak: -
• The load bearing resistance of the construction can be assumed for a specified
period of time
• The generation and the spread of fire and smoke within the works are limited
• The spread of fire to the neighbouring construction works is limited
• The occupants can leave the works or can be rescued through other means
• The safety of rescue teams is taken into consideration
The structural Eurocodes deal with passive fire protection. This involves
designing structures and parts for adequate load bearing resistance and limiting
fire spread as relevant
National fire guidelines are very important to consider too as they form the basis
of the anticipated fire tolerances considered in the design. The national
regulation would guide on the nominal fire resistance rating or involvement of
fire safety engineering to assess passive and active measures.
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Basis of Design – Fire safe buildings
Principle 1 Fire Resistance

The fire resistance of elements of structure (beam, columns, floors, etc) is
traditionally expressed in terms of exposure in a standard fire test.
For example, structural elements within a building are expected to have a fire
resistance of 60 minutes to comply with the building regulations.
Principle 2 Safety
The risk to life safety of occupants, firefighter and others in the vicinity of the
building shall be no greater than that implied by the building regulations.
Principle 3: Limitation of fire spread

On the floor exposed to fire, excessive structural deformation shall not cause
failure of compartmentation.
Principle 4: Limitation of structure damage

In buildings of more than two storeys, damage shall be confined to the
affected floor
KEBS 2021‐08‐24
Structural fire design procedure
A structural fire design analysis should take into account the following steps
as relevant:
• Selection of the relevant design fire scenario;
• Determination of the corresponding design fires;
• Calculation of temperature evolution with the structural members;
• Calculation of the mechanical behaviour of the structure exposed to fire.
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Parametric and standard temperature time curves
Source: Newman G. M., Robinson J.T., Bailey C.G. SCI Publication P288 Fire Safe Design: A New Approach to Multi‐storey Framed Buildings
(2nd ed.) The Steel Construction Institution. 28
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Thermal actions for temperature analysis
Standard Temperature-Time curve
ϴg= 20 + 345 log10 (8t + 1) (ºC)
where:
ϴg is the gas temperature in the fire compartment (ºC)
t is the time (min).
KS EN 1991‐1‐2 Actions on structures exposed to fire 29
Compartment fire
Gas temperatures should be determined on the basis of physical

parameters at least the fire load density and the ventilation conditions.
Fire load densities can be obtained from Annex E of EN1990.
A parametric fire is defined in EN1991-1-2. The code defines the
compartment temperature in terms of:
• The compartment size  Compartment length, width and height;
• The height and area of windows  Window height, length and
percentage open window;
• The fire load density and combustion factor  The rate of burning
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Design process
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Simplified design rules
The fire load density used in calculations should be a design value based on
measurements or on fire resistance requirements given by national
guidelines
Efi,d= ƞfiEd
Ed are the effects at ambient temperature

ƞfi is the reduction factor from the fire parts of the material standard
The reduction factor ƞfi for load combination (6.10) in EN 1990 should be
taken as
,
𝜂
, ,
Slightly different equations if 6.10a and 6.10b had been used
Ψfi = Ψ1,1 or Ψ2,1 (back in EN 1991-1-2)
UK NA: Ψfi = Ψ1 in Table A1.1
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Combination rules for actions
For obtaining the relevant effects of actions Efi,d,t during fire

exposure the mechanical actions are combined in accordance to
EN 1990 for accidental design situation where the representative
value of the variable action Q1 may be considered as the quasi-
permanent value Ψ2,1Q1 or as an alternative the frequent value
Ψ1,1Q1.
The use of quasi-permanent value ψ2,1 Q1 or the frequent value

ψ1,1 Q1 may be specified in the national annex. The use of ψ2,1
Q1 is recommended.
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National Building Regulations 2015 – Kenya

Requirements for fire resistance, Volume 5: Part S
Stability, minutes
Class of
Occupancy Single storey Double storey 3 -10 storey 11-storey Basement in
occupancy
building building building Building and any building
over
Entertainment and A1 30 60 120 120 120
public assembly
Theatrical and indoor A 2, 30 60 120 120 120
sport
Places of instruction A3, 30 30 90 120 120
Worship A4, 30 60 90 120 120
Outdoor sport A5 30 30 60 90
High risk commercial B1 60 60 120 180 120
service
Moderate risk B2 30 60 120 120 120
commercial service
Low risk commercial B3 30 30 90 120 120
service
Exhibition hall C1 60 90 120 120 120
Museum C2 30 60 90 120 120
High risk industrial D1 60 90 120 180 240
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Stability, minutes
Class of
occupancy
building building building Building and over any building
Moderate risk industrial D2 30 60 90 120 180
Low risk industrial D3 30 30 60 120 120
Plant room D4 30 30 60 90 120
Places of detention E1 60 60 90 120 120
Hospital E2 60 90 120 180 120

Other institutional E3 60 60 120 180 120
(residential)
large shop F1 60 90 120 180 120
Small shop F2 30 60 120 180 120
Wholesalers’ store F3 30 90 120 120 120
Offices G1 30 30 60 120 120
35

Stability, minutes
Class of
occupancy
building building building Building and any building
over
Hotel Dormitory H1 30 30 90 120 120
Domestic residence H2 & H3 30 30 90 120 120

Detached dwelling H4 30 30 90 N/A 120
house
High risk storage J1 60 90 120 180 240
Moderate risk J2 30 60 90 120 180
storage
Low risk storage J3 30 30 90 90 120
Parking garage J4 30 30 60 90 120
NOTE: N/A = Not Applicable
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Steel Beam Example exposed to Fire
by Muthomi Munyua
August 2021
37
Worked Example
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Worked Example
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Worked Example
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Worked Example
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Worked Example
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Worked Example
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References
1. KS EN 1991-1-2:2002- General Actions- Actions on structures exposed to Fire, Nairobi: KEBS,

2012
2. Institution of Structural Engineers. Manual for the design of building structures to Eurocode 1
and basis of Structural Design, London: IstructE, 2010
3. Government of Kenya, National Planning Regulations 2015 – Government Press, Kenya
4. Newman G. M., Robinson J.T., Bailey C.G. SCI Publication P288 Fire Safe Design: A New
Approach to Multi-storey Framed Buildings (2nd ed.) The Steel Construction Institution
5. ISO 1716:2002, Reaction to fire tests for building products – Determination of the heat of
combustion.
6. EN 1363-2, Fire resistance tests – part 2: Alternative and additional procedures.
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Part 1-3 Snow load
by Muthomi Munyua
August 2021
Not a normal load in Kenya
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Case for Snow Loads in Kenya
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EN 1991-1-3 provides guidance for the calculation of:

1. Snow loads on roofs which occur in calm or windy conditions
2. Loads on roofs which occur where there are obstructions, and by
snow sliding down a pitched roof onto snow guards
3. Loads due to overhanging the cantilevered edge of a roof
4. Snow loads on bridges
Consider using this code when covering Hail.
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Case for Snow Loads in Kenya
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Counties with significant hail
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Part 1-4 Wind actions
by Muthomi Munyua
August 2021
EN 1991-1-4 is applicable to:

1. Building and civil engineering works with heights up to 200m
2. Bridges with spans of not more than 200m (subject to certain
limitations based on dynamic response criteria)
3. Land-based structures, their components and appendage
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Specific exclusions
EN 1991-1-4 is not applicable to:

1. Lattice towers with non-parallel chords
2. Guyed masts and guyed chimneys
3. Cable supported bridges
4. Bridge deck vibration from transverse wind turbulence
5. Torsional vibrations of buildings
6. Modes of vibration higher that the fundamental mode
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Modelling wind actions
The nature of wind actions is that they fluctuate with time and act
indirectly as pressures on external surfaces of enclosed structures and
because of the porosity of the external surface, also act indirectly on
internal surface of open structures.
A wind action is represented by a simplified set of pressures or forces

whose effects are equivalent to the extreme effects of the turbulent
wind.
The wind actions calculated are characteristic values. They are

determined from the basic values of wind velocity or the velocity
pressure. The basic values are characteristic values having annual
probabilities of exceedance of 0.02, which is equivalent to a mean
return period of 50 years
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Modelling wind actions
Effect of wind on the structure depends on the size, shape and

dynamic properties of the structure.
The response of the structures is calculated from the peak velocity

pressure qp at the reference height in the undisturbed wind field, the
force and pressure coefficient and the structural factor
Peak velocity pressure depends on the wind climate, the terrain

roughness , orography and reference height
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Terrain Categories
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Terrain Categories
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Terrain Categories
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Terrain Categories
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Fundamental value of basic wind velocity
The fundamental value of the basic wind velocity Vb,0 is the

characteristic 10 minute wind velocity, irrespective of wind direction
and time of year at 10m above ground level in open country.
UK NA provides a map on this basis. In Kenya, there is a table of wind

speed in use.
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Wind velocity and velocity pressures
The basic wind velocity shall be calculated from the expression below:
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Mean wind speed
The mean wind velocity at a height z above the terrain depends on the
terrain roughness and orography and on the basic wind velocity, vb
and is determined from the expression below:
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Ground roughness
The roughness factor accounts for the variability of the mean wind
velocity at the site of the structure due to:
1. Height above ground level
2. The ground roughness of the terrain upwind of the structure in the
wind direction considered.
3. The determination of cr(z) is dependent upon:

The roughness length and the minimum height defined previously for
the particular terrain
There are three terrain categories in the UK NA. This should be

avoided in Kenya, instead use the EC recommendations
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Terrain orography
Where orography increases wind velocities by more than 5%, the

effects should be taken into account using the orography factor.
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Wind action on bridges
Clause 8 covers wind actions on bridges and the limitations are:
Field of application – span length<200m, height above ground<200m
Road and rail bridges <40m span
Only applies to single decks (but multiple spans)
Simplified procedure for force in x-direction
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Implications for practice in the UK and Kenya
The scope of EN 1991-1-4 is much wider than BS 6399-2 as in includes

wind actions on other structures
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Design Example
Storage silo
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Part 1-5 Thermal Actions
by Muthomi Munyua
August 2021 Eng Kitema

(Bridge Module)
KEBS 2021‐08‐24
EN 1991-1-5 gives principles, rules and methods of calculating thermal

actions on buildings, bridges and other structures including their
structural components
Characteristic values of thermal actions are provided for the design of

structures which are exposed to daily and seasonal climatic changes.
Structures in which thermal actions are mainly a function of their use

(e.g. chimneys, cooling towers, silos, tanks, warm and cold storage
facilities)
The characteristic values of isotherms of national minimum and

maximum shade air temperatures are provided in the form of maps or
in other forms in the national annexes
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Temperature changes in bridges
EN 1991-1-5 treats temperature changes in bridges in very much more

detail than in buildings.
It groups bridge superstructures into three groups:

1. Steel deck on steel box, truss or plate girders
2. Concrete deck on steel box, truss or plate girders
3. Concrete lab or concrete deck on concrete beams or box girders
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The guidance in this part relating to building structures is not covered

in UK loading standards.
The guidance in EN 1991-1-5 and the UK national annex is similar to
current practice
Very important for bridges and not usually applied in Buildings.
Even in steel, thermal actions are not considered in portal frames

unless the span exceeds 140m.
Expansion joints
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UK NA minimum isotherms
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UK NA maximum isotherms
Temperature
From KMD
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Part 1-6 Actions during Execution
by Muthomi Munyua
August 2021
KEBS 2021‐08‐24
EN 1991-1-6 covers assessment of actions, combinations of actions

and environmental influences during execution stage, including those
actions applied to auxiliary construction works e.g. scaffolding,
propping and bracing, for use in structural design of buildings and
bridges.
The safety of people on construction sites is not within the scope of EN
1991-1-6
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Design situations during executions
EN 1991-1-6 gives guidance on identification of transient design

situations
EN 1991-1-6 requires that any selected transient design situation be
associated with ‘a nominal duration equal to, or greater than, the
anticipated duration of the stage of execution under consideration.’
Other ultimate limit state design situation e.g accidental and seismic
situations need to be considered.
Serviceability limit states for the selected design situations during
execution need to be verified, as appropriate, in accordance with EN
1990.
The need to consider seismic actions is described. Accidental actions
for buildings and bridges which may lead to collapse or damage during
execution are described and need to check the relevant limit state is
defined.
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Representation of actions
Actions during execution are classified in accordance with EN 1990

and may include:
Those actions that are not construction loads; and
Construction loads
Approaches for taking construction loads into account:

Site visitors and personnel with hand tools
Non-permanent equipment
Storage movable items
Movable heavy machinery and equipment (e.g. cranes)
Accumulation of waste materials
Loads from parts of a structure in temporary states
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Part 1-7 Accidental actions due to Impact and

Explosions
by Muthomi Munyua
August 2021
KEBS 2021‐08‐24
Cooperative Building
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Ronan Point UK
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Car accident
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Accidental actions on the under side of bridge
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Debris impacting a bridge
Photo:
Eng Kitema
(Bridge Module)
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EN 1991-1-7 describes safety strategies for accidental design

situations. It recommends design values for the most common cases
of accidental actions from impact and explosion
It gives design models and also details provisions which may be used
as alternatives to design verifications. It also provides more advanced
impact and explosion design concepts
External explosion, warfare or malicious damage, or natural

phenomena such as tornadoes, extreme erosion or rock falls, are not
in the scope of EN 1991-7
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Underlying philosophy
The selected accidental design situations should be sufficiently severe

and varied so as to encompass all conditions which can be reasonably
foreseen.
Accidental actions are required to be taken into account, depending

on:
1. Possible consequences of damage;
2. The probability of occurrence of the initiating event
3. The provisions of preventing or reducing the hazard and the
exposure of the structure to the hazard.
4. Acceptable level of risk.
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Design situations
EN 1991-1-7 recognises that no structure can be expected to resist all

action arising from an extreme cause and that residual risk will be
present in practice.
It requires than no structure can be expected to resist all actions
arising from an extreme cause and that residual risk will be present in
practice. It requires there to be a reasonable probability that the
structure will not be damaged to an extent of disproportionate to the
original cause. Localized damage due to an accidental action may be
acceptable.
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Design situations
EN 1991-1-7 recommends two strategies to be considered for

accidental design situations:
1. Strategies based on identified accidental action e.g. some
explosions and impact
2. Strategies based on limiting the extent of localized failure
Three categories.
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
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Accidental actions due to impact
Impact actions are defined and collision forces given for:

1. Impact from vehicles on walls of buildings and supporting
substructures
2. Impact from vehicles on the underside of buildings.
3. Impact from fork lift trucks
4. Impact from derailed trains
5. Hard landings by helicopters on roofs
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EN 1991-1-7 covers accidental actions arising from gas explosions in

buildings.
Accidental actions are covered in BS 6399-1 and BS 5400. EN 1991-1-7

comprehensively covers the topic of accidental actions in one
document.
PD 6688-1-7, which will give background information to the national

annex.
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Accidental actions due to explosions
EN 1991-1-7 covers accidental actions arising from gas explosions in

buildings.
Category 1 no specific consideration
Category 2 and 3, requires that the structure is designed to resist the

accidental actions either using simplified analysis for key elements
based upon equivalent static load models.
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Categories
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Class 1
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Class 1
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Class 2a
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Class 2b
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Class 2b
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Class 3
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Class 3
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Class 1
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Class 2a (Lower Risk)
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Class 2a (Higher Risk)
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Class 3
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Shear and tying Resistance of Connections
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INTRODUCTION TO KS EN 1991-2
Part 2 Traffic loads on bridges
by Muthomi Munyua
August 2021
KEBS 2021‐08‐24
EN 1991-2 specifies imposed loads (models and representative values)

associated with traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which
include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking,
acceleration and accidental forces.
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Part 3 Actions induced by cranes and machinery
by Muthomi Munyua
August 2021
KEBS 2021‐08‐24
EN 1991-3 specifies actions, self-weights and imposed loads (models

and representative values) associated with hoists, crabs and cranes on
runway beams and static and dynamic actions induced in supporting
structures by machinery
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Actions induced by cranes
Categorised into two categories:

Underslung trolleys on runways
Overhead travelling cranes
Compatible with provisions of EN 13001-1 to facilitate the exchange of

data with crane suppliers.
Guidance for the determination of the following load arrangements is

provided:
1. Vertical loads from load of rails
2. Horizontal loads from rails.
3. Vertical loads from overhead travelling cranes
4. Horizontal load from overhead travelling cranes
5. Multiple crane action
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Actions induced by machinery
Actions included by machinery are classified as permanent, variable

and accidental.
Permanent actions during service include the self-weight of all fixed

and movable parts and static actions from service.
Variable actions from machinery during normal service are dynamic

actions caused by accelerating masses
Accidental actions – accidental magnification of the eccentricity of

masses, lack of synchronisation between generators and machines
impact effects from pipes on shutting down.
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Design for actions induced by cranes and

machinery
by Sedlacek, G., Schneider, R. & Schafer, N.
August 2021
113
Actions induced by machinery
https://estudijas.llu.lv/pluginfile.php/127337/mod_resource/content/1/20100609%20Exemple‐
Aachen%20Piraprez%20Eug%C3%A8ne.pdf
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Part 4 Actions in silos and tanks
by Muthomi Munyua
August 2021
KEBS 2021‐08‐24
EN 1991-4 gives general principles and rules for determining actions

arising from the storage of bulk materials and liquids in silos and tank.
Limited to:
1. Silos with limited eccentricity of inlet and outlet, with small impact
effects caused by filling, and with discharge devices which do not
cause shock or eccentricities beyond the given limitation
2. Silos containing particulate materials which are free-flowing and
have a low cohesion
3. Silos containing particulate materials which are free-flowing and
have a low cohesion
4. Tanks with liquids stored at normal atmospheric pressure.
24 August 2021 117
Background
The classical Janssen theory for filling was adopted as a basis.
For discharge and special cases, empirical parameters were used.
24 August 2021 118
KEBS 2021‐08‐24
Design situations
The classical Janssen theory for filling was adopted as a basis.
The theory of Janssen was rapidly found to give quite a good

representation of the pressures in a silo after it was filled.
For discharge and special cases, empirical parameters were used.
24 August 2021 119
CONCLUSION
EN 1991 gives comprehensive information all actions that should

normally be considered in the design of building and civil engineering
structures.
It is intended primarily for use with the material Eurocodes and

Geotechnical and Seismic Design for structural design and verification
on the basis of the overall design principles for limit state design given
in EN 1990.
24 August 2021 120
KEBS 2021‐08‐24
Feedback
feedback
muthomi@uonbi.ac.ke
24 August 2021 121

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KEBS 2021‐08‐24

KS EN 1990(Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design) is the head key

This is different to the

EN 1991 (Eurocode 1) provides comprehensive information and

Definition of actions in EN 1990

In EN 1990 and EN 1991, actions are classified by their:

The table below shows the classification of actions with regard to

Definition of actions in EN 1990

The self-weight of a structure can be represented by a single

A variable action has the following representative values

The combination value 0 Qk takes account of the reduced probability

Factors for buildings

Information on combining Actions for particular design situations

KS EN 1991-1-1 Eurocode 1: Part 1.1: Densities,

Scope and field of application

EN 1991-1-1 covers the assessment of actions for use in structural

Densities of construction and stored

Nominal densities of materials can be treated as the characteristic

Self-weight of structural elements

Methods are provided for assessing the self-weight of construction

Self-weight of structural elements

Traffic and Railway bridges,

Imposed loads on buildings

Table 4 of EN 1991-1-1 gives characteristic values of loads for floor

Imposed loads on buildings

Implications for practice in the UK and

The scope of EN 1991-1-1 is greater that for the appropriate UK

Eurocode 1: Action on Structures

Part 1-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire

Scope and field of application

EN 1991-1-2 covers the actions to be used in the structural design of

It is intended that EN 1991-1-2 is used with EN 1990 and with Parts

The parts 1-2 of material Eurocodes EN 1992 to EN 1996 and EN 1999

Scope and field of application

Basis of Design – Fire safe buildings

Principle 1 Fire Resistance

Principle 3: Limitation of fire spread

Principle 4: Limitation of structure damage

Structural fire design procedure

Parametric and standard temperature time curves

Thermal actions for temperature analysis

Standard Temperature-Time curve

ϴg= 20 + 345 log10 (8t + 1) (ºC)

KS EN 1991‐1‐2 Actions on structures exposed to fire 29

Gas temperatures should be determined on the basis of physical

KS EN 1991‐1‐2 Actions on structures exposed to fire 30

Simplified design rules

Ed are the effects at ambient temperature

Combination rules for actions

For obtaining the relevant effects of actions Efi,d,t during fire

The use of quasi-permanent value ψ2,1 Q1 or the frequent value

National Building Regulations 2015 – Kenya

National Building Regulations 2015 – Kenya

Low risk industrial D3 30 30 60 120 120

Plant room D4 30 30 60 90 120

Places of detention E1 60 60 90 120 120

Hospital E2 60 90 120 180 120

Small shop F2 30 60 120 180 120

Wholesalers’ store F3 30 90 120 120 120

Offices G1 30 30 60 120 120

National Building Regulations 2015 – Kenya

Domestic residence H2 & H3 30 30 90 120 120

NOTE: N/A = Not Applicable

Steel Beam Example exposed to Fire