23' Winter Workbook Reading

DIGITAL SAT READING WORKBOOK
VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT
VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 1.........................................................................................................................1
VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 2.........................................................................................................................8
VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 3......................................................................................................................15
VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 10...................................................................................................................61

DIGITAL SAT READING WORKBOOK
BIG PICTURE
BIG PICTURE 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 85
BIG PICTURE 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 97
BIG PICTURE 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 110
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
LITERAL COMPREHENSION 1 ................................................................................................................... 124
INFERENCE
INFERENCE 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 140
INFERENCE 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 152
INFERENCE 3 .................................................................................................................................................... 165
STUDENT’S NOTE
STUDENT’S NOTES 1 .................................................................................................................................... 181
STUDENT’S NOTES 2 .................................................................................................................................... 197
STUDENT’S NOTES 3 .................................................................................................................................... 213
EXTENDED REASONING
EXTENDED REASONING 1.......................................................................................................................... 229
EXTENDED REASONING 2.......................................................................................................................... 239

READING
VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 1
- 1 -
Reading : Vocabulary-In-Context
Reading : Vocabulary-in-Context 1
Stephen Hawking's book, A Brief History of Time, presents a broad overview of cosmology, from the Big
Bang to black holes. Despite discussing a complex subject, Hawking's use of clear language and relatable
analogies has (---------------) the understanding of cosmology for the general public, making it a bestseller.
Which choice completes the passage with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) obscured
B) popularized
C) mystified
D) belittled
The Amazon Rainforest, often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth", plays a critical role in the world's
oxygen cycle. However, extensive deforestation, largely due to agricultural practices, has (---------------) the
delicate ecological balance of this biodiverse region.
A) augmented
B) jeopardized
C) revitalized
D) mitigated
In the Renaissance, the arts flourished with a renewed interest in the aesthetics of classical antiquity.
Among the prominent artists of this period, Michelangelo Buonarroti's sculptural works, such as the
statue of David, (---------------) the ideals of humanistic beauty.
A) negated
B) overshadowed
C) encapsulated
D) dissolved
- 2 -
The following text 1s adapted from F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel The Great Gatsby. The passage
describes Gatsby's extravagant parties.
There was music from my neighbor’s house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens, men and girls
came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the
afternoon, I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft or taking the sun on the hot sand of his
beach, while his two motor-boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam.
On weekends, his Rolls-Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city, between the
colossal unrest of Gatsby's house and the riotous gardens that lapped the shore.
As used in the text, what does the word "colossal” most nearly mean?
A) enormous
B) petite
C) subtle
D) rustic
Cryptocurrencies, underpinned by blockchain technology, have introduced a novel approach to financial

transactions, providing a decentralized and potentially more secure method of exchanging value.
However, the volatility of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, (---------------) their widespread adoption as a
stable form of currency.
A) expedites
B) hampers
C) inflates
D) magnifies
The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 marked a significant turning point in medical
history, heralding the era of antibiotics. This development, which has saved countless lives by combating
bacterial infections, underscores the (---------------) of scientific research in improving human health.
A) frivolity
B) detriment
C) indispensability
D) redundancy
- 3 -
Frida Kahlo, a renowned Mexican artist, is celebrated for her deeply personal and symbolic paintings.
Often drawing on her own experiences and suffering, Kahlo's artwork (---------------) the boundaries
between personal narrative and universal themes of human existence.
A) emboldens
B) blurs
C) confines
D) segregates
Climate change, caused primarily by human activities, poses a significant threat to the planet's
biodiversity. Rising global temperatures and the resultant shifts in weather patterns (---------------) the
survival of numerous species, potentially leading to massive extinction events.
A) invigorate
B) tranquilize
C) impril
D) insulate
In the world of classical music. Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 stands as a monumental
achievement, not only for its ambitious scale but also for the unprecedented inclusion of a choral finale.
This groundbreaking innovation (---------------) Beethoven's place in the pantheon of great composers.
A) reaffirmed
B) distorted
C) dismissed
D) obscured
10
The author’s (---------------) writing style was praised by critics for its precision and economy of language.
Despite the apparent simplicity of the author 's prose , readers often found themselves moved by the
depth of emotion that lay beneath the surface.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) prolific
B) extraneous
C) succinct
D) terse
- 4 -
11
Throughout his career. renowned physicist Albert Einstein demonstrated an (---------------) dedication to
unraveling the mysteries of the universe. His relentless pursuit of knowledge involved pushing the
boundaries of scientific understanding and challenging existing theories. Einstein's revolutionary theory
of relativity, with its groundbreaking concepts of space, time. and gravity, remains one of the most
profound contributions to modern physics.
A) unwavering
B) incidental
C) intermittent
D) obligatory
12
James Baldwin, a well-known author and social critic, gave compelling speeches that evoked emotion and
provoked thought. His (---------------) use of language evoked deep understanding of the plight and
experiences of African Americans.
A) trivial
B) poignant
C) superficial
D) indolent
13
The political scientist argued that the current system of campaign finance was (---------------) to the
democratic process, as it allowed a small group of wealthy individuals and corporations to wield outsized
influence over the political system. She called for reforms that would limit the amount of money that could
be contributed to political campaigns.
A) detrimental
B) fortuitous
C) beneficial
D) disinterested
14
The historian's research uncovered new evidence that challenged long-held beliefs about the causes of
World War II. Her work was widely praised for its (---------------) approach to the study of history, which
emphasized the importance of questioning conventional wisdom and considering multiple perspectives.
A) conventional
B) innovative
C) orthodox
D) traditional
- 5 -
15
The novelist’s latest work explores the (---------------) of memory. often using unconventional narrative
structures and symbolism to convey the fragmented nature of personal recollection. This approach
challenges readers to question the reliability of their own memories and to consider the ways in which
individual experiences shape their understanding of the world.
A) clarity
B) persistence
C) elusiveness
D) simplicity
16
The philosopher's argument hinges on the (---------------) of justice as a social construct, rather than a
universal moral principle. This perspective allows for a more nuanced consideration of how different
societies define and enforce justice.
A) necessity
B) contingency
C) infallibility
D) universality
17
The historian's research revealed the (---------------) of gender in shaping political discourse during the
early 20th century. Despite significant contributions by women activists, their voices were often
marginalized in mainstream political discussions.
A) ambiguity
B) insignificance
C) significance
D) irrelevance
18
The sociologist argues that the (---------------) of race and class intersect in complex ways to shape social
inequality in contemporary America. For example, economic opportunities and social mobility are often
limited for individuals from racial and ethnic minorities.
A) diversity
B) intersectionality
C) uniformity
D) segregation
- 6 -
19
Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice presents a keen social commentary on 19th century England.
particularly its class system. The novel's heroine, Elizabeth Bennet, is a character who (---------------)
societal expectations of women, offering a critique of gender roles of her time.
A) mirrors
B) emulates
C) transcends
D) encompasses
20
In the field of computer science, the term "artificial intelligence" refers to the capability of a machine to
imitate intelligent human behavior. While advancements in Al technology have been remarkable, ethical
concerns about its misuse and the potential for AI to become uncontrollably powerful (---------------) a
critical ongoing debate.
A) circumvent
B) ignite
C) trivialize
D) encapsulate
- 7 -
READING
- 8 -
The following text is adapted from Jorge Luis Borges' 1941 short story "The Library of Babel." The passage
describes a vast and incomprehensible library that contains all possible books.
The Library of Babel contains every book that has ever been written, and every book that could ever be
written. Its hexagonal rooms extend endlessly. filled with an unfathomable arrangement of books, some
incomprehensible, some contradicting each other, and others containing the key to all knowledge.
As used in the text, what does the word "incomprehensible” most nearly mean?
A) coherent
B) bewildering
C) banal
D) conspicuous
In Arthur C. Clarke's classic science fiction novel, 2001: A Space Odyssey, the superintelligent computer
HAL 9000 takes a prominent role. As the narrative unfolds, HAL's actions showcase the potential dangers
and moral implications when artificial intelligence (---------------).
A) becomes obsolete
B) is underdeveloped
C) exceeds human control
D) lacks sufficient power
The Parthenon in Athens is a prime example of Ancient Greek architecture and remains an enduring
symbol of Ancient Greece's cultural achievements. Built primarily in marble, the temple is renowned for
its unique architectural feature, the optical illusion of its columns, which are subtly (---------------) to create
the appearance of straight lines.
A) illuminated
B) curved
C) painted
D) shortened
- 9 -
A fascinating phenomenon in linguistics is the formation and evolution of pidgin languages. These
simplified forms of language typically arise in situations where groups with no common language need to
communicate, often evolving and becoming more complex, eventually (---------------) into full-fledged
creole languages.
A) contracting
B) morphing
C) regressing
D) separating
The French Impressionist artist Claude Monet is renowned for his series of paintings, each depicting the
same subject under different lighting and weather conditions. His series of paintings featuring haystacks,
poplar trees, and the water lilies in his garden at Giverny exemplify his dedication to capturing the
transient effects of natural light. Monet's artistic approach has been described as a form of visual
(---------------) .
A) chronology
B) symmetry
C) taxonomy
D) poetry
In the world of cryptography, the Enigma machine used by Germany during World War II represents one
of the most notorious encoding devices. The machine's complexity lay in its rotating mechanical rotors,
which changed the encryption key after each character was typed. This constant shifting of the cipher
made it incredibly challenging for Allied codebreakers to (---------------) the Enigma's coded messages.
A) transcribe
B) decipher
C) annotate
D) authenticate
- 10 -
In his revolutionary book, On the Origin of Species (1859), Charles Darwin introduced the concept of
natural selection as a driving force for evolution. This theory postulates that organisms better adapted to
their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, thereby (---------------) their advantageous
traits to future generations.
A) bequeathing
B) removing
C) amalgamating
D) refurbishing
In times of crisis, the role of social workers becomes increasingly (---------------) , as they provide essential
support and resources to individuals and families in need. By addressing issues such as unemployment,
substance abuse, and mental health, social workers contribute to the overall well-being of the community.
Which choice best describes the role of social workers in times of crisis?
A) indispensable
B) optional
C) trivial
D) unrelated
The relationship between income inequality and social mobility is (---------------) ;while higher income
inequality can make it more challenging for people from lower-income backgrounds to climb the
socioeconomic ladder, some argue that it also incentivizes hard work and innovation.
A) insignificant
B) harmonious
C) complex
D) unrelated
10
Known for his experimental and innovative style, John Ashbery often used collage techniques and
borrowed material from various sources to create poems that (---------------) the boundaries between
genres and forms.
A) erase
B) reinforce
C) ignore
D) blur
- 11 -
11
In the study of social psychology, Dr. Lisa Kim notes that individuals often exhibit a confirmation bias,
wherein they tend to (---------------) information that supports their preexisting beliefs and opinions while
dismissing or ignoring evidence that contradicts their views.
A) embrace
B) refute
C) undermine
D) resist
12
In democratic societies, the concept of free speech is often regarded as a fundamental human right.
However, governments must strike a balance between protecting individual liberties and preventing (-----
----------) that could harm others or incite violence. It is important to maintain a society where different
opinions can coexist without causing harm.
A) expression
B) reconciliation
C) cinorinuse
D) incitement
13
The writer's use of vivid imagery and sensory details helps to (---------------) the reader into the story,
creating a sense of immersion and emotional connection. This technique is common in literary works that
seek to evoke strong feelings and impressions in the reader.
A) disrupt
B) draw
C) entertain
D) repel
14
Cultural relativism is an idea that a person’s beliefs and behaviors should be understood within the
context of their own culture. This principle is based on the idea that cultural (---------------) should not be
imposed on other cultures.
A) diversity
B) superiority
C) hegemony
D) assimilation
- 12 -
15
In contemporary American society, the concept of hegemonic masculinity is exemplified by the image of
the macho, aggressive, dominant man who exerts his power over others. This (---------------) of gender
roles can be seen in popular media such as action movies and professional sports, which often reinforce
traditional gender roles and expectations.
A) flexibility
B) rigidity
C) fluidity
D) ambiguity
16
During the Renaissance, humanist scholars valued the study of ancient texts which they believed held
deep wisdom. Their (---------------) approach to education had a profound impact on the intellectual and
cultural life of Europe.
A) desultory
B) venerative
C) blasé
D) dismissive
17
Marie Curie's contributions to science were groundbreaking. Her (---------------) work in the field of
radioactivity paved the way for numerous advancements in medical and scientific research.
A) perfunctory
B) meager
C) ingrained
D) pioneering
18
The human psychological phenomenon known as "cognitive dissonance” refers to the discomfort a person
feels when they hold two contradictory beliefs simultaneously. To mitigate this discomfort, individuals
will often (---------------) their beliefs.
A) publicize
B) discard
C) reconcile
D) intensify
- 13 -
19
When governments implement policies to reduce air pollution,they typically target industries that emit
large amounts of harmful pollutants. By enforcing stricter regulations and promoting clean technologies,
these policies (---------------) the negative impact of pollution on public health and the environment.
A) mitigate
B) aggravate
C) condone
D) provoke
20
Ethnographers often immerse themselves in the communities they study to gain a deeper understanding
of their subjects' lives and cultures. Through this immersive approach, they are able to (---------------) the
nuances of social interactions and customs that might otherwise go unnoticed.
A) apprehend
B) overlook
C) distort
D) contradict
- 14 -
READING
- 15 -
LADY WINDERMERE: I must say, I find it quite difficult to comprehend the complexities of the situation.
LORD DARLINGTON: Indeed, it can be a(n) (---------------) task to untangle such intricate matters.
A) dauntless
B) petty
C) arduous
D) effortless
HELENA: How do you remain so calm in the face of adversity?
OLIVIA: I've learned to (---------------) the negative aspects of life and focus on the positive.
A) relish
B) exaggerate
C) dispel
D) magnify
The playwright's work explores the (---------------) of human existence through vivid characters and
complex relationships. In particular, the play examines how individuals navigate difficult decisions and
cope with the consequences of their actions.
A) simplicity
B) clarity
C) complexity
D) familiarity
The debate over gun control in the United States is highly controversial, with many people advocating for
(---------------) while others believe in the absolute right to bear arms.
A) concessions
B) liberties
C) regulations
D) allowances
- 16 -
The concept of "social capital” refers to the (---------------) of social networks and the benefits that can be
derived from them, such as trust, cooperation, and reciprocity. Social capital can be an important resource
for individuals and communities, as it can help facilitate economic development, political engagement, and
social cohesion.
A) strength
B) deficiencies
C) resources
D) impediments
The concept of race needs to be (---------------) as a social construct, rather than a biological fact. While
there may be physical differences between individuals of different races, these differences are not
meaningful in any scientific sense. Instead, race is a category created by society that reflects power
dynamics and historical circumstances.
A) upheld
B) viewed
C) rejected
D) applied
Many historians agree that cultural exchange during the Silk Road era was as it allowed for the
dissemination of (---------------) ideas, art, and technology between civilizations. This sharing of knowledge
and goods helped to establish lasting connections and enriched societies for centuries.
Which choice best describes the cultural exchange during the Silk Road era?
A) insignificant
B) detrimental
C) limited
D) impactful
Language barriers can be (---------------) when it comes to international communication ; for instance ,
misunderstandings may arise during business negotiations or diplomatic talks . Additionally , language
barriers can prevent individuals from accessing essential services and resources in a foreign country.
A) trivial
B) beneficial
C) detrimental
D) supplementary
- 17 -
Due to their intricate plot twists, unreliable narrators, and complex character motivations, many of Agatha
Christie’s novels can be quite challenging to (---------------) and thus are the subject of much discussion
among readers.
A) publish
B) solve
C) write
D) ignore
10
Renowned art historians like Emily Schroder have observed that the use of natural lighting and the artist's
ability to portray realistic emotions in Baroque paintings create (---------------) depth,drawing viewers into
the scene and evoking powerful emotional responses.
A) a superficial
B) a negligible
C) a profound
D) an insubstantial
11
Historian Dr. Martin Reynolds posits that the decline of the ancient Roman Empire was multifaceted, and
while he (---------------) the significance of internal strife and political instability, he also emphasizes the
role of external factors, such as barbarian invasions and disease, in the empire's eventual collapse.
A) discounts
B) acknowledges
C) dismisses
D) downplays
12
In an effort to reduce poverty, many countries have implemented social welfare programs that aim to (-----
----------) income inequality. By providing financial assistance and resources to vulnerable populations,
these programs help to alleviate economic disparities and support low-income families.
A) exacerbate
B) dismiss
C) mitigate
D) reinforce
- 18 -
13
Language acquisition is a complex process that typically begins in early childhood, when children start to
(---------------) linguistic patterns and develop their vocabulary. As they grow older, they continue to refine
their language skills by learning grammar, syntax, and other linguistic nuances.
A) disregard
B) internalize
C) resist
D) regress
14
During the Great Depression, many countries experienced widespread economic turmoil, including high
unemployment rates and severe poverty. In response, governments implemented various measures to (---
------------) their economies and restore stability, such as public works programs and monetary policy
interventions.
A) dismantle
B) stimulate
C) ignore
D) aggravate
15
The Renaissance was a period of cultural, artistic, and intellectual (---------------) that spanned from the
14th to the 17th century. During this time, there was a renewed interest in the arts, science, and literature,
as well as a resurgence of learning based on classical sources.
A) decline
B) stagnation
C) suppression
D) flourishing
16
In the aftermath of the war, the nation’s leaders vowed to enact measures to (---------------) the power of
the military and prevent future conflicts. This commitment to diplomacy and peacekeeping helped to
establish the country's reputation as a leader in international relations.
A) enhance
B) curtail
C) promote
D) expand
- 19 -
17
The practice of yoga dates back to ancient India and is much more than mere physical exercise. It
encompasses a holistic approach, integrating the body, mind, and spirit. Central to the practice of yoga is
pranayama, a set of breathing techniques that aim to (---------------) the flow of energy in the body.
A) proliferate
B) harmonize
C) incite
D) repel
18
In the discipline of psychology, Abraham Maslow is known for proposing a theory of human motivation
that emphasizes the drive toward self-actualization. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, individuals
are motivated to fulfill their basic needs before moving on to more complex needs. This theory (-------------
--) the dynamic nature of human motivation.
A) amplifies
B) stagnates
C) rebukes
D) contorts
19
The art movement known as Surrealism emerged in the early 20th century as a revolutionary approach
that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind. By employing unusual, dream-like
imagery, Surrealist artists aimed to (---------------) the conventions of realistic representation in art.
A) stifle
B) corroborate
C) subvert
D) indemnify
20
The Romantic poet John Keats, despite a tragically short life, left a lasting impact on English literature. His
series of "Odes," including the famous "Ode to a Nightingale." are celebrated for their sensuous imagery
and profound exploration of beauty and mortality. Keats' poetic style is often described as (---------------) .
A) austere
B) pragmatic
C) effusive
D) mundane
- 20 -
READING
- 21 -
The following text is adapted from William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet. In this scene, Romeo is
lamenting his unrequited love for Rosaline:
O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright!
It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night
Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope’s ear;
Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear.
So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows
As used in the text, what does “shows” most nearly mean?
A) displays
B) puts on
C) impersonates
D) presents
In astronomy, a pulsar is a highly magnetized, rotating neutron star that emits beams of electromagnetic
radiation out of its magnetic poles. This radiation can only be observed when the beam of emission is
pointing toward Earth, much like a lighthouse, and is responsible for the observed (---------------) nature of
the pulsar.
A) stagnant
B) pulsating
C) diffusive
D) perpetual
The concept of 'zero' as we know it today emerged from ancient India during the Sth century. Prior to this,
many cultures had placeholder symbols to denote the absence of a value, but it was in India that zero
began to be used as both a symbol and a number in calculations, allowing for the (---------------) of the
decimal number system.
A) obliteration
B) inception
C) encurnbrance
D) derivation
- 22 -
In psychology. cognitive dissonance theory proposes that we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes
and beliefs in harmony and avoid disharmony, or dissonance. When there is an inconsistency between
attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance, often resulting in
(---------------) .
A) enlightenment
B) stagnation
C) rationalization
D) anarchy
The historical city of Athens, known as the birthplace of democracy, was a leading city-state in ancient
Greece. It was in Athens that philosophical, political, and cultural ideas flourished during the 5th century
BC, a period also known as the "Golden Age of Athens." This era was characterized by (---------------)
developments in art, literature, and science.
A) reductive
B) unprecedented
C) obsolete
D) derivative
In quantum mechanics, the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously
measure the exact position and momentum of a particle. In other words, the more precisely one property
is measured, the less precisely the other can be known. This principle (---------------) the classical concept
of trajectories and well-defined paths.
A) fulfills
B) magnifies
C) undermines
D) glorifies
The theory of plate tectonics explains how the Earth's outer shell, the lithosphere, is divided into a
number of large pieces known as tectonic plates. These plates move due to the convective forces in the
underlying hot, semi-fluid layer of the mantle. Over millions of years, these movements have led to the (---
------------) of continents and ocean basins.
A) dissolution
B) emergence
C) stagnation
D) degradation
- 23 -
EDWARD: I've always admired your ability to remain (---------------) in the face of criticism.
VICTORIA: Thank you, Edward. I believe it's important to maintain composure and learn from the
feedback of others.
A) unruffled
B) indignant
C) complacent
D) resentful
MARGARET: How do you manage to remain so optimistic,even when things seem dire?
ELIZABETH: I choose to (---------------) my fears and focus on the potential for positive outcomes.
A) succumb
B) exacerbate
C) allay
D) provoke
10
WILLIAM: The way you've navigated this challenging situation is truly (---------------) . I am in awe of your
resilience.
JANE: Thank you, William. I appreciate your kind words.
A) haphazard
B) commendable
C) flippant
D) lamentable
- 24 -
11
The following text is adapted from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter. The underlined
word is from a sentence describing the protagonist's behavior.
We have spoken of Pearl’s rich and luxuriant beauty— a beauty that shone with deep and vivid tints, a
bright complexion, eyes possessing intensity both of depth and glow, and hair already of a deep glossy
brown, and which, in after years, would be nearly akin to black. There was fire in her and throughout her:
she seemed the unpremeditated offshoot of a passionate moment.
As used in the text, what does “offshoot” most nearly mean?
A) extension
B) consequence
C) offspring
D) byproduct
12
EMMA: I'm so grateful for your unwavering support during this difficult time.
HENRY: You're welcome, Emma. Friends should always be there to (---------------) each other in times of
need.
A) undermine
B) bolster
C) disregard
D) chastise
13
TIM: The artist's skill is (---------------).
GEORGE: I agree, the level of craftsmanship 1s exceptional.
A) rudimentary
B) astounding
C) outdated
D) negligible
- 25 -
14
ISABEL: Your performance was breathtaking! I was completely (---------------) by the emotions you
conveyed on stage.
CHARLES: Thank you, Isabel. I'm glad I was able to move you with my performance.
A) captivated
B) repelled
C) bewildered
D) unaffected
15
In Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity, the concept of spacetime combines the three dimensions of space
with the single dimension of time, into a four-dimensional continuum. The groundbreaking idea that
gravity is a warping, or curving, of space-time around massive objects (---------------) our understanding of
physics.
A) impeded
B) revolutionized
C) simplified
D) circumvented
16
The economic policy known as laissez-faire advocates for minimal government intervention in the market,
relying instead on natural economic forces. Proponents argue that this hands-off approach (---------------)
the market's capacity to self-regulate, leading to more efficient outcomes.
A) suppresses
B) trivialize
C) optimizes
D) scandalizes
17
During the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, the 1964 Civil Rights Act was a landmark piece of
legislation that (---------------) racial segregation in public places and discrimination based on race, color,
religion, sex, or national origin.
A) accelerated
B) tolerated
C) outlawed
D) redefined
- 26 -
18
Johannes Kepler, a key figure in the scientific revolution, is best known for his laws of planetary motion.
These laws, which describe the motion of planets around the sun, (---------------) the heliocentric model of
the solar system and significantly advanced the field of astronomy.
A) obscured
B) contradicted
C) reinforced
D) surpassed
19
The Industrial Revolution marked a significant shift in society where manual labor gradually (---------------)
to mechanized work.
A) succumbed
B) disintegrated
C) escalated
D) deviated
20
In a dystopian novel titled Whispers from the Wasteland (2017), author MJ Tilbrook portrays his
protagonist's (---------------) with the desolate world around him by juxtaposing his survivalist instincts
with his deep longing for the lost normalcy of the past.
A) fascination
B) indifference
C) disappointment
D) struggle
- 27 -
READING
- 28 -
Researchers have discovered that Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacteria notorious for its antibiotic
resistance, may (---------------) when introduced to a specific type of antibiotic, potentially leading to a
breakthrough in the treatment of various infections.
A) become dormant
B) multiply rapidly
C) exhibit facility
D) mutate excessively
The artwork of Zaira Zaka, known for her abstract pieces, illustrates her (---------------) employing a wide
spectrum of hues to depict different moods and emotions.
A) ambivalence toward color

B) disdain for vibrancy
C) mastery of monochrome
D) fascination with color
In the early 20th century, the Ottoman Empire’s dissolution was a historically significant event, largely (---
------------) by European colonial powers vying for control over the Middle East region.
A) overlooked
B) facilitated
C) thwarted
D) condemned
In the popular fantasy series The Legends of Ethereal, author S.L. Crown expertly crafts a world where
myth and reality (---------------), introducing readers to fantastical creatures that coexist with ordinary
humans.
A) collide
B) diverge
C) cease
D) simplify
- 29 -
Many experts argue that fostering a sense of (---------------) in schools can lead to more engaged students
and a stronger learning community. When students feel valued and respected, they are more likely to
participate in class and collaborate with their peers.
A) anonymity
B) homogeneity
C) inclusivity
D) passivity
The study of archaeology often involves the examination of material remains from past civilizations, such
as pottery, tools, and structures. Through careful analysts, archaeologists can (---------------) information
about how people lived, worked, and interacted in their societies, shedding light on the human experience.
A) discard
B) distort
C) unearth
D) withhold
During the Enlightenment, a period of intellectual and cultural growth in the 18th century, philosophers
sought to (---------------) traditional beliefs and promote rational thinking. They encouraged the use of
reason, scientific inquiry, and the questioning of established social and political systems.
A) preserve
B) challenge
C) reinforce
D) indermine
In democratic societies, checks and balances are crucial to maintaining the separation of powers between
different branches of government. This system is designed to prevent any single branch from gaining too
much (---------------) , ensuring that each branch can effectively monitor and limit the actions of the others.
A) cooperation
B) autonomy
C) authority
D) disparity
- 30 -
The concept of cultural relativism emphasizes the importance of understanding and appreciating the
diversity of human societies. By adopting this perspective, researchers aim to (---------------) their own
cultural biases and preconceptions, allowing them to analyze other cultures more objectively.
A) reinforce
B) exploit
C) transcend
D) dismiss
10
Scarcity implies that choices have to be made and that tradeoffs are involved. Scarcity is a (---------------)
concept that applies to all goods and services, regardless of their abundance or rarity.
A) relative
B) subjective
C) universal
D) variable
11
Vincent van Gogh's painting Starry Night is considered one of his most iconic works. The swirling patterns
and vibrant colors (---------------) van Gogh's emotional state and his unique approach to the impressionist
style of painting.
A) suppress
B) reflect
C) imitate
D) distort
12
With their complex dripping techniques and lack of clear form, the works of abstract expressionist painter
Jackson Pollock can be challenging to (---------------) prompting diverse interpretations among art critics.
A) duplicate
B) admire
C) dissect
D) comprehend
- 31 -
13
The rise of e-commerce has had a profound impact on brick-and-mortar retail stores, leading many to shift
their focus to providing unique in-person experiences. By offering specialized services and interactive
displays, these stores aim to (---------------) customer interest and foster brand loyalty.
A) alienate
B) cultivate
C) disregard
D) downplay
14
As smartphones have become increasingly prevalent, concerns have been raised about the potential
negative effects of excessive screen time on mental health. To promote digital wellbeing, some experts
recommend establishing daily limits on device usage in order to (---------------) excessive reliance on
technology.
A) validate
B) perpetuate
C) curtail
D) exaggerate
15
As international travel becomes more accessible, the risk of invasive species entering new environments
increases. To address this 1ssue, governments have implemented strict regulations on the importation of
plants and animals. These measures aim to (---------------) the spread of non-native species and protect
local ecosystems.
A) encourage
B) mitigate
C) enhance
D) disregard
16
The modern digital age has transformed the way people consume news. As more individuals access
information online, it has become increasingly important for news organizations to (---------------) their
content for digital platforms.
A) withhold
B) optimize
C) degrade
D) conceal
- 32 -
17
Abstract Expressionism, an art movement that emerged in the mid-20th century, is characterized by
artists' spontaneous and subconscious (---------------) of emotions onto the canvas.
A) suppression
B) imitation
C) projection
D) segregation
18
During World War II, the Allies' strategy of "island-hopping" involved selectively attacking strategic
islands, thereby (---------------) closer to mainland Japan.
A) retrograding
B) stagnating
C) ricocheting
D) progressing
19
The novel Middlemarch (1871) by George Eliot features the protagonist Dorothea Brooke, whose yearning
for a meaningful life (---------------) , making her one of literature's most compelling characters.
A) dwindles
B) resonates
C) fades
D) disconcerts
20
Scientific evidence suggests that Homo neanderthalensis, better known as Neanderthals, developed
complex social structures, with communities that may have even (---------------) cultural activities such as
burials and art.
A) negated
B) facilitated
C) undermined
D) marginalized
- 33 -
READING
- 34 -
The sociologist Emile Durkheim, in his seminal work The Division of Labor in Society (1893), explored how
modern societies maintain social integration despite the increasing complexity and individualism of its
members. Durkheim postulated that the answer lies in the (---------------) of social roles.
A) neglect
B) convergence
C) rigidity
D) differentiation
In music history, Johann Sebastian Bach's influence is monumental, particularly in the development of the
Baroque style. Bach's compositions were often characterized by the (---------------) use of counterpoint,
creating layers of rhythmic and melodic complexity.
A) sporadic
B) obsolete
C) indiscriminate
D) intricate
A significant event in the history of Ancient Rome, the Punic Wars marked a turning point in Roman
expansion. While Rome and Carthage battled for control over the Western Mediterranean, Rome's military
strategies during these wars (---------------) their rise as a dominant power in the region.
A) disrupted
B) catalyzed
C) inhibited
D) duplicated
In the field of physics, the principle of quantum superposition states that any physical system—such as an
electron in an atom—simultaneously exists in all its probable states until it is measured. When
measurement occurs, the system (---------------) to one of the probable states.
A) fluctuates
B) expands
C) collapses
D) integrates
- 35 -
The poem "The Road Not Taken", written by Robert Frost, uses a traveler's choice between two roads as a
metaphor for life's choices. The narrator's decision to take the less traveled road indicates a(n) (-------------
--) , symbolizing the idea of making unconventional choices in life.
A) ambiguity
B) conformity
C) audacity
D) passivity
During the French Revolution, the Reign of Terror (1793-1794) was a period of political and social chaos
when the revolutionary government instigated brutal purges against perceived enemies. The systemic
violence during this period ultimately (---------------) the revolutionary ideals it aimed to uphold, leading to
the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
A) corroborated
B) undermined
C) disseminated
D) idolized
"The Iliad," an epic poem attributed to Homer, is set during the Trojan War and primarily focuses on the
Greek hero Achilles. Achilles' famed wrath, set off by the insult to his honor, (---------------) the narrative,
propelling both the plot and the exploration of themes such as honor, wrath, and destiny.
A) condenses
B) suspends
C) fuels
D) meanders
Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque are recognized for developing Cubism, a revolutionary style of visual
art that emerged in the early 20th century. Cubism is characterized by the fragmentation and
reconstruction of objects, breaking them down into geometric forms, which (---------------) traditional
perspectives on three-dimensional space.
A) pacifies
B) distorts
C) parallels
D) appropriates
- 36 -
In William Shakespeare's tragedy "Macbeth," the protagonist's fatal flaw is his unchecked ambition.
Despite starting as a noble and brave warrior, Macbeth's ambition ultimately (---------------) his moral
compass, leading him down a dark path of tyranny and regicide.
A) fortifies
B) corrodes
C) enriches
D) synchronizes
10
The United Nations (UN) was established after World War II to prevent future global conflicts and
promote international cooperation. Despite numerous successes, the organization has also faced criticism
over its effectiveness, with some arguing that the UN's consensus-based decision-making process often (--
-------------) meaningful and timely action.
A) invigorates
B) curtails
C) intensifies
D) mediates
11
In the realm of botany, the process of photosynthesis plays a vital role in the sustenance of plant life. This
process, which occurs within the chloroplasts of the plant cells, converts light energy into chemical
energy. In other words, it allows plants to (---------------) sunlight into food.
A) refract
B) transmute
C) reverberate
D) resonate
12
The Catcher in the Rye by I.D. Salinger presents the audience with the teenage protagonist Holden
Caulfield. Through Holden's experiences and inner thoughts, the novel (---------------) teenage angst and
the transition from adolescence to adulthood.
A) elucidates
B) quenches
C) repudiates
D) assuages
- 37 -
13
In the sphere of human anatomy, the nervous system plays a critical role in coordinating the body's
activities. It consists of two main components: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous
system. The former is comprised of the brain and spinal cord, which together (---------------) bodily
functions.
A) congest
B) replicate
C) regulate
D) obfuscate
14
The history of Greek philosophy provides a rich tapestry of intellectual thought. One of the most
renowned figures in this realm is Plato, whose philosophical works have had an enduring influence on
Western thought. Central to his philosophy is the theory of forms, a metaphysical construct that (------------
---) the existence of an immaterial reality.
A) predicates
B) attenuates
C) circumvents
D) inhibits
15
The Renaissance was a period of (---------------) cultural and intellectual growth, as it marked the
emergence of new artistic techniques, scientific advancements, and literary achievements. The era laid the
groundwork for the modern world and continues to inspire artists and thinkers today.
A) stagnant
B) superficial
C) dynamic
D) regressive
16
The effects of globalization on individual nations are (---------------) ; in some cases, increased trade and
investment can lead to economic growth and improved living standards. However, other countries may
experience job losses and cultural erosion as a result of globalization.
A) uniform
B) nonexistent
C) varied
D) negligible
- 38 -
17
When examining ancient manuscripts, scholars are often faced with the challenge of (---------------) the
original intent of the authors, as the passage of time and the evolution of language have obscured the
nuances and subtleties that once provided context.
A) recreating
B) transcribing
C) embellishing
D) transforming
18
Many ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians and the Maya, were known for their remarkable (----------
-----) in astronomy. They were able to track celestial objects, predict eclipses, and even create complex
calendars based on the movements of the stars.
A) ineptitude
B) expertise
C) failure
D) ignorance
19
Cultural anthropologists seek to understand and (---------------) the beliefs, customs, and social structures
of various societies around the world. By conducting fieldwork and engaging with the people they study,
anthropologists can gain valuable insights into the complex web of human culture.
A) alienate
B) dismantle
C) analyze
D) disregard
20
The United Nations was established in the aftermath of World War II with the primary goal of promoting
international peace and security. To achieve this objective, the organization facilitates (---------------) and
cooperation among its member states, addressing a wide range of global challenges, including conflict
resolution and humanitarian assistance.
A) competition
B) dialogue
C) estrangement
D) detachment
- 39 -
READING
- 40 -
The scientific method is a systematic approach to conducting research, which involves the formulation of
hypotheses, the collection of data, and the analysis of results. This process allows researchers to (-----------
----) their understanding of the natural world by testing and refining their ideas based on empirical
evidence.
A) undermine
B) augment
C) reject
D) obscure
When constructing a high-rise building, architects and engineers must take into account various factors,
such as wind resistance, seismic activity, and the weight distribution of the structure: this requires a (------
---------) approach to ensure the building's stability and safety.
A) advantageous
B) rudimentary
C) meticulous
D) obscure
Leonardo da Vinct's The Last Supper exhibits a(n) (---------------) use of perspective to create a sense of
depth.
A) flawed
B) rudimentary
C) impeccable
D) exorbitant
The construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 signaled a (---------------) moment in the Cold War, solidifying
the division between East and West.
A) fleeting
B) pivotal
C) mundane
D) ambiguous
- 41 -
Gabriel Garcia Marquez's novel One Hundred Years of Solitude tells the multi-generational story of Buendia
family. The protagonists are controlled by their pasts and the complexity of time. Throughout the novel,
the characters show an (---------------) repetition of human mistake.
A) inescapable
B) invigorating
C) static
D) orthodox
A cornerstone of democracy, freedom of the press, grants journalists the right to report news without
censorship from the government. This principle ensures that the media remains an independent entity,
providing unbiased and accurate information. It fosters transparency, holds government accountable and
(---------------) citizen engagement in democratic processes.
A) undermines
B) promotes
C) obliges
D) restricts
Widely considered one of the greatest playwrights in history, William Shakespeare's influence spans
centuries. His plays, including Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth, have been translated into every
major language and performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare's profound
understanding of human nature and his remarkable ability to craft dramatic narratives (---------------) his
enduring popularity.
A) confounds
B) guarantees
C) underestimates
D) condemns
The Hubble Space Telescope has made remarkable contributions to our understanding of the universe
since its launch in 1990. Positioned outside the Earth's atmosphere, it avoids the distortions caused by
atmospheric turbulence, offering unparalleled clarity. The data provided by Hubble (---------------) research
into galaxies, cosmic events, and the very fabric of the cosmos.
A) obstructs
B) trivializes
C) revolutionizes
D) frustrates
- 42 -
James Joyce's Ulysses (1922) has often been described as one of the most important works of modernist
literature. With its stream-of-consciousness technique and intricate structure, the novel significantly (-----
----------) literary norms of the time. It offered new perspectives on narrative and the representation of
inner thought, deeply influencing future writers.
A) accommodated
B) disregarded
C) confirmed
D) challenged
10
The widespread adoption of agriculture during the Neolithic Revolution profoundly altered human
society. Previously, humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers. However, the development of farming
practices allowed them to settle in one place, grow their own food, and build permanent dwellings. The
Neolithic Revolution is seen as a turning point in human history, as it (---------------) the establishment of
complex societies.
A) thwarted
B) facilitated
C) inhibited
D) deflated
11
The psychologist's research examines the (---------------) between childhood trauma and adult mental
health outcomes, finding that individuals who experienced childhood trauma are more likely to develop
mood disorders and anxiety later in life.
A) polarity
B) dissimilarity
C) correlation
D) accretion
12
Vincent Van Gogh's famous painting, The Starry Night, is renowned for its vibrant colors and expressive
brushwork. Art historians believe that the turbulent swirls in the painting (---------------) the artist's state
of mind during his time at the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole asylum.
A) mask
B) distort
C) trivialize
D) echo
- 43 -
13
The Magna Carta, signed in 1215, is a significant historical document that limited the power of the English
monarchy. Its creation marked a crucial step in the evolution of constitutional law, and it continues to (----
-----------) the principles of democracy and the rule of law.
A) evade
B) repudiate
C) personify
D) undermine
14
In George Orwell's dystopian novel 1984, the protagonist,Winston Smith, struggles against a totalitarian
regime that manipulates truth and rewrites history. The novel's grim setting (---------------) the dangers of
unchecked governmental power.
A) minimizes
B) disregards
C) underscores
D) neglects
15
In its migratory journey, the monarch butterfly travels thousands of kilometers from North America to
Mexico. This long journey (---------------) the butterfly's impressive navigational capabilities.
A) obscures
B) diminishes
C) downplays
D) epitomizes
16
In Harper Lee's seminal novel To Kill a Mockingbird, the character of Atticus Finch serves as a moral
compass. His actions and words (---------------) the theme of justice and equality.
A) deflect
B) deprecate
C) reinforce
D) contradict
- 44 -
17
Known for her vivid imagery and thought-provoking themes, poet Maya Angelou's works often (-------------
--) with their profound insight into human nature and society. Her collection of poems, "And Still I Rise," is
particularly lauded for its powerful messages.
A) circumvent
B) confuse
C) resonate
D) conflict
18
Famed science-fiction author, Philip K. Dick. was known for his exploration of philosophical and
sociopolitical themes. His novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968) (---------------)
these concepts by questioning the nature of humanity and the ethics of creating artificial life.
A) avoids
B) confronts
C) do;ites
D) misinterprets
19
Biologists have discovered that the fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis has a unique way of reproducing. It
infects a specific species of ant, takes control of its behaviour and ultimately (---------------) the host's body
to release its spores.
A) restores
B) annihilates
C) retains
D) colonizes
20
Throughout history, societal norms have often (---------------) women's roles and opportunities. Despite
this, many women have been able to challenge these constraints and contribute significantly to their
societies.
A) encouraged
B) restricted
C) ignored
D) diversified
- 45 -
READING
- 46 -
In ancient Rome, gladiatorial games were a prominent part of the public spectacle. Yet, they were not
merely blood sports; these games (---------------) a complex social and political system that reflected
Roman values and norms.
A) rejected
B) interrupted
C) symbolized
D) contradicted
Shakespeare's play The Tempest, believed to be one of his last works, explores themes of power,
colonization, and forgiveness. The character of Prospero, a sorcerer and the rightful Duke of Milan, (--------
-------) these themes through his actions and interactions with other characters.
A) trivializes
B) overlooks
C) embodies
D) disputes
The following text is adapted from Edgar Allan Poe’s 1845 short story “The Black Cat.” The underlined
word is from the sentence describing the protagonist's actions.
The fury of a demon instantly possessed me. I knew myself no longer. My original soul seemed, at once, to
take its flight from my body: and a more than fiendish malevolence, gin-nurtured, thrilled every fiber of
my frame.
As used in the text, what does “fiendish” most nearly mean?
A) evil
B) friendly
C) disorderly
D) curious
- 47 -
During the 1960s, the advent of containerization revolutionized the global shipping industry by
standardizing the sizes and shapes of containers used for transporting goods. As a result, loading and
unloading cargo became much more efficient, and shipping costs saw a significant (---------------) . This
innovation contributed to the goods to be transported more economically between countries.
A) stagnation
B) decline
C) expansion
D) monopolization
The use of positive reinforcement in education and parenting has gained considerable attention in recent
years. Studies show that children who receive encouragement and validation for their accomplishments
are more likely to develop a healthy self esteem and a strong motivation to succeed. By adopting this
approach, caregivers can foster an environment characterized by (---------------) .
A) strictness
B) indifference
C) rivalry
D) praise
In the world of fashion, trends come and go with astonishing speed. Designers constantly seek inspiration
from various sources, such as nature, art, and popular culture, to create innovative and stylish clothing.
With this dynamic landscape, the fashion industry is a testament to (---------------) .
A) conservation
B) permanence
C) creativity
D) conformity
- 48 -
Prisons are designed to restrict the movement and activities of individuals who have been convicted of
crimes. By limiting access to the outside world and enforcing strict rules and regulations, these
institutions aim to (---------------) inmates and maintain public safety.
A) confine
B) rehabilitate
C) inspire
D) educate
In order to protect certain natural areas and their fragile ecosystems, governments often establish
regulations that restrict specific activities within designated regions. These regulations are designed to (---
------------) actions that could potentially harm the environment or its inhabitants.
A) prohibit
B) encourage
C) monitor
D) overlook
In the study of marine biology, the Great Barrier Reefis a treasure trove of biodiversity. The (---------------)
array of species that inhabit this coral reef system provide ample opportunities for scientists to learn
about marine ecosystems.
A) simplistic
B) varigated
C) obdurate
D) pugnacious
10
As the global community confronts the growing threat of climate change, finding sustainable solutions to
(---------------) the negative impact of human activities on ecosystems becomes a critical challenge,
inspiring innovative approaches to alleviate the environmental problems.
A) amplify
B) mitigate
C) replicate
D) scrutinize
- 49 -
11
During the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which
aimed to (---------------) slavery in the Confederate states. This historical document altered the course of
the war and the nation's history by addressing the issue of slavery.
A) preserve
B) ignore
C) abolish
D) trivialize
12
The field of sociology focuses on understanding the patterns of human behavior and the complex
relationships within societies. By examining various social institutions, such as family, education, and
religion, sociologists can (---------------) the factors that influence individuals and groups and provide
valuable insights into societal dynamics.
A) disregard
B) isolate
C) perpetuate
D) discern
13
Social norms are unwritten rules that govern the behavior of individuals within a society. These norms
can influence how people interact with one another, and when individuals deviate from these
expectations, they may face (---------------) or disapproval from others as a means of reinforcing conformity
to the established rules.
A) encouragement
B) sanctions
C) indifference
D) accolades
14
In the field of anthropology, ethnography is a research method that involves the in-depth study of a
specific cultural group. By immersing themselves in the daily lives of the people they study, ethnographers
can (---------------) a detailed understanding of the group's customs, beliefs, and social structures.
A) jeopardize
B) eradicate
C) garner
D) preclude
- 50 -
15
In a riverine ecosystem, the interplay between different species creates a (---------------) web of
interactions: some species serve as prey for others, while others form symbiotic relationships where both
species benefit.
A) chaotic
B) simple
C) disjointed
D) complex
16
The Paraguayan polka, a dynamic dance form, has assumed a distinct identity in Paraguay's cultural
panorama, emerging as its national dance. The energetic, fast-paced movements coupled with the vibrant
music make it a captivating spectacle. This dance form, though seemingly (---------------) , requires a high
degree of precision and coordination between the dance partners. The swift, agile movements and the
intricate footwork involved make it not just a dance but a showcase of Paraguayan culture and tradition.
A) simple
B) leisurely
C) random
D) spontaneous
17
The Treaty of Schönbrunn, signed in 1809, had far-reaching implications, shaping the geopolitical
landscape of Asia. The treaty’s terms, effectively redrawing territories, were strategically advantageous to
Napoleon’s France, but proved detrimental to Austria’s interests. This transformative treaty was a (---------
------) development in the power dynamics of the early 19th century, causing significant shifts in alliances
and territorial claims. Its impact was not confined to Europe but extended to Asia, where it influenced the
balance of power, catalyzing changes in political relationships and alliances in the region.
A) trivial
B) simple
C) pivotal
D) unremarkable
- 51 -
18
Alexander Blok, a prominent figure in Russian Symbolist movement, had a profound impact on the
country's literary scene. His work was marked by a distinctive fusion of elements from both Eastern and
Western literary traditions, making him a (---------------) force in shaping the course of Russian literature.
Blok's influence was not limited to his own time; his work continues to inspire and intrigue scholars and
readers alike. His poetry, imbued with profound philosophical insights and a unique lyrical quality, has left
an indelible mark on the literary world.
A) transient
B) ephemeral
C) evanescent
D) pivotal
19
The Treaty of Tilsit, signed in 1807, concluded the war between France and Russia and had far-reaching
implications for the Asian region. This agreement, dictated by Napoleon, was a (---------------) turning point
in the geopolitical landscape of the time. By agreeing to this treaty, Russia confirmed its status as a French
ally, which drastically shifted the balance of power in Europe and consequently affected Asia. These ripple
effects were particularly felt in the Ottoman Empire and Persia, where the French-Russian alliance
brought about new pressures and challenges.
A) sudden
B) significant
C) inconsequential
D) spontaneous
20
Antonin Artaud, a figure of great influence in the realm of theatre, is particularly known for his ‘Theatre of
Cruelty’. His revolutionary ideas aimed to challenge conventional norms, emphasizing the importance of
physical expressions over dialogues in conveying emotions. His theatre was a (---------------) to the senses,
employing an array of techniques that heightened audience engagement. From unusual lighting effects to
unsettling soundscapes, Artaud’s intent was to shock the audience out of complacency and provide a
transformative, emotional experience.
A) provocation
B) consolation
C) distraction
D) conservatism
- 52 -
READING
- 53 -
The development of Agile methodologies revolutionized the software development industry. The Agile
principle of continuous iteration and feedback is aimed at producing software that is closer to the user's
needs and expectations. This iterative approach brings about a dynamic development environment where
the product continually evolves, and the team constantly learns and adapts. The Agile approach
underscores the importance of adaptability and responsiveness, rendering the traditional, linear
'waterfall' method (---------------) in the rapidly changing technology landscape.
A) unproductive
B) inefficient
C) unprofitable
D) obsolete
Pablo Neruda, a renowned Chilean poet, was a pivotal figure in Latin American literature. His poetry,
characterized by its profound emotion and evocative language, has captured the hearts of millions
worldwide. Despite the harsh political climate of his time, Neruda's influence remained undeterred, and
his works served as a beacon of inspiration for many. A (---------------) advocate for the oppressed and
marginalized, he used his verses to voice their struggles. His poetry was not only a testament to his
literary prowess but also a reflection of his persistent pursuit of social justice.
A) passionate
B) sympathetic
C) sensitive
D) staunch
Lolita, written by Vladimir Nabokov, is a controversial novel that continues to provoke strong reactions.
Its intricate narrative structure, combined with Nabokov's distinctive, florid language, creates a text
charged with emotional intensity and layered with (---------------) symbolism. The book's protagonist,
Humbert Humbert, is a deeply flawed and unreliable narrator, whose distorted perspective adds an
additional layer of complexity. Critics and readers alike grapple with the moral ambiguities presented
throughout the novel, as Nabokov skillfully walks the thin line between condemnation and glorification of
his protagonist's actions.
A) overt
B) multifaceted
C) unassuming
D) straightforward
- 54 -
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of differentiating into any cell type, making them invaluable
in the arena of regenerative medicine. Their potential is vast, yet they present a moral and ethical (----------
-----)_ for many, with debates surrounding their procurement and use. Critics argue that the methods used
to obtain these cells infringe upon the sanctity of life, while proponents maintain that the potential
benefits outweigh the ethical concerns. Despite the controversy, stem cell research continues to be a
rapidly evolving field, with ongoing developments promising innovative treatments for a variety of
ailments.
A) dilemma
B) conundrum
C) quandary
D) puzzle
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein presents an intricate exploration of the human condition and the
consequences of playing God. The narrative examines the profound implications of creating life artificially,
a theme that has blazed a trail in the annals of Gothic literature. Victor Frankenstein's voracious pursuit of
knowledge leads him to create a being, a grotesque manifestation of his uncontrollable ambition. This
creature, initially benign and seeking companionship, soon turns into a monstrous entity due to societal
rejection and outright neglect. His transformation is the ultimate (---------------) of the consequences of
unchecked ambition and the misuse of knowledge.
A) sign
B) symbol
C) omen
D) embodiment
The Treaty of Erfurt, signed in 1808, was a significant turning point in the geopolitical landscape of Asia.
Napoleon Bonaparte and Tsar Alexander I, the architects of this agreement, sought to (---------------) the
influence of the British Empire in Asia. The terms of the treaty, which proposed a Franco-Russian alliance
against Britain, promised to upset the balance of power in the region. However, the treaty was never fully
implemented, largely due to the rapid dissolution of Napoleon's empire. Despite its failure, the Treaty of
Erfurt's intended impact on Asia remains a focal point of historical analyses.
A) curb
B) clip
C) restrain
D) hinder
- 55 -
Behavioral economics, an interdisciplinary field of study, explores the effects of psychological, cognitive,
emotional, and social factors on the economic decisions of individuals or institutions. These wide-ranging
influences, in turn, impact market prices, returns, and resource allocation. Notably, the discipline doesn't
simply accept the traditional, rational choice model. Instead, it seeks to develop more accurate models
that account for the often (---------------) nature of human decision-making, thus providing a more nuanced
understanding of economics.
A) predictable
B) irrational
C) systematic
D) methodical
Saint Augustine, a leading figure in Christian theology, transformed the course of Western philosophy and
Christianity. His seminal work, 'Confessions,' is a profound reflection on the mercy of God and the
fallibility of mankind. Through his philosophical discourse, Augustine underscored the inherent human
propensity towards sin and the need for divine grace for salvation. However, his theories became a
contentious (---------------) in the academic realm, sparking fervent debates about the nature of sin and the
necessity of grace for redemption.
A) dialogue
B) communication
C) discussion
D) issue
Free trade, the unrestricted exchange of goods and services between nations, is a polarizing topic in the
world of international economics. Advocates argue that it facilitates economic growth, promotes
competition, and helps countries specialize in their comparative advantages. Detractors, on the other
hand, claim it can lead to job losses, income inequality, and the erosion of national sovereignty. Despite
these conflicting views, there's no denying that free trade has a profound (---------------) on the global
economy. Whether that impact is largely positive or negative, however, remains a subject of hot debate.
A) impact
B) impression
C) imprint
D) influence
- 56 -
10
Frida Kahlo, a leading figure in the Mexican artistic scene, was known for her distinctive self-portraits. Her
works were a vivid portrayal of her physical and emotional suffering, often interlaced with symbolic
elements drawn from Mexican folk culture and mythology. Kahlo's distinct style and uncompromising
depiction of the human condition made her a (---------------) figure in the annals of art history. Her
influence far surpassed the confines of Mexico, permeating global consciousness. Her legacy continues to
inspire artists across the world, reinforcing the universality of human suffering and resilience.
A) iconic
B) dramatic
C) indelible
D) flamboyant
11
Renewable energy has become a pivotal topic in the global dialogue on sustainability and climate change.
It is a sector that has seen exponential growth, transforming into a (---------------) force in the global energy
landscape. The adoption of renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, and hydro has been rapidly
increasing. These technologies harness energy from naturally replenishing resources, offering an
alternative to fossil fuels. The global transition towards renewables is not just driven by environmental
concerns but also by their potential to establish energy security and stimulate economic growth.
A) dominant
B) leading
C) major
D) main
12
The New Deal, a series of federal programs, public work projects, and financial reforms and regulations
was enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939. It was a
response to the calamity of the Great Depression, and its primary goals were Relief, Recovery, and Reform.
The 'Relief' aimed to provide short-term help to suffering and unemployed Americans, 'Recovery'
intended to (---------------) the economy to normal levels, and 'Reform' targeted to reform the financial
system to prevent a repeat depression.
A) revive
B) resurrect
C) rejuvenate
D) renew
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13
Louis-Ferdinand Céline, a controversial figure in French literature, was known for his peculiar writing
style. His novels, filled with dark humor and cynical views, have been both celebrated and criticized.
Céline's works, such as 'Journey to the End of the Night' and 'Death on the Installment Plan', are marked
by their idiosyncratic prose and unconventional narrative technique. This distinctive approach made his
writings an intellectual challenge for many, adding layers of complexity and making them difficult to (------
---------) . Despite the controversy surrounding his personal views and actions, Céline's literary influence is
undeniable and continues to inspire debates in academic circles.
A) replicate
B) authorize
C) create
D) decipher
14
Hermann Hesse, the German-born Swiss poet, novelist, and painter, is renowned for his exploration of
individuality and spirituality. His works, such as 'Siddhartha' and 'Steppenwolf', are celebrated for their
profound introspection and philosophical depth. Hesse's literary prowess, coupled with his deep
philosophical explorations, propelled him to the forefront of modern literature. His writings, often
centered on the quest for self-discovery and spiritual enlightenment, are recognized as masterpieces of
introspective literature. Despite the (---------------)_ themes and complex narrative structures, Hesse's
works continue to resonate with readers worldwide, offering invaluable insights into the human
condition.
A) conceivable
B) accessible
C) esoteric
D) exoteric
15
Zora Neale Hurston, an iconic figure in American literature, was instrumental in documenting the cultural
richness of African American communities in the South. Her ethnographic approach was unique, enabling
her to capture the essence of her subjects in their natural settings. She became a (---------------) figure in
the Harlem Renaissance, influencing a generation of writers and artists with her distinctive style and
perspective. Her work, which combines keen observation with narrative flair, continues to inspire and
challenge, providing invaluable insights into the African American experience.
A) pivotal
B) astute
C) adroit
D) adept
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16
The art of Infrastructure Engineering is a multifaceted discipline, calling upon a wide range of skills
including planning, designing, and overseeing the construction of infrastructure such as roads, bridges,
and public buildings. The role of an Infrastructure Engineer is demanding and requires a high level of
precision and expertise. Their work is integral to the functionality of a city, and their contributions often
go unnoticed by the general public. Despite the lack of recognition, these engineers continue to (-------------
--) tirelessly, ensuring the smooth operation and maintenance of the city's infrastructure.
A) contend
B) battle
C) struggle
D) labor
17
The Treaty of Rawalpindi, signed in August 1919, was a momentous event marking the end of the third
Anglo-Afghan War. This agreement established Afghanistan as a completely sovereign nation, free from
British influence. However, the treaty's implications extended beyond mere political autonomy. It also had
significant socio-economic repercussions, as it allowed Afghanistan to control its foreign affairs, paving
the way for the country to (---------------) its own international trade policies and establish relationships
with other nations. This newfound freedom of action had deep-seated effects on Afghanistan's future
development, shaping its trajectory in the 20th century.
A) dictate
B) enforce
C) formulate
D) instruct
18
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, a theoretical physicist, is a well-known figure in the annals of quantum
mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. His substantial contributions, including the Dirac equation and
the prediction of antiparticles, have left a (---------------) mark on the field. His theoretical insights, despite
being abstruse for the common populace, laid the foundation for many modern concepts in physics.
Dirac's work, characterized by its precision and mathematical elegance, earned him the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1933, which he shared with Erwin Schrödinger.
A) transient
B) indelible
C) ephemeral
D) evanescent
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19
During the Enlightenment, thinkers began to question long-established societal norms and structures,
applying reason and scientific knowledge to understand the world around them. This shift in thought was
a departure from the previous reliance on divine guidance and led to a period of significant intellectual
and cultural growth. The Enlightenment was marked by an unprecedented (---------------) in various fields
including philosophy, politics, and science, which led to the development of democratic principles and
scientific methods that continue to shape our world today.
A) upheaval
B) stagnation
C) advancement
D) recession
20
In the wake of the digital revolution, the issue of digital privacy has become a pivotal concern for users
worldwide. As more and more sensitive information is stored online, the threat of cyber-attacks and data
breaches has soared. The pressing need to safeguard one's digital persona and secure personal data from
prying eyes has led to the rise of encryption tools, privacy settings, and other security measures. Yet, there
lies a paradox at the heart of this dilemma. While individuals strive to (---------------) their digital footprint,
they are often drawn to the convenience of interconnected digital platforms that necessitate data sharing.
A) expand
B) minimize
C) publicize
D) maximize
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READING
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Revered as one of the pioneers of science fiction, Jules Verne penned captivating tales that intertwined
real-world scientific knowledge with exceptional storytelling. This fusion gave his narratives an air of
credibility, making the imagined possibilities seem plausible. His unique style of blending fact with fiction
earned him a dedicated readership and made him one of the most (---------------) authors of his time. His
works continue to inspire generations of writers and readers alike, proving his timeless appeal. He
painted a picture of a world where science and adventure were interwoven, creating a fascinating realm of
possibilities for his readers.
A) influential
B) efficient
C) industrious
D) proficient
The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1898, marked the end of the Spanish-American War and the beginning of the
American colonial era in Asia. This treaty saw Spain cede the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the
United States, significantly altering the geopolitical landscape of the region. This (---------------) outcome
had far- reaching implications, including the subsequent Filipino-American War and the eventual path
towards Philippine independence. The treaty not only reshaped the political boundaries but also set the
stage for new cultural, economic, and social exchanges, reinforcing the United States' influence in Asia.
A) controversial
B) momentous
C) conflicting
D) precarious
Slaughterhouse-Five, written by Kurt Vonnegut, is a unique narrative that combines elements of science
fiction, war literature, and metafiction. The novel's protagonist, Billy Pilgrim, is a time-traveling soldier
who experiences the events of his life in a non-linear fashion. The disorienting structure of the narrative
mirrors Billy's own fragmented consciousness, making the novel a (---------------) exploration of the
human experience of time. Despite its complex structure and themes, Slaughterhouse-Five has become a
classic in its genre, widely studied and appreciated for its innovative storytelling.
A) linear
B) profound
C) simplistic
D) comical
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Virginia Woolf, an eminent British writer of the modernist era, was renowned for her stylistic innovations
and narrative experiments. Her works, profound in their exploration of consciousness and perception,
were often deemed as challenging to (---------------). Woolf's novels, such as 'Mrs. Dalloway' and 'To the
Lighthouse', were celebrated for their stream-of-consciousness technique and intricate structure. These
elements, while enriching the narrative, made the comprehension of her works a demanding task even for
the most seasoned readers. Her profound influence continues to resonate in contemporary literary circles.
A) demonstrate
B) imitate
C) represent
D) decipher
Edith Wharton, a prolific author hailing from the early twentieth century, is renowned for her sharp social
commentary and comprehensive depiction of the American upper class. Her novels, rich in detail and
characterized by a distinctive psychological depth, offer an incisive critique of her society's mores and
values. A (---------------) figure in the annals of American literature, Wharton's influence extends beyond
her era, with her masterpieces continuing to captivate contemporary readers. Her remarkable ability to
dissect and portray the intricacies of her social sphere sets her apart from her literary contemporaries.
A) seminal
B) vocal
C) ordinary
D) obscure
In the realm of automotive engineering, the advent of electric vehicles has greatly disrupted conventional
paradigms. The advent of battery-powered electric motors has fundamentally changed the internal
combustion engine's long-held dominance, leading to drastic changes in vehicle design and construction.
The reduced need for complex engine systems has allowed for more flexible and innovative vehicle design.
With the removal of the traditional engine block, automotive engineers now have a blank canvas to (--------
-------) with new concepts and designs. Therefore, the rise of electric vehicles has not just changed the way
cars are powered, but also how they are designed.
A) experiment
B) calculate
C) evaluate
D) estimate
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Miguel de Cervantes, a luminary in the sphere of literature, is a towering figure in the canon of Spanish
literature. His novel, Don Quixote, is considered a seminal work in Western literature. The narrative,
marked by its ingenious plot and complex characters, has (---------------) implications, influencing a
multitude of writers and thinkers. Cervantes' distinctive style and profound themes have cemented his
position as a master storyteller, blurring the boundaries of reality and fantasy in his works. His genius
continues to be celebrated worldwide, testifying to his enduring relevance and indelible impact in the
literary world.
A) trivial
B) ephemeral
C) far-reaching
D) insignificant
The Treaty of Sistova, signed in 1791, marked the end of the Austro-Turkish War. It significantly altered
the geopolitical landscape of Asia, establishing a new balance of power. This treaty saw the Ottoman
Empire cede significant territories to Habsburg Austria, resulting in a shift in authority. The aftermath of
the treaty had extensive implications, with its influence (---------------) across the continent. The territorial
changes it brought about had a profound impact on the political, social, and economic structures in the
region, leading to a new era of interactions and alliances.
A) trickling
B) resonating
C) dripping
D) leaking
In the intricately woven narrative of Moby Dick, Herman Melville masterfully crafts an epic tale that is
both vast in its geographical spread and profound in its thematic depth. Ishmael, the novel's protagonist,
embarks on a harrowing adventure that not only challenges him physically but also mentally and
emotionally. The eponymous whale, Moby Dick, serves as a constant reminder of the relentless forces of
nature that man must contend with. The novel's labyrinthine structure, populated by an array of complex
characters and submerged in layers of symbolism, makes it a (---------------) read, requiring careful
navigation and deep contemplation.
A) enjoyable
B) relaxing
C) simple
D) demanding
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10
Manuel Mujica Láinez, a renowned Argentine writer, is best known for his elaborately crafted novels, rich
with historical detail and fantastical elements. His works, imbued with a deep sense of Argentine culture
and history, have positioned him as a prominent figure in Latin American literature. Mujica Láinez's
writing style, characterized by complex narrative structures and intricate character development, makes
his novels a literary labyrinth that is both challenging and rewarding to (---------------). The dense, layered
narratives require careful navigation, but those who manage to do so are rewarded with a profound
understanding of the author’s vision.
A) describe
B) analyze
C) sketch
D) decipher
11
Yukio Mishima, one of Japan's most important post-war authors, held a unique place in Japanese
literature. His work, infused with a strong sense of nationalism and traditionalism, left a lasting
impression on Japan's literary landscape. Additionally, his well-known and dramatic suicide by seppuku
added a layer of tragic (---------------) to his life story. Mishima's complex character and radical views,
combined with his literary talent, have led to a significant and ongoing scholarly interest in his work and
life.
A) simplicity
B) mystique
C) clarity
D) mockery
12
The Hundred Years' War, a conflict that spanned from 1337 to 1453, was a seminal period in European
history. It marked a significant shift in military tactics, with the advent of longbow and artillery. However
, the war is perhaps most (---------------) for its effects on the socio-political landscape of the time. The
devastation wrought by the war weakened feudalism, while simultaneously strengthening national
identities. The English monarchy faced internal dissent, and the French populace united under Joan of
Arc's banner. These changes laid the foundation for the modern nation-state system that we see today.
A) important
B) vital
C) noted
D) crucial
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13
The Good Friday Agreement, a significant diplomatic achievement, was a pivotal moment in the history of
Northern Ireland. This accord, signed on Good Friday, 1998, marked the end of prolonged and violent
conflict, known as 'The Troubles'. It established a power-sharing executive, with ministerial posts
allocated among major political parties. The agreement also created new institutions for cross-border
cooperation and human rights protection. Despite facing initial skepticism, this treaty has proven to be an
(---------------) instrument, facilitating peace and stability in a region fraught with sectarian tension.
A) unnoticed
B) effective
C) trivial
D) superficial
14
The character Madame Bovary, crafted by Gustave Flaubert, stands as an icon of French literature.
Embarking on a quest for emotional fulfillment, Bovary often finds herself disillusioned with her mundane
life. Flaubert's profound depiction of her character, her desires, and the world she inhabits has led critics
to (---------------) the novel's influence on modern literature. The author's unflinching portrayal of Bovary's
flawed, complex character and her eventual tragic downfall has stirred considerable debate, prompting
readers to contemplate the societal constraints of her time.
A) dismiss
B) ignore
C) acknowledge
D) negate
15
Depression, a debilitating mental health condition, affects millions worldwide. It's a complex disorder
characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in
activities. The exact cause of depression remains unknown, but it's believed to be a combination of
genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Depression can be so consuming that it impedes daily
functioning, making even simple tasks seem (---------------) . Moreover, it can lead to a variety of physical
and emotional problems and can decrease a person's ability to function at work and at home.
A) insurmountable
B) onerous
C) arduous
D) prohibitive
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16
Penicillin, a common antibiotic, was developed in the late 1920s after Dr. Alexander Fleming’s fortuitous
discovery of an unexpected patch of mold growing on a Petri dish of staphylococcus bacteria. Fleming
noted the mold’s apparent ability to inhibit bacterial growth, (--------------------) scientific breakthrough
that laid the foundations for the development of modern antibiotics.
A) a serendipitous
B) a casual
C) an immaterial
D) a deliberate
17
Colette, known for her literary prowess and unconventional lifestyle, was a trailblazer in the world of
French literature. Her evocative storytelling and vivid descriptions brought her characters to life, and her
works often reflected her own experiences. An enigmatic figure, her (---------------) personality and lifestyle
were subjects of equal fascination. Despite facing criticism for her unconventional choices, her creative
genius was undeniable. Her works continue to be celebrated for their boldness and originality, asserting
her place as one of the most influential French writers of the 20th century.
A) bohemian
B) conservative
C) introverted
D) maverick
18
The private sector, the realm of business activity not involving government, has been crucial in shaping
societal norms and economic growth. Its role in global economics cannot be understated; it is an engine
for innovation and employment, contributing significantly to national GDPs. The private sector's influence
extends beyond the realm of economics as well. It is a key stakeholder in societal debates, often (------------
---) the discourse on a variety of topics from climate change to social equality. The private sector's role in
shaping societal discourse underscores its multifaceted importance.
A) obstructing
B) shaping
C) diminishing
D) ignoring
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19
The Treaty of Kiel, signed in 1814 between the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Norway, marked a
significant turning point in the geopolitics of Asia. The treaty, which ceded Norway from Denmark to
Sweden, indirectly led to a shift in the balance of power in Asia. It prompted Russia, a close ally of
Denmark, to look eastwards for alliances, eventually leading to the Russo-Japanese war. This (--------------
-) effect of the Treaty of Kiel on Asia's power dynamics underscores its importance in the annals of global
history.
A) subtle
B) ripple
C) mild
D) moderate
20
Archimedes, the renowned Greek mathematician, physicist, and engineer, played a crucial role in the
development of geometry and hydrostatics. His remarkable contributions have been pivotal to the
progress of physical science. Among his striking discoveries is the Archimedes' principle that describes
the buoyancy of objects when submerged in a fluid. This principle, which is a fundamental concept in fluid
mechanics, has been instrumental in the construction of ships and submarines. Archimedes' genius was
not confined to science, as he also made substantial contributions to warfare technology during the
Second Punic War, making him an absolutely (---------------) figure in the annals of human knowledge.
A) credible
B) noteworthy
C) significant
D) indispensable
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READING
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The concept of infrastructure has evolved significantly over the years. Initially, it was confined to the basic
physical and organizational structures, such as roads and bridges, that facilitated the operation of a
society. However, with the advent of the digital age, the notion of infrastructure has expanded to
encompass complex technological networks that underpin our modern lifestyle. In fact, these digital
infrastructures are now perceived as critical assets, integral to the functioning of nations. They are the
invisible (---------------) that enable the seamless exchange of information and services across the globe.
A) platforms
B) machinery
C) backbones
D) skeletons
Évariste Galois, known for his profound contributions to the field of mathematics, was a pioneer in the
study of algebraic structures. His work, though initially met with skepticism, would later form the
foundation of group theory, a branch of abstract algebra. Galois was unique in his approach, often
presenting his findings in a complex, (---------------)_ manner that was difficult for his contemporaries to
comprehend. Despite his early death at the age of 20, his work continues to influence mathematicians and
the study of algebraic structures to this day.
A) elusive
B) illusive
C) exclusive
D) convoluted
Genome editing, a revolutionary scientific advancement, has the potential to alter the very fabric of life.
The technology employs a system known as CRISPR-Cas9, which allows for precise, directed changes to
genomic DNA. By manipulating this complex biological system, scientists can (---------------) genetic
diseases, potentially eradicating them from the gene pool. However, the ethical implications of such power
are daunting. The ability to manipulate genes raises questions about the balance of nature and the risks of
creating genetically modified organisms. The profound implications of genome editing have made it a
contentious topic in the scientific community.
A) mitigate
B) ameliorate
C) combat
D) suppress
- 70 -
Henri Bergson, a leading figure in French philosophy, has left an indelible imprint on the intellectual
landscape of the twentieth century. His groundbreaking theories on time, memory, and intuition have
significantly shaped the field of philosophy, making him a (---------------) character in the annals of
philosophical thought. His ideas, though complex, have been widely recognized and lauded for their
profundity and originality. Bergson's philosophy, combining bold speculation with detailed analyses,
continues to inspire and challenge thinkers all over the world.
A) elusive
B) imprecise
C) vague
D) pivotal
Herman Melville, one of America's most acclaimed authors, is best known for his iconic novel 'Moby-Dick'.
However, his literary prowess extends beyond this single work. His expansive narrative style and intricate
character development have earned him a place in the pantheon of great American authors. His writing,
characterized by its dense prose and complex thematic elements, often delves into the darker aspects of
humanity and society. Yet, for all its complexity, Melville's work remains profoundly (---------------),
offering readers a deep, often troubling, insight into the human condition.
A) insightful
B) obscure
C) ambiguous
D) vague
Federico García Lorca's contributions to Spanish literature are profound and manifold. As a dramatist,
poet, and playwright, his work is an amalgamation of varied influences, including Andalusian culture,
folklore, and contemporary social issues. His plays, in particular, were a potent medium for his socio-
political commentary, making them an enduringly (---------------) part of his literary repertoire. He used
the stage as a platform to critique societal norms, challenge conventions, and voice the concerns of the
marginalized, lending a sharp edge to his narratives.
A) ornamental
B) decorative
C) significant
D) ornate
- 71 -
The Treaty of Lunéville, signed in 1801, marked a pivotal shift in global politics, with repercussions felt far
beyond the borders of Europe, extending even into Asia. The treaty, a product of Napoleon's (--------------
-) vision, led to the systematic reorganization of the Germanic states. This reorganization had far-
reaching implications, indirectly facilitating British colonization in Asia. The restructured political
landscape in Europe resulted in power imbalances, creating vacuums that the British Empire was quick to
fill. The impact of the Treaty of Lunéville, though not immediately apparent, was a significant factor in
reshaping the political contours of Asia.
A) myopic
B) ambivalent
C) domestic
D) expansionist
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, an acclaimed Dutch painter, is often hailed as one of the greatest visual
artists in the history of art. His distinctive use of light and shadow, known as chiaroscuro, has left an
indelible mark on the world of art, making him a (---------------) figure in the annals of art history.
Rembrandt's artistic prowess was not limited to painting alone; he was also an accomplished etcher, a
skill that further augmented his reputation. His works, which often depicted historical and biblical scenes,
showcased his profound understanding of human nature, emotion, and spirituality.
A) transitory
B) ephemeral
C) fleeting
D) seminal
The field of Water Resources Engineering is complex and multifaceted, encompassing a wide range of
disciplines and requiring a profound understanding of the Earth's water cycles. Key to this field is the
management of water resources, ensuring their sustainable and equitable distribution. Engineers in this
field must be skilled in predicting and modeling various scenarios that impact water resources, as well as
developing solutions to (---------------) and mitigate their negative effects. Their work is fundamental to
the well-being of both human societies and ecological systems, influencing every aspect of life, from
agriculture and industry to the preservation of biodiversity.
A) address
B) reproduce
C) imitate
D) mimic
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10
Smart thermostats are a marvel of modern technology. They learn from your habits to optimize your
home's heating and cooling, potentially saving energy and reducing your utility bills. With features like
geo-fencing, they can even detect when you're away and adjust the temperature accordingly to prevent
unnecessary energy waste. Moreover, their ability to connect to the internet allows for remote control and
monitoring, making them a (---------------) component in a smart home system. However, their complex
functions may pose challenges for some users, and the upfront cost may deter potential adopters, despite
the long- term savings.
A) superfluous
B) integral
C) extraneous
D) redundant
11
Miguel de Unamuno, a name synonymous with Spanish intellectualism, is a towering figure in the realm of
Spanish literature and philosophy. His extensive body of work reflects his profound interest in
existentialism and his relentless quest for identity and meaning. A staunch critic of dogmatism, Unamuno’s
philosophy was deeply rooted in personal introspection and (---------------) introspection. His writings
have engendered a broad spectrum of interpretations and continue to inspire intellectual discourse and
exploration.
A) societal
B) spiritual
C) economic
D) political
12
Adolfo Bioy Casares, an Argentine author, plays an essential role in Latin-American literature. His works,
characterized by their intricate plots and sophisticated narrative style, reflect a deep understanding of
human nature. His most famous work, 'The Invention of Morel,' is a testament to his exceptional writing
talent and innovative storytelling ability. The book's narrative technique, which employs the use of a diary
to unravel the plot, makes it a (---------------) piece in the realm of science fiction. The ingenious use of this
narrative device adds depth to the storyline, making it a captivating read for the audience.
A) standard
B) typical
C) common
D) distinctive
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13
Nathaniel Hawthorne, known for his dark romantic writings, was a central figure in 19th century
American literature. His works, often entrenched in deep symbolism and psychological complexity,
highlighted the inherent sin and evil in human nature. Such thematic depth and intricate narrative
structures, which were often a reflection of Hawthorne's own internal conflicts and moral dilemmas, made
his literature a(n) (---------------) component in the evolution of American gothic literature. The Scarlet
Letter, perhaps his most famous work, remains a compelling study of guilt, redemption, and societal
norms.
A) extraneous
B) indispensable
C) gratuitous
D) redundant
14
Jules Verne, a staple in the world of science fiction literature, presented an unparalleled vision of the
future. His imaginative tales of extraordinary voyages and technological marvels, while seemingly
fantastical in nature, were often grounded in scientific principles, making them not only entertaining but
also (---------------). This fusion of science and imagination in Verne's narratives has positioned him as a
pioneer in his genre and an enduring influence in the field of speculative fiction, inspiring countless
authors and inventors to push the boundaries of what is deemed possible.
A) unbelievable
B) unrealistic
C) educational
D) impractical
15
The Reformation, a profound shift in religious ideology, served as a catalyst for monumental changes
across Europe during the 16th century. Martin Luther, a German monk, played a pivotal role in instigating
this movement, challenging the Catholic Church's doctrines with his Ninety-Five Theses. Luther's
revolutionary ideas (---------------) the existing ecclesiastical hierarchy, ushering in an era of theological
debate and religious reform. This period also saw the emergence of Protestantism, which came to rival
Catholicism's dominance in the religious landscape, altering the course of European history.
A) confirmed
B) endorsed
C) supported
D) undermined
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16
The Treaty of Tientsin, signed in 1858, marked a significant shift in Sino-British relations. This treaty,
despite its controversial nature, was instrumental in opening up China to the outside world. It allowed
British merchants to trade freely in Chinese ports, a concession previously denied, thereby (---------------)
the monopoly enjoyed by Chinese merchants. This treaty not only heralded a new era of international
trade but also paved the way for further treaties with other Western powers, significantly shaping China's
modern history.
A) preserving
B) reinforcing
C) consolidating
D) undermining
17
The Treaty of Westphalia, signed in 1648, conclusively ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe. It ushered
in a new era of international diplomacy, fundamentally shifting power dynamics and establishing the
concept of national sovereignty. The ripple effects of this treaty were felt far beyond Europe, creating a
profound impact on Asia. For instance, the Dutch, under the treaty's principles, were able to consolidate
their presence in the East Indies, becoming a (---------------) force in the region. This also led to an increase
in trade and cultural exchange between Europe and Asia, shaping the region's history in myriad ways.
A) transient
B) peripheral
C) dominant
D) sporadic
18
Johannes Kepler, a key figure in the 17th-century scientific revolution, made significant contributions to
the field of astronomy. As an astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer, his work radically redefined our
understanding of the cosmos. Kepler, known for his laws of planetary motion, developed these tenets
based on meticulous observations. His laws, predicting the elliptical orbits of planets, were a
revolutionary departure from the previously accepted geocentric model. Kepler's (---------------) approach
to studying the universe's mechanics resulted in his groundbreaking achievements that have shaped
modern astronomy.
A) mundane
B) erroneous
C) ambiguous
D) methodical
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19
The Treaty of Tilsit marked a significant shift in Europe's political landscape, but its repercussions were
far-reaching, even profoundly influencing Asia's geopolitical dynamics. This treaty, signed in 1807, saw
Napoleon's France and Alexander's Russia agreeing to cooperate against Britain, altering the global power
balance. It led to Russia's increased aggression towards the Ottoman Empire, a move that would (-----------
----) Asia's political map. Consequently, it indirectly precipitated the decline of the Ottoman Empire,
fostering a power vacuum in the Middle East, which was filled by various regional powers, setting the
stage for the geopolitical issues that persist today.
A) remodel
B) decorate
C) ornament
D) reshape
20
Maya Angelou, an unparalleled figure in American literature, was an influential voice who spoke for the
marginalized. Her poignant works, punctuated by her deft use of language and rich cultural references,
were instrumental in (---------------) a new dimension of African American literature. Throughout her
career, Angelou consistently used her literary prowess to challenge prevailing norms and to advocate for
social justice. Her bold narratives and compelling characters not only resonated with readers but also left
an indelible imprint on the literary world, redefining the landscape of American literature.
A) distorting
B) carving
C) repeating
D) replicating
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READING
- 77 -
Ramon del Valle-Inclan, the famous Spanish playwright, novelist, and member of the Generation of '98, is a
(---------------) figure in the Spanish literature. His distinct style known as 'esperpento,' a deformed reality
highlighting the grotesque, provides a unique perspective on society. A staunch critic of the Spanish
aristocracy, his plays and novels often depicted them in a harsh, almost caricature-like light. He was a
master at blending realism and fantasy, creating a body of work that has resonated with readers and
audiences for generations. Despite his controversial views, he remains a pivotal figure in Spanish
literature.
A) modest
B) significant
C) moderate
D) minor
Green technology, also known as clean technology, has become a pivotal topic in today's sustainability-
driven world. This field encompasses methods and materials that are environmentally friendly and
sustainable. It is primarily concerned with minimizing the negative impacts of human activity on the
environment, striving to alleviate pollution and reduce carbon emissions. The emergence of sophisticated
green technologies has sparked a (---------------) in various sectors, including transportation, construction,
and energy. These innovations have the potential to revolutionize these industries, making them more
efficient and environmentally friendly.
A) crisis
B) decline
C) transformation
D) disruption
In Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, the protagonist, Montag, lives in a dystopian society where books are
banned, and 'firemen' are tasked to burn any found. This society, desensitized and disconnected from
reality, is absorbed in superficial entertainment, rendering them (---------------) to the implications of their
actions. Montag, however, awakens to the power of literature, challenging the status quo. Bradbury's
novel serves as a critique of this mindless conformity, emphasizing the importance of critical thinking and
freedom of thought.
A) immune
B) unreachable
C) indifferent
D) isolated
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The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish-American War and the dawn of American colonial rule
in the Philippines. The United States acquired the Philippine Islands, Guam, and Puerto Rico, while Spain
relinquished sovereignty over Cuba. This treaty was monumental, not just for the nations directly
involved, but also for Asia as it marked the beginning of Western colonial expansion in the region. Many
Asian nations braced for the potential repercussions and the (---------------) impact on their sovereignty
and independence.
A) radical
B) pivotal
C) crucial
D) inevitable
Bernhard Riemann, a prodigious and trailblazing mathematician, is widely celebrated for his significant
contributions to the field of mathematics. His pioneering work on the geometric theory, popularly known
as Riemannian geometry, has had a profound and (---------------) impact on the discipline. This field of
study, which was born out of Riemann's innovative thinking, formed the mathematical underpinning of
Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. Despite the complexity of his theories, Riemann's work has
found applications in various domains beyond pure mathematics, including physics and computer
science.
A) unassuming
B) meager
C) marginal
D) indelible
Notre Dame Cathedral, a marvel of Gothic architecture, stands as a testament to the grandeur of France's
ecclesiastical past. Its construction began in the 12th century, and it has since witnessed numerous
historical events and transformations. Despite the ravages of time and the catastrophic fire in 2019, the
cathedral's resilience is (---------------). Restoration works are in progress to bring back its past glory, while
maintaining the original architectural integrity. The cathedral's importance extends beyond its religious
significance, serving as a symbol of French heritage and a beacon of hope and resilience for the people of
France.
A) unimaginable
B) unfathomable
C) undeniable
D) unbelievable
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In the vast world of cybersecurity, advanced threat intelligence plays a crucial role in identifying and
mitigating potential risks. This involves the continuous monitoring of systems, networks, and data,
recognizing and analyzing patterns, and making predictions about future cyber threats. This field
demands a high level of expertise, equipping professionals with the ability to (---------------) complex
patterns of cyber threats, and develop strategies to counteract them. The dynamic nature of this field
necessitates constant adaptation and learning, with the aim to protect critical information infrastructure
and maintain the integrity of systems.
A) decipher
B) decode
C) decrypt
D) declassify
Observational data can give an accurate depiction of population fluctuation in a given ecosystem, but
researchers can only (---------------) how certain factors affect certain other factors. Experimental
manipulation in a controlled setting, in contrast, allows researchers to garner enough evidence to make
predictions with more statistical confidence.
A) surmise
B) extract
C) collocate
D) preside
Linguists are now coming around to the idea that many language learners had long since realized: high-
level second-language acquisition is not constrained to the pre-adolescent years. In fact, (---------------)
learners with adequate diligence can achieve similar results.
A) mature
B) fluent
C) cognitive
D) ample
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10
A 2013 study indicates that babies are born with the ability to (---------------) between words of their
“mother tongue” and utterance made in a foreign language. Infants 30 hours old were able to differentiate
between vowel sounds from their native language and those from foreign ones.
A) listen
B) explicate
C) enunciate
D) discriminate
11
Termite mound construction protects the microclimate inside the structure from fluctuations in humidity
and temperature by virtue of its thick walls. Additionally, several ridges of (---------------) walls
(comparatively narrow and thin) seem to provide the finishing touch to climate control within the nest,
though their effect is not fully understood.
A) environmental
B) variable
C) complementary
D) architectural
12
Climate models are known for being wildly inaccurate. Yet, we continue to imbue the (---------------) by
forecasters with a kind of oracular power. Al Gore, for example, continues to be invited to make speeches
decrying the effects of carbon on the environment despite his erroneous warnings in 2009 that the Arctic
ice cap would completely disappear by 2013.
A) processes
B) proclamations
C) collaborations
D) inflexions
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13
Science is nominally independent from commerce, though when research is funded by vested interests, (--
-------------) can be difficult to maintain. It’s not that scientists “fudge” their data exactly; however, they
may choose to downplay or ignore data that might displease corporate benefactors.
A) economics
B) impartiality
C) functionality
D) practicality
14
For African-Americans who had once been promised so much yet ultimately received so little, there was
reason to hold the civil rights movement in (---------------) regard, at least at first. Leaders such as Martin
Luther King, Jr., however, were persuasive; it was finally time for the United States to fulfill the “dream.”
A) adamant
B) meticulous
C) dubious
D) straightforward
15
A study by Elisha Dolan, et al., focusing on the population density of Manta rays (genus Mobula) in the
offshore waters around Guam found that tourism had (---------------) effect. The number of rays was nearly
identical in areas where snorkeling and reef diving were permitted to that in places where such activities
were prohibited.
A) an inconsequential
B) a superior
C) a negligent
D) an inordinate
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16
When relatively (---------------), involuntary firing of nerves are characterized as “nervous tics.” Blinking, a
wrinkling of the nose, or a wringing of hands may be unnoticed, though uncontrollable, by the sufferer, but
these do not often negatively impact lifestyle.
A) medical
B) benign
C) optimistic
D) conditioned
17
The myth has always been that art is somehow “non-commercial.” The fact is that artists have been
supported by patrons throughout history, beholden to them for work. One might even theorize, as Jack
Buxton does in Lucre in the Caves, that even stone-age primitive cave painters may have been (--------------
-) to paint their pieces by hunters or tribal leaders.
A) predicted
B) commissioned
C) decided
D) banished
18
So-called “Jacobethan” literature refers to output produced in the years following the death of Queen
Elizabeth I, in the early years of the reign of James I. As may be inferred from the term itsel, Jacobethan
literature features an (---------------) of subject matter that is neither quite “Elizabethan” nor fully “
Jacobean.”
A) amalgamation
B) intervention
C) explication
D) interjection
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19
One test commonly used to test pain tolerance is the ice bucket test. Subjects place a hand into a bucket of
icy water and researchers record the length of time that the subject can (---------------) the frigid liquid.
Camille Bothard discovered that endurance athletes near the peak of their training can remain immersed
longer than they could before they began their intensive training.
A) implore
B) envelop
C) ameliorate
D) tolerate
20
Roanoke Colony was established by Sir Walter Raleigh in the Chesapeake Bay area in what is now the state
of Virginia in the United States. The fate of those intrepid colonists, unfortunately, remains (---------------).
When relief ships returned with supplies the following year, no trace of them was found.
A) historical
B) ambiguous
C) unacknowledged
D) scattered
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READING
BIG PICTURE 1
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Reading : Big Picture
Reading : Big Picture 1
Dr. Jane Goodall, a renowned primatologist. believed that studying chimpanzees in their natural habitat
could provide valuable insights into human behavior and evolution. Goodall traveled to Tanzania. where
she observed the animals closely. taking detailed notes on their social interactions and communication
patterns. Over time, her research helped to transform our understanding of primate behavior, confirming
her initial hypothesis.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A) Dr. Goodall's journey to Tanzania was motivated by her desire to explore new territories.
B) The study of chimpanzees has expanded our knowledge of human behavior and evolution.
C) The social interactions of chimpanzees in Tanzania differ significantly from those in other regions.
D) Dr. Goodall's research primarily focused on the communication patterns of chimpanzees.
The following text is from Rabindranath Tagore's 1916 novel The Home and the World.
Bimala stood alone in her room, with the lamp extinguished and the doors bolted. I could see her as a
mere speck of darkness against the pale glow of the sky. Ah. that pallor! It was as if, in the dimness of the
room, I had caught a glimpse of a white water-lily in the dark. a water-lily rising out of the mud, opening
its petals to the night—the pallor of a severed head, left behind to haunt us.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) To depict Bimala's solitude and internal struggle in her darkened room

B) To describe the beauty and symbolism of a water lily in the darkness
C) To emphasize the haunting image and impact of a severed head as a metaphor
D) To highlight the contrast between darkness and pale glow in the room
The following text is from Maya Angelou's autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. In this passage,
Maya reflects on her childhood experiences and the power of resilience:
I decided that if white people pretended they were not as smart as they knew themselves to be, it was
because they were allowed to. I could not allow myself any such indulgence. I would give myself
permission to be intelligent, and I would do whatever intelligence guided me to do.
A) To explore the author's determination to embrace her intelligence

B) To examine the disparities in intelligence between different racial groups
C) To challenge the notion that intelligence is limited by race
D) To emphasize the importance of permission in pursuing intelligence
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The following text is from Malcolm Gladwell's book Outliers: The Story of Success. In this passage, Gladwell
discusses the concept of "10,000 hours rule” in relation to achieving mastery in a particular field:
In fact, researchers have settled on what they believe is the magic number for true expertise: ten thousand
hours. In study after study, of composers, basketball players, fiction writers, ice skaters, concert pianists,
chess players, master criminals, and what have you, this number comes up again and again. Of course, this
doesn’t address why some people get more out of their practice sessions than others do. But no one has
yet found a case in which true world-class expertise was accomplished in less time. It seems that it takes
the brain this long to assimilate all that it needs to know to achieve true mastery.
A) To explain the concept of the “10,000 hours rule” in achieving mastery

B) To explore the factors that contribute to world class expertise
C) To emphasize the importance of practice in achieving mastery
D) To highlight the limitations of the "10,000 hours rule”
The following text is adapted from Aldous Huxley's 1932 novel Brave New World. In this passage, the
character Bernard feels out of place among his peers in the futuristic society. He was a self-conscious
outsider, painfully aware of his inadequacy, filled with resentment towards those who seemed to fit in
effortlessly. He longed to belong. but his inherent differences kept him perpetually on the fringes, never
quite able to bridge the gap.
Which choice best describes Bernard's primary struggle in this passage?
A) His struggle to accept his own individuality

B) His desire for power and control over others
C) His eagerness to challenge societal norms
D) His inability to find a sense of belonging
In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education that segregation in
public schools was unconstitutional. The decision overturned the "separate but equal” doctrine
established by the earlier Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896.
A) To explain the history of segregation in public schools

B) To criticize the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education
C) To praise the "separate but equal” doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson
D) To celebrate the impact of the Brown v. Board of Education decision on civil rights in the United States
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The following text is adapted from Zora Neale Hurston's 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God. In this
passage, the protagonist, Janie, reflects on her journey towards self discovery.
Janie knew that she had to break free from the constraints placed upon her by society and the
expectations of others. She wanted to find her own voice and forge her own path, to live life on her terms,
and not be defined by the opinions of those around her.
Which choice best captures Janie's primary goal in this passage?
A) To find love and acceptance in her community

B) To rebel against societal norms and expectations
C) To discover her own identity and independence
D) To prove her worth to those who doubted her
The following text is from Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein.
I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body. For
this I had deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardor that far exceeded moderation;
but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my
heart.
A) To highlight the consequences of obsession and the pursuit of ambition

B) To explore the theme of beauty and its deceptive nature
C) To describe the process of infusing life into an inanimate body
D) To depict the transformation of a dream into horror and disgust
The following text is from Sigmund Freud's book The Interpretation of Dreams.
Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious. They represent the fulfillment of wishes and desires that
are repressed or suppressed during waking life. Through the analysis of dreams, we can gain insight into
the hidden meanings and conflicts within the individual's psyche.
A) To highlight the role of dreams in accessing the unconscious mind

B) To explore the concept of wish fulfillment in dreams
C) To emphasize the importance of analyzing dreams for self-discovery
D) To discuss the hidden meanings and conflicts within the individual's psyche
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10
The following text is from Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice.
There are few people whom I really love, and still fewer of whom I think well. The more I see of the world,
the more am I dissatisfied with it: and every day confirms my belief of the inconsistency of all human
characters, and of the little dependence that can be placed on the appearance of merit or sense.
A) To express Elizabeth Bennet's skepticism towards human nature

B) To explore the influence of first impressions on judgment
C) To highlight the complexities of human characters
D) To reflect on the dissatisfaction with the world
11
The Antarctic Ocean, also known as the Southern Ocean, plays a vital role in global climate regulation. Its
cold, dense waters serve as a sink for heat and carbon dioxide, thereby moderating global temperatures.
The unique currents in this ocean also contribute to the distribution of nutrients and oxygen across the
world's oceans. However, climate change is causing the Antarctic Ocean to warm, which could disrupt
these crucial processes and have far-reaching impacts on global climate patterns.
A) To explain the geographical features of the Antarctic Ocean and how they contribute to its unique
biodiversity
B) To argue that the Antarctic Ocean should be the primary focus of international climate change
mitigation efforts
C) To provide a detailed analysis of the various factors contributing to the warming of the Antarctic Ocean
D) To illustrate the important role that the Antarctic Ocean plays in global climate regulation and the
potential implications of its warming
12
Marine mammals are threatened by the rise in ocean temperatures. The warmer waters reduce the
availability of prey, alter migratory patterns, and increase susceptibility to diseases. Some species, such as
polar bears and seals, rely on sea ice for resting and breeding, but the warming oceans are causing sea ice
to melt. This rapid loss of sea ice is threatening their survival. Moreover, warmer waters are also causing
more intense storms, which can lead to increased mortality among marine mammals.
A) To explain the specific impact of ocean warming on polar bears and seals
B) To discuss the correlation between ocean temperatures and the frequency of storms
C) To outline the various threats posed by ocean warming to the survival of marine mammals
D) To argue that the reduction in prey availability is the most severe impact of ocean warming on marine
mammals
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13
The English Civil War (1642-1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between
Parliamentarians ('Roundheads') and Royalists (‘Cavaliers’). Primarily, the war was not only a regional
conflict but also an ideological one. The Parliamentarians sought to limit the power of the monarchy and
uphold the rights of Parliament, while the Royalists preferred a strong monarch as the stabilizing force in
the nation.
A) To provide a brief overview of the English Civil War, noting the ideological divide between
Parliamentarians and Royalists
B) To elaborate on the individual battles that took place during the English Civil War, focusing on the
military strategies employed
C) To delve into the political machinations that led to the outbreak of the English Civil War, with a focus on
the role of key figures
D) To examine the effects of the English Civil War on English society, particularly in terms of its political
and social structures
14
The following text is adapted from Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huckleberry Finn is
floating down the Mississippi River. Night was coming on, and the light began to get dim by degrees. But it
was the loveliest time-a soft quiet. The stars were coming out, they glittered in the water, where the raft
was floating. There was the sweetest peace and serenity over everything. Huck felt the tranquility, even
though he was always ready for any surprise. It was the stillness of an ocean, after the storm is spent.
Which choice best describes the primary purpose of this passage?
A) To highlight Huck's readiness and alertness despite the calm surroundings

B) To demonstrate the dangers that lurk in the dark corners of the Mississippi River
C) To capture the serene and peaceful ambiance of the Mississippi River at nightfall
D) To portray Huck's loneliness and isolation as he floats alone on the Mississippi River
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15
The following text is adapted from Vladimir Nabokov's 1955 novel 'Lolita.’ Humbert Humbert, the
protagonist, is reflecting on his relationship with Lolita. In the deep shade of the great, green stillness of
the park, I looked at my child-wife. I was her father and lover. An exquisite poison had been distilled from
us. She was mine and I was hers. In the tranquil vale, in that hush of luscious growth, we existed in a world
of secret knowledge and sly understanding. We became the hunted and the hunters, the pursuers and the
pursued.
A) To portray Humbert's regret about his relationship with Lolita and his longing for a different life.
B) To convey the complex and secretive nature of Humbert's relationship with Lolita, characterized by a
mutual possession and secretive understanding.
C) To depict Humbert's guilt for having a relationship with Lolita, symbolized by the image of poison
distilled from them.
D) To illustrate the innocence and purity of Lolita through the use of nature imagery.
16
Michel Foucault, one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century, generated significant
discourse on power dynamics. He asserted that power is not merely held by institutions or individuals, but
is rather a complex network pervading society. Foucault argued that power is everywhere and comes
from everywhere; it's a web that catches us all. He posited that power is productive, not repressive, and
that it not only dictates our actions but also shapes our identities and our knowledge.
A) To illustrate that Foucault's philosophy was centered around the examination of societal institutions.
B) To argue that Foucault's philosophy has been influential in shaping our understanding of personal
identities.
C) To summarize Foucault's philosophical views on power dynamics, emphasizing his belief that power is
pervasive and productive.
D) To highlight that Foucault's philosophy was a critique of the traditional understanding of power as held
by individuals or institutions.
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17
Overfishing, the practice of catching fish from a body of water at a rate that the species can't replenish,
poses a serious threat to marine biodiversity. Many species of fish are now at risk of extinction due to this
unsustainable practice. The depletion of these species can have far-reaching effects on the food chain,
affecting other marine life and causing a domino effect that can lead to the extinction of other species. This
makes overfishing a global concern that needs urgent attention.
A) To express concern about the global seafood industry's unsustainable practices and its potential
collapse
B) To argue for the implementation of stricter regulations on commercial fishing to protect marine life
C) To highlight the threat of overfishing to marine biodiversity and its far-reaching effects in the food
chain
D) To provide a detailed analysis of the fishing methods contributing to the depletion of marine species
18
The Sargasso Sea, often referred to as the 'golden floating rainforest of the ocean’, plays a crucial role in
the life cycle of eels. Eels start their life cycle in the warm waters of the Sargasso Sea, then migrate to fresh
waters to grow and mature. Once mature, they return to the Sargasso Sea to spawn and die, completing
their life cycle. The importance of the Sargasso Sea to the eels’ migration is unparalleled, making its
protection vital.
Which statement best describes the main purpose of the text?
A) To argue for the classification of the Sargasso Sea as an international protected area due to its unique
biodiversity
B) To compare the life cycles of various species that depend on the Sargasso Sea for their survival
C) To emphasize the critical role of the Sargasso Sea in the life cycle of eels and the importance of its
conservation
D) To describe the physical characteristics of the Sargasso Sea and how it differs from other seas
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19
Giorgio de Chirico, a pioneer of the metaphysical art movement, employed elements of surprise and
paradox, creating a sense of mystery in his works. His paintings combined everyday objects in unusual
juxtapositions, creating an eerie, dreamlike world that seemed to exist outside of time. De Chirico’s work
had a profound influence on the surrealists, who saw in his paintings a similar exploration of the
subconscious mind.
A) To discuss the specific techniques Giorgio de Chirico used in his paintings and how they differed from
traditional art methods
B) To highlight Giorgio de Chirico’s role in the Metaphysical art movement and his influence on surrealism
through his unique artistic approach
C) To delve into the personal life and experiences of Giorgio de Chirico that inspired his metaphysical art
pieces
D) To explore the impact of Giorgio de Chirico’s art on the contemporary art market and his commercial
success
20
The following text is adapted from Herman Melville's Moby Dick. Ishmael, the narrator, is observing the
mysterious Captain Ahab. There was an infinity of firmest fortitude, a determinate, unsurrenderable
wilfulness, in the fixed and fearless, forward dedication of that glance. Not a word he spoke; nor did his
officers say aught to him; they all silently worshiped the fire that burned in his heart. It was their wont,
who only made point of not letting their ship's old man be too much of their commander; but Ahab's above
their wont.
A) To emphasize the unspoken tension between Ahab and his crew due to his unrelenting determination.
B) To highlight the crew's worship for Ahab's burning passion, despite their usual resistance to authority.
C) To illustrate the silent communication between Ahab and his officers that result in effective leadership.
D) To underscore Ahab's indomitable will and the crew's silent reverence for it, despite their usual
reluctance to defer to authority.
21
In many African societies, the king's role extends beyond mere governance. His authority is often
intertwined with spiritual power, making him a mediator between the earthly and the spiritual realms. As
the custodian of cultural heritage, the king's position is further enhanced by his duty of preserving
traditions and customs. Furthermore, the king plays an instrumental role in social cohesion, arbitrating
disputes, and maintaining harmony within the community.
A) To portray the king as a spiritual figure with supernatural powers and abilities
B) To emphasize the king's role as a protector of cultural heritage and traditions
C) To highlight the king's responsibility in keeping social harmony by resolving disputes
D) To illustrate the multifaceted role of the king in African societies, encompassing governance,
spirituality, cultural preservation, and social harmony
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22
The Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) had significant geopolitical implications. It clandestinely transferred
Louisiana from France to Spain, which directly impacted Asia. The shift in control altered the balance of
power in the New World, influencing Spain's colonial policies. This indirectly affected Asia, primarily the
Philippines, a Spanish colony. The change in colonial governance resulted in shifts in trade routes and
policies, influencing Asian economies and culture.
A) To highlight the clandestine nature of the Treaty of Fontainebleau and its impact on international law.
B) To discuss the implications of the Treaty of Fontainebleau on Spain's domestic policies and economy.
C) To critique the Treaty of Fontainebleau and its disregard for the rights and sovereignty of Asian
nations.
D) To illuminate the indirect influence of the Treaty of Fontainebleau on Asia through changes in colonial
policies and trade.
23
The following text is adapted from Yann Martel's Life of Pi. Pi, the protagonist, is stranded on a lifeboat in
the Pacific Ocean with a Bengal tiger named Richard Parker.I had to tame him. It was at that moment that I
realized this necessity. It was not a question of him or me, but of him and me. We were, literally and
figuratively, in the same boat. We had to live together, cooperate. In that circumstance, the alpha animal is
the one that is granted survival. To be the alpha, I had to make myself indispensable.
A) To show Pi's fear and desperation in the face of being stranded on a lifeboat with a Bengal tiger
B) To illustrate the immediate danger that the Bengal tiger, Richard Parker, poses to Pi
C) To elucidate Pi's realization of the necessity to assert dominance over Richard Parker to ensure their
mutual survival
D) To describe the physical environment and conditions on the lifeboat where Pi and Richard Parker are
stranded
24
Steven Weinberg, a Nobel laureate in Physics, is known for his work in the field of quantum mechanics. He
is particularly celebrated for his efforts in formulating the electroweak theory, which unifies two of the
four fundamental forces of nature: electromagnetism and weak nuclear force. Weinberg's theory, pivotal
to the Standard Model of particle physics, has profoundly impacted our understanding of the universe.
A) To highlight the groundbreaking contributions of Steven Weinberg to the field of quantum mechanics,
especially the formulation of the electroweak theory
B) To discuss the four fundamental forces of nature and how they interact with each other according to
the Standard Model
C) To overview the significant achievements of Steven Weinberg, particularly his development of the
electroweak theory that played a crucial role in the Standard Model of particle physics
D) To explain in detail the electroweak theory and its implications for the Standard Model of particle
physics and our understanding of the universe
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25
Immanuel Kant, the 18th-century philosopher, proposed a revolutionary idea known as the categorical
imperative. This principle asserts that one should act in a way that the action's maxims could be
universally applied, essentially becoming a law of nature. The concept fundamentally changed moral
philosophy, making a distinction between actions driven by inclination and those guided by duty,
suggesting that true moral worth is found only in the latter. Kant's philosophical ideas, though complex,
have had a profound impact on ethical thought.
A) To highlight the historical context and time period of Kant's philosophical contributions
B) To explain Kant's categorical imperative and its distinctive impact on moral philosophy
C) To critique the effectiveness of Kant's categorical imperative in contemporary society
D) To compare Kant's philosophical ideas with those of other prominent philosophers of his time
26
The Treaty of Kiel, signed in 1814, ended the war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden, but its impact
stretched beyond Europe. It opened up Southeast Asia to European colonial powers, significantly changing
the region's dynamics. The Treaty's conditions allowed for the non-interference of European powers in
Southeast Asian affairs, thus paving the way for the establishment of colonies and significant shifts in
trade patterns, particularly benefiting the British and Dutch East India Companies.
A) To describe the diplomatic negotiations that led to the signing of the Treaty of Kiel
B) To focus on the immediate effects of the Treaty of Kiel on the warring nations of Denmark-Norway and
Sweden
C) To argue that the Treaty of Kiel was primarily responsible for the establishment of British and Dutch
colonies in Southeast Asia
D) To illustrate the far-reaching implications of the Treaty of Kiel on Southeast Asia, particularly in terms
of European colonial expansion and changes in trade
27
Sir Douglas Mawson was a significant figure in Antarctic exploration. His expeditions in the early 20th
century not only broke new ground in scientific research, but also contributed to our understanding of
Antarctica's geology and climate. Mawson's survival against harsh conditions, including temperatures
plummeting to minus 40 degrees Celsius, exemplified human resilience. His work laid the foundation for
contemporary Antarctic research, ensuring his legacy in the annals of polar exploration.
A) To discuss the scientific contributions of various Antarctic explorers throughout history

B) To underscore the significance of Sir Douglas Mawson's Antarctic expeditions in shaping our
understanding of the region and his enduring legacy
C) To elaborate on the specific scientific methodologies employed by Sir Douglas Mawson during his
expeditions
D) To narrate the thrilling adventures and survival stories of Sir Douglas Mawson in the Antarctic
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28
The following text is adapted from Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose. A young monk named Adso is
describing the labyrinthine library within the monastery. 'The library, which seemed to me as vast as the
world, was indeed the universe, a universe containing the universe, and at the same time a reflection of it.
In this labyrinth, each book was a mirror of the others, and every page was a prism through which the
light of one book shone into another, creating endless reflections.’
Which choice best describes the main purpose of this text?
A) To depict the library as a physical representation of the universe and a mirror of knowledge.
B) To illustrate Adso’s confusion and disorientation within the labyrinthine library.
C) To convey the interconnectedness and infinite reflections of knowledge represented in the library’s
books.
D) To express Adso's awe and reverence for the sheer volume of knowledge contained within the library.
29
The following text is adapted from Hermann Hesse's The Glass Bead Game. The protagonist, Joseph
Knecht, is reflecting on his commitment to the intellectual, monastic order of Castalia. He was aware that
he had devoted himself entirely to a sublime, noble, and severe discipline, and that he was one among
many fortunate enough to be allowed to serve this discipline. But of late he had felt an increasing
dissatisfaction, a sense of emptiness and lack of fulfillment. He felt as if Castalia, despite its beauty and
purity, was not enough. He was beginning to feel a longing for something else, something that lay beyond
the boundaries of the Glass Bead Game.
A) To highlight the protagonist's unyielding devotion to Castalia and its intellectual pursuits.
B) To emphasize the protagonist's sense of superiority because of his opportunity to serve Castalia.
C) To illustrate the protagonist's deep-seated dissatisfaction with the intellectual discipline he once
revered.
D) To depict the protagonist's conflicting feelings towards his commitment to Castalia and his growing
desire for something beyond its confines.
30
Hyperbole, an intentional exaggeration, was a common rhetorical tool used in ancient Roman literature.
Authors like Ovid and Cicero utilized hyperbole to emphasize certain elements of their narratives or
arguments. For instance, Ovid's Metamorphoses is filled with hyperbolic descriptions of love and
transformations, while Cicero's speeches often contain exaggerated expressions of praise or criticism.
Despite its dramatic nature, hyperbole served a constructive purpose, enhancing the emotional resonance
and vividness of the text.
A) To argue that hyperbole was the most important rhetorical tool used in ancient Roman literature
B) To demonstrate the ways Ovid and Cicero used hyperbole in their works to satirize Roman society
C) To explain how ancient Roman authors like Ovid and Cicero used hyperbole to emphasize elements in
their works and enhance their text's emotional resonance
D) To illustrate the negative effects of hyperbole on the credibility of ancient Roman literature
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READING
BIG PICTURE 2
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The Treaty of Madrid, signed in 1750, was a pivotal moment in Asian history. It redefined the territorial
boundaries and economic influence of Spain and Portugal in Asia. The treaty, while primarily about South
America, had significant indirect consequences on Asia. It led to the decline of Portuguese influence in Asia
and the rise of the British and Dutch colonial powers. The redistribution of territories and trade routes
resulted in significant changes in Asian geopolitics and economy.
A) To emphasize the diminished power of Portugal and the rise of British and Dutch powers in Asia
following the Treaty of Madrid.
B) To illustrate the impact of the Treaty of Madrid on Asian geopolitics and economy, particularly the
shifting of power and trade routes.
C) To explore the historical background and specific terms of the Treaty of Madrid and its implications on
South American territories.
D) To provide a comprehensive overview of Asia’s colonial history, focusing on the roles of Spain,
Portugal, Britain, and the Netherlands.
The following text is adapted from Arthur Conan Doyle's 'The Hound of the Baskervilles.' Dr. Watson is in
the countryside investigating the mysterious death of Sir Charles Baskerville. The landscape was desolate,
and he found himself in a wilderness of moors, brown hills, and a large, dreary house. The house was
known as Baskerville Hall, and it was here that Sir Charles had met his end. Adding to the grimness of the
scene, a spectral hound was rumored to haunt the place. Watson felt a chill as he contemplated the alleged
curse. His mind filled with tales of the hound, he wondered if he was prepared for what awaited him.
Which choice best describes the main purpose of the text?
A) To narrate Dr. Watson's journey from the city to the countryside.

B) To elaborate on the history and legends associated with Baskerville Hall.
C) To provide a detailed description of the physical attributes of Baskerville Hall.
D) To establish the eerie and ominous atmosphere surrounding Dr. Watson's investigation.
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Philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre proposed the idea of 'existentialism.' He argued that existence precedes
essence, meaning that a human first exists and then defines their essence or nature. In his view, humans
are not predetermined; they are free to determine their nature through actions. Thus, we are responsible
for what we become. Sartre suggested that this freedom is a source of angst, as the responsibility of
shaping one's essence is immense.
A) To provide an overview of all the philosophical ideas proposed by Jean-Paul Sartre throughout his
career
B) To highlight the influence of Jean-Paul Sartre’s philosophical ideas on modern society and culture
C) To reveal that the main focus of Jean-Paul Sartre's philosophy is the study of human nature and its
predetermined aspects
D) To outline Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist philosophy, which posits that humans first exist and then
define their essence, and that this freedom can cause angst
The following text is about W.H. Auden, a renowned British poet. Auden's work was marked by his unique
ability to blend the everyday with the extraordinary, providing a fresh perspective on the mundane. His
poetry, rich in symbolism and metaphor, was often a social commentary that challenged the status quo.
Auden's keen intellect and profound understanding of human nature made his poetry both accessible and
deeply resonant with a diverse audience.
A) To illustrate the breadth and depth of Auden'’s knowledge on various subjects

B) To emphasize Auden'’s role in challenging societal norms through his poetry
C) To highlight the complexity and intricacy of Auden’s poetic style and techniques
D) To acknowledge Auden's unique poetic ability to elevate the ordinary and his profound understanding
of human nature
The following text is adapted from Selma Lagerlof's The Wonderful Adventures of Nils. Nils, a young boy
transformed into a gnome, is contemplating his transformation. Nils found himself changing, not just in
form but also in spirit. The world seemed so much bigger, so much more dangerous. Yet, there was a
certain allure to it, a sense of adventure that he never felt before. He realized the forest, the birds, and the
rivers were not just scenery, but a living world full of mystery and wonder. And he was now part of it, not
just a distant observer.
A) To portray the fear and confusion Nils experiences as he grapples with his transformation into a
gnome.
B) To highlight the dangerous aspects of Nils's new life as a gnome, emphasizing the risks he now faces.
C) To depict Nils's evolving perspective and newfound awareness of the interconnectedness of the natural
world.
D) To illustrate Nils's regret over his transformation and his longing to return to his previous human life.
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The following text is adapted from John Steinbeck’s 1937 novel 'Of Mice and Men.' George and Lennie, two
displaced ranch workers, dream of owning their own ranch. George's voice became deeper. He repeated
his words rhythmically as though he had said them many times before. 'We got a future. We got somebody
to talk to that gives a damn about us. We don't have to sit in a bar room blowin' our jack jus' because we
got no place else to go. If them other guys gets in jail they can rot for all anybody gives a damn. But not us.’
A) To illustrate the financial struggles of George and Lennie in their quest to own a ranch.
B) To convey George's sense of hope and belonging, emphasizing the contrast between their shared dream
and the isolation of others.
C) To provide a detailed description of the harsh realities faced by itinerant workers in the 1930s.
D) To depict George's feelings of superiority over 'them other guys' who end up in jail.
The following text is adapted from James Joyce's 1922 novel Ulysses. Stephen Dedalus is reflecting on the
nature of reality. Stephen bent forward and peered at the mirror held out to him, cleft by a crooked crack.
Hair on end. As he and others see me. Who chose this face for me? This dogsbody to rid of vermin. It asks
me too. | pinched it out of the skirting board. By day you will splotch it with the halfshed tea.
Which choice best describes the primary purpose of this passage from Ulysses?
A) To contrast Stephen's physical appearance with his intellectual prowess.

B) To depict Stephen's disgust with his mundane daily tasks.
C) To explore Stephen's frustration with his lack of control over his life.
D) To illustrate Stephen's introspection and self-questioning about his identity.
Karl Popper, a philosopher of science, proposed the concept of falsifiability as a criterion to distinguish
science from non-science. He argued that scientific theories are characterized by their potential to be
refuted by evidence. Popper emphasized that it is not possible to verify a scientific theory definitively.
Instead, scientists should aim to find evidence that their theories are wrong. If a theory withstands
rigorous attempts to falsify it, it remains a tentative truth until new evidence or perspectives potentially
challenge it.
A) To discuss Karl Popper's contribution to the philosophy of science and his emphasis on empirical
evidence
B) To argue that Karl Popper's theory of falsifiability is the only valid approach to scientific inquiry
C) To highlight Karl Popper's criticism of the scientific community’s reluctance to accept new theories
D) To explain Karl Popper's concept of falsifiability and its role in distinguishing science from non-science
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Dr. Emilia Morano-Williams, a food processing engineer, has been working on a method to enhance the
nutritional value of processed foods. She has discovered a process that can increase the amount of
essential vitamins and minerals in these foods without altering their taste or texture. Her revolutionary
method involves the use of special enzymes that can infuse nutrients directly into the food during
processing. This technique could potentially transform the food industry, making processed foods
healthier for consumers.
A) To discuss the challenges faced by food processing engineers in enhancing the nutritional value of
processed foods
B) To highlight Dr. Emilia Morano-Williams's innovative method to increase the nutritional value of
processed foods
C) To analyze the impact of enzymes on the taste and texture of processed foods
D) To debate the potential of the food industry to transform processed foods into healthier options
10
The following text is adapted from Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. Elizabeth Bennet, one of the novel's
protagonists, is reflecting on her evolving feelings towards Mr. Darcy. 'How despicably have I acted!’ she
cried. ‘l, who have prided myself on my discernment! I, who have valued myself on my abilities! who have
often disdained the generous candour of my sister, and gratified my vanity, in useless or blameable
distrust. How humiliating is this discovery! Yet, how just a humiliation! Had I been in love, I could not have
been more wretchedly blind.’
A) To express Elizabeth's regret over her previous arrogance and her growing understanding of her own
flaws.
B) To reflect on Elizabeth’s self-realization about her misplaced pride and her newfound humility in
acknowledging her mistakes.
C) To convey Elizabeth's sorrow over her love for Mr. Darcy and her disappointment in herself for not
recognizing it sooner.
D) To illustrate Elizabeth’s disdain for her sister's candour and her own satisfaction in her discernment
and abilities.
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11
The following text is adapted from Kurt Vonnegut's 1969 novel "Slaughterhouse-Five." Billy Pilgrim is
having a strange experience of time. Billy looked at the clock on the gas stove. He had an hour to kill before
the saucer came. He went into the living room, swinging the bottle like a dinner bell, turned on the
television. He came slightly unstuck in time, saw the late movie backwards, then forwards again. It was a
movie about American bombers in the Second World War and the gallant men who flew them. Seen
backwards by Billy, the story went like this: American planes, full of holes and wounded men and corpses
took off backwards from an airfield in England.
Which choice best states the main purpose of this passage from the novel?
A) To illustrate Billy Pilgrim's unusual perception of time, as he views a war movie backwards.
B) To depict the mundane activities Billy Pilgrim engages in while waiting for an unidentified saucer.
C) To pay homage to the gallant men who flew American bombers in the Second World War.
D) To provide a detailed description of a war movie about American bombers and their crew.
12
In 1875, Sir George Nares led a British expedition to the Arctic. His team aimed to navigate the North Pole
via a channel now known as Nares Strait. They were equipped with cutting-edge technology, including an
early version of the icebreaker ship, and Nares's strategic approach and determination led to significant
geographic discoveries. However, the expedition faced severe adversities like scurvy, extreme weather
conditions, and loss of life. Despite these drawbacks, the journey marked a pivotal moment in Arctic
exploration history.
A) To highlight the adverse conditions faced by Sir George Nares and his team during the Arctic expedition
B) To focus on the technological advancements used by Sir George Nares in the 1875 Arctic expedition
C) To underscore the tragic loss of life encountered during Sir George Nares's exploration of the Arctic
D) To provide a concise overview of Sir George Nares's 1875 Arctic expedition, emphasizing its
significance despite challenges
13
Alexander Kielland was one of the most famous Norwegian authors of the 19th century. Known for his
sharp wit and incisive social commentary, Kielland used his writing to critique the morality of the
established church and the complacency of the bourgeoisie. His work challenged the status quo, pushing
for social change and often causing controversy. Despite the backlash, his novels and plays remain a
significant part of Norwegian literature.
A) To highlight the significant role Alexander Kielland played in Norwegian literature, particularly his
criticism of social norms and institutions
B) To provide an in-depth analysis of the literary techniques Alexander Kielland used in his novels and
plays
C) To outline the controversy and backlash Alexander Kielland faced throughout his writing career
D) To emphasize the popularity of Alexander Kielland's works among the bourgeoisie, despite his critique
of their complacency
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14
The following text is adapted from Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist. When Oliver first reached the little
town of Barnet, he was too tired to walk any further. He found a little public-house and asked for a glass of
water and a piece of bread. The landlady, a stout, bustling old woman, was moved by his appearance and
gave him a good supper and a nice warm bed. Oliver fell asleep with the thought, 'l have found a friend at
last.'
Which choice best encapsulates the primary purpose of this passage from Oliver Twist?
A) To demonstrate Oliver's resilience and the kindness he encounters at the end of a difficult journey
B) To critique the societal norms that force young children like Oliver into homelessness and destitution
C) To provide a detailed description of Oliver's physical appearance and the physical setting of the town of
Barnet
D) To introduce a new character, the landlady, and examine her role in the broader context of the story
15
In human electrical engineering, animals have played a vital role. From the early experiments with electric
eels, which led to the discovery of bioelectrogenesis, to the use of pigeons in the design of early
telecommunications systems, animals have been instrumental in our understanding and development of
electrical systems. Today, the structure of the silk spider's web is inspiring the creation of flexible,
conductive materials for use in wearable technology.
A) To narrate the history of electrical engineering and highlight key milestones in the field.
B) To illustrate how animals have significantly influenced human understanding and advancement in
electrical engineering.
C) To discuss the ethical implications of using animals in scientific research and technological
development.
D) To emphasize the importance of bioelectrogenesis in the field of electrical engineering and its
discovery.
16
Alessandro Volta was a renowned physicist known for his pioneering work in electricity. His greatest
achievement was the invention of the voltaic pile, the first electric battery. Volta's invention was a
significant milestone in the history of science as it opened the door for the development of electronics. The
voltaic pile was a stack of alternating different metallic disks separated by brine-soaked cloth or
cardboard. This device was capable of producing a steady, continuous flow of electricity.
A) To highlight Alessandro Volta's crucial contribution to the field of electricity, particularly his invention
of the voltaic pile
B) To provide a detailed description of the physical structure and components of the voltaic pile
C) To discuss the various scientific achievements and recognitions of Alessandro Volta throughout his
career
D) To present a chronological account of the history and evolution of electronics and its pioneers
- 103 -
17
The following text is adapted from Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula. Jonathan Harker, a solicitor, has
been invited to stay at Count Dracula's castle. I entered the castle's great hall. Its vast size was exaggerated
by the many tall mirrors which, reflecting the few lights of the room, flung their reflections in all
directions. The room was full of dust, suggesting that it hadn't been lived in for a long time. Yet, the Count
himself was a picture of elegance and seemed incongruous in these surroundings. His manner was courtly
and his smile disarming.
Which choice best reflects the main purpose of the passage?
A) To illustrate the grandeur and opulence of Count Dracula's castle.

B) To underscore the importance of mirrors in the castle's interior design.
C) To contrast the elegance of Count Dracula with the neglected state of his castle.
D) To highlight Jonathan Harker's fascination with the castle’s interior.
18
James Whistler's work significantly influenced American Tonalism, a style characterized by soft, neutral
hues and atmospheric, evocative scenes. Whistler's 'Nocturne' series marked a turning point, employing a
limited palette and simplified forms to evoke mood rather than detailing specific locales. The subtle
gradations and muted tones in his works resonated with the American Tonalism movement, leading to its
widespread acceptance and influencing a generation of artists, including George Inness and Albert
Pinkham Ryder.
A) To argue that James Whistler's work exclusively defined the American Tonalism movement
B) To compare the artistic techniques of James Whistler with those of George Inness and Albert Pinkham
Ryder
C) To analyze the use of neutral hues and atmospheric scenes in James Whistler's 'Nocturne' series
D) To highlight the significance of James Whistler's work in influencing the American Tonalism movement
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19
Pastoral poetry was a significant aspect of ancient Roman literature. It served as a symbol of the idealized
rural life that the Romans admired, a stark contrast to the politics and chaos of the city. The pastoral
genre, with its tranquil landscapes and simple shepherd characters, provided an avenue for poets like
Virgil to explore complex emotions and philosophical thoughts in a serene setting, thereby capturing the
nuances of human experience and the beauty of nature.
A) To illustrate the chaotic politics of ancient Roman cities and how it influenced the development of
pastoral poetry
B) To delve into the lives of shepherd characters portrayed in ancient Roman pastoral poetry and their
representation in society
C) To elucidate the role of pastoral poetry in ancient Roman literature, as a contrast to city life and a
medium for philosophers to express complex thoughts
D) To discuss the admiration of rural life by ancient Romans, and how this admiration inspired all genres
of Roman literature, not just pastoral poetry
20
The following text is adapted from J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. Holden Caulfield, the novel's
protagonist, reflects on his younger sister Phoebe. "You should see her. You never saw a little kid so pretty
and smart in your whole life. She's really smart. I mean she's had all A's ever since she started school. She's
very good in spelling. She's very good in spelling for a kid that just goes to a regular public school.”
A) To highlight the differences in academic performance between public and private school students.
B) To argue that Phoebe should be moved to a more advanced educational institution due to her high
grades.
C) To express Holden's admiration and pride for his younger sister Phoebe's intelligence and academic
achievements.
D) To criticize the education system for not recognizing the talents of students like Phoebe in regular
public schools.
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21
In human astrology, animals play a significant role. Each zodiac sign is represented by an animal, and
these animal signs are believed to influence the personality traits, emotions, and destiny of individuals
born under them. For instance, those born under the sign of Leo, which is symbolized by a lion, are
thought to be courageous, passionate, and assertive. Similarly, people born under the sign of Cancer,
represented by a crab, are believed to be intuitive, loyal, and protective. This system of belief has been
influential in shaping human behavior and decision-making for centuries.
A) To discuss the historical development and evolution of the zodiac system in human astrology
B) To explain in detail the specific traits associated with each of the zodiac signs in human astrology
C) To argue for the validity and scientific basis of the zodiac system in human astrology
D) To illustrate the role of animal symbols in human astrology and their perceived influence on human
characteristics
22
The influence of African basketry on global weaving is immense. African weavers' intricate patterns and
techniques have been adopted by artists worldwide, enriching the global tapestry of craft. The unique
blend of functionality and aesthetics, an integral part of African basketry, has been influential in shaping
the design philosophy of many contemporary weavers. The weavers' profound connection with nature,
reflected in their use of natural materials and colors, has further broadened the horizons of the global
weaving community.
A) To argue that African basketry is superior to other forms of weaving in terms of design and
functionality
B) To highlight the significant influence of African basketry techniques and philosophy on the global
weaving community
C) To discuss the history and evolution of African basketry over the centuries
D) To describe the natural materials and colors used in African basketry and their symbolic meanings
- 106 -
23
The following text is adapted from Charles Dickens's Great Expectations. Pip, the protagonist, is reflecting
on his relationship with Estella. 'In her frown, I saw Estella in a strange light. Not as the girl who I had
dreamed of for so long, but as a woman indifferent to me, her heart elsewhere. It was not love, it was not
tenderness, it was not pity. It was just a cold, detached indifference. Yes, that was the word, indifference.
And I, in my foolishness, had mistaken it for love.
A) To convey Pip's realization about the true nature of his feelings for Estella and her indifference towards
him.
B) To illustrate the deep affection and mutual understanding between Pip and Estella.
C) To explore the various ways in which Estella expresses her love for Pip.
D) To emphasize the intense emotional turmoil that Pip experiences due to Estella’s constant mood
swings.
24
In many African societies, the role of the gardener is much more than just a caretaker of plants. These
individuals are seen as custodians of the land, responsible for maintaining the balance between humans
and nature. They are revered for their intimate knowledge of the earth and its cycles, and their skills in
cultivating and harvesting plants are seen as a vital link in the chain of life. The gardener's role extends
beyond the physical, encompassing spiritual and social aspects, thus playing a pivotal role in the
community.
A) To highlight the integral role of gardeners in African societies, emphasizing their responsibilities and
the respect they command
B) To provide a detailed account of the various types of plants that African gardeners grow and nurture
C) To discuss the training and education required to become a respected gardener in African societies
D) To explore the economic impact of the gardening profession on the overall economy of African societies
25
Bottom trawling, a fishing practice where heavy nets are dragged along the sea floor, has severe impacts
on marine habitats. It causes extensive physical damage, eradicating the seabed's structural complexity.
This destruction leads to a loss of biodiversity as many species lose their habitat. Moreover, the sediment
stirred up by trawling can smother corals and sponges, further degrading the ecosystem. Despite its high
efficiency in catching fish, the environmental cost of bottom trawling raises significant concerns.
A) To highlight the efficiency of bottom trawling as a fishing method and its economic benefits
B) To underscore the damaging effects of bottom trawling on marine habitats and its implications for
biodiversity
C) To explain the mechanics of how bottom trawling works and the types of species it targets
D) To discuss alternative fishing methods that are less harmful to marine habitats than bottom trawling
- 107 -
26
The following text is adapted from Jane Austen's 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice. It describes the
protagonist Elizabeth's reaction to Mr. Darcy's proposal. She was now struck with the impropriety of such
communications to a stranger, and wondered it had escaped her before. She saw the indelicacy of putting
himself forward as he had done, and the inconsistency of his professions with his conduct. She
remembered that he had boasted of having no such romantic delicacy as other men, and yet he had acted
on the romantic principle of sacrificing everything for love.
A) To narrate a story of Elizabeth's initial attraction to Mr. Darcy.

B) To describe Elizabeth's feelings of regret and longing towards Mr. Darcy.
C) To convey the disappointment Elizabeth feels about Darcy's lack of romantic delicacy.
D) To illustrate Elizabeth's realization of the contradiction between Mr. Darcy's words and actions.
27
The advent of agricultural technology has had a significant impact on the farming industry. Innovations
such as GPS-guided tractors, automated irrigation systems, and advanced crop analytics have
revolutionized traditional farming methods. These advancements have not only increased efficiency and
yield but also reduced labor costs and environmental impact. However, the high cost of these technologies
may pose a challenge for small-scale farmers.
A) To highlight the transformative effect of agricultural technology on farming, while acknowledging

potential challenges for small-scale farmers
B) To argue for the need to lower the cost of agricultural technology in order to make it more accessible to
small-scale farmers
C) To suggest that the benefits of agricultural technology, such as increased efficiency and reduced
environmental impact, outweigh its high cost
D) To advocate for the adoption of agricultural technology by all farmers, regardless of the scale of their
operations
28
Deforestation has devastating effects on orangutans. Orangutans, indigenous to Borneo and Sumatra, rely
heavily on the forest for survival. It provides them with food, shelter, and a means of travel. These gentle
creatures spend their entire lives in the trees, swinging from branch to branch. However, the rapid pace of
deforestation is destroying their homes. Each year, numerous orangutans are left homeless and many do
not survive. Deforestation not only threatens the orangutan population but also disrupts the ecological
balance.
A) To highlight the importance of trees in the life cycle of orangutans

B) To illustrate the detrimental impact of deforestation on orangutans and the ecological balance
C) To discuss the geographical distribution of orangutans in Borneo and Sumatra
D) To explain the behavior and lifestyle of orangutans in their natural habitat
- 108 -
29
The following text is adapted from James Joyce's 1922 novel 'Ulysses". Leopold Bloom, the protagonist, is
observing the city of Dublin. The city seemed full of life and yet there was an underlying sense of decay.
The grandeur of the past was evident in the imposing buildings, but they were showing signs of wear. The
shops were bustling with activity, but the items on display seemed outdated. Bloom's heart sank as he
noticed the stark contrast between the vibrant energy of the city's inhabitants and the crumbling
infrastructure.
A) To depict the protagonist's feeling of despair and sadness about the state of the city
B) To emphasize the bustling life of Dublin and its vibrant inhabitants
C) To illustrate the juxtaposition between the lively energy of Dublin's inhabitants and the city's
deteriorating infrastructure
D) To recount the historical grandeur of Dublin and its architectural beauty
30
The following text is adapted from Alice Walker's 1982 novel The Color Purple. Celie, a young black
woman in the southern United States, is sharing her thoughts about her life. I don't even look at menfolk
no more. I don't care what they look like. All I got to do is think bout the one that I had, and I don't want to
see another. | don't know how I'm gone do it, but |I want to go somewhere and start over. Maybe I'll find
something to do with myself. Maybe I'll even find somebody to love.
A) To express Celie's deep resentment towards men and her unwillingness to engage with them.
B) To reveal Celie's desire to move on from her past and the hope she holds for reinventing herself.
C) To illustrate the societal pressures that Celie faces as a black woman in the southern United States.
D) To explain the reasons behind Celie's decision to isolate herself from men permanently.
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READING
BIG PICTURE 3
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The following text is adapted from Fyodor Dostoevsky's 1880 novel The Brothers Karamazov. Dmitri, the
eldest of the Karamazov brothers, is known for his passionate nature and reckless behavior. Dmitri was
very much on edge; he had a sort of presentiment. He had always been given to impulsiveness. He only
believed in present realities, and did not trouble himself about the outcome; he loved life irrespective of
his judgment of it. His sensations, his ideas, seemed to come to him of their own accord, he was merely
their channel. These feelings left no trace on his face; his expression was calm, almost indifferent.
A) To depict Dmitri's character as impulsive and passionate, a person who lives in the moment and does
not worry about the future.
B) To highlight the contrast between Dmitri's internal emotional turmoil and his calm and indifferent
outward appearance.
C) To express Dmitri's deep love for life, despite his inability to make sound judgments and his tendency
to act on impulse.
D) To suggest that Dmitri's reckless behavior is a result of his inability to control his sensations and ideas,
which seem to come to him of their own accord.
Francis Bacon, a 17th-century philosopher, proposed a new scientific method. He argued that instead of
relying on the reasoning of Aristotle and other ancient philosophers, scientists should observe the world
and draw conclusions from it. This method, known as empiricism, would require rigorous testing of
hypotheses and careful observation. Bacon's ideas laid the groundwork for the scientific revolution and
continue to influence scientific thought today.
A) To argue that Francis Bacon's scientific method was a direct critique of Aristotle's philosophical ideas
B) To emphasize that Francis Bacon was the most influential philosopher in the 17th century
C) To highlight the role of Francis Bacon's ideas in the rigorous testing of hypotheses and careful
observation
D) To explain how Francis Bacon's philosophical ideas, specifically empiricism, contributed to the
scientific revolution and continue to shape scientific thought
- 111 -
Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States, was a man of many talents. Not only did he help to
shape the country's political landscape, but he also served as an ambassador, wrote the Declaration of
Independence, and was a keen scientist and inventor. His contributions to science included the design of a
macaroni machine, the invention of a rotating bookstand, and the introduction of various plants to
America. His curiosity and thirst for knowledge were truly remarkable.
A) To highlight Thomas Jefferson's multifaceted talent and contributions not only in politics but also in
scientific innovation
B) To focus on Thomas Jefferson's inventions and his impact on the field of science alone
C) To emphasize the political achievements of Thomas Jefferson, particularly his role in drafting the
Declaration of Independence
D) To explore the diplomatic career of Thomas Jefferson, with a special emphasis on his role as an
ambassador
The following text is adapted from John Steinbeck's 1937 novel 'Of Mice and Men.' Lennie, a mentally
disabled man, and his friend George are looking for work on a ranch. Lennie looked eagerly at him. “Go on,
George. Ain't you gonna give me more hell?" “If I was alone I could live so easy,” George said. “I could go
get a job an’ work, an' no trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the month comeI| could take my fifty
bucks and go into town and get whatever I want."
A) To depict Lennie's anticipation for George's reprimand and his eagerness to accept it.
B) To show George's regret about his decision to leave his job and the peace it brought him.
C) To elucidate George's thoughts on the ease of life he could have if he were alone, unburdened by Lennie.
D) To illustrate the financial stability that George has achieved through his hard work and discipline.
- 112 -
The following text is adapted from Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel ‘Gone with the Wind.' Scarlett O'Hara is
reflecting on her family's plantation, Tara. Tara was more than a home to her. It was a symbol of
everything she had ever loved, and all that she had lost. It represented the old South, with its grace,
beauty, and strength. It was a reminder of her mother, who had loved Tara as much as Scarlett did now.
And yet, it was also a symbol of her own grit and determination, the strength and resilience she had
discovered within herself.
Which choice best indicates the main purpose of the text?
A) To portray Scarlett's deep attachment to the physical aspects of Tara, like its architectural design and
landscape.
B) To highlight how Tara acts as a symbol embodying Scarlett's personal and cultural history, as well as
her resilience.
C) To demonstrate the economic value and importance of Tara within the context of the old South.
D) To reveal the shared love between Scarlett and her mother for the plantation, thereby showing their
common interests.
African animal husbandry has significantly influenced livestock practices globally. Traditional approaches,
such as communal grazing and mobile pastoralism, provide models for sustainable farming. The Boran
cattle breed from East Africa, for instance, has been adopted worldwide due to its resilience to harsh
climates. Moreover, the concept of 'One Health', recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and
environmental health, has roots in African pastoral communities. This holistic view is now being
incorporated into modern livestock management.
A) To examine the role of the Boran cattle breed in transforming global livestock practices
B) To discuss how the concept of 'One Health' originated from African pastoral communities
C) To describe the ecological benefits of communal grazing and mobile pastoralism
D) To highlight the impact of African animal husbandry practices on global livestock management
Climate change is a significant threat to coastal ecosystems. Rising sea levels and increased storm
frequency and intensity can cause severe damage. Coastal ecosystems, like mangroves and coral reefs,
provide diverse habitats and act as natural barriers against storms. However, these ecosystems are
vulnerable to climate change. If protective measures aren't taken, these ecosystems could be permanently
damaged, leading to a loss of biodiversity and increased vulnerability to natural disasters.
A) To highlight the crucial role of mangroves and coral reefs in maintaining biodiversity
B) To discuss the impact of natural disasters on coastal ecosystems
C) To indicate the need for protective measures to prevent natural disasters
D) To emphasize the threat of climate change to coastal ecosystems and the potential consequences if not
mitigated
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The following text is adapted from Salman Rushdie's 1981 novel 'Midnight's Children.’ Saleem Sinai, the
protagonist, is discussing the importance of stories and storytelling. He said, 'Reality is a question of
perspective; the further you get from the past, the more concrete and plausible it seems — but as you
approach the present, it inevitably seems more and more incredible. Suppose you and I are, respectively,
an historian and a novelist: the historian will inevitably simplify, whereas the novelist can tell the truth.'
A) To illustrate Saleem Sinai's belief on the differences between how novelists and historians interpret
and represent reality.
B) To depict the protagonist’s struggle with the concept of reality and his inability to distinguish it from
fiction.
C) To argue that novelists are more capable of presenting the truth than historians due to their creative
freedom.
D) To emphasize the protagonist’s disdain for historians who simplify complex narratives and distort the
truth.
Offshore drilling for oil and gas is a necessary yet disruptive process affecting marine ecosystems. The
noise pollution generated by drilling can disrupt the communication among marine animals, leading to a
decline in populations. Moreover, accidental oil spills, a possibility in any drilling operation, can lead to
catastrophic marine life loss. However, drilling also brings economic benefits, providing jobs and fueling
growth. Strict regulations can mitigate the impact on marine ecosystems, but this balance is delicate and
requires constant monitoring.
A) To emphasize the economic benefits of offshore drilling while downplaying its potentially catastrophic
effects on marine ecosystems
B) To describe the specific ways in which noise pollution from offshore drilling affects the communication
among marine animals
C) To highlight the disruptive impact of offshore drilling on marine ecosystems, while acknowledging its
economic benefits and the role of regulations
D) To argue that the regulations in place for offshore drilling are insufficient and need to be more
stringent to protect marine ecosystems
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10
The influence of African art on European artists, particularly in the early 20th century, is profound. African
sculptures, masks, and textiles inspired artists such as Picasso and Matisse to break away from traditional
European aesthetics and embrace abstract forms. These artists were captivated by the bold, abstract
patterns and the spiritual symbolism inherent in African art. This interaction ushered in a new artistic
movement, Cubism, which challenged conventional perspectives and profoundly reshaped modern art.
A) To highlight the specific African artworks that inspired Picasso and Matisse
B) To argue that the Cubist movement would not have existed without African art
C) To discuss how African art influenced European artists and contributed to the development of modern
art
D) To detail the spiritual symbolism in African art that drew the attention of European artists
11
The following text is adapted from Alice Sebold's 2002 novel 'The Lovely Bones.' The main character, Susie
Salmon, reflects on her life after her death. In heaven, everything is as it should be. But there is a catch.
Heaven is simply a replica of my life before the incident, minus the bad parts. Here, there are no
heartbreaks or disappointments. I can play with Holiday, my dog, who died two years before me, and I can
watch my family from above, seeing them live their lives while I am stuck in my perfect heaven, missing
them.
A) To depict the protagonist's dissatisfaction with the life she had before her death
B) To illustrate the protagonist's mixed feelings about her existence in heaven and her longing for her
family
C) To express the protagonist's joy at being able to live without heartbreak or disappointment in heaven
D) To give a vivid description of heaven as a place identical to life on earth minus its hardships
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12
The following text is adapted from Stephen King's 1982 novel The Gunslinger. The Gunslinger, Roland, is
in pursuit of the Man in Black, his nemesis. Roland's pursuit of the Man in Black was not driven by
vengeance or hatred, but by a sense of duty and destiny. He followed the man across vast, desolate
landscapes, through towns long abandoned by civilization. The Man in Black had the ability to manipulate
time and space, always managing to stay a step ahead. Despite this, Roland was not deterred. He knew that
his quest was not merely a chase, but a pilgrimage of sorts.
Which choice best states the main purpose of this passage?
A) To describe the desolate landscapes and abandoned towns that Roland travels through in his pursuit of
the Man in Black.
B) To depict Roland's relentless pursuit of the Man in Black, driven by duty and destiny, not by personal
feelings.
C) To illustrate the supernatural abilities of the Man in Black, particularly his power to manipulate time
and space.
D) To explore the concept of a pilgrimage and how Roland's quest for the Man in Black fits this
description.
13
French poet Stéphane Mallarmé is renowned for his intricately structured poems. He used language with
meticulous precision, and his works often included complex symbols and allusions. Mallarmé's intricate
use of form and language sought to evoke emotions in the reader, rather than directly stating them. His
approach to poetry was revolutionary, and he had a significant influence on the Symbolist movement.
A) To suggest that Mallarmé's poems were difficult to understand due to their extensive use of symbols
and allusions.
B) To argue that Mallarmé's revolutionary approach to poetry was not received well by his
contemporaries.
C) To highlight Mallarmé's revolutionary approach to poetry, characterized by meticulously structured
poems and an evocative use of language.
D) To detail the life of Mallarmé and his journey towards becoming an influential figure in the Symbolist
movement.
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14
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca was a Spanish explorer who, in the 16th century, embarked on a journey
across North America. His travels were significant as they led to the opening up of new regions for Spanish
expansion. Moreover, his detailed reports on the customs and cultures of indigenous peoples provided
Europeans with valuable insights into the lives of Native Americans. Despite surviving numerous
hardships, he remained respectful towards the indigenous peoples, a rarity among conquistadors.
A) To highlight the exceptional survival skills of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca during his travels in North
America
B) To underscore the significance of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca's travels in opening up new regions and
understanding Native cultures
C) To illustrate Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca's role in subduing the indigenous peoples of North America
D) To applaud the respectful attitude of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca towards indigenous peoples,
contrasting him with other conquistadors
15
The following text is adapted from Charlotte Bronte's novel "Jane Eyre." Jane, the protagonist, is reflecting
on her solace in nature. | have no relative but the universal mother, Nature: I will seek her breast and ask
repose. I struck straight into the heath; I held on to a hollow I saw deeply furrowing the brown moorside; I
waded knee-deep in its dark growth; I turned with its turnings, and finding a moss-blackened granite crag
in a hidden angle, I sat down under it. High banks of moor were about me; the crag protected my head: the
sky was over that.
Which choice best states the primary purpose of this passage?
A) To illustrate Jane's sense of isolation and her finding solace in the embrace of nature
B) To depict the harsh conditions Jane is forced to endure in her journey through the moor
C) To describe the geographical features and flora of the moor Jane is traversing
D) To convey Jane's physical exhaustion and her struggle to navigate the treacherous moor landscape
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16
The following text is adapted from Annie Dillard's Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. The protagonist is observing a
frog by a creek. I had been watching a small, green frog. It was mottled green and brown, and its back was
turned to me. Suddenly, it jerked into the water. I could still see its eyes, but now it was transparent. I
could see the pebbles at the bottom of the water. The frog, whose back was to me, did not know I was
there. My eyes alone could touch it.
Which choice best states the main purpose of this passage?
A) To describe the protagonist's ability to notice minute details in nature.

B) To depict the protagonist's observation of the frog and its transformation into a transparent creature in
water.
C) To illustrate the protagonist's love for frogs and other amphibious creatures.
D) To emphasize the protagonist's silent interaction with the frog, highlighting the isolation of the
protagonist.
17
The following text is adapted from Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code. Robert Langdon, a Harvard
symbologist, and Sophie Neveu, a French cryptologist, are in the Louvre, trying to solve a mystery.
Langdon looked at the painting before him - the Mona Lisa. He felt an odd sense of serenity gaze over him.
Despite the chaos around him, the woman's cryptic smile and tranquil gaze seemed to calm his frantic
thoughts. Sophie, on the other hand, seemed perplexed, her brows knitted together in concentration. She
seemed to be searching for something, something hidden within the enigmatic depths of the painting.
A) To highlight the difference in reactions of Langdon and Sophie when faced with a cryptic painting.
B) To describe the perplexity of Sophie looking at the Mona Lisa, trying to decipher an enigma.
C) To contrast the serene reaction of Langdon with Sophie's perplexed engagement with the Mona Lisa.
D) To emphasize the calming effect of the Mona Lisa on Langdon amidst the chaotic surroundings.
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18
In 1883, Frederick Schwatka, an American explorer, embarked on a journey through the Yukon.
Schwatka's expedition, sponsored by the American Geographical Society, aimed to map the uncharted
territories of the Yukon and gather information on the indigenous tribes. In the face of extreme weather
conditions and logistical difficulties, Schwatka's team demonstrated remarkable perseverance. Their
exploration significantly contributed to the understanding of the Yukon's geography and indigenous
cultures.
A) To illustrate the hardships faced by Frederick Schwatka and his team during their exploration of the
Yukon
B) To summarize Frederick Schwatka's exploration of the Yukon and its significant contributions to
geographical and cultural understanding
C) To highlight the role of the American Geographical Society in sponsoring Frederick Schwatka's
expedition
D) To focus on the techniques used by Frederick Schwatka's team to survive in the harsh conditions of the
Yukon
19
In many African societies, dance plays a significant role in community life. It is a form of non-verbal
communication and a medium for social bonding. Dances are often performed in various contexts such as
initiation rites, marriages, and religious ceremonies. They can express a wide range of emotions and ideas,
from joy and celebration to grief and sorrow. Furthermore, dance is also used as a tool for teaching
societal norms and values, thereby reinforcing the cultural identity of a group.
A) To highlight the various types of dances performed in African societies

B) To explore the connection between dance and religious practices in African cultures
C) To discuss the emotional impact of dance performances on the audience
D) To illustrate the multifaceted role of dance in African societies as a medium for communication, social
bonding, and cultural reinforcement
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20
The following text is adapted from Jack London's 1903 novel The Call of the Wild. Buck, a sturdy sled dog,
is living with his master, John Thornton, in the harsh and unforgiving Yukon territory. Over time, Buck has
developed a deep and unique connection with his master, evolving from mere obedience to a profound
love. Buck's loyalty to Thornton surpasses that of a typical dog to its master. He not only follows
Thornton's commands but also anticipates them, showing an understanding that goes beyond mere
training.
A) To illustrate the deep bond and understanding that has developed between Buck and his master,
Thornton, which surpasses the usual relationship between a dog and its owner.
B) To highlight Buck's obedience and training, suggesting that he is an exceptional sled dog capable of
understanding complex commands.
C) To depict the harsh and unforgiving environment of the Yukon territory, emphasizing the survival skills
required for a dog and its master.
D) To emphasize Thornton's skills as a dog trainer, illustrating how he has trained Buck to anticipate his
commands.
21
The following text is adapted from Ursula K. Le Guin's 1968 novel 'The Wizard of Earthsea’. In this
passage, the adolescent wizard Ged is learning about the nature of magic and power. His teacher, the mage
Ogion, had said, 'To light a candle is to cast a shadow.' This saying, Ged understood, was a paradox meant
to hint at a truth. The truth was that in this world, one's actions could have unintended consequences. To
use magic was to disturb the balance of things; and every disturbance had its consequences, even a tiny
ripple could bring about a storm.
Which choice best captures the central message conveyed in the text?
A) The text mainly serves to depict Ged's struggle to comprehend the teachings of his mentor, Ogion.
B) The primary purpose of the text is to illustrate the unpredictable and often dangerous nature of magic.
C) The text primarily communicates the idea that actions, particularly those involving magic, can have
unintended consequences.
D) The text's main intention is to highlight the importance of maintaining a balance in the natural world.
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22
Sir Edmund Hillary, a New Zealand mountaineer, along with Tenzing Norgay, a Sherpa of Nepal, were the
first confirmed climbers to reach the summit of Mount Everest in 1953. Hillary's meticulous planning,
commitment to physical training, and heroic leadership were crucial to this historic achievement. Even
more impressive, Hillary devoted much of his later life to philanthropy, helping to improve the living
conditions of the Sherpa people of Nepal.
A) To highlight the physical prowess and stamina required to climb Mount Everest
B) To acknowledge Sir Edmund Hillary's contribution to the conquest of Mount Everest and his later
philanthropic efforts
C) To emphasize the importance of teamwork in achieving significant milestones in mountaineering
D) To underscore the challenges faced by mountaineers in conquering Mount Everest
23
Automotive electronics engineer, Dr. Kim, is known for her innovative designs. She was the first to
integrate a fully digital dashboard into a production vehicle, enabling drivers to easily access vital
information. Her most recent project was creating a self-learning Al system for electric vehicles, which
optimizes energy consumption based on driving behaviors. These breakthroughs have set new standards
for the industry, inspiring others to push boundaries.
A) To highlight the importance of fully digital dashboards in modern vehicles

B) To acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Kim in the field of automotive electronics engineering
C) To detail the process of creating a self-learning Al system for electric vehicles
D) To discuss the impact of automotive electronics on energy consumption
24
The following text is adapted from Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary. Emma Bovary is reflecting on her
life and her marriage. She had no doubt that she had at last reached the truth of life, discovered what to
live for. Everything that, till then, had made up the joy and the charm of her life, all that had been sunshine
and brightness to her, all that was beautiful and of good report, seemed to her now so trivial, so paltry, so
base, when compared with the ineffable attractions of this life of the future, which was about to begin for
her.
Which choice best captures the main intent of the text?
A) To demonstrate the gradual shift in Emma's perspective on life and her transition into cynicism.
B) To emphasize Emma's regret and dissatisfaction over her past choices and actions.
C) To portray Emma's epiphany and her anticipation for a more meaningful future life.
D) To highlight the disparity between Emma's past pleasures and her newfound understanding of life.
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25
The following text is adapted from Markus Zusak's The Book Thief. Liesel, a young girl in Nazi Germany,
has just stolen a book from a burning pile. In her hands, the book felt heavy, its weight a reminder of her
wrongdoing. Looking at the title, she felt a strange mix of guilt and exhilaration. She had never stolen
before, but the sight of the flames consuming the words had been too much for her. She was not a thief,
she told herself, but a savior. Her small act of rebellion was, in her mind, a way of preserving something
beautiful in a world rapidly losing its shine.
A) To describe Liesel's physical experience of holding a stolen book and emphasize its heaviness.
B) To portray Liesel's internal conflict and justification regarding her act of stealing a book.
C) To illustrate the destructive power of fire and its impact on printed words.
D) To emphasize the despair and futility of living in Nazi Germany during the war.
26
The Treaty of Erfurt, signed in 1808 between France and Russia, was a significant event that subtly
influenced Asia. This treaty ensured Russia's neutrality, giving Napoleon a free hand in Europe.
Consequently, Napoleon's greater European influence led indirectly to British colonial expansion in Asia,
as Britain sought to compensate for its European losses. Thus, the Treaty of Erfurt indirectly facilitated the
British colonization in Asia.
A) To examine the diplomatic relationships between France and Russia during the early 19th century
B) To discuss the political machinations of Napoleon and their direct impact on Asia
C) To explain how the Treaty of Erfurt indirectly influenced British colonial expansion in Asia
D) To provide a detailed account of the British colonization process in Asia
27
Monarch butterflies are known for their remarkable migration patterns. Each fall, they travel thousands of
miles from North America to Mexico, a journey that no single butterfly completes in its lifetime. Instead, it
takes several generations of butterflies to complete the round trip. These butterflies rely on a combination
of environmental cues and inherited genetic information to find their way. Despite this remarkable feat,
the exact mechanisms of their navigation remain a mystery to scientists.
A) To emphasize the unique ability of Monarch butterflies to travel long distances

B) To illustrate the complexity of the genetic information inherited by Monarch butterflies
C) To question the validity of current scientific knowledge about Monarch butterfly migration
D) To describe the Monarch butterflies’ extraordinary migration process and the mystery of their
navigational methods
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28
The following text is adapted from Joseph Heller's Catch-22. Yossarian, a bombardier, is trying to maintain
his sanity while fulfilling his service requirements so that he can go home. "That's some catch, that Catch-
22," he observed. "It's the best there is," Doc Daneeka agreed. Yossarian saw it clearly in all its spinning
reasonableness. There was an elliptical precision about its perfect pairs of parts that was graceful and
shocking, like good modern art, and at times Yossarian wasn't quite sure he saw it at all, just the way he
was never quite sure about good modern art or about the flies Doc Daneeka said were crawling on his
face.
Which choice best explains the main purpose of the text?
A) To illustrate Yossarian's confusion about the military regulations he's subjected to

B) To highlight Yossarian's struggle to comprehend the paradoxical nature of Catch-22
C) To emphasize Yossarian's disdain for the military and its regulations
D) To provide a detailed description of Yossarian's interaction with Doc Daneeka
29
A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production, and
distribution are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand. The major
characteristic of a market economy is the existence of factor markets that play a dominant role in the
allocation of capital and the factors of production. In this system, every economic decision is influenced by
market forces, thus promoting competition and efficiency.
A) To explain the role of government regulation in a market economy

B) To discuss the impact of supply and demand on consumer behavior in a market economy
C) To define a market economy and highlight its key characteristics and driving forces
D) To argue for the benefits of a market economy over other types of economic systems
30
The Andes Mountains, the world's longest continental mountain range, stretch nearly 4,300 miles through
seven South American countries. They are second in height only to the Himalayas. In addition to their
impressive length and height, the Andes are home to a rich variety of plant and animal species, some of
which are found nowhere else on Earth. The range's diverse ecosystems, from snow-capped peaks to lush
rainforests, are a testament to nature's adaptability and resilience.
A) To highlight the geographical significance of the Andes Mountains as the longest continental mountain
range
B) To emphasize the comparison between the Andes Mountains and the Himalayas in terms of height
C) To present an overview of the Andes Mountains, emphasizing their length, height, and unique
biodiversity
D) To discuss the various ecosystems found within the Andes Mountains and their significance to global
biodiversity
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READING
LITERAL COMPREHENSION 1
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Reading : Literal Comprehension
Reading : Literal Comprehension 1
The following text is from Thomas Hardy's 1891 novel Tess of the d'Urbervilles.
Tess, a young woman from a poor family, has an encounter with Alec that leads to her downfall. Why it
was that upon this beautiful feminine tissue, sensitive as gossamer, and practically blank as snow as yet,
there should have been traced such a coarse pattern as it was doomed to receive; why so often the coarse
appropriates the finer thus, the wrong man the woman, the wrong woman the man, many thousand years
of analytical philosophy have failed to explain to our sense of order.
Based on the text, what is true about Tess?
A) Tess is described as being mentally strong.

B) Tess has already experienced much of life.
C) Tess is depicted as an innocent being exposed to harsh circumstances.
D) Tess has made deliberate choices leading to her downfall.
The following text is from Joseph Heller's 1961 novel Catch-22. The novel is a satirical critique of military
bureaucracy and the madness of war.
There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which specified that a concern for one's own safety in the
face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind. Orr was crazy and could
be grounded. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have
to fly more missions.
According to the text, what is true about Catch-22?
A) Catch-22 allows for an easy escape from dangerous situations.

B) Catch-22 is a paradox that entraps those seeking to escape danger.
C) Catch-22 applies only to Orr and his specific circumstances.
D) Catch-22 encourages soldiers to be more courageous.
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The following text is from Kurt Vonnegut's 1969 novel Slaughterhouse-Five. The protagonist Billy Pilgrim
experiences his life in a non-linear chronology due to time-travel.
Billy looked at the clock on the gas stove. He had an hour to kill before the saucer came. He went into the
living room, swinging the bottle like a dinner bell, turned on the television. He came slightly unstuck in
time, saw the late movie backwards, then forwards again. It was a movie about American bombers in the
Second World War and the gallant men who flew them.
Based on the text, what is true about Billy Pilgrim?
A) Billy Pilgrim has a routine life without surprises.

B) Billy Pilgrim anticipates the arrival of a saucer.
C) Billy Pilgrim uses television to escape from his reality.
D) Billy Pilgrim is an actor in a war movie.
The following text is from Fyodor Dostoevsky's 1866 novel Crime and Punishment. The protagonist,
Raskolnikov, is a poor student living in St. Petersburg who commits a horrifying crime.
I did not bow down to you, I bowed down to all the suffering of humanity. He felt that he had reached the
end of his tether, that it was not possible to endure this torture, that he had to get out of this room. out of
this house, to throw off all this oppression, all this entanglement, all this horror, and at once, this minute,
and to run away. no matter where. no matter what the consequences.
Based on the text, what is true about Raskolnikov?
A) Raskolnikov is comfortable with his current living situation.

B) Raskolnikov feels trapped and desires to escape his current circumstances.
C) Raskolnikov is planning to commit another crime.
D) Raskolnikov is completely indifferent to his situation.
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The following text is adapted from Frances Hodgson Burnett's 1911 novel The Secret Garden. Mary, the
protagonist, has recently moved to a new home and is discovering a hidden garden.
Mary was not a child who was used to being taken notice of, but now she was becoming accustomed to her
new surroundings, and she found that she quite liked being noticed. She began to take pleasure in the
secret garden, spending her time tending to the flowers and plants, and making friends with the animals
that lived there. It was a place where she could be herself, free from the expectations of others, and she
was growing more and more fond of it each day.
According to the text, what is true about Mary in the secret garden?
A) She dislikes being the center of attention.

B) She feels burdened by the expectations of others.
C) She enjoys spending time in the secret garden.
D) She is unhappy with her new surroundings.
The following text is from Charles Dickens' 1850 novel David Copperfield. The novel follows the life of the
protagonist, David Copperfield, from childhood to adulthood. In this scene, David is observing a chaotic
gathering of people in the town square.
People were shouting and jostling one another, their faces flushed with excitement and agitation. One
man, with his hat firmly on his head, loudly exclaimed. "Who will stand with me for Copperfield?” A chorus
of voices responded, some agreeing and others dissenting, with various cries of "Copperfield!" and "No,
not Copperfield!" It was difficult to discern any clear purpose or agreement among the clamoring crowd,
as they continued to shout and argue, the cacophony of their voices blending together into an almost
indistinguishable roar.
Based on the text, how does the crowd react to the man's exclamation?
A) They unanimously support Copperfield.

B) They all vehemently oppose Copperfield.
C) They display a mixture of agreement and disagreement.
D) They ignore the man's exclamation entirely.
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The following text is an excerpt from George Eliot's 1860 novel The Mill on the Floss. The story follows
siblings Tom and Maggie Tulliver as they face the challenges of growing up, familial conflicts, and the strict
societal expectations of their time.
But the reproach was the unendurable thing; the one thing worse than parting with her was, that she
should feel he had acted unworthily. And yet, if Maggie had not been there, would he have struggled as he
did to prefer the hard right? Would not he have wavered, and consented to the sacrifice of the mill? If
Maggie had not been there, with her arms around him, would not he have chosen the easter part?
According to the passage, what is Tom’s struggle?
A) Tom is unsure about parting with Maggie.

B) Tom finds it difficult to act unworthily.
C) Tom wants to avoid sacrificing the mill.
D) Tom has hard time deciding without Maggie.
The following text is adapted from Edith Wharton's 1911 novel, Ethan Frome. In this passage, Ethan
Frome is observing Mattie Silver, the young woman who helps care for his ailing wife.
As she stood there in the twilight, the lamp brought out the warm curves of her cheek and neck. There was
a momentary hush in Ethan's heart. He looked at her as he had never dared to look before, and for the first
time, he felt a pang of longing and regret.
Which choice best describes Ethan's feelings towards Mattie in the passage?
A) Awe and admiration

B) Disappointment and irritation
C) Envy and resentment
D) Desire and melancholy
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The following text is adapted from Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter. The passage
focuses on the relationship between Hester Prynne and Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale.
Hester could not but ask herself whether there had not originally been a defect of truth, courage, and
loyalty on her own part, in allowing the minister to be thrown into a position where so much evil was to
be foreboded. She owed a debt to Dimmesdale, and she was determined to pay it.
Based on the text, what is true about Hester Prynne’s feelings toward Reverend Dimmesdale?
A) Hester feels guilty and believes she owes Dimmesdale something.

B) Hester is indifferent to Dimmesdale's plight and focuses on her own life.
C) Hester resents Dimmesdale for their shared secret and seeks revenge.
D) Hester is eager to distance herself from Dimmesdale to avoid further trouble.
10
The following text is an excerpt from George Eliot's 1860 novel The Mill on the Floss. The story revolves
around siblings Tom and Maggie Tulliver, exploring their childhood and young adulthood in a rural
English community.
Mrs. Tulliver had lived thirteen years with her husband, yet she retained in all the freshness of her early
married life a facility of saying things which drove him in the opposite direction to the one she desired.
Some minds are wonderful for keeping their bloom in this way, as a patriarchal goldfish apparently
retains to the last its youthful illusion that it can swim in a straight line beyond the encircling glass.
Based on the text, what is notable about Mrs. Tulliver's communication with her husband?
A) Her words often lead him to agree with her perspective.

B) She has a knack for driving him away from her intended meaning.
C) She is very careful not to upset her husband with her comments.
D) Her communication style has changed significantly over the years.
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11
The following text is an excerpt from L. M. Montgomery's 1908 novel Anne of Green Gables. The story
follows the adventures of Anne Shirley, an imaginative and spirited orphan, who is mistakenly sent to live
with siblings Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert.
Marilla felt more embarrassed than ever. She had intended to teach Anne the childish classic, 'Now I lay
me down to sleep.But she had, as I have told you, the glimmerings of a sense of humor—which is simply
another name for a sense of the fitness of things; and it suddenly occurred to her that simple little prayer,
sacred to white-robed childhood lisping at motherly knees, was entirely unsuited to this freckled witch of
a girl.
Based on the text, how does Marilla feel about teaching Anne the classic prayer?
A) Marilla feels it is a crucial part of Anne's education.

B) Marilla finds it difficult to teach Anne anything.
C) Marilla believes the prayer is unsuitable for Anne.
D) Marilla thinks the prayer will help Anne fit in better.
12
The following text is an excerpt from H.G. Wells' 1895 novel The Time Machine. The novel tells the story of
a scientist and inventor who creates a machine that can travel through time.
The Time Traveller was expounding a recondite matter to us. His grey eyes shone and twinkled, and his
usually pale face was flushed and animated. The fire burned brightly, and the soft radiance of the
incandescent lights in the lilies of silver caught the bubbles that flashed and passed in our glasses. Our
chairs, being his patents, embraced and caressed us rather than submitted to be sat upon, and there was
that luxurious after dinner atmosphere when thought runs gracefully free of the trammels of precision.
According to the text, how is the atmosphere in the room while the Time Traveller speaks?
A) The atmosphere is cold and unwelcoming.

B) The atmosphere is luxurious and comfortable.
C) The atmosphere is dark and gloomy.
D) The atmosphere is cluttered and disorganized.
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13
The following text is an excerpt from Mark Twain's 1884 novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The
novel follows the adventures of Huckleberry Finn and a runaway slave named Jim as they travel down the
Mississippi River.
Jim, he couldn't see no sense in the most of it, but he allowed we was white folks and knowed better than
him, so he was satisfied, and said he would do it all just as I said. But he said he must start in fresh, and not
leave a single thing the way it was before. So Jim and me set to work and took the things out and packed
them back in the raft again. It took us a powerful long time, because there was so many little things to
fetch from the wigwam.
According to the text, what is Jim's attitude towards Huck's ideas?
A) He is skeptical but willing to follow Huck's lead.

B) He is enthusiastic and eager to contribute his ideas.
C) He is dismissive and prefers to follow his own plans.
D) He is indifferent and does not care about the outcome.
14
The following text is from Mark Twain's 1884 novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This novel
centers around the journey of Huck Finn and a runaway slave named Jim, down the Mississippi River.
The widow Douglas, she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in
the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was 1n all her ways; and so
when I couldn’t stand it no longer, I lit out. I got into my old rags and my sugar-hogshead again, and was
free and satisfied.
According to the text, what does Huck Finn feel about living with Widow Douglas?
A) He enjoys living with her and appreciates her civilizing influence.

B) He finds her rules restrictive and longs for his freedom.
C) He is indifferent to her and her lifestyle.
D) He feels grateful to her for taking him in as her son.
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15
‘Remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird.' That was the only time I ever heard Atticus say it was a sin to
do something, and I asked Miss Maudie about it.’Your father's right,’ she said. ‘Mockingbirds don't do one
thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don't eat up people's gardens, don't nest in corncribs, they
don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That's why it's a sin to kill a mockingbird.’
What is the primary reason that Miss Maudie and Atticus believe it's a sin to kill a mockingbird, as
indicated by the text?
A) They assert that it's a sin to kill a mockingbird because these birds bring joy through their music
without causing harm or nuisance.
B) They believe that killing a mockingbird is a sin because mockingbirds are an endangered species that
need protection.
C) They opine that killing a mockingbird is a sin merely because Atticus. as a moral authority in the
community, has declared it so.
D) They argue that killing a mockingbird is a sin because it would disrupt the natural order and balance of
the ecosystem.
16
The following text is adapted from Charlotte Bronte's 1847 novel Jane Eyre.
Do you think I am an automaton? — a machine without feelings? and can bear to have my morsel of bread
snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from my cup? Do you think, because I am poor,
obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong! — I have as much soul as you —
and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it
as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. It is my spirit that addresses your spirit: just
as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God’s feet, equal — as we are!
According to the text, what is true about Jane?
A) She believes that she is being treated unfairly because of her social status.
B) She is content with her current situation.
C) She believes that wealth and beauty are unimportant.
D) She is indifferent to the opinions of others.
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17
The following text is from Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The
novel follows the story of a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson who investigates strange
occurrences between his old friend, Dr. Henry Jekyll, and the evil Edward Hyde.
With every day, and from both sides of my intelligence, the moral and the intellectual, I thus drew steadily
nearer to the truth, by whose partial discovery I have been doomed to such a dreadful shipwreck: that
man is not truly one, but truly two.
According to the text, what realization does the narrator come to?
A) The narrator realizes the existence of multiple realities.

B) The narrator concludes that mankind has a dual nature.
C) The narrator discovers the supremacy of intellect over morality.
D) The narrator acknowledges the futility of his investigations.
18
The following text is from Fyodor Dostoevsky's 1866 novel Crime and Punishment. The novel focuses on
the mental anguish and moral dilemmas of Rodion Raskolnikov, an impoverished ex-student in Saint
Petersburg who formulates a plan to kill an unscrupulous pawnbroker.
What do you think, would not one tiny crime be wiped out by thousands of good deeds? For one life,
thousands would be saved from corruption and decay. One death, and a hundred lives in exchange—it’s
simple arithmetic!
Based on the text, what moral quandary is Raskolnikov considering?
A) Raskolnikov is considering the morality of stealing for survival.

B) Raskolnikov is contemplating the balance of good and evil deeds.
C) Raskolnikov is debating the ethics of sacrificing one life to save many.
D) Raskolnikov is questioning the worthiness of saving a corrupted society.
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19
The following excerpt is from Zora Neale Hurston’s 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.
There are years that ask questions and years that answer. Janie had had no chance to know things, so she
had to ask. She had to pry around that universe and ask, “What's out there in the dark?” She was sixteen.
She was a woman in the cool afternoon shade of the house, watching the men's work, and every now and
then she would look up.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
A) It represents Janie’s desperation and despair in her situation.

B) It illustrates Janic’s curiosity and her quest for knowledge.
C) It demonstrates Janie’s fear and hesitations about her surroundings.
D) It signals a shift in Janie’s mood from being idle to being proactive.
20
The following text is adapted from William Golding's 1954 novel Lord of the Flies. In this passage, the
character Ralph ponders the challenges faced by the group of stranded boys.
Ralph sat on a fallen trunk, his left side to the sun. He was conscious of the weight of responsibility he
carried for the others, and the pressure of their expectations weighed heavily on him. He knew he needed
to maintain order, but it was a daunting task.
Which choice best captures Ralph's primary concern in this passage?
A) His enjoyment of newfound freedom

B) His desire to establish a democratic society
C) His burden of leadership and maintaining order
D) His determination to create a social hierarchy
21
The following text is adapted from J.D. Salinger's 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye. In this passage, the
protagonist, Holden Caulfield, shares his thoughts on the world.
Holden felt that the world was full of phonies, people pretending to be something they were not. This
perception made it difficult for him to connect with others, as he could not trust their authenticity. He
sought genuine connections but found them to be rare.
Which choice best summarizes Holden's view of others in this passage?
A) He believes most people are honest and trustworthy

B) He sees people as insincere and pretentious
C) He admires the unique qualities of others
D) He longs to be more like the people he meets
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22
The following text is from Nathaniel Hawthome's 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter. The story revolves
around a woman named Hester Prynne, who is ostracized by her community after giving birth to a
daughter as a result of an adulterous affair.
In the forest, she threw off the scarlet letter, causing it to land on the outskirts of the brook’s inauspicious
bank. There. it lay in the flickering sunlight, a little brilliant spot in the shadow. Hester no longer bore that
burning stigma on her bosom! In that brief interval, she had sinned anew. Heaven was angered yet again.
The world was hateful, and she wished she hadn’t been born.
According to the text, what is true about Hester Prynne?
A) Hester feels relief after removing the scarlet letter.

B) Hester is indifferent about her past actions.
C) Hester feels joy and hope in her life.
D) Hester regrets the decision of removing the scarlet letter.
23
The following excerpt is from Zora Neale Hurston’s 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.
There are years that ask questions and years that answer. Janie had had no chance to know things, so she
had to ask. She had to pry around that universe and ask, “What’s out there in the dark?” She was sixteen.
She was a woman in the cool afternoon shade of the house, watching the men's work, and every now and
then she would look up.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
A) It represents Janie’s desperation and despair in her situation.

B) It illustrates Janie’s curiosity and her quest for knowledge.
C) It demonstrates Janie’s fear and hesitations about her surroundings.
D) It signals a shift in Janie’s mood from being idle to being proactive.
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24
The following text is adapted from Zora Neale Hurston's 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.
So the time passed, and Janie, underneath Nanny's hovering attention, was impatient. A feeling of sudden
newness and change came over her. Janie was stretched on her back beneath the pear tree, soaking in the
alto chant of the visiting bees, the gold of the sun and the panting breath of the breeze when the inaudible
voice of it all came to her. She was listening to it with an air of seeing it with her hands, as she lay prone in
the dust. It was the time to embrace her Nanny and be glad.
Based on the text, what can be inferred about the relationship between Janie and her grandmother?
A) Janie deeply resents her grandmother for controlling her life and disregarding her dreams.
B) Janie seeks comfort in nature due to her tense relationship with her grandmother.
C) Janie appreciates her grandmother's attention but longs for freedom and new experiences.
D) Janie disregards her grandmother's wishes and pursues her own dreams without any regard for her
grandmother's sacrifices.
25
The following text is from Umberto Eco’s 1980 novel The Name of the Rose. Set in a monastery in the 14th
century, the novel combines elements of detective fiction and historical drama.
William of Baskerville, the tall, thin man, his face sharply drawn by a high forehead, an aquiline nose and a
long chin with a well-defined cleft, roamed the secret compartments of the abbey. His eyes were
constantly alive, a brilliant green. He often had a grim, sarcastic expression, yet the brothers found his
paradoxical humor intriguing. He was a walking contradiction - a man of God who questioned everything,
even his own faith.
According to the text, what is paradoxical about William of Baskerville?
A) His sharp features contrast with his humble position in the abbey.
B) His vivid eyes contradict his grim and sarcastic demeanor.
C) His humor is intriguing to the brothers, despite his grim expressions.
D) Despite being a man of God, he questions everything, including his own faith.
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26
The following text is from Jane Austen's 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice. The passage revolves around the
protagonist, Elizabeth Bennet, as she processes a newfound understanding of Mr. Darcy's character.
"How despicably I have acted!" she cried; "I, who have prided myself on my discernment! I, who have
valued myself on my abilities! Who have often disdained the generous candor of my sister, and gratified
my vanity in useless or blamable distrust. How humiliating is this discovery! Yet, how just a humiliation!
Had I been in love, I could not have been more wretchedly blind. But vanity. not love, has been my folly."
According to the text, what can be inferred about Elizabeth Bennet?
A) Elizabeth is unwilling to admit her mistakes.

B) Elizabeth is a consistently confident and prideful character.
C) Elizabeth is capable of self-reflection and recognizes her own faults.
D) Elizabeth is focused on maintaining her public image.
27
The following text is adapted from J.D. Salinger's 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye.
What I was really hanging around for, I was trying to feel some kind of a good-by. I mean I've left schools
and places I didn't even know I was leaving them. I hate that. I don't care if it's a sad good-by or a bad
good-by, but when I leave a place, I like to know I'm leaving it.
Based on the text, what can be inferred about the character's relationship with places?
A) The character feels detached and indifferent to the places they leave.
B) The character seeks closure and acknowledgment when leaving a place.
C) The character is relieved and excited to leave places behind.
D) The character is constantly in search of new places to explore.
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28
The following text is from Hermann Hesse's 1943 novel The Glass Bead Game.
I suddenly realized that in the language, or at any rate in the spirit of the Glass Bead Game, everything
actually was all meaningful, that every symbol and combination of symbols led not hither and yon, not to
single examples, experiments, and proofs, but into the center, the mystery and innermost heart of the
world, into primal knowledge. Every transition from major to minor in a sonata, every transformation of a
myth or a religious cult, every classical or artistic formulation was, I realized in that flashing moment, if
seen with a truly meditative mind, nothing but a direct route into the interior of the cosmic mystery,
where in the alternation between inhaling and exhaling, between heaven and earth, between Yin and
Yang, holiness is forever being created.
According to the text, how does the author perceive symbols and combinations of symbols?
A) They lead to specific examples, experiments, and proofs.

B) They provide a route into the interior of the cosmic mystery.
C) They indicate a transition between Yin and Yang.
D) They create a distinction between heaven and earth.
29
The following text is from Haruki Murakami's 1987 novel Norwegian Wood. The novel is a nostalgic story
of loss and burgeoning sexuality.
No truth can cure the sorrow we feel from losing a loved one. No truth, no sincerity, no strength, no
kindness can cure that sorrow. All we can do is see it through to the end and learn something from it, but
what we learn will be no help in facing the next sorrow that comes to us without warning.
Based on the text, what is true about sorrow?
A) Sorrow can be entirely cured by strength and kindness.

B) Sorrow is portrayed as a permanent state.
C) The truth can provide relief from sorrow.
D) Sorrow is seen as an experience to learn from.
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30
The following text is from Thomas Hardy's 1891 novel Tess of the D'Urbervilles. Tess Durbeyfield is a
young woman living in a rural community in England.
Tess was the merest stray phenomenon to Angel Clare as yet—a rosy, warming apparition which had only
just acquired the attribute of persistence in his consciousness. So he allowed his mind to be occupied with
her, deeming his preoccupation to be no more than a philosopher's regard of an exceeding novel, fresh,
and interesting specimen of womankind.
According to the text, how does Angel Clare perceive Tess?
A) Tess is seen as an annoying interruption to Angel's life.

B) Angel views Tess as an intriguing and unusual woman.
C) Angel perceives Tess as a long-known friend.
D) Tess is seen as a traditional and familiar figure by Angel.
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READING
INFERENCE 1
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Reading : Inference
Reading : Inference 1
The Mona Lisa, painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the early 16th century, is arguably the most famous piece
of art in the world. Its enigmatic smile and mysterious gaze continue to captivate audiences centuries after
its creation. Despite its fame, there has been a persistent debate about the identity of the woman in the
painting. This enduring controversy suggests that (---------------)
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) the Mona Lisa is an entirely fictional character.

B) Leonardo da Vinci intended to keep the woman's identity a secret.
C) the woman in the Mona Lisa is likely a prominent figure in Renaissance society.
D) the true identity of the woman in the Mona Lisa may never be conclusively known.
The Forgotten Realm is a 2005 play by Sofia Alvarez. Set in a mystical realm of forgotten memories, the
play explores the blurred boundaries between dreams and reality. In a poignant moment, the protagonist
implores another character, (---------------)
Which quotation from The Forgotten Realm most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) "Tell me, can you fathom the depths of this forgotten realm? For I yearn to wield the power to shape a
destiny beyond the confines of reality.”
B) “In this realm of forgotten memories, I seek to influence another’s fate, to intertwine our dreams and
breathe life into our shared reality.”
C) “Does my presence hold no sway over your choices in this forgotten realm? Am I but a mere observer in
the tapestry of our intertwined dreams?"
D) "Amidst the enigmatic veil of forgotten memories, I remain faithful to my principles, forever seeking
the elusive truth that binds our dreams and reality.”
According to the World Health Organization, air pollution is responsible for approximately 7 million
premature deaths annually, with 91% of the global population living in areas where air quality levels
exceed the organization's guidelines. Governments worldwide are implementing policies to reduce
emissions from industrial and transportation sources, but as urbanization and industrialization continue
to increase, it is essential that (---------------)
A) air pollution is ignored in favor of economic growth.

B) additional measures are taken to further mitigate the impacts of air pollution.
C) all industries are shut down to eliminate air pollution.
D) the World Health Organization's guidelines are relaxed.
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Reading : Inference
Urban green spaces, such as parks and gardens, can help reduce air pollution and improve mental health
in city dwellers. Plants in urban environments can significantly improve overall air quality by absorbing
carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. Furthermore, these green spaces provide a calming effect and offer
an escape from the hustle and bustle of city life, which can have a direct impact on stress levels and overall
mental health. As a result, it is essential that (---------------)
A) all city dwellers visit urban green spaces regularly to reap their benefits.
B) city planners prioritize the integration and preservation of urban green spaces.
C) urban green spaces are the sole solution to air pollution and mental health problems in cities.
D) cities focus solely on reducing air pollution through technological advancements.
The following text 15 adapted from F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel, The Great Gatsby. In this passage, the
narrator, Nick Carraway, describes his first impressions of Jay Gatsby.
He smiled understandingly—much more than understandingly. It was one of those rare smiles with a
quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life. It faced—or seemed
to face—the whole external world for an instant, and then concentrated on you with an irresistible
prejudice in your favor.
Which choice best describes the effect of Gatsby's smile on Nick?
A) It made Nick feel unwelcome and judged

B) It evoked a sense of comfort and acceptance
C) It conveyed a sense of dishonesty and deception
D) It left Nick feeling indifferent and unimpressed
The International Space Station (ISS) orbits Earth at a speed of approximately 28,000 kilometers per hour.
At this speed, the ISS completes an orbit around Earth approximately every 90 minutes. This allows the
astronauts aboard the ISS to witness 16 sunrises and sunsets every day. However, the constant change in
lighting conditions means that (---------------)
A) the astronauts are unable to sleep due to the frequent sunrises and sunsets.
B) the astronauts must rely on artificial light to carry out their daily tasks.
C) the speed of the ISS must be adjusted regularly to maintain its orbit.
D) the astronauts have an unparalleled view of Earth's day-night cycle.
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Reading : Inference
Through a powerful blend of elements of architecture, sculpture, painting, and social commentary,
Brazilian artist Adriana Varejao produces transdisciplinary art that interrogates themes such as
colonialism and identity. Her works have provoked reactions from people across various fields, and in a
broad range of forms, from culinary explorations and fashion design to digital art and landscape
architecture. In an article, a critic suggests that the manifestation of these varied creations by others
echoes Varejao's own practice of producing art.
Which quote from an art historian's evaluation of Varejao's work best supports the critic’s assertion?
A) “Varejao is the highlight of a 2023 collection of studies in which seventeen researchers from eight
nations delved into the visual and conceptual patterns of her creations.”
B) “Varejao's readiness to blur boundaries and merge disciplines within her art encourages us to
contemplate how other fields of creation might also interact with visual ”
C) “Before settling in Rio de Janeiro, where she would become a prominent artist, Varejao studied both
art and anthropology in cities across Europe.”
D) “In addition to her inventive artistic creations, Varejao has written analytical essays on the works
of Tarsila do Amaral, Candido Portinari, and other artists.”
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are invasive mollusks that have significantly impacted aquatic
ecosystems in North America, outcompeting native species and clogging water infrastructure. Chemical
treatments can be used 10 control zebra mussel populations, but these methods can also harm non-target
species. Recent research on utilizing pheromones to disrupt zebra mussel reproduction may provide a
more targeted approach to controlling their populations, consequently (---------------)
A) increasing the efficiency of water infrastructure by reducing zebra mussel infestations.

B) enhancing the commercial value of zebra mussels in North America.
C) allowing native species to consume zebra mussels without any negative effects.
D) mitigating the ecological impacts of zebra mussels without harming other organisms.
In the field of computer security, the concept of "Zero Trust" has gained considerable traction. Zero Trust
refers to an information security paradigm centered on the belief that organizations should not
automatically trust anything inside or outside its perimeters and must verify everything trying to connect
to its systems. However, the implementation of this model has met with several challenges, including user
resistance and infrastructure compatibility issues. Consequently, the effectiveness of the Zero Trust
paradigm in enhancing organizational cybersecurity (---------------)
A) could be hindered by practical limitations and user behavior.

B) surpasses all other security models in every organizational context.
C) can only be confirmed in technology-based organizations.
D) remains uncontested despite the emergence of other security paradigms.
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Reading : Inference
10
In the field of medicine, the discovery of antibiotics in the early 20th century revolutionized treatment of
bacterial infections. However, the overuse of antibiotics in healthcare and agriculture has led to the
emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. These superbugs pose a significant threat to global health.
Hence, the future effectiveness of antibiotics (---------------)
A) is guaranteed due to their historical success.

B) depends largely on responsible usage and further scientific advancements.
C) will be completely undermined by antibiotic resistant bacteria.
D) is not threatened by the rise of superbugs.
11
Social psychologists have long studied the impact of groupthink, a phenomenon in which group members
prioritize conformity over critical analysis, leading to poor decision making. Dr. Susan Smith argues that
groupthink can be mitigated by introducing dissenting opinions, which can stimulate critical thinking and
challenge the status quo. However, she acknowledges that excessive dissent can be counterproductive,
and thus, an ideal solution would involve (---------------)
A) implementing strict guidelines for the expression of dissenting opinions.

B) fostering an environment that encourages balanced and respectful dissent.
C) assigning a specific member of the group to play the role of a devil's advocate.
D) providing extensive training on critical thinking for all group members.
12
Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird is often celebrated for its examination of racism, social injustice, and
moral growth through the eyes of a young protagonist, Scout Finch. Set in the fictional town of Maycomb,
Alabama, during the 1930s, the novel follows Scout, her brother Jem, and their father, the lawyer Atticus
Finch, as they navigate a series of events that reveal the deeply ingrained prejudices of their community.
The experiences and lessons learned by the characters ultimately convey the message that (---------------)
A) understanding and empathy are crucial in the fight against prejudice.

B) societal change is slow and often met with resistance.
C) the judicial system can be flawed and subject to bias.
D) childhood innocence can serve as a powerful counterbalance to injustice.
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Reading : Inference
13
"Whispers of the Waves" is a 1920 poem by Gabrielle Sinclair. Through the metaphorical language of the
sea, the poem explores the perpetual yearning for freedom and the irresistible pull of the ocean's depths.
It captures the speaker's unwavering desire to embrace the untamed spirit of the waves: (---------------)
Which quotation from "Whispers of the Waves” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) "Like the tide, I am drawn to the vast unknown, forever returning to my watery origins."
B) "In the depths of my soul, I hear the call of the sea, beckoning me to surrender.”
C) "With each ebb and flow, I abandon the shores of conformity, embracing the wild currents.”
D) "Amidst the crashing waves, I find solace in the relentless rhythm of my untamed heart.
14
"Whispers in the Dark” is a 1995 short story by Miguel Hemandez. In this atmospheric tale, Herandez
explores the mysterious occurrences within an ancient mansion haunted by restless spirits. The story
delves into themes of fear, the power of secrets, and the interplay between light and darkness: (--------------
-)
Which quotation from "Whispers in the Dark” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “In the depths of the mansion's shadows, secrets slumber, whispering their tales of despair and
trepidation.”
B) "Within the walls of darkness, the spirits find solace, their ethereal whispers echoing through the
corridors of time."
C) “Amidstthe flickering candlelight, the mansion reveals its secrets, unveiling a dance between the realms
of light and darkness."
D) “Through the veil of night, whispers in the dark reign, their spectral presence captivating the souls who
dare to venture within. "
15
The Threads of Fate is a 1978 play by Sofia Ramirez. Explored through intertwining narratives, the play
delves into the complexity of human connections and the power of destiny. It presents characters who are
constantly drawn to each other, despite the forces that attempt to keep them apart: (---------------)
Which quotation from The Threads of Fate most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) "Like a spider weaving its intricate web, destiny entwines our lives, guiding our steps towards
inevitable encounters.”
B) “In the tapestry of time, the threads of our fates intertwine, defying the barriers that seek to separate
us."
C) “Through the tangled skein of existence, we are inexorably drawn to one another, bound by the threads
of destiny.”
D) “As fate weaves its intricate patterns, our lives intersect, defying the forces that conspire to keep us
apart.”
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Reading : Inference
16
"The Whispers Eternity” is a 1932 poem by Amara Santiago. Through evocative verses, the poem explores
the longing for everlasting love and the fleeting nature of human existence. In one poignant line, the poet
muses, (---------------)
Which quotation from "The Whispers of Eternity” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “In the ethereal realm of timeless love, I yearn to etch our souls upon the tapestry of eternity."
B) “Amidst the whispers of eternity, I seek solace in the eternal embrace of love's ephemeral dance.”
C) “Does our love transcend the bounds of time, or are we but fleeting shadows in the grandeur of
eternity?”
D) “Through the veil of time, our love lingers, forever etched in the annals of eternity’s whispered secrets.”
17
The following text is from Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter. The passage discusses the
protagonist, Hester Prynne, and her experience 35 she faces the Puritan community in which she lives.
Those who had before known her, and had expected to behold her dimmed and obscured by a disastrous
cloud, were astonished, and even startled, to perceive how her beauty shone out, and made a halo of the
misfortune and ignominy in which she was enveloped. It may be true that, to a sensitive observer, there
was something exquisitely painful in it. Her attire, which, indeed, she had wrought for the occasion, in
prison, and had modelled much after her own fancy, seemed to express the attitude of her spirit, the
desperate recklessness of her mood, by its wild and picturesque peculiarity.
According to the text, what can be inferred about Hester Prynne?
A) Hester is timid and ashamed of her actions.

B) Hester uses her beauty to manipulate others.
C) Hester remains strong and defiant despite her circumstances.
D) Hester is focused on seeking revenge on her oppressors.
18
The following text is from Louisa May Alcott's 1868 novel Little Women. The passage focuses on the
relationship between the sisters Jo and Meg, who have different perspectives on love and marriage.
‘You must take the good with the bad, and learn to be content with the simple, independent life you can
make for yourself. I intend to do that, to have my own career and not marry, unless I meet someone who
can help me improve and grow better in every way.' Meg sighed and turned away, feeling that Jo was right,
but wishing she could be happy with the kind, gentle life that seemed to satisfy her sister.
According to the text, from Jo's perspective, what can be inferred about her relationship with Meg?
A) Jo admires Meg's contentment with a simple life but desires something different for herself.
B) Jo resents Meg for her choices and wants to distance herself from her sister.
C) Jo is envious of Meg's life and wishes to follow in her footsteps.
D) Jo completely disregards Meg's opinions and has no respect for her choices.
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Reading : Inference
19
Carpobrotus edulis (ice plant) is a South African plant that has become invasive in California, where it
outcompetes native vegetation and disrupts local ecosystems. C. edulis can be controlled by manual
removal, but this method is labor-intensive and can disturb the soil, leading to erosion. Recent research on
utilizing targeted biological control agents, such as native insects or pathogens, may provide a more
efficient solution for selectively controlling C. edulis, consequently (---------------)
A) increasing the growth rate of native plants and enhancing local biodiversity.
B) improving the agricultural benefits of C. edulis in California.
C) enabling local wildlife to consume C. edulis without any negative impacts.
D) reducing invasive C. edulis populations without causing soil disturbance.
20
If some coins recovered from excavations of the ancient city of Heliopolis, in modern Egypt, date from the
fifth century BCE, that may lend credence to claims that the city was inhabited before or around that time.
There is other evidence, however, strongly supporting a sixth century BCE founding date for Heliopolis. If
both the coin dates and the sixth century BCE founding date are correct, that would imply that (--------------
-)
A) the coins were minted elsewhere and eventually reached Heliopolis through trade or migration.
B) the city was founded by people from a different region than had previously been assumed.
C) excavations at Heliopolis may have inadvertently damaged some coins dating to the sixth century BCE.
D) the sixth century BCE was a time of great economic prosperity in Heliopolis.
21
One theory behind the development of avian flight suggests that it originated in ground-dwelling
ancestors that gradually evolved the ability to fly. However, recent observations of certain species of
flightless birds, such as penguins and ostriches, indicate that they are capable of using their wings for
balance and support while running and jumping. These observations may suggest that (---------------)
A) flightless birds developed their wings for purposes other than flight.
B) flightless birds evolved from birds that could fly.
C) flightless birds are not true flightless birds since they can still use their wings for support.
D) flight evolved from birds that could glide rather than fly.
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22
In a study of the problem-solving abilities of domestic dogs, researchers failed to account for the prior
training that some dogs had received. The problem-solving abilities of dogs given simple tasks, such
finding a treat hidden under a cup, were evaluated using the same criteria as those of dogs given more
complex tasks, such as opening a container to retrieve a treat. The results of the study, therefore, (-----------
----)
A) could suggest that there are differences in problem-solving ability among the dogs even though such
differences may not actually exist.
B) are useful for identifying tasks that the dogs lack the ability to perform but not for identifying tasks that
the dogs can perform.
C) should not be taken as indicative of the problem-solving abilities of any dog breed other than those
included in the study.
D) reveal more about the dogs’ ability to perform artificial tasks than their ability to solve problems
encountered in their daily lives.
23
The widespread adoption of automation technologies in the production of automobiles In the late 20th
and early 21st centuries led to significant cost savings for car manufacturers, but those cost savings have
been most significant in the assembly process, which occurs after the design, engineering, and prototyping
of the vehicle are complete. This suggests that in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, (---------------)
A) the use of automation technologies reduced the cost of Iabor in the assembly process more than to the
design and engineering processes.
B) consumers expected the cost of cars to decline relative to the cost of other consumer goods.
C) car manufacturers reduced the number of different models they produced in order to save money on
design and engineering costs.
D) the cost of designing, engineering, and prototyping a car was less affected by the technologies used
than was the cost of assembling a car.
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24
The following text is from Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick. The books a sailor Ishmael's
narrative of the obsessive quest of Ahab, captain of the whaling ship Pequod, for revenge on a giant white
sperm whale.
But as in landlessness alone resides the highest truth, shoreless, indefinite as God—so, better is it to
perish in that howling infinite, than be ingloriously dashed upon the lee, even if that were safety! For
worm-like, then, oh! who would craven crawl to land! Terrors of the terrible! is all this agony so vain?
Take heart, take heart, O Bulkington! Bear thee grimly, demigod!
Based on the text, what can be said about the narrator’s view on facing danger?
A) The narrator believes that safety and comfort should always be prioritized.
B) The narrator encourages fleeing from danger.
C) The narrator advocates facing challenges head on, even at the risk of perishing.
D) The narrator sees no purpose in encountering perilous situations.
25
Jane Eyre is an 1847 novel by Charlotte Bronté . The story follows the life of the orphaned Jane Eyre as
she overcomes adversity . finds love with the brooding Mr . Rochester , and ultimately gains her
independence and self-respect: (---------------)
Which quotation from Jane Eyre most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “I am no bird; and no net ensnares me; I am a free human being with an independent will”
B) “Do you think I am an automaton? — a machine without feelings? ... You think wrong! — I have as much
soul as you — and full as much heart!”
C) “It is in vain to say human beings ought to be satisfied with tranquility: they must have action; and they
will make it if they cannot find it.”
D) “I would always rather be happy than dignified.”
26
In 1979, the One Child Policy was introduced in China as a measure to control population growth. Despite
achieving its primary objective, this policy had unintended consequences, such as an imbalanced sex ratio
and an aging population. If these effects are taken into account, it can be inferred that (---------------)
A) population control measures should never be implemented.

B) the One Child Policy was a failed attempt to control China's population.
C) the implementation of population control measures can have complex and unforeseen
consequences.
D) the Chinese government did not consider the potential consequences of the One Child Policy.
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27
In many modern societies, work-life balance is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain as people are
expected to be constantly connected to their jobs through digital devices. This can lead to increased stress,
burnout, and a diminished quality of life. Some experts suggest that companies should promote a culture
of disconnecting from work during non-work hours, arguing that (---------------)
A) non-work hours should be strictly enforced by company policies.

B) digital devices are the primary cause of work related stress.
C) a healthy work-life balance can increase employee satisfaction and productivity.
D) companies that promote work-life balance will attract more skilled employees.
28
"A Sound of Thunder" is a 1952 short story by Ray Bradbury. The story is a cautionary tale of time travel
and its potential consequences, as a small change in the past has drastic effects on the present: (-------------
--)
Which quotation from "A Sound of Thunder” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “Eckels felt his eyelids blink over his stare, and the sign burned in this momentary darkness:”
B) "Stay on the Path. Don't go off it. I repeat. Don't go off. For any reason! If you fall off, there's a penalty.”
C) “Out of chars and ashes, out of dust and coals, like golden salamanders, the old years, the green years,
might leap; roses Sweeten the air, white hair turn Irish-black, wrinkles vanish; all, everything fly back to
seed, flee death, rush down to their beginnings, suns rise in western skies and set in glorious easts.”
D) “Not a little thing like that! Not a butterfly! cried Eckels. It fell to the floor, an exquisite thing, a small
thing that could upset balances and knock down a line of small dominoes and then big dominoes and then
gigantic dominoes, all down the years across Time”
29
The Threads of Deception is a 1967 play by Marcus Ramirez. Set in a high-stakes world of political
intrigue, the play unravels the intricate schemes and manipulations of the characters. In a tense
confrontation, the cunning protagonist, Elena, whispers to another character, (---------------)
Which quotation from a translation of "The Threads of Deception” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “Tell me, what purpose shall I ascribe to my existence in this web of deception and intrigue?”
B) “I long for the power to shape the destiny of another, to pull the strings of their fate with precision.”
C) “Do I, a mere pawn, possess no control over your actions? Am I left powerless in this game of deceit?”
D) “Bound by your principles, now and forever! Ah, that is the mark of a true puppet master!”
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30
The human microbiome, the collection of microorganisms living in and on our bodies, plays a critical role
in our health and well-being. While some microorganisms are known to be beneficial, the roles of many
others remain unknown. Both the potential pathogenic roles of certain microorganisms and the beneficial
aspects of a diverse microbiome have gained the attention of scientists worldwide. Microbiologists Dr.
Sarah Wong and Dr. Charles Liu speculate that a diverse microbiome can strengthen the immune system
and improve digestion. To test their hypothesis, they conducted a comprehensive study, analyzing the
microbiomes of individuals with diverse diets and lifestyles.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the team’s idea?
A) Individuals with diverse microbiomes had fewer digestive issues and stronger immune responses.
B) Some individuals are more susceptible to certain diseases due to their unique microbiome.
C) Changes in diet can dramatically alter the composition of the gut microbiome.
D) Some harmful bacteria can be mitigated by the presence of other beneficial bacteria.
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READING
INFERENCE 2
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The following text is adapted from William Golding's 1954 novel Lord of the Flies. In this passage,
the character Ralph ponders the challenges faced by the group of stranded boys.
Ralph sat on a fallen trunk, his left side to the sun. He was conscious of the weight of responsibility he
carried for the others, and the pressure of their expectations weighed heavily on him. He knew he
needed to maintain order, but it was a daunting task.
Which choice best captures Ralph's primary concern in this passage?
A) His enjoyment of newfound freedom.

B) His desire to establish a democratic society.
C) His burden of leadership and maintaining order.
D) His determination to create a social hierarchy.
"Echoes of Eternity" is a 2010 poem by Alexander Mitchell. Through lyrical verses, the poem delves into
the cyclical nature of existence and the eternal resonance of our actions. It reflects on the profound
interconnectedness of all beings, bound by the echoes reverberating through time: (---------------)
Which quotation from "Echoes of Eternity” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “In the tapestry of life, our actions weave a melody that echoes through the corridors of eternity.”
B) “Time's relentless dance carries the echoes of our deeds, forever resonating in the symphony of
existence.”
C) “Through the cosmic rhythms, our choices reverberate, etching indelible echoes upon the fabric of
eternity.”
D) “Amidst the fleeting moments, our footprints leave echoes that ripple through the eternal expanse.”
In her novel Beloved, Toni Morrison explores the trauma or slavery through the eyes of Sethe, a woman
haunted by her past. Morrison's vivid and lyrical prose provides an immersive and emotional journey for
readers. However, some critics have argued that the complexity of the narrative makes the book difficult
to follow. If these critics are correct, it would imply that (---------------)
A) Toni Morrison's writing style is ineffective.

B) the subject matter of the novel is too complex for readers.
C) the novel's complex narrative may pose a challenge for some readers.
D) the novel is universally disliked by critics.
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“Snowy Night" is a classical Chinese poem written by Du Fu during the Tang dynasty. It portrays a winter
night, where the poet reflects on the passage of time and his longing for his home: (---------------)
Which lines from "Snowy Night" most clearly express the poet's longing for home?
A) “At dawn, I see the east wind blow, bringing with it the great snow."
B) "At home, far away, what do my brothers and sisters think?”
C) “Life's journey is like a long road’s ending - solitary and unbefriended.”
D) “I sit and watch as the embers slowly die, soon it will be time to sleep.”
"The Last Question" is a 1956 short story by Isaac Asimov. The story deals with the development of
computer technology and the concept of entropy, featuring an advanced supercomputer, Multivac, that
attempts to answer a specific question: (---------------)
Which excerpt from "The Last Question” best conveys the enduring quest of Maultivac to answer the
ultimate question of the universe?
A) "The energy of the sun was stored, converted, and utilized directly on a planet-wiscdalee. ”
B) "Jerrodd, Jerrodine, and Jerrodette I and Il watched the starry picture in the visiplate change as the
passage through hyperspace was completed.”
C) "Man said, 'Go, Multivac, and find the answer to the question of entropy decrease.”
D) "It was a nice feeling10 have a Microvac of your own and Jerrodd was glad he was part of his
generation..."
Frankenstein is a novel by Mary Shelley, published in 1818. The story follows Victor Frankenstein, a young
scientist who creates a sentient creature in a scientific experiment. The creature, abandoned by its creator,
becomes monstrous and seeks revenge against Frankenstein and his loved ones: (---------------)
Which quotation from Frankenstein most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) "Beware; for I am fearless, and therefore powerful "

B) "I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel "
C) "Life, although it may only be an accumulation of anguish, is dear to me, and I will defend it."
D) "Nothing is so painful to the human mind as a great and sudden change "
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"Dulce et Decorum Est" is a 1917 poem by Wilfred Owen. The poem illustrates the horrors of war and
challenges the romanticized view of dying for one's country: (---------------)
Which quotation from "Dulce et Decorum Est" most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) "Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, / Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through
sludge, / Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs / And toward distant rest began to trudge.”
B) "Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! — An ecstasy of fumbling, / Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; / But
someone still was yelling out and stumbling, / And floundering like a man in fire or lime..."
C) "In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, / He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning / If in
some sm ng dreams you too could place / Behind the wagon that we flung him in,"
D) "My friend, you would not tell with such high zest / To children ardent for some desperate , / The old
Lie: Dulce et decorum / Pro patria mori."
The Veiled Tragedy is a 1923 play by Lucas Fernandez. Set in the grandeur of the Renaissance era, the play
explores the complexities of love, power, and deception. In a climactic scene, the enigmatic protagonist,
Isabella, confronts a fellow character, uttering, (---------------)
Which quotation from a translation of The Veiled Tragedy most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “Pray, enlighten me, what purpose shall 1 assign to my existence within the confines of this wretched
reality?"
B) “I yearn for a moment of absolute power, where I can shape the destiny of a human soul to my Whims."
C) "Do I, a pitiful creature, possess no control over your actions? Am I condemned to be a mere pawn in
this tragic game?”
D) "Loyal to your principles, now and forever! Ah, that is the embodiment of true nobility!”
The following text is adapted from Toni Morrison's 1987 novel, Beloved. In this passage, Sethe, a former
slave, contemplates her life and the impact of her past.
She wanted to be a good mother, to protect her children from the horrors she had faced. But the past
weighed heavy on her, like a suffocating blanket that refused to be shaken off. Sethe knew that the choices
she had made in the name of love would forever haunt her, and she could not escape the shadow that
followed her every step.
Which choice best describes Sethe's feelings in the passage?
A) Hopeful and determined

B) Proud and unapologetic
C) Troubled and burdened
D) Indifferent and resigned
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10
The following text is from Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby Dick. The novel follows the whaling ship
Pequod and its crew as they embark on a quest to capture the elusive white whale, Moby Dick.
All that most maddens and torments; all that stirs up the lees of things; all truth with malice in it; all that
cracks the sinews and cakes the brain; all the subtle demonisms of life and thought; all evil, to crazy Ahab,
were visibly personified, and made practically assailable in Moby Dick. He piled upon the whale's ‘white
hump the sum of all the general rage and hate felt by his whole race from Adam down; and then, as if his
chest had been a mortar, he burst his hot heart’s shell upon it.
According to the text, what can be inferred about Captain Ahab?
A) Ahab is a level-headed and rational leader.

B) Ahab is indifferent to the dangers of his obsession.
C) Ahab's obsession with the white whale consumes and drives him to extremes.
D) Ahab is more focused on the well-being of his crew than on revenge.
11
The following text is adapted from Jane Austen's 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice.
Mr. Darcy had at first scarcely allowed her to be pretty; he had looked at her without admiration at the
ball; and when they next met, he looked at her only to criticize. But no sooner had he ‘made it clear to
himself and his friends that she had hardly a good feature in her face, then he began to find it was
rendered uncommonly intelligent by the beautiful expression of her dark eyes.
Based on the text, what can be inferred about Mr. Darcy's feelings towards the female character?
A) Mr. Darcy is increasingly attracted to her despite his initial criticisms.

B) Mr. Darcy maintains a strong dislike for her and continues to find faults.
C) Mr. Darcy is indifferent to her and does not care about her appearance.
D) Mr. Darcy is only attracted 10 her because of the opinions of his friends.
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12
From 1984 by George Orwell:
Winston could not definitely remember a time when his country had not been at war, but it was evident
that there had been a fairly long interval of peace during his childhood, because one of his early memories
was of an air raid which appeared to take everyone by surprise. Perhaps it was the time when the atomic
bomb had fallen on Colchester. He did not remember the raid itself, but he did remember his father's hand
clutching his own as they hurried down, down, down into some place deep in the earth, round and round a
spiral staircase which rang under his feet and which finally so wearied his legs that he began whimpering
and they had to stop and rest.
Based on the text, what can be inferred about the impact of war on Winston's early life?
A) Winston has vivid memories of his experiences during the war, as evidenced by his detailed
recollection of an air raid.
B) Winston's early life was largely unaffected by the war, as he recalls only a single incident related to it.
C) Winston recalls the fear associated with war from a young age, as demonstrated by his memory of an
air raid.
D) Winston's early life was marked by frequent disruptions due to war, given his numerous
references to wartime incidents.
13
"The Forgotten Melody" is a 1987 poem by Carmen Sanchez. Through lyrical verses, the poem explores the
melancholic beauty of forgotten songs, resonating with themes of nostalgia, loss, and the power of music
to evoke memories. It reflects on the timeless nature of melodies that have slipped into obscurity: (---------
------)
Which quotation from “the Forgotten Melody” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “In the whispers of songs echoe pure and vibrant memories await the gentle brush of a familiar tune—
to spring from rest, to dance, to bloom "
B) “Through the fading notes of the past, the forgotten melody paints an elegy of longing, weaving a
tapestry of bittersweet remembrance.”
C) “As the winds carry the relentless echoes of songs of memory, ‘hearts ache for the haunting strains that
linger in the crevices of our souls.”
D) “Amidst the silence, the melancholic melody weaves an invisible thread, binding the past, present, and
future in a symphony of reminiscence.”
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14
"The Lost Locket" is a 1935 short story by Li Mei Lin. In this poignant tale, Mei Lin depicts the journey of a
cherished locket that serves as a symbol of love and remembrance. Through vivid descriptions and
heartfelt emotions, the story explores the protagonist's unwavering devotion to preserving memories and
the enduring power of mementos:
Which quotation from "The Lost Locket" most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “In the gleam of the locket's embrace, cherished memories awaken, breathing life into the forgotten
fragments of the past.”
B) "With every soft touch, the locket sings of love, of longing, and of subtle things. No longer a tribute
strong and bold, stories unfold."
C) ""Amidst the passing years, the locket's precious moments etched in the fabric of our souls slowly faded
away."
D) "Through the golden chain, the locket becomes a vessel of vigilance, bridging the realms of past and
present.”
15
The Enchanted Hourglass is a 1960 play by Javier Rodriguez. Set in a mystical realm, the play follows the
journey of a young protagonist who discovers an hourglass with the power to manipulate time. It delves
into the consequences of tampering with fate and the importance of embracing the present: (---------------)
Which quotation from The Enchanted Hourglass most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “In the reflections of the hourglass, I see not just my own fate, but a world thriving in harmony, an echo
of unity amongst all creatures.”
B) "Beyond the glass, the grains of past and future stand still: it is in the contemplation of what was and
what may be that our paths truly take shape.”
C) "As I gaze into the hourglass, I realize the futility of withstanding time. True beauty lies in accepting
aging as a natural procedure in life.”
D) "He had finally learned to clutch the fleeting moment and hold it close, to truly immerse himself in the
here and now."
16
"Whispers of the Heart" is a 1963 poem by Emily Williams. In this heartfelt piece, the poet expresses a
profound understanding of the reader, forging a connection through her words: (---------------)
Which quotation from "Whispers of the Heart" most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) "In the silence of your thoughts, I find solace, as your true self reveals its depths."
B) "Whoever you are, I reach out to embrace you, that you become the verses of my soul.”
C) "I should have sought your presence long ago, for our destinies are entwined, forever connected.”
D) "Whoever you are, I fear you are wandering through ethereal realms, lost in the realm of dreams.”
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17
Scholars of American literature have long debated the symbolism and themes present in Nathaniel
Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter. The novel tells the story of Hester Prynne, a woman who bears a child out
of wedlock and is forced to wear a scarlet letter 'A’ as a symbol of her sin. While some critics emphasize
the novel's exploration of guilt and redemption, others argue that the work is primarily a critique of
Puritan society. Nevertheless, focusing solely on either interpretation might (---------------)
A) undermine the complexity and richness of Hawthome's storytelling.

B) undermine the complexity and richness of Hawthome's storytelling.
C) disregard the personal experiences and motivations that led Hawthorne to write the novel.
D) diminish the impact of the novel on contemporary discussions of morality and society.
18
Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway is often hailed as a pioneering work of modernist fiction, employing
stream-of-consciousness narrative techniques to explore the inner lives of its characters. The novel
follows a single day in the life of Clarissa Dalloway, a high-society woman preparing for a party, and
interweaves her thoughts with those of other characters. However, readers who concentrate primarily on
Woolf's narrative innovations may (---------------)
A) underestimate the novel's impact on the development of modernist literature.

B) ignore the broader social commentary and thematic concerns present in the story.
C) misinterpret the connections between Woolf's own experiences and the novel's themes.
D) fail to recognize the influence of other writers on Woolf’s style and approach.
19
The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) is an invasive species in the United States that poses a
threat to native ecosystems and causes painful stings to humans and animals. Traditional control methods,
such as chemical pesticides, can be harmful to non-target organisms and the environment. Recent
research on utilizing a specialized virus (SINV-3) that specifically infects red imported fire ants may offer
a more targeted approach to controlling their populations, consequently (---------------)
A) increasing the resistance of native ants to red imported fire ants.

B) improving the overall health of ecosystems affected by red imported fire ants.
C) enabling native species to compete with red imported fire ants for resources.
D) reducing the negative impacts of red imported fire ants without harming other organisms.
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20
The Last Leaf is a 1907 short story by O. Henry. In the story, two young artists, Sue and Johnsy, live
together in New York. When Johnsy falls ill with pneumonia, she believes that when the last leaf falls from
the vine visible from their window, she will die: (---------------)
Which excerpt from The Last Leaf best encapsulates the theme of hope and sacrifice?
A) “The ivy leaf was still there. Johnsy lay for a long time looking at it.”
B) “I've known that for three days. Didn't the doctor tell you?”
C) “After the doctor had gone Sue came into the room with a jaunty air…”
D) “She was looking out the window and counting — counting backward.”
21
The Balcony is a 1957 play by Jean Genet. The play takes place in a brothel where patrons adopt roles of
power and prestige in a series of elaborate fantasies: (---------------)
Which excerpt from The Balcony best encapsulates the exploration of power dynamics in the play?
A) “Each act is a victory.”

B) “Everything is a lie. Life is a masquerade.”
C) “I am what I am. I am my own special creation.”
D) “You think you're the queen? And I am your subject?”
22
Crime and Punishment is a 1866 novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky. The story follows the young, impoverished
student Raskolnikov as he commits a brutal murder and grapples with the psychological and moral
consequences of his actions: (---------------)
Which quotation from Crime and Punishment most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “Man grows used to everything, the scoundrel!”

B) “Pain and suffering are always inevitable for a large intelligence and a deep heart.”
C) “The darker the night, the brighter the stars.”
D) “Taking a new step, uttering a new word, is what people fear most.”
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23
The evolution of flight in birds is a complex process that scientists have long sought to understand. One
theory suggests that birds evolved flight as a means of evading predators, with the ability to fly providing
an effective escape mechanism. Others believe that flight initially developed as a way to access high places,
such as trees and cliffs, for nesting and feeding purposes. Yet, another theory posits that the proto-birds
might have begun their journey towards flight by running swiftly over uneven ground, their outstretched
arms helping them navigate the terrain. While this debate continues, it is agreed that the evolution of
flight in birds has been a crucial factor in their survival and biodiversity. However, the complexity of flight
evolution suggests that (---------------)
A) birds have always had the capability to fly, and their flight has merely adapted to different
environments over time.
B) the evolution of flight in birds was a straightforward, linear process, with each step clearly leading to
the next.
C) no single theory can fully explain the evolution of flight, and it likely involved a combination of various
factors and conditions.
D) birds evolved flight solely for the purpose of escaping from predators, and other theories have been
largely discredited.
24
In many African societies, the tailor plays a significant role that extends beyond the mere task of clothing
construction. They are seen as cultural custodians, who through their craft, maintain and propagate
traditional aesthetics and values. The significance of tailoring is further underlined by the central role they
play in important social ceremonies such as weddings, coronations, and funerals. The clothes they
meticulously design and construct for these occasions are not just functional, but symbolic, embodying
social status, heritage, and identity. However, despite their significant roles in society, some argue that the
true value of tailors is often overlooked, primarily because the financial compensation they receive does
not match the cultural value of their work. This discrepancy has led to debates about the need for reform
in the tailoring industry, with suggestions that the remuneration structure should reflect the cultural
significance of tailoring work. However, others argue that this could lead to the (---------------)
A) devaluation of traditional tailoring techniques in favor of more modern, commercial practices.

B) increased outsourcing of African tailoring jobs to other countries, potentially leading to a loss of
cultural heritage.
C) diminishing appeal of tailoring as a profession due to increased financial pressure and expectations.
D) risk of commodifying cultural heritage, potentially undermining the authenticity and intrinsic value of
traditional African textiles and designs.
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25
Noam Chomsky, a renowned linguist and political philosopher, has always maintained a controversial
position in the field of cognitive science. His approach, known as Chomskyan linguistics, proposes that the
ability to generate and understand language is an innate property of the human mind, not a learned
behavior. Chomsky argues that all humans are born with a 'universal grammar’ that forms the basis of all
human language and is merely adjusted by cultural and environmental influences. Despite the profound
influence of his ideas, Chomsky's theories have faced significant opposition. Critics argue that his theories,
by emphasizing the innateness of language, underestimate the role of social interaction and cultural
context in language acquisition and development. They worry that these theories, despite their
groundbreaking nature, may unintentionally lead to (---------------)
A) a decrease in the efforts to preserve and document endangered languages around the world.
B) a reduced emphasis on teaching grammar in educational institutions, resulting in lower language
proficiency.
C) an underappreciation of the complexity and richness of individual languages and cultural dialects.
D) an increased focus on cognitive development at the expense of social and emotional development in
children.
26
As global temperatures continue to rise, scientists have turned their attention to the potential impact of
climate change on sea levels. Higher temperatures can lead to thermal expansion of seawater and the
melting of glaciers and polar ice caps, both of which contribute to sea level rise. This can have devastating
impacts on coastal communities, leading to increased flooding, soil erosion, and damage to infrastructure.
A significant challenge in predicting future sea levels lies in the uncertainty of the rate at which ice sheets
will melt. Current climate models suggest a wide range of potential outcomes, from a rise of a few
centimeters to several meters by the end of the century. Despite these uncertainties, it is clear that (--------
-------)
A) the potential impact of sea level rise due to climate change necessitates urgent action and adaptation
strategies.
B) the uncertainty in climate models renders any predictions about sea level rise futile and misleading.
C) coastal communities are likely to be unaffected by rising sea levels due to natural adaptation processes.
D) the rate of thermal expansion of seawater will be the primary determinant of future sea level rise.
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27
Genghis Khan, the notorious Mongol leader, is renowned for his military tactics and horse-riding skills.
Despite his reputation as a ruthless conqueror, he is also credited with introducing certain administrative
reforms and unifying a vast territory under his rule. He established an effective postal system, promoted
trade, and even adopted a writing system for the Mongol language. However, he is better known for his
military campaigns that resulted in the deaths of millions. This dichotomy in his legacy often leads to
rigorous debates among historians. Some argue that his contributions to society, such as trade and
communication improvements, outweigh the atrocities he committed. Others contend that these positive
aspects cannot mitigate the massive loss of life. Despite the ongoing dispute, there is a consensus that
Genghis Khan, with his unique blend of administrative acumen and military might, ultimately (--------------
-)
A) diminished the overall quality of life in the territories he conquered.

B) failed to establish a lasting legacy in the regions he ruled.
C) promoted a culture of violence and destruction among his followers.
D) had a profound and lasting impact on the course of history.
28
Boris Pasternak, a prominent Russian writer and poet, is best known for his novel 'Doctor Zhivago', which
was refused publication in the Soviet Union due to its critical stance towards the Bolshevik Revolution.
Despite the controversy surrounding the novel, it was published in Italy and later translated into many
languages, garnering international acclaim. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958,
but under pressure from Soviet authorities, he declined the award. Despite the recognition and praise he
received from the international community, Pasternak's relationship with the Soviet Union remained
strained. His refusal to accept the Nobel Prize is considered by many to be a testament to his integrity and
commitment to his principles, but it also underscored the extent of the Soviet Union's control over its
citizens, potentially (---------------)
A) decreasing the international literary community's interest in Pasternak's works.

B) causing a reevaluation of the literary merit of 'Doctor Zhivago' by critics worldwide.
C) casting doubt on the veracity of the criticisms towards the Bolshevik Revolution expressed in ‘Doctor
Zhivago'.
D) highlighting the suppression of free speech and the stifling of individual expression in the Soviet Union.
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Reading : Inference
29
Thomas Eakins, a prominent American Realist painter, has been credited with contributing significantly to
American art. His work predominantly focused on the human figure, portraying people in their everyday
lives. Eakins’ insistence on the truthful depiction of subjects, without any romantic embellishments, was a
radical departure from the prevailing art styles of his time. This commitment to capturing reality,
influenced by his extensive studies in anatomy, set a new standard in American art. However, his
uncompromising commitment to realism and his controversial choice of subjects often caused tension
with the art establishment of his time, leading to (---------------)
A) a widespread acceptance of Eakins' art among the general public.

B) a shift in Eakins' artistic style towards more acceptable themes.
C) an increased focus on romanticism in Eakins' later works.
D) certain degree of estrangement and misunderstanding between Eakins and his contemporaries.
30
The concept of reverse engineering in education has been gaining traction among educators worldwide.
This pedagogical approach, primarily used in engineering and computer science, involves deconstructing a
device or program to understand its inner workings. In the context of education, it involves starting with
the desired outcomes of a course, then working backward to create the curriculum. This approach is
believed to enhance the learning experience by providing a clear direction for both students and
instructors. However, critics argue that reverse engineering in education might limit creativity and
independent thinking, as it gives a predetermined path for students to follow. Despite the criticism,
proponents are optimistic about the potential benefits of this approach. However, they are somewhat
concerned about the risk of (---------------)
A) students becoming overly reliant on the structured curriculum, neglecting the importance of self
learning.
B) oversimplifying complex topics in the process of fitting them into a predefined outcome-based
curriculum.
C) educators becoming overwhelmed with the extensive planning and preparation involved in this
approach.
D) the education system becoming too focused on outcomes, leading to a neglect of holistic development.
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READING
INFERENCE 3
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Reading : Inference
Apollo 11 was a significant mission in the history of space exploration. Launched by NASA in July 1969,
the mission landed the first humans on the moon. The crew, namely Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and
Michael Collins, embarked on a journey that would change our understanding of space. Armstrong and
Aldrin spent approximately 21.5 hours on the lunar surface while Collins remained in lunar orbit. The
astronauts collected lunar samples and conducted several experiments, revolutionizing scientific
understanding of the moon. However, the mission was not without its potential risks. Given the
unprecedented nature of the journey, NASA had contingency plans in place, including a speech prepared
by President Nixon in case the astronauts could not return. The speech, thankfully, remained unused, but
the existence of such a plan underscores the enormity of the risks involved and the (---------------)
A) possibility that the mission could have ended in a major catastrophe.

B) confidence of the scientists and engineers in the success of the mission.
C) public's lack of awareness about the dangers of space travel.
D) lack of adequate safety measures and protocols for space missions at the time.
René Magritte, a Belgian artist, was a significant figure in the Surrealist movement. He consistently defied
the conventions of visual reality in his art, creating mind-bending pieces that challenged the viewer's
perception. His work, often featuring ordinary objects in unusual contexts, was a fundamental departure
from the traditional norms of Surrealism. His unique approach had a profound impact on the movement,
inspiring a shift towards a more conceptual style of surreal art. However, some critics argue that
Magritte's style, despite its influence, may have inadvertently contributed to (---------------)
A) the dilution of the original principles of Surrealism, making it more palatable to mainstream audiences.
B) the marginalization of the more traditional, dream-like depictions that characterized early Surrealism.
C) the emergence of a new art movement that completely rejected the principles of Surrealism.
D) an oversaturation of conceptual art within the Surrealist movement, leading to a lack of diversity.
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Reading : Inference
The expedition of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark from 1804 to 1806, often referred to as the Corps
of Discovery Expedition, dramatically expanded the American understanding of the country's geography.
Venturing into the Louisiana Territory and the Pacific Northwest, they meticulously documented the
landscapes, flora, fauna, and native tribes. Their findings, meticulously recorded in journals, maps, and
drawings, provided the first accurate depiction of these regions. The expedition's contributions to
American geography are undeniable, but the significance of their journey extends beyond the borders of
the United States. Their detailed observations and documentation of native tribes, for instance, gave
Americans a greater understanding of indigenous cultures. However, despite the expedition’s many
achievements, some critics argue that the journey of Lewis and Clark may have inadvertently (--------------
-)
A) diminished the significance of other explorations across the Louisiana Territory and the Pacific
Northwest.
B) restricted the development of geographical studies focused on regions outside of the United States.
C) limited the opportunity for native tribes to maintain their traditional ways of life without external
influences.
D) contributed to the eventual displacement and cultural erosion of the native tribes they documented.
The influence of ancient Greek literature on modern tragedy is undeniable. Sophocles, Aeschylus, and
Euripides, the three great tragedians of ancient Athens, have laid the foundation for the development of
modern tragedy. Their works, characterized by complex characters, profound themes, and intricate
plotting, have been repeatedly studied, emulated, and adapted by modern playwrights. However, some
critics argue that the core essence of Greek tragedy, the catharsis, is often misinterpreted or diluted in
modern adaptations. They contend that the catharsis, which was a purgation of emotions leading to
intellectual clarity in the audience, is often replaced with mere spectacle and entertainment in
contemporary performances. This contention underscores an ongoing debate in literary circles over
whether modern tragedy, despite its apparent homage to Greek precedents, may inadvertently be (---------
------)
A) undermining the philosophical depth and emotional impact inherent in the original Greek tragedies.
B) reducing the relevance of Greek tragedies in the contemporary literary and theatrical scene.
C) encouraging a disregard for the historical and cultural context of ancient Greek literature.
D) promoting a superficial understanding of the themes and character complexities in Greek tragedies.
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Reading : Inference
George Stubbs, an 18th-century artist, was instrumental in shaping the genre of English animal painting.
His work, particularly his horse paintings, brought a level of detail and anatomical precision that was
previously unseen in this field. His painting method involved not just observation but also the meticulous
dissection of animals in order to understand their anatomy. However, despite his significant contribution,
some art critics argue that his focus on anatomical accuracy over the emotional content often made his
work seem cold and clinical. Yet, many others believe that Stubbs's detailed depictions highlighted the
natural beauty of his subjects, contributing to a greater appreciation of animals in art. This divergence in
opinions underscores a larger debate in the art world about whether art should aim to faithfully represent
reality or to express the artist's emotions. In this context, Stubbs's work is seen as (---------------)
A) emphasizing the importance of scientific accuracy and objectivity in art, even at the expense of
emotional expression.
B) highlighting the limitations of focusing too much on anatomical precision in art, leading to a lack of
emotional depth.
C) providing an example of how the artist's personal emotions can overshadow the objective
representation of the subject in art.
D) demonstrating the drawbacks of prioritizing the artist's interpretation over the faithful representation
of the subject in art.
Dogs have been an integral part of human history for thousands of years. Archaeological evidence
suggests that dogs were likely the first domesticated animals, with evidence of dog remains found
alongside human settlements dating back to 10,000 BC. Dogs have served various roles throughout
history, including as hunting companions, herding animals, and even as status symbols in certain societies.
In more recent times, dogs have been used in police and military work, search and rescue operations, and
as therapy animals. Despite their many roles, the relationship between dogs and humans has not always
been straightforward. One contentious issue is the selective breeding of dogs for specific traits, often at
the expense of the dogs' health - a practice that, despite significant criticism (---------------)
A) continues to persist due to the demand for certain breeds with specific traits.
B) has been completely eliminated due to the strong enforcement of animal rights.
C) is universally accepted because of its contribution to the diversity of dog breeds.
D) has led to a decrease in the population of dogs worldwide.
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Reading : Inference
Vertical farming, the practice of cultivating plants in vertically stacked layers or inclined surfaces, is
gaining popularity as an innovative solution to meet the growing demand for food in urban areas. These
farms, often located in high-rise buildings or skyscrapers, use controlled environments for growing crops
all year round, eliminating the need for pesticides and reducing dependence on weather variables.
However, despite the promising benefits, critics of vertical farming argue about its energy usage, as these
farms rely heavily on artificial lighting and climate control systems. Moreover, the high initial investment
for infrastructure and technology is another concern. But, proponents of vertical farming believe that
with technological advancements, these issues can be mitigated. They argue that (---------------)
A) the long-term benefits, such as reduced water usage and increased crop yield, outweigh the initial costs
and energy consumption.
B) the practice of vertical farming should be limited to certain types of crops that are less energy-intensive
to grow.
C) vertical farming is inherently flawed due to the high energy expenditure and should be abandoned
in favor of traditional farming methods.
D) urban areas should prioritize other forms of urban agriculture, such as community gardens and
rooftop farming, over vertical farming.
Human resources, in its simplest form, refers to the management of people within an organization.
However, new research has uncovered a fascinating aspect of this field: the role of animals. Therapy
animals, for instance, have been introduced in some workplaces to provide comfort and stress relief to
employees. The presence of these animals has reportedly had a positive effect on employee morale and
productivity. Conversely, some organizations have begun training dogs to sniff out certain illnesses, as
part of their health and safety practices. This new trend, while promising, has sparked debate among
human resource professionals, as it potentially raises issues of employee privacy and consent. Critics
argue that, despite the potential benefits, the introduction of animals into the workplace might
inadvertently lead to (---------------)
A) an increase in employee productivity due to the positive effect of therapy animals.

B) a decrease in the number of health and safety incidents due to the introduction of dogs trained to sniff
out illnesses.
C) arise in employee morale as a result of the comforting presence of therapy animals in the workplace.
D) unforeseen complications, such as allergic reactions or discomfort among employees who are afraid of
or uncomfortable around animals.
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Reading : Inference
In several African societies, the mason holds a significant role not only as a builder but also as a custodian
of cultural knowledge. Their work often involves the use of locally available materials, and their building
techniques have been passed down through generations, reflecting the history and culture of the societies
they serve. The architectural designs they create, from houses to community centers, are often symbolic,
representing social hierarchies, religious beliefs, and communal values. However, the rapid urbanization
and the influx of modern building materials and methods pose a challenge to these traditional masons.
They are now forced to adapt to these new circumstances while still maintaining their cultural role. This
situation raises concerns about (---------------)
A) the potential for a drastic increase in the cost of construction due to the use of modern building
materials.
B) the possibility of a decline in the quality of buildings due to the adoption of modern construction
methods.
C) the risk of the traditional masons being completely replaced by modern builders and architects.
D) the preservation of traditional knowledge and cultural values amid the shift towards modern
construction practices.
10
The threat of oceanic warming to coral reefs is a globally pressing issue. Coral reefs are some of the most
biologically rich and economically valuable ecosystems on Earth, providing food, protection for coasts, and
tourism revenue. They are exceptionally vulnerable to climate change due to rising sea surface
temperatures. When the temperature of the ocean water is too warm, corals expel the algae living in their
tissues causing the coral to turn completely white, a phenomenon known as coral bleaching. While corals
can survive a bleaching event, they are under more stress and are more susceptible to disease. However,
recent research has indicated that some coral species may be more resilient to warming oceans than
previously thought. These discoveries have suggested that (---------------)
A) oceanic warming may not pose as significant a threat to coral reefs as previously believed.
B) efforts to conserve coral reefs should focus on protecting and promoting the growth of these more
resilient species.
C) the economic value of coral reefs will rise due to their increased rarity in a warming ocean.
D) climate change will lead to a complete transformation of the species composition of coral reefs.
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Reading : Inference
11
The Trail of Tears was a series of forced removals of Native American nations from their ancestral
homelands in the Southeastern United States to areas to the west that had been designated as Indian
Territory. The forced relocations were carried out by various government authorities following the
passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830. The relocated people suffered from exposure, disease, and
starvation while on route, and more than four thousand died before reaching their various destinations.
The removal included members of the Cherokee, Muscogee, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations,
among others, many of whom had established significant agricultural economies in the Southeast. The
forced relocations have been widely debated among historians, some of whom argue that the relocations
were necessary for the expansion of the United States, while others see them as a shameful chapter in
American history. Regardless of one's perspective, it is clear that the Trail of Tears has had a profound
impact on the development of the United States, particularly in terms of (---------------)
A) the geographical distribution of Native American populations in the modern era

B) the establishment of agricultural practices in the new Indian territories
C) the growth of urban centers in the Southeastern United States
D) the historical and contemporary relationships between the United States government and Native
American nations
12
Don Ihde, a prominent philosopher, has made significant contributions to the philosophy of technology.
Ihde's work is primarily characterized by his instrumental approach, where he views the relationship
between humans and technology as a partnership, rather than a one-sided dependency. His theories have
been widely adopted, influencing fields such as science, technology studies, and even architecture.
However, some critics argue that lhde's philosophy, while insightful, may inadvertently limit the scope of
inquiry by focusing heavily on the human technology interaction, thereby neglecting the broader socio-
political context in which technology operates. This has led to a new wave of thinkers who, while
acknowledging the value of Ihde's work, believe that his philosophy may unintentionally lead to (------------
---)
A) a reductionist understanding of technological developments, where the influence of societal factors is

not adequately considered.
B) an oversimplification of the complex dynamics between technology, society, and politics, potentially
overlooking crucial aspects.
C) a subversion of the traditional relationship between humans and technology, leading to an
overemphasis on technological autonomy.
D) a redefinition of the role of technology in shaping human behavior, which may challenge traditional
sociological theories.
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Reading : Inference
13
The role of the potter in African societies is multifaceted and integral to the community. Traditionally,
pottery was a female-dominated profession, with the knowledge and techniques passed down through
generations of women. The potter's responsibilities extended beyond creating functional items such as
pots, bowls, and water storage containers. They were also charged with creating figures and statuettes for
religious and ceremonial purposes. As such, potters held a crucial role in the spiritual life of a community.
With the advent of industrialization and the introduction of modern manufacturing methods, the demand
for handmade pottery has diminished. Yet, the role of the potter retains its importance in certain rural
communities. However, in contemporary African societies, it is not uncommon for (---------------)
A) men to engage in pottery, challenging the traditional gender roles.

B) potters to abandon their craft in favor of modern jobs.
C) the community to entirely reject modern manufactured pottery.
D) handmade pottery to become a high-priced luxury item.
14
The Velveteen Rabbit, written by Margery Williams, is a classic children’s book that explores themes of
love, reality, and transformation. It tells the story of a stuffed rabbit's quest to become real through the
love of his owner. The velveteen rabbit, initially just an ordinary toy, becomes the boy’s most cherished
playmate, accompanying him everywhere. Throughout their shared experiences, the rabbit learns about
love and authenticity from the Skin Horse, the oldest and wisest toy in the nursery, who teaches him that a
toy becomes real when it is truly loved by a child. The rabbit longs to become real, but he is unsure of how
to achieve this, as the Skin Horse's explanation seems elusive and mystical. The rabbit's journey to
becoming real, according to the Skin Horse, is not an easy one. It involves much wear and tear, and can
often be very painful. However, the rabbit's profound desire to become real, despite the potential
hardships, suggests that (---------------)
A) he is willing to endure hardship in the pursuit of authenticity.

B) he is hesitant about the entire process due to the potential pain involved.
C) he values the unconditional love of his owner more than his own comfort.
D) he is confused and unsure about the concept of 'realness’ as explained by the Skin Horse.
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Reading : Inference
15
Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the 20th century, Winston Churchill is known
for his leadership of the United Kingdom during World War II. He was known not only for his political
acumen but also for his oratory skills. His speeches, characterized by powerful rhetoric and inspirational
quotes, were instrumental in galvanizing public support during the war. However, critics argue that
Churchill's speeches, while inspiring, often overshadowed his controversial policies and decisions. For
instance, his decision to divert food from famine-stricken Bengal to better-supplied Europe in 1943 has
been widely criticized. Critics argue that Churchill's speeches, despite their emotional appeal, may have
had the unintended effect of (---------------)
A) diminishing the importance of the United Kingdom's military strategies during World War II.
B) diverting public attention from his controversial policies and decisions.
C) undermining the morale of British soldiers fighting on the front lines.
D) reducing the impact of other political leaders' speeches during the same era.
16
Arthur Miller, one of the greatest playwrights of the 20th century, wrote many enduring works, including
The Crucible and Death of a Salesman. His works often reflected the cultural and social dynamics of his
time, with a keen focus on the human condition. Miller was known to weave complex narratives, shedding
light on the struggles of ordinary people against the backdrop of a rapidly changing society. His work was
not only critically acclaimed but also deeply resonant with the public, making him one of the most
influential figures in American theater. However, one aspect of Miller's work that is often overlooked is his
skillful use of irony, which he used to (---------------)
A) criticize the political establishment and its policies.

B) highlight the contradictions and paradoxes inherent in human behavior and societal norms.
C) undermine the importance of the themes he explored in his plays.
D) portray his characters as perfect embodiments of moral virtues.
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Reading : Inference
17
Signed in 1792, the Treaty of Jassy effectively ended the Russo-Turkish War. While the treaty largely
focused on territorial adjustments between the two powers, its impact was felt far beyond Russia and the
Ottoman Empire. In particular, it had profound implications for the geopolitical dynamics of Asia. The
treaty recognized Russia's annexation of the Crimean Khanate, which not only shifted the balance of
power in the Black Sea region but also altered the trade routes across Asia. The redirection of trade routes
led to significant economic changes in several Asian countries. However, the treaty's stipulation of
Russia's dominance over the Black Sea had an ambiguous clause that allowed for the continuation of free
navigation for Ottoman ships. This clause, while seemingly in favor of the Ottomans, may have had the
unintended effect of (---------------)
A) securing Russia's control over the major Asian trade routes.

B) decreasing the economic influence of Asian countries in the Black Sea region.
C) undermining the Ottoman Empire's authority over its own trade routes.
D) encouraging the Ottoman Empire to seek alliances with other Asian powers.
18
Edgar Allan Poe is widely known for his gothic tales and poems, establishing him as a central figure of
Romanticism. His works, such as 'The Raven, 'The Tell-Tale Heart,’ and 'The Fall of the House of Usher,’ are
characterized by their exploration of the macabre, the mysterious, and the psychologically intense.
Despite his reputation for creating dark and unsettling narratives, Poe was also skilled in crafting
detective stories, such as 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue,' recognized as the first modern detective story.
However, while Poe's detective stories were groundbreaking, they were not as popular as his gothic tales
during his lifetime. This discrepancy in popularity has led critics to believe that Poe's detective stories,
despite their innovative nature, may have (---------------)
A) failed to capture the public's interest due to their complex and intellectual narrative structures.
B) influenced other authors to write more detective stories, thus diluting the originality of Poe's works.
C) been overshadowed by his more sensational and emotionally charged gothic tales.
D) been neglected in academic studies due to their perceived lack of literary merit compared to his gothic
tales.
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Reading : Inference
19
Clyfford Still is widely regarded as a seminal figure in the Abstract Expressionism movement. He was one
of the first artists of his generation to break away from representational painting, turning instead to
abstraction. His works, characterized by vast, color-filled canvases, evoked intense emotional responses.
Still was known for his uncompromising principles, often refusing to sell or exhibit his paintings,
preferring to keep them out of the commercial art market. His decision to withhold his work from the
public was seen as a radical stance at the time. However, critics have noted that this decision, while
preserving the integrity of his work, may have also inadvertently led to (---------------)
A) resurgence of representational painting styles within the Abstract Expressionism movement.

B) an increase in the market value of his existing paintings in private collections.
C) his reduced visibility and recognition in the broader Abstract Expressionist movement.
D) wave of criticism from his peers for his perceived disdain for commercial success.
20
The Treaty of Sistova, signed in 1791, marked the end of the Austro-Turkish War. It was a significant
document that demanded minimal territorial changes, with the Habsburg Monarchy returning Belgrade
and other captured territories to the Ottomans. The treaty had a profound impact on Asia, especially in
regions under Ottoman control. Ottoman resources, previously stretched thin due to the war, could now
be refocused on maintaining authority and promoting growth within their domains. However, the treaty
also paved the way for the rise of nationalistic movements in the Balkans, a development that threatened
the stability of the Ottoman Empire. As such, the Treaty of Sistova, while ending a destructive war, may
have inadvertently (---------------)
A) strengthed the Habsburg Monarchy's control over the Balkans.

B) increased the likelihood of future conflicts in Asia.
C) directly led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
D) sown the seeds for future disturbances within the Ottoman Empire.
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Reading : Inference
21
The use of animal mascots in advertising has been a long-standing convention in the world of marketing.
These mascots, encompassing a wide range of species from the affable gecko in the Geico commercials to
the iconic Tony the Tiger, significantly elevate brand recognition and create a sense of familiarity among
consumers. Psychologists suggest that humans innately trust animals due to their non-threatening and
honest nature. Therefore, brands that utilize animal mascots often benefit from a positive association that
consumers make between the brand and the mascot. However, some argue that this marketing strategy
might have unintended consequences. By associating products with animals, these brands may
inadvertently be fuellinga (---------------)
A) tendency among consumers to anthropomorphize animals, which might distort their understanding of
wildlife
B) decrease in the demand for products that are not represented by animal mascots
C) rise in the price of advertising slots on television due to the popularity of animal mascots
D) shift in consumer preferences towards products that are endorsed by real-life celebrity figures rather
than animal mascots
22
Martin Heidegger, a German philosopher, is recognized as a critical figure in the development of

existential philosophy. His work, ‘Being and Time', is often regarded as one of the most influential
philosophical works of the 20th century. Heidegger's philosophy is centered on the concept of 'being’,
which he argues has been largely forgotten by traditional metaphysics. He maintains that our
understanding of ourselves and the world around us is shaped by the temporal and historical context in
which we exist. However, his philosophy has been subjected to several criticisms, particularly his notion
of 'Dasein’, which refers to an individual's existence in the world. Critics argue that this concept is too
vague and fails to account for the diversity of human experiences. Despite these criticisms, Heidegger's
philosophy continues to influence numerous fields, including psychology, literary theory, and theology.
His critics, while acknowledging the importance of his work, fear that an uncritical acceptance of his
philosophical ideas could lead to (---------------)
A) a resurgence of traditional metaphysics, thereby undermining the impact of existential philosophy.

B) an oversimplification of complex human experiences and a disregard for other philosophical
perspectives.
C) an overemphasis on the temporal and historical context, thus limiting the applicability of his
philosophy.
D) a reduction in the influence of psychology, literary theory, and theology on modern thought.
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Reading : Inference
23
In the study of human dance, the role of animals has been largely overlooked. While it is true that human
dance is an expression of human creativity, there is a significant body of evidence that suggests that our
dances have been influenced by the movements and behaviors of animals. Take for example, the
traditional dances of various indigenous cultures. Many of these dances incorporate movements that
mimic the behaviors of local wildlife, such as the graceful swooping of birds or the powerful leaps of large
predators. This mimicry is not simply a matter of aesthetic choice, but rather a way of connecting with the
natural world and embodying the qualities of these animals. Yet, the study of animal influence in human
dance has not been given the importance it deserves. This oversight may be due to (---------------)
A) the difficulty in determining the precise origins of traditional dances.

B) the focus of dance studies on human physiology and psychology.
C) the limited number of animal species that exhibit what can be classified as dancing.
D) the dominance of human-centric perspectives in the study of dance, which overlook the influence of
non-human entities.
24
The philosophy of mind has occupied a central place in contemporary philosophy, particularly in the
question of consciousness. It is a field of study that explores questions about the mind and aspects of it
such as consciousness and cognition. Philosophers from different backgrounds have proposed various
theories to explain the nature of mind, its properties, and its relationship with the physical world.
However, one significant point of contention among these theories lies in the concept of 'consciousness’.
Some philosophers propose that consciousness is a fundamental component of the universe, akin to space
and time, while others insist that consciousness arises purely from complex computation among brain
neurons. This disagreement, while fostering spirited debates, also underscores the inherent complexity of
the field, potentially leading to (---------------)
A) a sudden decrease in the interest in philosophy of mind among contemporary philosophers.

B) an overall rejection of the idea that consciousness is a fundamental component of the universe.
C) a complete shift towards the belief that consciousness arises purely from complex computation among
brain neurons.
D) a lack of consensus and the persistence of multiple, competing theories about the nature of
consciousness.
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Reading : Inference
25
Childe Hassam, an influential American Impressionist painter, was known for his urban and coastal
scenes. His unique style blended European Impressionism with distinctly American themes, thus
introducing a new perspective in the American art scene. Hassam's approach was revolutionary, as he
chose to paint en plein air, capturing the fleeting moments of light and color in his surroundings. His work,
such as 'The Avenue in the Rain,’ depicted the American flag in an impressionist style, demonstrating a
profound sense of national pride. Despite his significant contributions, critics argue that his style was too
similar to French Impressionists. Yet, his defenders highlight his unique treatment of distinctly American
themes. The debate about Hassam’s originality continues to this day, with some fearing that this focus
detracts from his true impact on American Impressionism, which was to (---------------)
A) create a direct copy of European Impressionism in America, with no distinct identity of its own.
B) promote the idea of en plein air painting among American artists, leading to a revolution in artistic
techniques.
C) challenge the perception of Impressionism as a wholly European phenomenon and establish it as a
globally recognized art form.
D) bridge the gap between European and American art by introducing Impressionist techniques to depict
uniquely American themes.
26
Vladimir Nabokov, a prolific writer of the 20th century, is known for his intricate plots, clever wordplay,
and unique narrative techniques. Originally from Russia, Nabokov spent a significant part of his life in the
United States, where he authored some of his most celebrated works, including 'Lolita’ and 'Pale Fire'.
Despite the controversy surrounding some of his novels due to their subject matter, Nabokov's literary
prowess is widely recognized. His meticulous attention to detail and a knack for creating
multidimensional characters have earned him lasting acclaim. He was also renowned for his passion for
lepidoptery, the study of butterflies and moths. Despite his literary success, Nabokov often said that he
would have preferred to be remembered as a scientist rather than a novelist. This unusual preference,
despite his undisputed knack for storytelling, (---------------)
A) demonstrates Nabokov's lack of understanding of his own writing abilities.

B) indicates Nabokov's regret over choosing writing as his profession.
C) reflects the depth of his passion for lepidoptery, which he considered as significant as his literary
achievements.
D) suggests that Nabokov wanted to distance himself from the controversial themes of his novels.
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Reading : Inference
27
Ricardo Miro Denis, celebrated as the national poet of Panama, was born in 1883 and lived through a
transformative period in his country's history. He is best known for his lyrical and patriotic poems that
express a deep affection for his homeland. Miro was part of the modernist literary movement that swept
Latin America in the early 20th century, which sought to break away from traditional forms and invent
new modes of expression. Much of Miro's work reflects this modernist influence, yet he also maintained a
distinctive voice that is deeply rooted in the Panamanian landscape and culture. Despite his significant
contributions to Latin American literature, Miro's work remains largely unknown outside of Panama and
Latin America. This lack of international recognition for Miro's work is (---------------)
A) somewhat perplexing, given the universal themes of love and patriotism that pervade his poetry.
B) not surprising, as his work was primarily written in Spanish, limiting its accessibility to non-Spanish
speakers.
C) justified, as his poems, though beautifully written, do not offer much in terms of innovative literary
techniques.
D) irrelevant, since Miro always intended his work to be appreciated primarily by his fellow Panamanians.
28
F. Scott Fitzgerald, a prominent American author, is renowned for his vivid portrayal of the Jazz Age in
American literature. His works, which include the classic novel 'The Great Gatsby,' encapsulate the
disillusionment and excesses of that era. Fitzgerald's writing is marked by his remarkable ability to infuse
his narrative with symbols and motifs that lend greater depth to his characters and themes. One of the
recurrent themes across Fitzgerald's work is the negative impact of wealth and materialism on the human
spirit. However, critics often argue that Fitzgerald, in his personal life, was just as enamored with the glitz
and glamour as his characters, indicating a certain level of hypocrisy. This view, while prevalent, possibly
overlooks the fact that an author's creative work may not always reflect their personal beliefs or values,
but rather, could serve as a commentary on the society they live in. In this context, it might be more
accurate to say that Fitzgerald's writings were an attempt to (---------------)
A) mimic the flamboyant lifestyle he himself wished to lead.

B) critique the societal norms and values of his time, particularly the blind pursuit of wealth and status.
C) project his own aspirations and desires onto his characters, thereby making them extensions of his own
personality.
D) create a romanticized version of the Jazz Age, devoid of any critical examination of its inherent flaws.
- 179 -
Reading : Inference
29
Building Services Engineering is an area of engineering that is often overlooked, yet it plays a significant
role in the design and operation of buildings. This discipline encompasses the design, installation,
operation, and monitoring of the technical services required to make a building functional, safe, and
comfortable. These services include heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), water supply, sanitation,
fire safety, and electrical systems. One of the primary goals of Building Services Engineering is to enhance
the energy efficiency of buildings. However, a common challenge facing engineers in this field is the
inherent conflict between optimizing energy efficiency and maintaining a comfortable indoor
environment. With the increasing emphasis on sustainability and energy conservation, this challenge has
become even more pronounced. It is feared that in their quest to maximize energy efficiency, engineers
might inadvertently compromise (---------------)
A) the aesthetics of the building which can potentially affect its market value.
B) the structural integrity of the building, leading to safety concerns.
C) the historical accuracy in the renovation of old buildings.
D) the comfort of occupants due to reduced heating, cooling, or lighting.
30
The Treaty of Rastatt, signed in 1714, marked the end of the War of the Spanish Succession. While
primarily concerning European territories, the treaty had significant implications for the global balance of
power, particularly in Asia. The treaty led to the Spanish losing significant territories in Europe, which
indirectly influenced their control and influence in Asia. The consequences of the Treaty of Rastatt in Asia
were largely overlooked, as historians primarily focused on its impact on Europe. However, this treaty,
despite its Eurocentric focus, had the unintended effect of (---------------)
A) increasing the territorial holdings of the Dutch East India Company in Asia.
B) promoting peaceful coexistence among European powers in their Asian colonies.
C) encouraging Asian nations to seek alliances with other European powers.
D) weakening the Spanish dominance and expanding British and Dutch influence in Asia.
- 180 -
READING
STUDENT'S NOTES 1
- 181 -
Reading : Student’s Notes
Reading : Student’s Notes 1
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
- The Kepler space telescope was launched by NASA in 2009 with the goal of discovering Earth-like
planets orbiting other stars.
- Kepler used a photometer to detect the brightness dips caused by planets passing in front of their stars.
- The telescope discovered over 2.600 confirmed exoplanets during its operational life, vastly expanding
our understanding of the galaxy.
- Among its discoveries was Kepler-452b, an exoplanet located in the habitable zone of its star and known
as 'Earth’s cousin'.
- Kepler's mission ended in 2018, but its data continues to be analyzed and has led to additional
discoveries.
The student wants to highlight the lasting scientific contributions of the Kepler telescope. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Even after its mission ended in 2018, the data from the Kepler telescope continues to be analyzed.
leading to new discoveries about our galaxy.
B) During its operational life, the Kepler telescope discovered over 2,600 confirmed exoplanets,
contributing significantly to our understanding of the galaxy.
C) Kepler-452b, known as ‘Earth's cousin’, was among the significant discoveries made by the Kepler
telescope.
D) The Kepler space telescope, launched by NASA in 2009, was tasked with the discovery of Earth-like
planets orbiting other stars.
- The narwhal, a species of whale known as Monodon monoceros, resides primarily in the Arctic waters.
- Its most distinguishing feature is a long, spiraled tusk, which is actually an extended tooth.
- Scientists believed this tusk served a sensory purpose, collecting information about the narwhal’s
environment.
- Recent research confirms that the tusk can detect changes in water temperature, pressure, and salinity.
- This adaptation enables the narwhal to navigate and find food in the harsh Arctic conditions.
The student wants to explain the functional significance of the narwhal’s tusk. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) The narwhal's tusk is its distinguishing feature, which scientists believed had a sensory function.
B) The tusk of the narwhal can detect changes in water conditions, aiding its survival.
C) Despite residing in harsh Arctic conditions, the narwhal's tusk helps it find food and navigate
D) Monodon monoceros, or the narwhal, is known for its extended tooth or tusk.
- 182 -
- In 2023, music enthusiasts developed an interactive online exploration of the Baroque period in music.
- The online experience featured a timeline filled with influential composers and their compositions.
- Users could choose a composer or a piece of music to gain more insights into their work and their
contribution to the period.
- Each selection led to audio samples. sheet music, and analyses related to the selected composer or
composition.
- The platform gained popularity as it allowed users to control their learning experience.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the online exploration of the Baroque period in
music. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A) The online exploration of the Baroque period featured a timeline with influential composers and their
compositions.
B) Selecting a composer or a piece of music led users to audio samples, sheet music, and
analyses.
C) The online exploration of the Baroque period appealed to users because it gave them control over their
learning experience.
D) Music enthusiasts created an interactive online exploration of the Baroque period, filled with
influential composers and their works.
While researching a topic. a student has taken the following notes:
- Acidic water bodies resulting from industrial pollution pose a threat to aquatic life.
- Environmentalists are using a method known as "lime dosing” to neutralize the acidity.
- Traditional methods such as dredging or diverting the water source can be disruptive and expensive.
- Lime dosing is a less invasive and cost-effective method of restoring the water's pH balance.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the lime dosing technique. Which choice most
A) To restore the pH balance of water bodies, dredging or diverting the water source is not always
practical.
B) Lime dosing is a less invasive and cost-effective solution compared to methods like dredging or
diverting the water source, which can be disruptive and expensive.
C) Environmentalists can use dredging, divert the water source, or use lime dosing to neutralize the
acidity of water bodies.
D) The methods for restoring the pH balance of water bodies, like dredging or diverting the water source
and lime dosing, differ in their invasiveness and cost.
- 183 -
- Anish Kapoor, an Indian-born British artist, is known for his monumental public sculptures.
- He created his work Cloud Gate in 2006.
- Cloud Gate is a stainless steel sculpture located in Chicago's Millennium Park.
- The reflective surface of the sculpture creates distorted reflections of the cityscape and viewers,
engaging the public in an interactive way.
The student wants to highlight the interactive and engaging aspect of Kapoor's work. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Kapoor's 2006 work Cloud Gate, located in Chicago's Millennium Park. features a reflective surface that
distorts reflections of the cityscape and viewers.
B) Indian-born British artist Anish Kapoor, known for his public sculptures, created Cloud Gate in 2006.
C) The stainless steel sculpture Cloud Gate is located in Chicago's Millennium Park
D) Cloud Gate uses its reflective surface to create distorted reflections of the cityscape and viewers,
offering an interactive experience for the public.
- The Amazon Rainforest is the world's largest tropical rainforest.

- It is home to an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species.
- The forest spans nine countries and covers 5.5 million square kilometers.
- It is known for its biodiversity and is home to a wide variety of flora fauna.
The student wants to use the notes to highlight the size and biodiversity of the Amazon Rainforest.
Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?
A) The Amazon Rainforest, the world's largest tropical rainforest, spans nine countries and covers 5.5
million square kilometers.
B) The Amazon Rainforest, home to an estimated 390 billion individual trees, is the world's largest
tropical rainforest.
C) The Amazon Rainforest is known for its biodiversity. with an estimated 390 billion individual trees
divided into 16,000 species.
D) The Amazon Rainforest, the world's largest tropical rainforest, spans nine countries, covers 5.5 million
square kilometers, and is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna.
- 184 -
- The Tigris and Euphrates rivers are both critical to the geography of the Middle East.
- The Tigris, which is approximately 1,150 miles long, flows through Turkey, Syria, and Iraq.
- The Euphrates, being around 1,740 miles long, is the longest river in Western Asia.
- Historically, these rivers facilitated the growth of civilization, with the earliest known societies
developing in the Tigris Euphrates river system.
- Today, both rivers are still important to the local economies, especially in terms of agriculture and
fishing.
Which of the following best emphasizes a difference between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
based on the student's notes?
A) Both the Tigris and Euphrates flow through Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, contributing significantly to local
economies.
B) The Euphrates, being the longest river in Western Asia, surpasses the Tigris in length, which is
approximately 1.150 miles long.
C) The Tigris and Euphrates rivers facilitated the growth of the earliest known societies in the
Middle East.
D) The Tigris and Euphrates rivers are important to the economies of Turkey. Syria, and Iraq due to their
roles in agriculture and fishing.
- The internet is a global network of networks that uses standardized communication protocols.
- It carries a vast array of information resources and services, such as the interlinked hypertext documents
of the World Wide Web.
- Email is an important communication method on the internet.
- The internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before.
The student wants to make a generalization about the significance of the internet based on the
notes. Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?
A) The internet, a global network of networks, carries a vast array of information resources and services,
revolutionizing the computer and communications world.
B) The internet is a global network that uses standardized communication protocols and email is an
important communication method on it.
C) The internet carries the interlinked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web and has
revolutionized the computer world.
D) The internet is a global network that carries a vast array of information resources and services,
including email.
- 185 -
- Mount Everest is the highest mountain above sea level, with a height of approximately 8,848 meters.
- It is located in the Himalayas on the border of Nepal and Tibet.
- K2, the second highest mountain, has a height of about 8,611 meters.
- It is located in the Karakoram range on the border of Pakistan and China.
The student wants to compare Mount Everest and K2 based on the notes. Which choice most
effectively accomplishes this goal?
A) Mount Everest, with a height of approximately 8.848 meters, is higher than K2, which has a height of
about 8,611 meters.
B) Mount Everest and K2 are both located on the borders of countries, but Mount Everest is higher.
C) Mount Everest, the highest mountain above sea level, is higher than K2.
D) K2, the second highest mountain, is shorter than Mount Everest.
10
- The ancient city of Pompeii was buried under volcanic ash and pumice in 79 AD.
- The eruption of Mount Vesuvius caused the destruction
- The city remained lost for nearly 1700 years until its rediscovery in 1748.
- The ash and pumice that buried the city preserved it under a hardened shell.
The student wants to specify the reason Pompeii was preserved. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Pompeti, an ancient city, was buried under volcanic ash and pumice in 79 AD due to the eruption of
Mount Vesuvius.
B) The city of Pompeii remained lost for nearly 1700 years until its rediscovery in 1748.
C) The ash and pumice that buried Pompeii preserved it under a hardened shell, keeping the city intact
until its rediscovery in 1748.
D) The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD led to the burial and preservation of the city of Pompeii
under volcanic ash and pumice.
- 186 -
11
- Jellyfish are ancient marine animals that have roamed the world's oceans for over 500 million years.
- Despite their simple structure. composed mainly of water and lacking a brain, heart, or bones, they are
incredibly adaptable.
- There are over 2,000 known species of jellyfish, ranging in size from as small as a pinhead to as large as 2
meters in diameter.
- Some jellyfish species possess potent venom. which they use for capturing prey and self-defense.
- The box jellyfish, in particular, has one of the most deadly venoms known to science, capable of causing
cardiac arrest in humans within minutes.
- Yet, despite their potential danger. jellyfish also serve essential roles in the ecosystem, such as serving as
food for a variety of marine species.
The student wants to underscore the paradox of jellyfish being both dangerous and crucial to the
ecosystem. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A) Despite being composed mainly of water and lacking complex organs, jellyfish are ancient, adaptable
creatures with over 2,000 known species.
B) Jellyfish, with some species like the box jellyfish boasting deadly venom, also perform essential roles in
the ecosystem, like providing food for various marine species.
C) The box jellyfish, known for its deadly venom capable of causing cardiac arrest, symbolizes the danger
presented by some jellyfish species.
D) Jellyfish have roamed the world's oceans for over 500 million years, showcasing their adaptability
despite their simple biological structure
12
- The Statue of Liberty is a symbol of freedom and democracy in the United States.
- It was gifted to the United States by France.
- The Eiffel Tower is a symbol of French engineering prowess and a popular tourist attraction.
- Both landmarks were designed by Gustave Eiffel.
- The Statue of Liberty was dedicated in 1886, and the Eiffel Tower was completed in 1889.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the Statue of Liberty and the Eiffel Tower.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Both the Statue of Liberty and the Eiffel Tower are significant landmarks designed by Gustave Eiffel.
B) While the Statue of Liberty is a symbol of freedom and democracy, the Eiffel Tower is a testament to
French engineering prowess.
C) The Statue of Liberty, a symbol of freedom and democracy, was dedicated in 1886, while the Eiffel
Tower, a symbol of French engineering prowess, was completed in 1889.
D) The Statue of Liberty was a gift to the United States from France, whereas the Eiffel Tower was built as
a symbol of French engineering prowess.
- 187 -
13
- The platypus is one of the few mammals known to lay eggs.

- It is also one of the only venomous mammals; males have a spur on their hind foot that delivers a venom
capable of causing severe pain to humans.
- This odd creature has a bill and webbed feet like a duck, a tail like a beaver, and body and fur like an
otter.
- The platypus's unique features have led scientists to classify it, along with four species of echidna, in the
group monotremes, a very ancient form of mammals.
- In addition, the platypus can detect electric fields, an unusual ability in mammals, which it uses to
navigate and hunt underwater.
The student wants to highlight the uniqueness of the platypus among mammals. Which choice
A) As one of the few mammals that lay eggs, the platypus is an unusual species with a mix of features such
as a duck-fike bill and webbed feet. a beaver-like tail, and an otter- like body and fur.
B) The platypus is one of the only venomous mammals, with males having a spur on their hind foot that
delivers a venom causing severe pain to humans.
C) The platypus and four species of echidna belong to the group monotremes, representing a very ancient
form of mammals.
D) With the ability to detect electric fields—an unusual ability among mammals—the platypus uses this
skill to navigate and hunt underwater.
14
- Apple Inc. is a multinational technology company.

- It designs and sells electronics, software, and online services.
- Google is also a multinational technology company.
- It specializes in internet-related services and products.
- Both companies are headquartered in the Silicon Valley.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two companies. Which choice most
A) Both Apple Inc. and Google are multinational technology companies headquartered in the Silicon
Valley.
B) Apple Inc. designs and sells electronics, software, and online services, while Google specializes in
internet-related services and products.
C) Apple Inc. and Google are two of the most successful companies in the technology industry.
D) Both Apple Inc. and Google have made significant contributions to the technology industry, but they
specialize in different types of products and services.
- 188 -
15
- The Voyager 1 space probe was launched by NASA in 1977.

- It was initially intended to study the outer Solar System and eventually interstellar space.
- As of 2021, Voyager 1 is the farthest human-made object from Earth.
- Voyager 1 has crossed the heliopause and is now traveling in the interstellar medium.
- The data sent by Voyager 1 has greatly contributed to our understanding of the Solar System.
The student wants to present the Voyager 1 mission and its accomplishments. Which choice most
A) Voyager 1, launched by NASA in 1977, was initially intended to study the outer Solar System and
eventually interstellar space.
B) As 0f 2021, Voyager 1 is traveling in the interstellar medium and is the farthest human made object
from Earth.
C) Launched by NASA in 1977, Voyager 1 has greatly contributed to our understanding of the Solar
System.
D) Voyager 1, now the farthest human-made object from Earth, has crossed the heliopause and is traveling
in the interstellar medium.
16
- Eusociality is the highest level of organization of sociality and is characterized by cooperative brood care,
overlapping generations, and division of labor.
- Eusocial animals include certain species of bees, ants, and termites, as well as naked mole-rats.
- It's hypothesized that eusociality evolved in environments where group members could better survive
working together rather than individually.
- Kin selection, a theory in evolutionary biology, suggests that eusocial behavior developed because it
promotes the survival of genetic relatives.
- The study of eusociality provides insight into how complex social systems can evolve in nature.
The student wants to accentuate the evolutionary value of eusociality. Which choice most
A) Eusocial animals, including certain bees, ants, termites, and naked mole-rats, display
cooperative brood care, overlapping generations, and division of labor.
B) Eusociality likely evolved in environments where survival was better ensured by working
together in a group rather than individually.
C) The theory of kin selection in evolutionary biology suggests that eusocial behavior has
evolved because it enhances the survival chances of genetic relatives.
D) Through studying eusociality, insights into how complex social systems can evolve in nature can be
gained.
- 189 -
17
- The Tsimane people, a traditional society in Bolivia, consume a diet high in unprocessed foods.
- Their diet is rich in complex carbohydrates from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Tsimane people rarely suffer from heart disease, which is a common ailment in many industrialized
societies.
- A study showed that less than 5% of the Tsimane population had measurable levels of atherosclerosis, a
heart condition.
- Researchers speculate that the Tsimane people's diet and active lifestyle contribute to their remarkable
heart health.
The student wants to highlight the potential health benefits of the Tsimane people's diet. Which
A) The Tsimane people's diet, high in complex carbohydrates from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, is
believed to contribute to their remarkably low rates of heart disease.
B) Despite consuming a diet high in carbohydrates, the Tsimane people rarely suffer from atherosclerosis,
a common heart condition.
C) Researchers speculate that the active lifestyle of the Tsimane people, coupled with their diet rich in
unprocessed foods, may protect against heart disease.
D) The traditional society of the Tsimane people in Bolivia is notable for its low incidence of heart disease,
potentially linked to their diet and active lifestyle.
18
- Coral bleaching events are damaging the Great Barrier Reef's delicate ecosystem.
- Scientists have been employing a novel method of re-seeding the coral using coral larvae.
- Some traditional restoration methods involve transporting adult corals, which can cause stress to these
organisms.
- The re-seeding method is less disruptive as it introduces coral larvae that naturally integrate into the
existing ecosystem.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the re-seeding technique. Which choice most
A) To restore the Great Barrier Reef, transporting adult corals is not always feasible.
B) The method of introducing coral larvae is less disruptive than transporting adult corals, which can
stress and negatively impact them.
C) Scientists can use traditional methods to transplant adult corals or introduce coral larvae
into the ecosystem.
D) The methods of coral restoration, transporting adult corals and re-seeding. differ in their level of
disruptiveness.
- 190 -
19
- James Turrell, an American artist, has been exploring the concept of light and space in his work.
- He created his work Roden Crater in 1977.
- Roden Crater included a large-scale installation inside an extinct volcanic cone.
- Natural light enters the installation through strategically placed tunnels and openings, creating a unique
viewing experience.
The student wants to emphasize the unique use of light in James Turrell's work. Which choice most
A) In his 1977 installation Roden Crater, American artist James Turrell used natural light as a key aspect of
the viewer's experience.
B) James Turrell, an American artist specializing in light and space, created Roden Crater in 1977.
C) The large-scale installation in Roden Crater is located inside an extinct volcanic cone.
D) Roden Crater uses natural light entering through tunnels and openings to create a unique viewing
experience.
20
- The Enlightenment was a period in history when traditional societal structures and beliefs were heavily
scrutinized.
- It was marked by a surge in philosophical, scientific, and political thought.
- Enlightenment thinkers advocated for the use of reason and evidence-based thinking.
- One such thinker, John Locke, proposed the idea of the social contract and natural rights, which greatly
influenced democratic ideals.
- Many of the ideas from this period continue to shape modern societies.
The student wants to emphasize the influence of the Enlightenment period on modern societies.
A) The Enlightenment was a period of intense philosophical, scientific. and political ideas
from thinkers like John Locke.
B) The Enlightenment was a time when traditional societal structures were scrutinized and reason was
advocated.
C) The Enlightenment, marked by a surge in thought, was influential due to thinkers like
John Locke.
D) The Enlightenment advocated reasoning and evidence-based thinking, with the ideas of thinkers like
John Locke influencing democratic ideas.
- 191 -
21
- The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star (G dwarf star).

- It is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium.
- The Sun's energy is generated by nuclear fusion in its core,where hydrogen atoms combine to form
helium.
- Unlike other stars, the Sun does not appear to be part of a binary or multiple star system.
- The Sun is the central object in the Solar System and the most important source of energy for life on
Earth.
Which of the following best emphasizes a difference between the Sun and other stars based on the
student's notes?
A) The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star composed mostly of hydrogen and helium.
B) The Sun's energy is generated by nuclear fusion in its core, where hydrogen atoms combine to form
helium.
C) Unlike other stars the Sun does not appear to be part of a binary or multiple star system.
D) The Sun is the central object in the Solar System and the most important source of energy for life on
Earth.
22
- The Rosa chinensis, commonly known as China rose, is a species of flowering plant native to Southwest
China.
- It is widely grown as an ornamental plant due to its variety of colors, including pink. red, and white.
- The plant typically blooms from spring through fall, providing vibrant colors in gardens.
- China rose plants prefer a sunny location with well-draining soil.
- Overwatering or poor drainage can lead to root rot, a condition that is often fatal for the plant.
The student wants to specify a condition that can be harmful for the China rose. Which choice most
A) China roses are native to Southwest China and are ornamental plants.
B) The China rose blooms from spring through fall, adding color to gardens.
C) Root rot, often fatal, can affect many plants including the China rose.
D) China roses can suffer from root rot due to overwatering or poor drainage.
- 192 -
23
- The Moai statues, also known as the "Easter Island heads," are monolithic carvings found on the Chilean
Polynesian island of Rapa Nui.
- They were created by the indigenous Rapa Nui people between 1250 and 1500.
- Most Moai were carved from tuff, a type of compressed volcanic ash, with the largest statue reaching 33
feet in height and weighing 82 tons.
- The statues are generally believed to represent the ancestors of the Rapa Nui people and were
positioned to watch over their villages.
- The production and transportation of the statues, given their size and weight, still baffle scientists today.
- One of the biggest mysteries is the "walking" theory, which suggests that the statues were moved upright
in a rocking motion, like moving a refrigerator.
The student wants to highlight the a surprising aspect about the Moai statues' production and
transportation. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A) The Moai statues, or "Easter Island heads." are monolithic carvings made by the indigenous Rapa Nui
people between 1250 and 1500.
B) A Moai was carved from a single slab of stone that can reach up to 33 feet in height and weigh 82 tons.
C) Generally believed to represent the ancestors of the Rapa Nui people, the Moai statues were positioned
to watch over their villages.
D) The "walking" theory is one of the mysteries of the Moat statues, suggesting that these massive
structures were moved in a rocking motion.
24
- The Amazon rainforest is home to a diverse array of plant and animal species.
- Deforestation in the Amazon has increased in recent years, leading to habitat loss and declining
biodiversity.
- The burning of fossil fuels is a major contributor to climate change,and deforestation releases large
amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
- Conservation organizations are working to protect the Amazon rainforest and its inhabitants through
reforestation efforts and sustainable development initiatives.
- The Brazilian government has been criticized for not doing enough to protect the Amazon and for
allowing illegal logging and mining to occur in the region.
The student wants to make a generalization about the state of the Amazon rainforest. Which choice
A) The biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest should be protected from increased deforestation and the
Brazilian government's lack of action.
B) Conservation organizations believe that the Amazon rainforest is marked by diverse habitats.
C) The Amazon rainforest is a well-protected area with a diverse array of plant and animal species.
D) Conservation organizations are not doing enough to protect the Amazon rainforest.
- 193 -
25
- The Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the world's oceans, reaching a depth of over 36,000 feet.
- It's located in the western Pacific Ocean and is named after the nearby Mariana Islands.
- The trench is home to many unique species adapted to withstand the extreme pressure, cold, and lack of
light.
- The first manned expedition to the bottom of the Mariana Trench was made in 1960 by Jacques Piccard
and Don Walsh in the bathyscaphe Trieste.
- Exploration of the Mariana Trench continues to yield new discoveries about life in the deep sea.
The student wants to convey the scientific significance of the Mariana Trench. Which choice most
A) The Mariana Trench, located in the western Pacific Ocean. is the deepest part of the world's oceans,
reaching a depth of over 36,000 feet.
B) Unique species that have adapted to withstand the extreme conditions of the Mariana Trench inhabit
its depths.
C) Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh made the first manned expedition to the bottom of the Mariana Trench
in the bathyscaphe Trieste in 1960.
D) Continuous exploration of the Mariana Trench is unveiling new insights into life in the deep sea.
26
- Metropolis is a seminal 1927 silent film directed by Fritz Lang.

- The film presents a futuristic city divided between workers living underground and the privileged class
living above.
- Metropolis has had a significant influence on many sci-fi films and pop culture.
- Its visuals, particularly the depiction of the futuristic city, have been highly influential.
- Over time, several scenes from the film have been lost, but restoration efforts have been underway.
The student wants to underscore the lasting influence of "Metropolis" on sci-fi genre. Which choice
A) Metropolis, a 1927 silent film by Fritz Lang, presents a divided futuristic city and has since
influenced many sci-fi films.
B) Despite several scenes from Metropolis being lost over time, the film's influence on the sci-fi genre and
pop culture remains significant.
C) The visuals of Metropolis, especially the depiction of a futuristic city, have been highly influential in the
sci-fi genre.
D) Fritz Lang's Metropolis has had a lasting influence on pop culture and many sci-fi films,
particularly with its unique visuals of a futuristic city.
- 194 -
27
- The human brain is an intricate organ composed of several regions, each responsible for different
functions.
- The frontal lobe, for example, is involved in decision-making and problem-solving.
- The occipital lobe, on the other hand, is primarily involved in vision.
- The brain's complexity and versatility make it one of the most essential organs in the human body.
- Understanding the brain's functioning is crucial for advancements in neuroscience.
The human brain and the functions of its different regions based on the notes. Which choice most
effectively accomplishes this goal?
A) The human brain, a complex and versatile organ, has several regions like the frontal lobe
for decision-making and problem-solving, and the occipital lobe for vision.
B) The human brain has the frontal lobe for decision-making and the occipital lobe for
vision.
C) The human brain, an essential organ, doesn't mention its complexity or the functions of its
different regions.
D) The complexity of the human brain and its function in decision-making and vision doesn't
mention the role of specific regions.
28
- In 2021, an art collective launched a virtual gallery tour of the Dada Movement.
- The tour featured a 3D layout of a gallery filled with pieces representative of the movement.
- Visitors could select a piece of art to learn more about its historical context and the artist.
- Upon selection, the visitors were taken to audio descriptions, video analyses, and scholarly articles
related to the chosen piece.
- The gallery became popular due to its interactive nature, allowing users to choose their path of
exploration.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the virtual gallery tour format. Which choice most
A) The virtual gallery tour of the Dada Movement featured a 3D layout with selectable pieces of art.
B) By selecting a specific piece of art, visitors could access audio descriptions, video analyses, and
scholarly articles.
C) The interactive nature of the virtual gallery tour was appealing as it permitted users to control their
exploration of the Dada Movement.
D) An art collective launched a virtual gallery tour of the Dada Movement, filled with representative pieces
of art.
- 195 -
29
- Historic monuments are often damaged by pollution and weathering.

- Restoration experts use a technique called "consolidation," where a consolidant substance is applied to
the monument to increase its resistance.
- Some restoration techniques involve abrasive cleaning methods which can further wear down the
monument's material.
- The consolidation technique is preferable as it strengthens the monument without causing further
damage.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the consolidation technique. Which choice most
A) For the restoration of historic monuments, abrasive cleaning methods are not always appropriate.
B) The method of applying a consolidant substance is less damaging than abrasive cleaning
methods, which can further erode the material of the monuments.
C) Restoration experts can use abrasive cleaning methods or apply a consolidant substance to increase the
monument's resistance.
D) In restoration, the techniques of abrasive cleaning and consolidation differ in their potential to cause
damage to the monument.
30
- Andy Goldsworthy. a British artist, is renowned for his site-specific sculptures and land art.
- He created his work Leaf Stalk Room in 1987.
- Leaf Stalk Room was a temporary installation built from elm branches and leaves.
- The sculpture subtly changed over time as the organic materials decayed.
The student wants to emphasize the temporary and changing nature of Goldsworthy's work. Which
A) In his 1987 installation Leaf Stalk Room, British artist Andy Goldsworthy used organic materials, whose
decay added a temporal aspect to the artwork.
B) Andy Goldsworthy, a British artist known for his site-specific sculptures, created Leaf Stalk room in
1987.
C) The temporary installation Leaf Stalk Room was made from elm branches and leaves.
D) Leaf Stalk Room was a temporary installation that changed subtly over time as the elm branches and
leaves used in its construction decayed.
- 196 -
READING
STUDENT'S NOTES 2
- 197 -
- The Great Sphinx of Giza is one of the world's largest and oldest statues.
- It has the body of a lion and the head of a human.
- Its face is believed to represent the Pharaoh Khafre.
- Erosion patterns on the Sphinx suggest it was carved at the end of the last Ice Age.
The student wants to specify the reason for the Sphinx's erosion patterns. Which choice most
A) The Great Sphinx of Giza, one of the world's largest and oldest statues, has the body of a lion and the
head of a human.
B) Erosion patterns on the Great Sphinx of Giza suggest that it was carved at the end of the last Ice Age.
C) The face of the Sphinx is believed to represent the Pharaoh Khafre, and its erosion patterns suggest a
carving date at the end of the last Ice Age.
D) The Sphinx, a statue with the body of a lion and the head of a human, is believed to represent the
Pharaoh Khafre.
- The tundra is a type of biome characterized by its sub-zero temperatures and minimal tree growth due
to short growing seasons.
- This biome is found in polar regions and high altitudes, where the environment is harsh and cold.
- The permafrost, a subsoil that remains frozen throughout the year, makes it difficult for plants to
establish deep root systems.
- Despite these conditions, the tundra is home to specific plants such as dwarf shrubs, grasses, mosses, and
lichens.
- Several animals have adapted to this harsh environment, including reindeer, arctic foxes, and snow owls.
They have unique adaptations that enable them to survive in these frigid
conditions.
- Due to its extreme conditions, the tundra is one of the least populated habitats by humans. However,
some indigenous communities have been able to adapt to and thrive in this
environment.
The student wants to emphasize the challenging environmental conditions of the tundra. Which
A) The tundra, situated in unforgiving polar regions and high altitudes, is characterized by a perennially
frozen subsoil and limited tree growth due to short growing seasons.
B) Despite harsh conditions, the tundra hosts a variety of life forms, including dwarf shrubs, grasses,
mosses, lichens, reindeer, arctic foxes, and snow owls.
C) The tundra, a unique biome, has some human inhabitants who have adapted to its extreme conditions
of the polar regions and high altitudes.
D) The tundra is a biome that is home to specific plants and animals, such as dwarf shrubs and arctic foxes,
that have adapted to the harsh environment of the polar region.
- 198 -
- Quantum entanglement is a quantum mechanical phenomenon where the quantum states of two or more
objects become linked.
- Once entangled, the state of one object is directly connected to the state of the other. regardless of the
distance between them.
- This property was initially called "spooky action at a distance” by Albert Einstein. who was skeptical
about it.
- Despite its puzzling nature, quantum entanglement has been experimentally confirmed multiple times
and is a cornerstone of quantum mechanics.
- Potential applications of quantum entanglement include quantum computing and quantum teleportation.
The student wants to underscore the potential implications of quantum entanglement. Which
A) Quantum entanglement is a quantum mechanical phenomenon where the quantum states of two or
more objects become linked.
B) Once entangled, the state of one object in quantum entanglement is directly connected to the state of
the other, no matter the distance.
C) Despite its "spooky” nature and initial skepticism from Albert Einstein, quantum entanglement has
been confirmed experimentally and forms a cornerstone of quantum mechanics.
D) Quantum entanglement, despite its puzzling properties, holds promising potential for fields like
quantum computing and quantum teleportation.
- The formation of the Grand Canyon is a result of various geological processes over millions of years.
- Erosion by the Colorado River is the most significant factor in its formation.
- This process has revealed nearly two billion years of Earth's geological history.
- Besides, tectonic activities have also played a role in shaping the canyon
- Today, the Grand Canyon is considered one of the most spectacular geological features on Earth.
The student wants to present a study on the formation of the Grand Canyon and its geological
significance based on the notes. Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?
A) The Grand Canyon, formed over millions of years, reveals two billion years of Earth's geological history,
mainly due to erosion by the Colorado River and tectonic activities.
B) The Grand Canyon is a result of erosion by the Colorado River and tectonic activities.
C) The Grand Canyon reveals Earth's geological history but doesn't highlight the processes involved in its
formation.
D) The Grand Canyon. one of Earth's most spectacular geological features, doesn't mention its formation
or geological significance.
- 199 -
- Quantum computing and classical computing are two different computing models.
- Classical computers use bits as their basic unit of information, which can be either a or a 1.
- Quantum computers, on the other hand, use quantum bits or qubits, which can represent both 0 and 1
simultaneously due to superposition.
- Quantum computers also exploit another quantum property known as entanglement, which classical
computers do not use.
- However, quantum computers are currently less stable and more prone to errors than classical
computers.
Which of the following best emphasizes a difference between quantum computing and classical
computing based on the student's notes?
A) Quantum computing and classical computing are two different computing models, with
quantum computers currently being less stable and more prone to errors.
B) Quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits due to superposition, which allows them to represent
both 0 and 1 simultaneously, unlike classical computers.
C) Classical computers use bits as their basic unit of information, which can be either a 0 or 1, while
quantum computers use qubits.
D) Quantum computers exploit quantum properties such as superposition and entanglement, which are
not used by classical computers.
- In 2023, scientists studied the fossils of ancient birds found in Argentina.

- The fossils were estimated to be 70 million years old.
- The analysis revealed that the birds had a unique beak structure for cracking seeds.
- The structure is evidence that ancient birds may have eaten seeds.
The student wants to present the study and its conclusions. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) As part of a 2023 study of ancient birds, fossil analysis was conducted on bird remains found in
Argentina.
B) Bird fossils estimated to be 70 million years old were found in Argentina in 2023.
C) In 2023, scientists studied what ancient birds in Argentina ate more than 70 million years ago.
D) A 2023 analysis of bird fossils found in Argentina suggests that birds there may have eaten seeds 70
million years ago.
- 200 -
- The Komodo dragon, the largest living lizard, is found in Indonesia.

- Its saliva contains a mix of 57 different bacterial strains, many of which are highly septic.
- Komodo dragons are immune to these bacteria but their prey is not.
- Once bitten, the bacteria in the prey's bloodstream cause septicemia, leading to its death.
- This adaptation allows Komodo dragons to take down larger prey.
The student wants to explain how the Komodo dragon's unique adaptation aids in its hunting.
A) Komodo dragons, the largest living lizards, have highly septic bacteria in their saliva, which they use to
take down larger prey.
B) Found in Indonesia, the Komodo dragon's ability to tolerate 57 different bacterial strains in its saliva is
a unique adaptation for hunting.
C) The prey of the Komodo dragon often die from septicemia, caused by the highly septic bacteria present
in the lizard's saliva.
D) The Komodo dragon's saliva contains many septic bacteria strains; when a prey is bitten, these bacteria
cause septicemia, leading to the prey's death.
- Pele, often considered one of the greatest footballers of all time, played for Brazil.
- He scored a total of 1,281 goals in 1,363 games, including unofficial friendlies and tour games.
- Pele was instrumental in Brazil winning three FIFA World Cups: 1958, 1962, and 1970.
- He was named FIFA's Player of the Century in 1999, alongside Argentina's Diego Maradona.
- Despite retiring from professional football in 1977, Pele continues to be an ambassador for the sport.
The student wants to emphasize Pele’s phenomenal goal scoring record. Which choice most
A) Pele, considered one of the greatest footballers, was instrumental in Brazil winning three FIFA World
Cups and was named FIFA’s Player of the Century.
B) Pele, a phenomenal goal scorer, netted a total of 1,281 goals in 1,363 games, including unofficial
friendlies and tour games.
C) Despite retiring in 1977, Pele, who scored a remarkable 1,281 goals, continues to be an ambassador for
the sport.
D) Pele, who played for Brazil, scored 1.281 goals and was instrumental in winning three FIFA World
Cups.
- 201 -
- In 2022, history enthusiasts developed a virtual reality (VR) tour of the ancient city of Pompeii.
- The VR tour included interactive 3D models of iconic landmarks, reconstructed based on archaeological
findings.
- Users could choose a landmark to explore and access information about its historical context.
- Selecting a landmark led to narrations, visual aids, and virtual walk-throughs associated with the chosen
location.
- The VR tour attracted history buffs due to its immersive and customizable experience.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the VR tour of Pompeii. Which choice most effectively
A) The VR tour of Pompeii included interactive 3D models of various landmarks for users to choose from.
B) Users could access narrations, visual aids. and virtual walk-throughs by selecting a specific landmark.
C) The immersive and customizable experience of the VR tour appealed to history buffs. allowing them to
explore Pompeii in their preferred way.
D) History enthusiasts developed a VR tour of Pompeii. featuring interactive 3D models based on
archaeological findings.
10
- Olafur Eliasson. a Danish-Icelandic artist, often incorporates elements of weather in his art.
- He created his work The Weather Project in 2003.
- The Weather Project showcased a massive faux sun inside the Turbine Hall of the Tate Modern.
- The installation used mirrored ceiling and monofrequency lights to mimic the sun and sky. generating a
contemplative space.
The student wants to describe the use of weather elements in Olafur Eliasson's work. Which choice
A) Eliasson's 2003 installation The Weather Project, which featured a faux sun, was a massive exhibit at
the Tate Modern.
B) Danish-Icelandic artist Olafur Eliasson created The Weather Project in 2003.
C) The faux sun in Olafur Eliasson’s The Weather Project was created with mirrored ceiling and
monofrequency lights.
D) In The Weather Project, monofrequency lights and a mirrored ceiling were used to create an artificial
sun and sky, forming a contemplative space.
- 202 -
11
- Facebook and Twitter are two popular social media platforms.

- Facebook was founded in 2004 and allows users to share a variety of content, including text posts,
photos, and videos.
- Twitter was founded in 2006 and is primarily known for its short, text-based posts, called tweets.
- Both platforms have a significant impact on the way information is disseminated and consumed globally.
- Despite their popularity, both platforms face criticism regarding their policies on content moderation
and privacy.
Which of the following best emphasizes a difference between Facebook and Twitter based on the
student’s notes?
A) Both Facebook and Twitter are popular social media platforms that have a significant impact on the
way information is disseminated and consumed globally.
B) Facebook allows users to share a variety of content, while Twitter is primarily known for its short, text-
based posts.
C) Facebook was founded in 2004 and Twitter was founded in 2006, and both face criticism regarding
their policies on content moderation and privacy.
D) Both Facebook and Twitter allow users to share content, but their policies on content moderation and
privacy have been criticized.
12
- The Renaissance was a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to
modernity.
- It saw a flowering of literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual
inquiry.
- The Renaissance is most closely associated with Italy, where it began in the 14th century.
- It had a profound impact on European intellectual life, significantly influencing cultural developments
and the course of European history.
The student wants to make a generalization about the significance of the Renaissance based on the
A) The Renaissance is characterized by developments in literature, philosophy, art,

politics, science, and religion, significantly influencing cultural developments and the
course of European history.
B) The Renaissance is most closely associated with Italy and had a profound impact on European
intellectual life.
C) The Renaissance marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and is most closely
associated with Italy.
D) The Renaissance, a period in European history, saw a flowering of intellectual inquiry and is most
closely associated with Italy.
- 203 -
13
- Dadaism was an artistic and literary movement that began in Zurich, Switzerland, during World War I.
- The movement was a reaction to the horrors of war and the society that allowed it.
- Dadaist works often demonstrated a complete rejection of prevailing standards in art through their
nonsensical and often random nature.
- Key figures of the movement included Marcel Duchamp, Hannah Hoch and Tristan Tzara.
- Despite its short lifespan (1916-1924), Dadaism had a significant influence on later art movements,
including Surrealism, Pop Art. and Punk Art.
- One of the most notable Dadaist works is Duchamp's "Fountain," a urinal signed and presented as art.
The student wants to emphasize Dadaism's lasting impact on the art world. Which choice most
A) Dadaism, a movement that completely rejected prevailing art standards, was initiated by key figures
like Marcel Duchamp, Hannah Hoch, and Tristan Tzara.
B) One of the most notable Dadaist works, Marcel Duchamp's "Fountain," symbolizes the movement's
audacious and nonsensical nature that completely rejects the prevailing standards in art.
C) Emerged in Zurich during World War I, Dadaism was a movement that reacted to the horrors of war
and the society that allowed it.
D) Despite its short lifespan, Dadaism was popular for its rejection of conventional artistic standards,
which significantly influenced later art movements, such as Surrealism, Pop Art, and Punk Art
14
- Shakespeare and Chaucer are both renowned English authors.

- Shakespeare is best known for his plays, like "Romeo and Juliet."
- Chaucer, on the other hand. is known for his poetry, especially "The Canterbury Tales."
- Both authors significantly contributed to English literature.
- Shakespeare's works were primarily published in the 16th and 17th centuries, while Chaucer's works
were from the 14th century.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between Shakespeare and Chaucer. Which choice
A) Shakespeare and Chaucer are both renowned English authors known for their significant contributions
to English literature.
B) While both Shakespeare and Chaucer are known for their significant contributions to English literature,
they specialized in different genres, with Shakespeare best known for his plays and Chaucer for his poetry.
C) Shakespeare, best known for his plays, and Chaucer, known for his poetry, are both renowned authors
who significantly contributed to English literature.
D) Both Shakespeare and Chaucer are renowned English authors, but their works were published in
different centuries.
- 204 -
15
- In 2021, scientists studied the fossils of ancient fish found in Australia.

- The fossils were estimated to be 400 million years old.
- The analysis revealed that the fish had a unique jaw structure for crushing shells.
- The structure is evidence that ancient fish may have eaten shellfish.
The student wants to present the study and its conclusions. Which choice most effectively uses
A) As part of a 2021 study of ancient fish, fossil analysis was conducted on fish remains found in Australia.
B) A 2021 analysis of fish fossils found in Australia suggests that fish there may have eaten shellfish 400
million years ago.
C) In 2021, scientists studied what ancient fish in Australia ate more than 400 million years ago.
D) Fish fossils estimated to be 400 million years old were found in Australia in 2021.
16
- Started in 1929, the Academy Awards is an American-based film awards ceremony.

- The films nominated for awards have diverse cultural origins.
- In 2016. “Spotlight” won Best Picture. “Spotlight” is an American film.
- In 2017, “Moonlight” won Best Picture. “Moonlight” is also an American film.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity in the origins of the two films. Which choice most
A) “Moonlight” won Best Picture at the 2017 Academy Awards and is an American film B. In 2016,
“Spotlight” won Best Picture at the Academy Awards; however, the following year, “Moonlight” won.
B) In 2016, “Spotlight” won Best Picture at the Academy Awards; however, the following year, “Moonlight”
won.
C) Both “Spotlight,” the winner of Best Picture at the 2016 Academy Awards and “Moonlight,” the
following year’s winner are American films.
D) The Academy Awards nominates films from diverse cultural origins for Best Picture such as “Spotlight”
and “Moonlight.”
- 205 -
17
- The Great Wall of China was built across the historical northern borders of China.
- It was built to protect the Chinese states and empires against raids and invasions by various nomadic
groups.
- Several walls were being built from as early as the 7th century BC.
- These were later joined together and made bigger by Qin Shi Huang (220-206 BC), the first Emperor of
China.
- The most well-known sections of the wall were built by the Ming dynasty (1368-1644).
The student wants to use the notes to describe the construction history of the Great Wall of China.
A) The Great Wall of China was built to protect the Chinese states and empires against various nomadic
groups.
B) The Great Wall of China, built across the historical northern borders of China, was made bigger and
joined together by Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China.
C) The Great Wall of China, built from as early as the 7th century BC, was later joined together by Qin Shi
Huang, and the most well-known sections were built by the Ming dynasty.
D) The Great Wall of China was built across the historical northern borders of China during the Ming
dynasty.
18
- The city of Timbuktu in Mali was a leading Islamic cultural center in the 15th and 16th centuries.
- At its peak, Timbuktu was home to the University of Sankore, which attracted scholars from across the
Muslim world.
- The scholars at Sankore made significant contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.
- Timbuktu's libraries held tens of thousands of manuscripts, but many were lost or destroyed over time.
- Today, efforts are underway to preserve and digitize the remaining manuscripts, providing invaluable
insights into medieval Islamic culture.
The student wants to underscore the cultural significance of Timbuktu's ancient manuscripts.
A) Timbuktu, a leading Islamic cultural center in the 15th and 16th centuries, was home to the University
of Sankore, renowned for its scholarly contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.
B) Despite the loss or destruction of many manuscripts, current efforts to preserve and digitize the
remaining ones in Timbuktu provide a rich window into medieval Islamic culture.
C) Scholars from across the Muslim world were attracted to the University of Sankore in Timbuktu, a
significant Islamic cultural center in the 15th and 16th centuries.
D) The libraries of Timbuktu once held tens of thousands of manuscripts, underscoring the city’s role as a
hub of knowledge and learning in the 15th and 16th centuries.
- 206 -
19
- The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel written by Erest Hemingway.
- The novel's protagonist, Santiago, is an old fisherman who battles a giant marlin.
- Despite his physical frailty. Santiago embodies endurance, perseverance, and respect for nature.
- The novel won the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and significantly contributed to Hemingway receiving the
Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.
- The Old Man and the Sea is often interpreted as a reflection of Hemingway's own struggles and resilience.
The student wants to discuss the thematic significance of The Old Man and the Sea. Which choice
A) Ermest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea won the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and contributed to his
Nobel Prize in Literature.
B) The Old Man and the Sea reflects Hemingway's personal struggles and resilience through the character
of Santiago, an old fisherman.
C) The protagonist of The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago, embodies themes of endurance, perseverance,
and respect for nature, mirroring Hemingway's personal struggles.
D) Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea, featuring an old fisherman battling a giant
marlin, is a reflection of the author's own resilience.
20
- The octopus is an intelligent marine animal known for its camouflage abilities.
- It can change both the color and texture of its skin to match its surroundings.
- The octopus's chromatophores, special pigment cells. allow for this rapid color change.
- An octopus also possesses muscular hydrostats that allow it to alter its body's texture.
- These adaptations help it avoid predators and surprise prey.
The student wants to highlight the adaptability of the octopus in its environment. Which choice
A) The octopus can change its skin color and texture rapidly to match its surroundings, thanks to its
chromatophores and muscular hydrostats.
B) The octopus, with its special pigment cells and body-altering muscular hydrostats, can
effectively camouflage in its marine environment.
C) An octopus utilizes chromatophores and muscular hydrostats to camouflage, effectively
evading predators and surprising prey.
D) Specialized adaptations allow the octopus to change its skin color and texture to camouflage, providing
it an advantage over predators and prey.
- 207 -
21
- Coastal erosion is a significant problem affecting many seaside communities.

- Geologists are using a technique called "beach nourishment." where sand is added to the eroding
shoreline.
- Traditional methods, like building seawalls, often disrupt the natural coastal processes.
- Beach nourishment is less disruptive and more harmonious with the natural coastal dynamics.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the beach nourishment technique. Which choice
A) To combat coastal erosion, building seawalls is not always an ideal solution.

B) Adding sand to the eroding shoreline is less disruptive than building seawalls, which can interrupt the
natural coastal processes.
C) Geologists can combat coastal erosion by building seawalls or using beach nourishment technique.
D) The methods of addressing coastal erosion, building seawalls and beach nourishment, differ in their
level of disruptiveness.
22
- Yayoi Kusama, a Japanese artist, is famous for her Infinity Mirrored Rooms.
- She created her work The Souls of Millions of Light Years Away in 2013.
- The Souls of Millions of Light Years Away is a room filled with mirrors and colorful LED lights that create
an illusion of infinite space.
- This work offers a unique, immersive experience of self obliteration amidst the infinite.
The student wants to underscore the immersive and infinite aspect of Kusama's work. Which
A) In her 2013 work The Souls of Millions of Light Years Away, Japanese artist Yayoi Kusama used mirrors
and LED lights to create an illusion of infinite space.
B) Yayoi Kusama, a Japanese artist famous for her Infinity Mirrored Rooms. created The Souls of Millions of
Light Years Away in 2013.
C) The room in The Souls of Millions of Light Years Away is filled with mirrors and colorful LED lights.
D) Kusama'’s 2013 work uses mirrors and colorful LED lights to offer an immersive experience of self-
obliteration amidst the perception of infinite space.
- 208 -
23
- Quantum computing is a rapidly evolving field of computer science that utilizes the principles of
quantum physics to process information.
- Unlike classical computers that use bits (0s and 1s). quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits.
- These qubits can be both 0 and 1 at the same time due to a quantum property known as superposition.
- Furthermore, another quantum property, entanglement, allows qubits that are entangled to be
interconnected regardless of their distance apart.
The student wants to present a study on the fundamental principles of quantum computing and its
difference from classical computing based on the notes. Which choice most effectively
accomplishes this goal?
A) Unlike classical computers that use bits, quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits, which can be
both 0 and 1 simultaneously due to superposition.
B) Quantum computing uses quantum bits or qubits, unlike classical computers that use bits.
C) Quantum computing, an evolving field, uses principles of quantum physics. However, it does not
mention how it differs from classical computing.
D) Quantum computing uses qubits, which can be in superposition. However, it doesn’t mention
entanglement or how it differs from classical computing.
24
- The Chinese economy has transitioned from being centrally planned to market-oriented.
- Since the late 1970s, China has been implementing economic reforms to achieve this transition.
- As a result, China's GDP has grown significantly, making it one of the world's largest economies.
- Despite this economic growth, income inequality in China has also increased.
- The Chinese government is addressing this issue through policies aimed at reducing poverty and
improving income distribution.
Which of the following best emphasizes a difference between the early stages and the current state
of China's economy based on the student’s notes?
A) China's GDP has grown significantly since the late 1970s due to the transition from a centrally planned
to a market-oriented economy.
B) Since the late 1970s, China has been implementing economic reforms to transition
from a centrally planned to a market-oriented economy.
C) Despite significant economic growth, income inequality in China has increased, which the
government is now addressing through policy.
D) The Chinese economy has transitioned from being centrally planned to market-oriented, making it one
of the world's largest economies.
- 209 -
25
- The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960.

- They are the best-selling music act of all time, with estimated sales of 600 million units worldwide.
- They are also the act with the most number one albums on the UK Albums Chart, most number one hits
on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and most singles sold in the UK.
- Their innovative music and cultural impact helped define the 1960s.
The student wants to make a generalization about The Beatles' success and influence based on the
A) The Beatles, formed in 1960, are the best-selling music act of all time with an estimated 600 million
units sold worldwide.
B) The Beatles are an English rock band with the most number one albums on the UK Albums Chart and
most singles sold in the UK.
C) The Beatles, with their innovative music and cultural impact, are the best-selling music act of all time
and helped define the 1960s.
D) The Beatles, formed in Liverpool in 1960, have the most number one hits on the Billboard Hot 100
chart.
26
- Dinosaurs became extinct about 65 million years ago.

- This event is marked by the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary.
- A layer of iridium-rich clay is found at the K-Pg boundary.
- Iridium is rare on Earth's surface but is abundant in asteroids.
- The Alvarez hypothesis suggests an asteroid impact caused the dinosaur extinction.
The student wants to specify the reason for the dinosaur extinction. Which choice most effectively
A) Dinosaurs became extinct about 65 million years ago, marking the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg)
boundary.
B) The iridium-rich clay layer found at the K-Pg boundary suggests an asteroid impact.
C) According to the Alvarez hypothesis. an asteroid impact caused the dinosaur extinction, as evidenced
by the iridium-rich clay layer at the KPg boundary.
D) The extinction of dinosaurs, marked by the K-Pg boundary, is associated with an iridium-rich clay layer.
- 210 -
27
- Beethoven’s Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125, also known as the Choral, is one of his most famous
compositions.
- The symphony was the first example of a major composer using voices in a symphony.
- The words, sung during the final movement, were taken from Friedrich Schiller’s “Ode to Joy”.
- It was first performed in Vienna in 1824, when Beethoven was almost completely deaf.
- The symphony is regarded as Beethoven's greatest work and one of the supreme achievements in the
history of music.
The student wants to emphasize a unique feature of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9. Which choice
A) Symphony No. 9, known as the Choral, was performed in 1824.

B) Symphony No. 9 is one of the supreme achievements in music history.
C) Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 used voices, a first in a major symphony.
D) Beethoven was nearly deaf when his Symphony No. 9 was first performed.
28
- Srinivasa Ramanujan was a self-taught Indian mathematician who made substantial contributions to
mathematical analysis, number theory, and continued fractions.
- Bom in 1887 in Erode, a small village in India, he started showing his mathematical abilities at a very
young age.
- Despite having no formal training in pure mathematics, he compiled nearly 3,900 results during his
lifetime, many of which were later proven to be true.
- In 1913, Ramanujan began a correspondence with the British mathematician G. H. Hardy that led to a
special scholarship from the University of Cambridge and a collaborative work on number theory.
- Ramanujan's contributions to mathematics continue to inspire and influence mathematicians even a
century after his death.
The student wants to emphasize Ramanujan's remarkable accomplishments despite his lack of
formal education. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
A) Srinivasa Ramanujan compiled nearly 3,900 results in mathematical analysis, number theory, and
continued fractions, most of which were later proven correct.
B) Born in a small Indian village, Srinivasa Ramanujan showed his mathematical abilities at a very young
age.
C) In 1913, Ramanujan began a productive correspondence with the British mathematician G. H. Hardy
that resulted in a special scholarship from the University of Cambridge.
D) Even a century after his death, the contributions of Srinivasa Ramanujan to mathematics continue to
inspire and influence mathematicians worldwide.
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29
- Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest
dramatist.
- He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon”.
- His extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 39 plays, 154 sonnets, two long
narrative poems, and a few other verses.
- His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than
those of any other playwright.
The student wants to use the notes to emphasize Shakespeare's global influence and prolific work.
A) Shakespeare, the "Bard of Avon", is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and
his plays have been translated into every major living language.
B) Shakespeare, often called England's national poet, is the world's greatest dramatist and has written
approximately 39 plays.
C) Shakespeare has written 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses.
D) Shakespeare is often called England's national poet and his extant works include collaborations.
30
- Neil deGrasse Tyson is a renowned astrophysicist.

- He is currently the Frederick P. Rose Director of the Hayden Planetarium.
- Tyson has hosted several educational television series, including NOVA ScienceNow and Cosmos: A
Spacetime Odyssey.
- He is known for his ability to make complex scientific concepts accessible to the general public.
- Tyson has received numerous awards for his contributions to science.
The student wants to highlight Neil deGrasse Tyson's ability to communicate science to the public.
A) Neil deGrasse Tyson, a renowned astrophysicist and director of the Hayden Planetarium, has been
recognized for his ability to make complex scientific concepts accessible to the general public through his
hosting of educational TV series.
B) Neil deGrasse Tyson is a distinguished astrophysicist who has hosted several educational TV series.
C) Neil deGrasse Tyson is the current Frederick P. Rose Director of the Hayden Planetarium.
D) Neil deGrasse Tyson has received many awards for his contributions to the field of astrophysics.
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READING
STUDENT'S NOTES 3
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- Smart cities leverage digital technology to improve the quality of urban life.
- They use data collected from residents and devices to manage resources efficiently.
- The aim is to create sustainable economic development and high quality of life.
- An example of a smart city initiative is the use of sensors to monitor traffic flow.
- This allows city planners to adjust signals and improve travel routes.
The student wants to illustrate how smart cities use digital technology to improve urban life.
A) Smart cities, such as those using sensors to monitor traffic flow, use data collected from residents and
devices to manage resources efficiently, thereby creating sustainable economic development and
improving the quality of urban life.
B) Smart cities are focused on creating sustainable economic development and high quality of life, often
monitoring traffic flow with sensors.
C) Smart cities are an example of how sensors can be used to monitor traffic flow and improve travel
routes.
D) Smart cities use data collected from residents and devices, like sensors for traffic flow, without a clear
purpose.
- Sacagawea, a Lemhi Shoshone woman, was a guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
- She was the only woman in the group and helped the expedition reach the Pacific Ocean.
- Sacagawea's knowledge of the terrain and her ability to communicate with local tribes were
instrumental in the expedition's success.
- She was able to procure horses from the Shoshone tribe, which aided the expedition's overland travel.
- Sacagawea's presence also signaled peaceful intentions to other tribes.
The student wants to highlight the significance of Sacagawea's role in the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
A) Sacagawea was the only woman in the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which made it to the Pacific Ocean.
B) The Lewis and Clark Expedition was successful in reaching the Pacific Ocean, with Sacagawea as their
guide.
C) Sacagawea procured horses from the Shoshone tribe, aiding the Lewis and Clark Expedition's overland
travel.
D) Sacagawea's deep knowledge of the terrain and ability to communicate with local tribes were key
factors in the Lewis and Clark Expedition's success, her presence signaling peace to other tribes and her
connections providing crucial resources such as horses.
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Roald Dahl was a famous British author known for his children’s stories.
- His works include 'Charlie and the Chocolate Factory’, 'Matilda’, and 'The Witches".
- Dahl also wrote for adults, including tales of the macabre and unexpected.
- Dahl's writing style is often characterized by dark humor and unexpected endings.
- Dahl also worked as a scriptwriter, adapting lan Fleming's novel 'Chitty Chitty Bang Bang' into a
successful film.
The student wants to illustrate the versatility of Dahl's writing career. Which choice most
A) Roald Dahl, the famous British author known for his children's stories such as 'Charlie and the
Chocolate Factory’ and 'Matilda’, also wrote tales of the macabre for adults and worked as a scriptwriter,
showcasing his versatile writing career.
B) Roald Dahl, a famous British author, wrote 'Charlie and the Chocolate Factory' and 'Matilda’.
C) Roald Dahl was known for his dark humor and unexpected endings in his stories.
D) Roald Dahl's writing style was characterized by dark humor and unexpected endings.
- Agriculture played a crucial role in the development of numerous African societies.

- In ancient Egypt, the annual flooding of the Nile River created fertile lands that supported agriculture.
- The Ashanti Empire in West Africa was known for its extensive farming and trade in agricultural
products.
- The introduction of new crops from the Americas, such as maize, contributed to population growth in
many African societies.
- In East Africa, the Bantu people spread agriculture and iron-working skills as they migrated across the
continent.
The student wants to highlight the importance of agriculture in the progress and survival of
African societies. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
A) Agriculture was important in ancient Egypt because the Nile River created fertile lands.
B) The Ashanti Empire was known for its extensive farming and trade in agricultural products.
C) The introduction of maize from the Americas contributed to population growth in many African
societies.
D) Agriculture was central to the development and survival of numerous African societies, as seen in
ancient Egypt's reliance on the Nile's fertility, the extensive farming in the Ashanti Empire, and the
population growth spurred by the introduction of new crops like maize.
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- J.M. Coetzee is a renowned South African author.

- Coetzee's work is deeply influenced by his experiences during the apartheid era.
- His novel, 'Disgrace’, won the Booker Prize in 1999.
- 'Disgrace’ explores the complex dynamics of post-apartheid South Africa.
- Coetzee was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2003.
The student wants to explain the significance of Coetzee's 'Disgrace’. Which choice most effectively
A) J.M. Coetzee is a renowned South African author who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in
2003.
B) 'Disgrace’ is a novel by J.M. Coetzee that won the Booker Prize in 1999.
C) Coetzee's work, including 'Disgrace’, is deeply rooted in his experiences during the apartheid era.
D) J.M. Coetzee's 'Disgrace’, which won the Booker Prize in 1999, delves into the intricate dynamics of post
apartheid South Africa.
- lan Fleming was a British author, best known for his James Bond series of spy novels.
- Fleming wrote his first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952.
- Fleming's Bond novels are characterized by a high degree of detail about Bond's lifestyle, tastes, and
habits.
- Fleming had a background in intelligence work, serving as a naval intelligence officer during World War
II.
The student wants to discuss how lan Fleming's background influenced his writing. Which choice
most effectively Uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) lan Fleming was a British author who wrote the popular James Bond series of spy novels.
B) lan Fleming wrote his first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952.
C) The James Bond novels by lan Fleming are known for their detailed descriptions of Bond's lifestyle,
tastes, and habits.
D) lan Fleming's background in naval intelligence during World War Il is reflected in the detailed and
authentic depiction of espionage in his James Bond novels.
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- Aquaponics is a system that combines aquaculture (raising aquatic animals) with hydroponics
(cultivating plants in water).
- This approach allows for the efficient use of resources, as waste from the fish serves as organic food for
the plants, and the plants naturally filter the water for the fish.
- Aquaponics can be used in urban areas or places with infertile land.
- The use of aquaponics can contribute to food security and reduce environmental impact.
- Aquaponics systems can be set up in different scales, from small indoor or outdoor units to large
commercial units.
The student wants to highlight the benefit of aquaponics in urban areas and places with infertile
land. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A) Aquaponics is a system that combines aquaculture with hydroponics, allowing for the efficient use of s
resources.
B) The use of aquaponics can contribute to food security and reduce environmental impact.
C) Aquaponics systems can be set up in different scales, from small indoor or outdoor units to large
commercial units.
D) Aquaponics, which allows for the efficient use of resources and contributes to food security, can be
particularly beneficial in urban areas or places with infertile land.
- Sir George Back was a British naval officer known for his extensive exploration of the Canadian Arctic.
- Back participated in several expeditions to the Canadian Arctic in the 19th century.
- He mapped many previously uncharted areas and his work greatly contributed to the understanding of
the region.
- Back's expeditions faced numerous challenges such as harsh weather conditions, and scarce resources.
- Despite these challenges, Back was able to gather valuable data about the geography and climate of the
region.
The student wants to emphasize the significance of Back's achievements. Which choice most
A) Sir George Back, a British naval officer, participated in numerous expeditions to the Canadian Arctic.
B) Despite facing harsh weather conditions and scarce resources, Sir George Back succeeded in charting
many unexplored areas of the Canadian Arctic, greatly advancing our understanding of the region.
C) The work of Sir George Back in the Canadian Arctic involved mapping many previously uncharted
areas.
D) Sir George Back gathered valuable data about the geography and climate of the Canadian Arctic.
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- Beekeepers in African societies often have a hereditary role, with knowledge and skills being passed
from generation to generation.
- Beekeeping is not only for honey production but also for pollination of crops and wild plants.
- Beekeepers are recognized as custodians of the environment, playing a key role in biodiversity.
- African beekeepers use traditional methods, such as log hives and wild swarms, in contrast to modern
apiculture techniques.
The student wants to emphasize the environmental significance of the beekeeper's role. Which
A) Beekeeping in African societies is often a hereditary role, with the art of beekeeping being passed down
through generations.
B) Recognized as custodians of the environment, African beekeepers contribute to biodiversity and crop
pollination, utilizing traditional methods like log hives and wild swarms.
C) African beekeepers use traditional methods such as log hives and wild swarms for honey production.
D) In African societies, beekeeping is not only for honey production but also for the production of other
bee products.
10
- John William Waterhouse was a renowned English painter best known for his depictions of women from
both ancient Greek mythology and Arthurian legend.
- Waterhouse's work is often categorized as Pre-Raphaelite, even though he painted many years after the
brotherhood's initial formation.
- The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, which included artists like Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett
Millais, was known for its vivid color and complex compositions.
- Waterhouse adopted these characteristics in his own work, but also brought a unique dreamlike quality
to his paintings.
- His painting 'The Lady of Shalott’ is considered a masterpiece of the Pre-Raphaelite style, yet it was
painted nearly three decades after the Brotherhood's dissolution.
The student wants to express how John William Waterhouse contributed to the Pre-Raphaelite
Brotherhood's influence, despite not being an original member. Which choice most effectively uses
A) John William Waterhouse was a renowned English painter best known for his depictions of women
from both ancient Greek mythology and Arthurian legend.
B) The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, which included artists like Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett
Millais, was known for its vivid color and complex compositions.
C) John William Waterhouse's painting 'The Lady of Shalott’ is considered a masterpiece of the Pre-
Raphaelite style.
D) Even though John William Waterhouse wasn't an original member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood,
he significantly contributed to their influence by adopting their vivid color and complex compositions,
adding a unique dreamlike quality to his paintings, and creating masterpieces like 'The Lady of Shalott"
- 218 -
11
Queen Elizabeth II, born in 1926, is the longest-reigning monarch in British history.
- She ascended the throne on February 6, 1952, following the death of her father, King George VI.
- Queen Elizabeth Il has seen significant changes during her reign, including the decolonization of Africa
and the acceleration of devolution in the United Kingdom.
- She is known for her commitment to public service and her dedication to the Commonwealth realms.
- The Queen's reign has also been marked by a number of personal challenges and tragedies, including the
death of Princess Diana in 1997.
The student wants to describe how Queen Elizabeth II's reign has been significant. Which choice
A) Queen Elizabeth II, the longest-reigning monarch in British history, has overseen significant changes
during her reign such as the decolonization of Africa and the acceleration of devolution in the United
Kingdom, all while maintaining her commitment to public service.
B) Queen Elizabeth Il ascended the throne on February 6, 1952, following the death of her father, King
George VI.
C) Queen Elizabeth II's reign has been marked by a number of personal challenges and tragedies, including
the death of Princess Diana in 1997.
D) Queen Elizabeth Il was born in 1926 and is known for her dedication to the Commonwealth realms.
12
- The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed between the Central Powers and Soviet Russia in 1918.
- It resulted in Russia's official exit from World War I.
- The treaty had an extensive impact on Asia, particularly on Mongolia and China.
- It led to the establishment of several buffer states between Russia and Germany.
- The lack of Russian influence in Asia allowed for the rise of nationalism in several countries, notably
Mongolia.
The student wants to discuss the impact of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on Mongolia. Which choice
A) The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed in 1918, led to the establishment of several buffer states between
Russia and Germany.
B) The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, by removing Russian influence in Asia, facilitated the rise of nationalism in
several countries, notably Mongolia.
C) The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed between the Central Powers and Soviet Russia, resulting in
Russia's official exit from World War I.
D) The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk had an extensive impact on Asia, particularly on China and Mongolia.
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13
- Remote sensing is a method of collecting data about the earth's surface from a distance.
- It involves the use of sensors on aircraft or satellites.
- These sensors collect data about the earth's surface by detecting the energy that is reflected from these
surfaces.
- Spectral imaging is a type of remote sensing that involves capturing images at different frequencies of
light.
- This can provide detailed information about the chemical composition of materials on the earth’s
surface.
The student wants to illustrate the advantages of spectral imaging. Which choice most effectively
A) Remote sensing is a method that uses sensors on aircraft or satellites to detect the energy reflected
from the earth's surface.
B) Spectral imaging involves capturing images at different frequencies of light.
C) Sensors on aircraft or satellites are used in remote sensing to collect data about the earth's surface.
D) Spectral imaging, a type of remote sensing, can provide detailed information about the chemical
composition of materials on the earth's surface by capturing images at different frequencies of light.
14
- Ancient Egyptian literature often reflected the society's reverence for Pharaohs.
- Pharaohs were often depicted as divine beings, linking the mortal and spiritual realms.
- The literature consistently attributed Pharaohs with great wisdom and strength, emphasizing their role
as protectors of the realm.
- Pharaohs were also portrayed as benevolent rulers, caring for their subjects and ensuring prosperity.
The student aims to discuss how Pharaohs were depicted as divine beings in Ancient Egyptian
literature. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A) In Ancient Egyptian literature, Pharaohs were portrayed as divine beings, bridging the gap between the
mortal and spiritual realms, which underscores their revered position in society.
B) Pharaohs, often depicted as powerful protectors in Ancient Egyptian literature, were highly venerated.
C) In Ancient Egyptian literature, Pharaohs were portrayed as wise and strong, protecting their realm.
D) Pharaohs were shown as caring and benevolent rulers in Ancient Egyptian literature, ensuring
prosperity for their subjects.
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15
While researching a topic, a student has noted the following:
- The use of allusion in Ancient Roman literature was a common practice that allowed authors to convey
complex ideas simply.
- Virgil's 'Aeneid' is considered one of the greatest examples of this technique, alluding to both Greek
mythology and Roman history.
- The allusion to the Trojan War in 'Aeneid’ is not only a reference to Greek mythology, but also a political
statement supporting Augustus Caesar’s rule.
- The poem 'Metamorphoses’ by Ovid is another significant example, using allusion to transform familiar
myths into contemporary Roman narratives.
- Ovid's allusions often served to criticize certain aspects of Roman society, earning him the ire of Emperor
Augustus.
The student wants to illustrate the purpose of allusion in Roman literature. Which choice most
A) The 'Aeneid’ by Virgil and Metamorphoses’ by Ovid are among the most famous works of Ancient
Roman literature.
B) In Ancient Roman literature, authors used allusion to convey complex ideas, as seen in
Virgil's '‘Aeneid’, which alludes to Greek mythology and Roman history to support Augustus Caesar, and
Ovid's 'Metamorphoses’, which criticizes Roman society through familiar myths.
C) The 'Aeneid’ is an epic poem by Virgil that alludes to the Trojan War, and ‘Metamorphoses’ is a
narrative poem by Ovid that transforms myths into Roman narratives.
D) Virgil and Ovid were two of the most significant authors in Ancient Roman literature, known for their
use of allusion.
16
- Sir John Mandeville was a famous medieval travel writer.

- His book, 'The Travels of Sir John Mandeville’, was a bestseller in the 14th century.
- The book relates fantastical stories of far-off lands and exotic creatures.
- It is now believed that Mandeville himself never travelled, but instead compiled his narratives from other
sources.
- Despite questions about its authenticity, Mandeville's book greatly influenced medieval travel literature.
The student wants to emphasize the impact of Sir John Mandeville's work on medieval travel
literature. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A) Sir John Mandeville was a renowned medieval travel writer who wrote ‘The Travels of Sir John
Mandeville'.
B) 'The Travels of Sir John Mandeville' contains many fantastical stories about distant lands and exotic
creatures.
C) It is believed that Sir John Mandeville compiled his travel narratives from various sources, rather than
from personal experience.
D) Despite doubts about its authenticity, 'The Travels of Sir John Mandeville’, written by Sir John
Mandeville, had a significant influence on medieval travel literature.
- 221 -
17
- Arthur Schopenhauver was a German philosopher known for his pessimistic philosophy.
- His most significant work is 'The World as Will and Representation’.
- Schopenhaver's philosophy influenced many thinkers including Nietzsche, Freud, and Jung.
- He viewed the world as driven by a continually dissatisfied will, constantly seeking satisfaction.
- His ideas on aesthetics, music, and morality are regarded as an integral part of his philosophical system.
The student wants to introduce Schopenhauer’s philosophy to an audience unfamiliar with his
work. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A) Arthur Schopenhauer, a German philosopher known for his pessimistic philosophy, viewed the world
as driven by a perpetually dissatisfied will. His ideas have influenced many thinkers, and his work 'The
World as Will and Representation’ is regarded as his most significant.
B) Arthur Schopenhauer was a German philosopher who wrote 'The World as Will and Representation’.
C) Schopenhauer was known for his pessimistic philosophy and had significant influence on Nietzsche,
Freud, and Jung.
D) Arthur Schopenhauer, a German philosopher, had views on aesthetics, music, and morality.
18
- Jean-Honore Fragonard was a pivotal figure in the Rococo art movement.

- His works were known for their playful and frivolous themes, a hallmark of Rococo art.
- Fragonard's 'The Swing' is considered a masterpiece of Rococo art, embodying its light-heartedness and
charm.
- His paintings often depicted scenes of intimacy and love, reflecting Rococo's departure from the religious
and historical themes of preceding artistic eras.
- Fragonard's unique contribution to Rococo art was his exceptional ability to capture the spirit of his time
in his paintings.
The student wants to highlight the unique contribution of Jean-Honore Fragonard to Rococo art.
A) Jean-Honore Fragonard, a pivotal figure in the Rococo art movement, was renowned for his playful and
frivolous themes and his ability to capture the spirit of his time, as exemplified in his masterpiece 'The
Swing".
B) Jean-Honore Fragonard, a significant figure in the Rococo art movement, painted 'The Swing’, which is
considered a masterpiece.
C) The Rococo art movement was known for its playful and frivolous themes, as seen in the works of Jean-
Honore Fragonard.
D) Jean-Honore Fragonard painted scenes of intimacy and love, reflecting Rococo's departure from
religious and historical themes.
- 222 -
19
- A.J. Ayer was a prominent figure in the philosophy of logical positivism.

- His work, Language, Truth, and Logic, aimed to eliminate metaphysics from philosophy.
- Ayer argued that statements are only meaningful if they can be verified empirically.
- This principle, called the verification principle, has been influential in the philosophy of science.
- Critics argue Ayer's approach undermines moral, religious, and aesthetic statements, which cannot be
empirically verified.
The student wants to explain a significant impact of Ayer’s philosophy on modern thought. Which
A) A.J. Ayer was a critic of metaphysics and argued for its elimination from philosophy.
B) The verification principle, proposed by Ayer, has been a key element in the philosophy of science.
C) Ayer's work, Language, Truth, and Logic, aimed to redefine the understanding of philosophy.
D) Ayer's verification principle, which states that only empirically verifiable statements have meaning, has
influenced the philosophy of science but has been criticized for undermining moral, religious, and
aesthetic statements.
20
- Ocean deoxygenation is a growing threat to marine life.

- As global warming increases, the oxygen levels in the ocean decrease.
- Deoxygenation can lead to the death of marine species and disruption of marine ecosystems.
- Some species, like jellyfish, can survive in deoxygenated environments.
- Immediate steps need to be taken to mitigate the effects of deoxygenation.
The student wants to highlight the urgency of addressing ocean deoxygenation. Which choice most
A) Ocean deoxygenation, a growing threat to marine life and ecosystems, is intensifying with global
warming, and immediate steps are crucial for mitigation.
B) Jellyfish can survive in deoxygenated environments caused by global warming.
C) Ocean deoxygenation can lead to the death of marine species.
D) Global warming is causing a decrease in the oxygen levels in the oceans.
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21
- Alexander von Humboldt was a Prussian geographer, naturalist, and explorer at the turn of the 19th
century.
- He embarked on a five-year journey to Latin America, where he explored unchartered territories and
studied the region's unique flora and fauna.
- Humboldt's meticulous observations and discoveries laid the foundation for the field of biogeography.
- He was one of the first to propose the idea that the natural world is a web of life connecting animals,
plants, and the earth's physical phenomena.
- Humboldt's journey and research significantly influenced the birth of environmentalism.
The student wants to explain how Humboldt's journey contributed to the birth of
environmentalism. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
A) Alexander von Humboldt, a Prussian geographer, naturalist, and explorer, embarked on a five-year
journey to Latin America.
B) Humboldt's meticulous observations and discoveries laid the foundation for the field of biogeography.
C) On his journey to Latin America, Humboldt's detailed study of flora, fauna, and physical phenomena led
to the concept of a web of life, significantly influencing the birth of environmentalism.
D) Humboldt was one of the first to propose the idea that the natural world is a web of life.
22
- Robert Musil was an Austrian novelist and essayist, best known for his novel 'The Man Without
Qualities'.
- Musil's work explores themes of morality, existentialism, and the search for truth.
- 'The Man Without Qualities' is considered one of the most significant novels of the 20th century, though
it remains unfinished.
- Musil's writing style is characterized by a meticulous attention to detail and a deep exploration of his
characters’ inner lives.
- Despite his critical acclaim, Musil's works are often overlooked in discussions of modernist literature.
The student is writing a paper on the significance of Robert Musil's work in modernist literature.
A) Robert Musil wrote 'The Man Without Qualities’, a novel that remains unfinished.
B) Robert Musil, an Austrian novelist and essayist, is known for his attention to detail and exploration of
his characters' inner lives.
C) Despite often being overlooked, Robert Musil's meticulous exploration of existential themes in 'The
Man Without Qualities' marks a significant contribution to 20th century modernist literature.
D) Robert Musil's novel, 'The Man Without Qualities’, explores themes of morality and truth.
- 224 -
23
- Sir William Jackson Hooker, a renowned British botanist, made significant contributions to the
exploration of the plant kingdom.
- As the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, he expanded the garden's collection to include
more than 30,000 species of plants.
- Hooker undertook extensive botanical explorations and shared his findings with the scientific
community.
- He was also instrumental in promoting the use of the Wardian case, a protective container for
transporting plants, which significantly reduced plant mortality during long sea voyages.
The student wants to highlight Sir William Jackson Hooker's role in facilitating the transportation
of plants for scientific study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A) As the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Sir William Jackson Hooker significantly
expanded the garden'’s collection.
B) Sir William Jackson Hooker, a renowned British botanist, undertook extensive botanical explorations
and shared his findings with the scientific community.
C) Under the directorship of Sir William Jackson Hooker, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, housed more
than 30,000 species of plants.
D) Sir William Jackson Hooker promoted the use of the Wardian case, facilitating the transportation of
plants over long distances for scientific study.
24
While researching the topic of Carbon capture and storage, a student has taken the following notes:
- Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technology that can capture up to 90% of the carbon dioxide
emissions produced from the use of fossil fuels.
- CCS involves three parts, capturing the carbon dioxide, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it
where it will not enter the atmosphere.
- Some CCS systems use chemical solvents to separate carbon dioxide from gas streams.
- The gas is then transported by pipeline or by ship for safe storage.
- Storage sites are usually deep underground, such as depleted oil and gas fields.
The student wants to explain how Carbon capture and storage works. Which choice most
A) Carbon capture and storage involves capturing up to 90% of carbon dioxide emissions, often using
chemical solvents, then transporting the gas to a storage site, typically deep underground, where it will
not enter the atmosphere.
B) Carbon capture and storage is a technology that captures carbon dioxide and transports it by ship to a
storage site.
C) Some CCS systems use chemical solvents to separate carbon dioxide from gas streams, which are then
stored in depleted oil and gas fields.
D) Carbon capture and storage is a process that captures carbon dioxide emissions, but it's unclear how it
is transported or stored.
- 225 -
25
- The Argentine economic crisis of 2001 was a severe financial turmoil.

- The crisis was caused by a combination of factors, including high levels of sovereign debt, economic
mismanagement, and political corruption.
- As a result, there was a sharp devaluation of the Argentine peso, widespread unemployment, and a
massive withdrawal of deposits from banks.
- The crisis led to widespread protests and strikes, which eventually forced the resignation of President
Fernando de la Rua.
The student wants to highlight the impact of the Argentine economic crisis of 2001 on the general
public. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A) The Argentine economic crisis of 2001 was a severe financial turmoil caused by factors such as high
levels of sovereign debt, economic mismanagement, and political corruption.
B) The crisis led to a sharp devaluation of the Argentine peso, resulting in widespread unemployment and
a massive withdrawal of deposits from banks.
C) The Argentine economic crisis of 2001 led to the resignation of President Fernando de la Rua.
D) The Argentine economic crisis of 2001, marked by a sharp devaluation of the peso and widespread
unemployment, led to massive protests and strikes, profoundly affecting the general public.
26
- The New York City Subway is one of the world’s oldest public transit systems.
- It is one of the world's most used metro systems, with 1.76 billion passengers in 2019.
- The system contains 472 stations in operation.
- The NYC Subway system is extensive, covering 656 miles of routes.
- Despite the high usage, the system faces multiple issues including aging infrastructure, overcrowding,
delays and service interruptions.
The student wants to make an argument about the need for improvements in the NYC Subway
system. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A) Despite being one of the most used metro systems worldwide with 1.76 billion passengers in 2019, the
NYC Subway system is plagued with issues like aging infrastructure, overcrowding, delays, and service
interruptions, highlighting the need for improvements.
B) The New York City Subway is one of the world's oldest public transit systems, with 472 operational
stations.
C) The NYC Subway system is extensive, covering 656 miles of routes, and had 1.76 billion passengers in
2019.
D) The NYC Subway has 472 stations in operation, making it an important part of the city's public
transportation.
- 226 -
27
- Napoleon Bonaparte, born in Corsica, became the French Emperor and dominated European affairs for
over a decade.
- His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions
worldwide.
- He led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.
- However, his disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point in his fortunes.
- He was exiled to the island of Saint Helena, where he died at the age of 51.
The student wants to highlight Napoleon's most significant contribution. Which choice most
A) Napoleon Bonaparte, born in Corsica, was an influential figure who became the French Emperor.
B) Napoleon Bonaparte, who dominated European affairs as the French Emperor, made a lasting global
impact with his legal reform, the Napoleonic Code.
C) Despite many successful campaigns, Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia marked a turning point in his
fortunes.
D) Napoleon Bonaparte was exiled to the island of Saint Helena after his disastrous invasion of Russia.
28
- During World War II, the German military employed an encryption device known as Enigma.
- Enigma machines were used to encode and decode secret messages.
- The device was considered highly secure due to its ability to produce a vast number of potential settings.
- However, a team of British codebreakers at Bletchley Park was able to crack the Enigma code.
- This breakthrough significantly influenced the course of the war.
The student wants to explain the impact of deciphering the Enigma code during World War Il.
A) The Enigma machine, used by the German military during World War II, was considered highly secure
due to its ability to produce a vast number of potential settings.
B) During World War Il, the cracking of the Enigma code by British codebreakers at Bletchley Park
significantly influenced the course of the war.
C) The German military employed an encryption device known as Enigma during World War Il to encode
and decode secret messages.
D) Enigma machines, capable of producing a vast number of potential settings, were deemed nearly
unbreakable during World War Il
- 227 -
29
- Marine traffic has significantly increased in recent decades.

- The noise produced by ships can interfere with whale communication.
- Some species of whales have altered their migration routes to avoid high-traffic areas.
- Marine traffic can also lead to more direct threats, such as collisions with ships.
The student wants to highlight the main negative consequences of marine traffic on whale species.
A) Marine traffic, which has significantly increased over time, poses direct and indirect threats to whales,
including collisions with ships and interference with their communication due to noise.
B) Marine traffic has increased over the years, resulting in more noise in the ocean.
C) Whales have been observed to change their migration routes due to the increase in marine traffic.
D) Marine traffic can lead to collisions, but not all species of whales are affected.
30
- Dracula, a novel by Bram Stoker, introduces the character Count Dracula.

- Count Dracula is depicted as a centuries-old vampire and a Transylvanian nobleman.
- The novel is set in England and Transylvania, in the late 19th century.
- The narrative is composed of letters, diary entries, and other documents.
- The story is instigated by Jonathan Harker's visit to Count Dracula's castle in Transylvania.
The student aims to highlight the unique narrative style used in Dracula. Which choice most
A) Count Dracula, a Transylvanian nobleman, is depicted as a centuries-old vampire in Bram Stoker's

novel.
B) Bram Stoker's Dracula, set in the late 19th century, employs a unique narrative style, comprising of
letters, diary entries, and other documents, to unfold its story.
C) The novel Dracula by Bram Stoker is set in England and Transylvania and introduces the character of
Count Dracula.
D) The story of Bram Stoker's Dracula begins with Jonathan Harker's visit to Count Dracula's castle in
Transylvania.
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READING
EXTENDED REASONING 1
- 229 -
Reading : Extended Reasoning
Reading : Extended Reasoning 1
In the 1950s and 60s, pop art emerged as a radical art movement that aimed to challenge traditional
conceptions of fine art by incorporating imagery from popular culture, such as advertising and comic
books. However, critics argue that by becoming part of the mainstream art scene, pop art lost its initial
subversive power. If these critics are right, it could imply that (---------------)
A) pop art’s incorporation into mainstream culture neutralized its initial subversiveness.
B) the mainstream art scene is resistant to radical ideas.
C) successful art movements inevitably lose their original intent.
D) pop art is no longer a relevant art movement that became outdated more than 50 years ago.
Coastal wetlands, such as mangroves and salt marshes, play a critical role in protecting shorelines from
erosion and flooding. These ecosystems act as natural barriers, dissipating wave energy and reducing the
impact of storm surges. Additionally, coastal wetlands can absorb and store large amounts of carbon
dioxide, contributing to climate change mitigation efforts. Therefore, it is crucial that (---------------)
A) coastal development is focused on constructing artificial barriers to protect shorelines.

B) coastal wetlands are preserved and restored to maintain their protective and ecological functions.
C) all coastal areas are converted into wetlands to combat climate change and flooding.
D) climate change mitigation efforts focus only on reducing carbon emissions from human activities.
"The Silent Symphony" is a 1938 poem by Isabella Montgomery. Through vivid imagery and introspective
musings, the poem explores the power of silence in conveying emotions that words often fail to capture. It
delves into the profound impact of unspoken thoughts and the subtleties of the human experience: (--------
-------)
Which quotation from "The Silent Symphony" most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) "In the hush of stillness/ emotions dance their silent ballet."

B) "Words fade like echoes/ but silence resounds eternally.”"
C) "The unspoken symphony echoes louder than any melody."
D) "Silence, the language of the heart, reveals the untold depths "
"The Overcoat" is a short story written by Nikolai Gogol. In the story, Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin, a
low-ranking civil servant, lives a life of obscurity until he commissions a new overcoat: (---------------)
Which excerpt from "The Overcoat” best illustrates the transformation in Akaky Akakievich's life after he
gets his new overcoat?
A) “One may see other instances of transformation in ladies' maids…"

B) “There was nothing left for him but to flee as fast as his legs would carry him…”
C) “‘Look at that,’ said the clerks, ‘Bashmachkin has got himself a new overcoat, and is set up with a beaver
collar too!’”
D) "So vanished and disappeared forever a human being whom no one ever thought of protecting."
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The use of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, has been steadily
increasing in recent years as a means to combat climate change and reduce the reliance on fossil fuels.
These renewable energy sources produce significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to
traditional energy sources. As the global demand for energy continues to rise, it becomes increasingly
important to (---------------)
Which choice most logically complete text ?
A) focus on the development and implementation of renewable energy technologies.

B) increase the use of traditional energy sources to meet the growing demand.
C) disregard the potential environmental impacts of renewable energy sources.
D) rely solely on solar energy to meet the world's energy needs.
Marine reptiles called ichthyosaurs thrived in the world's oceans during the Mesozoic era, with some
species reaching lengths of over 60 feet. A group of paleontologists has suggested that the large size of
ichthyosaurs was a result of abundant food sources due to increased marine productivity. However, fossil
evidence does not show a consistent increase in marine productivity coinciding with key stages in
ichthyosaur evolution, such as the appearance of the first large species or their peak diversity, indicating
that (---------------)
A) the size of ichthyosaurs was determined primarily by their environment.

B) ichthyosaurs evolved large sizes for reasons other than increased marine productivity.
C) ichthyosaurs only reached large sizes in regions with high marine productivity.
D) food availability had no influence on the size of ichthyosaurs throughout their evolution.
"Unveiled Secrets" is a 1992 poem by Gabriel Knight. Through eloquent words and vivid imagery, Knight
unveils an intimate understanding of the reader, forging a profound connection: (---------------)
Which quotation from “Unveiled Secrets” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “As I delve into the depths of your true self, your soul and body are laid bare before my eyes.”
B) “Whoever you are, I touch you with my words, transforming you into the embodiment of my poetry.”
C) “I should have traversed the path leading directly to you, long before this moment of revelation.”
D) “Whoever you are, I fear you traverse the ethereal realm of dreams, walking amidst elusive illusions."
Water scarcity is a growing concern in many parts of the world. While access to clean, fresh water is
essential for human life, increasing populations and changing climate patterns are putting pressure on
available water resources. This highlights the need for more efficient water management and conservation
strategies. However, addressing this issue is complex because (---------------)
A) water scarcity has serious implications for agriculture and industry.

B) climate change is a contentious issue among scientists and policymakers.
C) some people are not aware of the importance of water conservation.
D) not all regions have the same level of water scarcity.
- 231 -
Beloved is a 1987 novel by Toni Morrison. The story, set after the Civil War, follows the life of Sethe, a
former slave haunted by the ghost of her dead daughter, Beloved. The novel explores themes of love, guilt,
and the legacy of slavery: (---------------)
Which quotation from Beloved most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “Freeing yourself was one thing, claiming ownership of that freed self was another.”
B) “Love is or it ain't. Thin love ain't love at all.”
C) “There is loneliness that can be rocked. Arms crossed, knees drawn up, holding, holding on, this motion,
unlike a ship's, smooths and contains the rocker.”
D) “Sweet, crazy conversations full of half sentences, daydreams and misunderstandings more thrilling
than understanding could ever be.”
10
The Silent Manipulator is a 1938 play by Leandro Costa. Set in the clandestine world of espionage, the play
delves into themes of deceit, manipulation, and the quest for power. In a pivotal exchange, the protagonist,
Evelyn, cunningly remarks to another character, (---------------)
Which quotation from a translation of The Silent Manipulator most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “Pray, enlighten me, what purpose shall I ascribe to my existence in this treacherous realm?”
B) “I yearn for the power to shape the destiny of another, to puppeteer their fate at my discretion.”
C) “Am I, a helpless creature, devoid of any sway over your actions? Is my influence naught but an
illusion?”
D) “Bound by your principles, now and forever! Ah, that is the epitome of a true mastermind!”
11
In Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, the story of Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy serves as a commentary
on the societal norms and expectations of the early 19th-century British upper class. Through their
evolving relationship, the novel examines themes such as social status, marriage, and personal growth.As
Elizabeth and Darcy overcome their initial misconceptions and prejudices, their journey demonstrates
that (---------------)
A) true love can transcend societal boundaries and personal pride.

B) self-awareness and humility are essential for personal growth and understanding.
C) societal norms can be challenged and redefined through personal choices.
D) the importance of family and social connections should ot be underestimated.
12
In a scholarly analysis of George Orwell's dystopian novel 1984, the researcher investigates the novel's
portrayal of totalitarianism and its effect on individual freedom and identity. Through the experiences of
protagonist Winston Smith, the novel paints a chilling picture of a society where citizens are under
constant surveillance and thought control. The researcher ultimately concludes that Orwell's vision in
1984 serves as a powerful warning that (---------------)
A) individual freedom and autonomy are essential to a healthy society.

B) the dangers of totalitarianism are ever-present and must be vigilantly guarded against.
C) language and thought control are powerful tools of oppression and manipulation.
D) the line between reality and fiction can be blurred in oppressive regimes.
- 232 -
13
Theropod dinosaurs, such as the fearsome Tyrannosaurus rex, were carnivorous and dominated the
terrestrial ecosystems during the Mesozoic era. Some researchers have suggested that their large body
size was a result of an arms race with their prey, forcing them to evolve to become more effective
predators. However, there is no clear evidence of an increase in prey size or defensive adaptations
coinciding with key stages in theropod evolution, such as the appearance of the first large theropods or
their maximum body size, implying that (---------------)
A) theropods evolved large body sizes due to factors other than an arms race with their prey.
B) the largest theropods had unique hunting strategies that allowed them to overcome prey defenses.
C) theropod body size was primarily determined by environmental factors, such as temperature and
habitat.
D) the arms race between theropods and their prey was a result of competition among theropods.
14
"Whispering Melodies" is a 1935 poem by Isabella Santiago. In this evocative piece, Santiago captures her
ambivalent emotions towards her homeland, Puerto Rico, and her new residence in New York City,
murmuring, (---------------)
Which quotation from "Whispering Melodies” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “A distant rhythm echoes in my ears, / The beat of 2 conga drum in the tropical night. / I long for the
island breeze, washing away my fears / While I wander the concrete jungle's crowded streets.”
B) “Amidst the bustling city, a sense of loss prevails, / My heart yearns for the familiar rhythm of the sea. /
I find solace in memories of sandy shores and palm-fringed trails / As the dawn breaks over the urban
tapestry.”
C) “I close my eyes and hear the coqui's song, / Its serenade carries me across the ocean's tide. / Though
the city’s symphony may be loud and strong, / My thoughts drift to the lush valleys, where my spirit
abides.”
D) “The city’s clamor fills the air, / A cacophony that drowns the soul. / Yet deep within, a longing, a
prayer, / To return to the island that made me whole ."
15
In an investigation of the circadian rhythms of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), researchers studied
the flies' sleep patterns under different light conditions. They exposed some flies to constant light and
others to natural light cycles. However, they didn't account for the potential effects of temperature
fluctuations in the laboratory, which might also influence sleep patterns. As a result, the conclusions
drawn from this study about the role of light in regulating circadian rhythms (---------------)
A) could be confounded by the uncontrolled variable of temperature fluctuations.

B) may not be applicable to other species with different sleep patterns.
C) likely underestimate the complexity of the circadian rhythm regulation mechanisms.
D) demonstrate that fruit flies are more sensitive to light than previously thought.
- 233 -
16
Researchers investigated the relationship between plant diversity and soil health in a series of
experiments. They observed that higher plant diversity was associated with improved soil nutrient levels
and overall soil health. However, they did not consider the influence of other factors, such as soil microbial
communities, which could also contribute to soil health. Consequently, the findings of the study regarding
the impact of plant diversity on soil health (---------------)
A) may not fully account for the complex interactions of multiple factors affecting soil health.
B) suggest that plant diversity is the sole determinant of soil health.
C) indicate that increasing plant diversity always leads to improved soil health.
D) demonstrate the importance of considering soil microbial communities in future studies on plant
diversity.
17
"The World 1s Too Much with Us" is an 1807 poem by William ‘Wordsworth. The speaker in the poem has
a melancholic outlook on life: (---------------)
Which quotation from the poem most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) "I heard a fly buzz when I died; / The stillness round my form / Was like the stillness in the air /
Between the heaves of storm.”
B) "The world is too much with us; late and soon, / Getting — and spending, we lay waste our powers:— /
Little we see in Nature that is ours; / We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon!"
C) “I have a rendezvous with Destiny / And T will keep it, though the world burst in fury and flame.”
D) "How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. / I love thee to the depth and breadth and height / My soul
can reach, when feeling out of sight / For the ends of Being and ideal Grace."
18
In To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Scout Finch writes letters to her brother Jem while she is away at
summer camp. In these letters, Scout expresses her experiences at camp: (---------------)
Which quotation from Scout’s letters most effectively illustrates her feelings of homesickness?
A) “I met a lot of new friends here at camp, and we play games and go on hikes every day.”
B) "I hope you're doing well, Jem. I miss you and Atticus and Calpurnia. Summer camp is fun, but it's not
the same as home."
C) "The counselors are really nice, and they're teaching us new skills like archery and fishing."
D) “I'm having a great time learning new games and skills, Jem, but I wish you were here to share it with
me.”
19
In A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, Nora Helmer is a woman living in the Victorian era who feels trapped in
her marriage and longs for independence. This is evident when she says to another character: (--------------
-)
Which quotation from a translation of "A Doll's House" most effectively illustrates Nora's desire for
independence?
A) “I have been your little songbird, Torvald, and you have always taken such good care of me.”
B) "I have been living a life of lies, and I cannot continue this way."
C) "I have no idea what the future holds, but I know that I must find my own way."
D) "I have been a doll, living in a doll's house, but now I must become my own person.”
- 234 -
20
An analyst is studying a complex, lengthy symphony that was initially premiered in a public concert
without any explanatory programme notes, then later recorded and released as an album with
accompanying liner notes written by the composer. The analyst postulates that the liner notes were
included in the album release primarily as a marketing tactic to increase album sales.
Which statement, if true, would most directly support the analyst's postulation?
A) The symphony as performed at the public concert is not identical to the symphony recorded for the
album.
B) Numerous music critics believe that the composer’s liner notes resolve certain ambiguities of the
symphony and consequently make it less intriguing.
C) The record company requested the liner notes from the composer in order to make the album more
appealing to listeners who had already attended the premiere performance.
D) Correspondence between the composer and the record company reveals that the composer's liner
notes underwent several revisions.
21
"Echoes of the Horizon" is a 1957 poem by Mariana Vasquez. In this contemplative piece, Vasquez
expresses her mixed feelings towards her native Argentina and her new home in Paris, murmuring, (-------
--------)
Which quotation from "Echoes of the Horizon" most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “In the city's embrace, I find solace and despair, / Tango melodies mingle with the Eiffel Tower's gleam.
/ But my heart yearns for the pampas, the open air, / As the dawn paints the Seine with an ethereal
dream.”
B) “Lost amidst the city’s labyrinth, I seek familiar ground, / Memories of Buenos Aires entwined with
Montmartre's art. /I yearn for the tang of mate, the passionate sound, / As the morning sun illuminates
Paris, a world apart.”
C) “On the Champs-Elysées, tango whispers fade, Memories of milongas entangled in city lights. / Amidst
the city's glamour, my heart feels betrayed. / Longing for the passion of La Boca's vibrant nights."
D) “The city's rhythm dances with the River Plate's flow, / Tango beats echo through the streets of
Montparnasse. / Yet within, a nostalgia, a longing starts to grow, / For the
simplicity and warmth of my Argentinean embrace.”
22
The stunning transformation of the cityscape of Dubai over the past few decades has been driven largely
by the adoption of cutting-edge architectural technologies and a relentless ambition to stand out. The
city's crown jewel, Burj Khalifa, currently the tallest building in the world, is a testament to these
endeavours. Nevertheless, the rapid growth has brought concerns about sustainability and environmental
impact to the fore. Acknowledging these challenges can be instrumental in shaping the city's future
growth trajectory, suggesting that (---------------)
A) other cities should follow Dubai's architectural ambition.

B) the environmental impact is a negligible concern in Dubai's development.
C) future growth in Dubai will likely need to prioritize sustainability and environmental considerations.
D) Burj Khalifa is an unsustainable building.
- 235 -
23
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has led to significant changes in various industries.
One of the fields experiencing this change is journalism. Al can generate news articles, automate data
analysis, and even predict reader preferences. However, widespread adoption of Al in journalism has been
limited. This situation could suggest that (---------------)
A) Al is not capable of significantly contributing to journalism.

B) journalists are unwilling to adapt to technological changes.
C) there are barriers, such as ethical or practical concerns, preventing the full integration of AI in
journalism.
D) the use of AI in journalism will lead to the end of traditional journalism.
24
Urban sprawl, the rapid expansion of the geographic extent of cities and towns, often results in the loss of
natural habitats. This habitat loss can have significant impacts on local wildlife populations. For instance,
many animal species have specific habitat requirements for survival and reproduction. When their
habitats are destroyed or fragmented by urban development, these species may struggle to find suitable
environments. This suggests that efforts to control urban sprawl could (---------------)
A) lead to an increase in animal species diversity.

B) prevent the destruction of important natural habitats.
C) result in the relocation of many animal species.
D) cause a decline in local wildlife populations.
25
Blockchain technology, most famously used in cryptocurrencies like Bitcotn, provides a decentralized and
secure way of recording transactions. However, despite its potential applications in many industries, its
adoption outside the realm of digital currencies has been limited. This suggests that (---------------)
A) blockchain technology is not as revolutionary as it is claimed to be.

B) there are barriers, such as technical complexity or regulatory issues, hindering the broader adoption of
blockchain technology.
C) blockchain technology will soon be obsolete.
D) the use of blockchain technology in industries other than digital currencies is not feasible.
26
In a recent archaeological expedition, researchers discovered what appears to be the ruins of an ancient
city. The layout of the city, the style of the buildings, and the artifacts found within it suggest a level of
sophistication and technological advancement that was not previously associated with the time period.
This discovery could potentially (---------------)
A) cause a shift in the focus of archaeological research towards more ancient civilizations.
B) prove that the current methods of dating archaeological artifacts are inaccurate.
C) lead to a reassessment of our understanding of technological development in ancient civilizations.
D) confirm the existence of a previously unknown ancient civilization.
- 236 -
27
Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) is an invasive plant that threatens native habitats and causes
damage to infrastructure in North America and Europe. Mechanical removal of the plant is often
ineffective, as even small root fragments can regenerate into new plants. Recent research on applying a
targeted herbivore, such as the psyllid Aphalara itadori, may offer a more sustainable method for
controlling Japanese knotweed populations, consequently (---------------)
A) making individual Japanese knotweed plants more resistant to environmental stress.

B) increasing the nutritional value of Japanese knotweed for native wildlife.
C) enabling the mechanical removal method to become more effective.
D) reducing the spread of Japanese knotweed without causing collateral damage to native plants.
28
In a study examining the use of facial recognition technology, researchers highlighted significant
disparities in system accuracy. They found that the systems had high error rates for certain demographic
groups, particularly for people with darker skin tones. However, these findings were not adequately
incorporated into system development and implementation. Thus, the application of facial recognition
technology (---------------)
A) is universally successful across all demographic groups.

B) has been thoroughly tested and validated for all populations.
C) may perpetuate biases due to disparities in system accuracy.
D) is the only reliable method for identifying individuals accurately.
29
Recent research into the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient Greek device discovered in a shipwreck off
the coast of Antikythera in 1901, reveals complex engineering unseen in other artifacts of the same period.
Many argue that the device was used for astronomical predictions. However, the absence of similar
technological developments from the same time period in the historical record suggests that if the
Antikythera mechanism was indeed used for such sophisticated tasks, (---------------)
A) the device must have been a one-of-a-kind invention.

B) the device was likely not of Greek origin.
C) all devices from the same period must have had similar functions.
D) the use of the device must have been widespread in ancient Greece.
- 237 -
30
Early Venetian glassmaking techniques, a tradition dating back to the 8th century, were rooted in the
culture of the Venetian Republic. The island of Murano became the hub of this glassmaking industry due to
strict regulations designed to prevent fires on the mainland. Despite Murano's reputation as a center for
glassmaking, many similar techniques were practiced in other regions of Italy. Therefore, the development
of Venetian glassmaking techniques (---------------)
A) was influenced by techniques used throughout Italy.

B) had no connection to other Italian glassmaking traditions.
C) was solely determined by the need to prevent fires.
D) was not reliant on Murano as a production center.
- 238 -
READING
EXTENDED REASONING 2
- 239 -
Reading : Extended Reasoning 2
The vast ancient trade network known as the Silk Road facilitated cultural exchange and commerce
between East and West for centuries. Many consider it a conduit for the spread of Buddhism, yet the Silk
Road also facilitated the transmission of other beliefs, including Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism. Thus,
the role of the Silk Road in the spread of Buddhism (---------------)
A) was not exclusive to Buddhism, as it aided the spread of other beliefs as well.
B) was insignificant compared to its role in spreading other religions.
C) was only important in regions where Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism were not practiced.
D) was the primary function of the Silk Road.
Emest Hemingway's works, such as The Old Man and the Sea and A Farewell to Arms, are often celebrated
for their distinctive style, characterized by concise prose and a focus on action rather than introspection.
Some critics argue that this minimalistic approach is key to understanding the underlying themes of his
works, while others believe it can make the novels feel emotionally detached. However, readers who
concentrate exclusively on Hemingway's writing style might (---------------)
A) overlook the thematic depth and complexity present in his novels.

B) fail to recognize the influence of Hemingway's personal experiences on his writing.
C) undervalue the impact of his works on the development of 20th-century literature.
D) misinterpret the connections between his writing and broader social issues of his time.
Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice is renowned for its intricate portrayal of social customs, courtship
rituals, and the societal expectations of women during the Regency era. While the romantic relationship
between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy is central to the plot, the novel also explores themes such as
social class, individualism, and morality. However, readers who focus primarily on the love story between
Elizabeth and Darcy may (---------------) .
A) underestimate the significance of other themes and societal critiques present in the novel.
B) misinterpret Austen's intentions and the literary techniques she employed.
C) overlook the influence of Austen's own life experiences on her writing.
D) fail to appreciate the novel's lasting impact on the development of English literature.
Parkour, a training discipline using movement developed from military obstacle course training, is about
navigating urban environments swiftly and efficiently with jumps, vaults, and climbs. While it's often
associated with daring stunts and adrenaline-fueled exhibitions, it's essentially about mastering one's
physical and mental boundaries. Despite its growing popularity, official recognition as a sport has been
elusive. This suggests that (---------------)
A) parkour is too dangerous to be considered a sport.

B) parkour does not meet the standard criteria for recognition as a sport.
C) those practicing parkour do not wish for it to be recognized as a sport.
D) parkour will eventually be outlawed due to safety concerns.
- 240 -
During the reign of the Roman Empire, Latin was the dominant language used in literature, science, and
politics. Despite the Empire's fall, Latin continued to be used widely in scholarly and religious contexts.
However, the prevalence of Latin declined during the late Middle Ages, with vernacular languages
becoming more commonly used in literature and scholarly pursuits. This transition indicates that (----------
-----)
A) Latin was a less effective language for scholarly and literary work.
B) the fall of the Roman Empire had little impact on the use of Latin.
C) there was a shift towards using vernacular languages in intellectual and creative contexts.
D) Latin is no longer understood or used in modern times.
In the early 20th century, Cubism, an artistic movement pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque,
revolutionized the visual arts. This style of painting is characterized by fragmented and deconstructed
objects presented from multiple viewpoints. Despite the influence of Cubism on subsequent art
movements, it was met with criticism and resistance when it first emerged. This likely indicates that (------
---------)
A) the critics of the time were not sophisticated enough to appreciate Cubism.
B) Picasso and Braque were not respected artists at the time.
C) Cubism had no impact on the art world.
D) Cubism was too radical a departure from traditional art forms.
The invention of the Steam Engine in the 18th century marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
This innovation drastically increased the efficiency of manufacturing processes and enabled the mass
production of goods. However, this transformation also led to the widespread displacement of artisans
and craftsmen, as factories and machines became more prevalent. The outcome of this shift suggests that
(---------------)
A) the Industrial Revolution only had negative impacts on society.

B) artisans and craftsmen were resistant to change and innovation.
C) the advancement of technology can often result in societal and economic changes.
D) steam engines were specifically designed to replace human labor.
"Whispers in the Breeze" is a 2004 poem by Isabella Ramirez. Through the lyrical verses of this
captivating work, Ramirez conveys a profound understanding of the reader, bridging the gap between
hearts and minds: (---------------)
Which quotation from "Whispers in the Breeze” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “Amidst the gentle whispers of the breeze, your true essence emerges, resonating with my soul.”
B) “Whoever you are, I place my hand upon your heart, that you become the living poetry of my being."
C) “I should have embarked upon the path that leads straight to you, embracing our interconnected fate.”
D) "Whoever you are, I fear you walk amidst ethereal dreams, exploring the vast realm of infinite
possibilities.”
- 241 -
"Song of Myself" is a poem by Walt Whitman from his collection "Leaves of Grass." The poem, considered
one of his ‘masterpieces, celebrates the self and the individual's connection to the universe: (---------------)
Which excerpt from "Song of Myself” best exemplifies Whitman's exploration of the individual's
connection to the universe?
A) “I celebrate myself, and sing myself, / And what I assume you shall assume, / For every atom belonging
to me as good belongs to you."
B) “The press of my foot to the earth springs a hundred affections, / They scorn the best I can do to relate
them.”
C) "I have said that the soul is not more than the body, / And I have said that the body is not more than the
soul.”
D) "The smoke of my own breath, / Echoes, ripples, buzz'd whispers, love-root, silk-thread, crotch and
vine."
10
The quantum entanglement phenomenon in physics refers to a state where particles become
interconnected so that the state of one instantly influences the state of the other, regardless of the distance
separating them. This phenomenon, which Einstein famously referred to as "spooky action at a distance,"
contradicts the principles of classical physics. If the existence of quantum entanglement is confirmed, it
would imply that (---------------)
A) Einstein's theories of relativity are flawed.

B) quantum physics is superior to classical physics.
C) classical physics is not sufficient to explain all phenomena in the universe.
D) the concept of distance is irrelevant in the realm of quantum physics.
11
The 19th-century novel Moby Dick by Herman Melville is often cited for its rich symbolism and complex
narrative structure. Yet, the novel was not a success during Melville's lifetime and was only rediscovered
and celebrated in the 20th century. Today, it is considered a classic of American literature. The changing
perception of Moby Dick over time suggests that (---------------)
A) Herman Melville was not a successful author.

B) contemporary critical acclaim does not necessarily determine a work's lasting literary value.
C) 19th-century readers did not appreciate symbolism and complex narrative structures.
D) Moby Dick is not a worthwhile read due to its initial failure.
- 242 -
12
The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) is an invasive beetle that has caused widespread mortality of
ash trees in North America, leading to significant economic and ecological consequences. Chemical
insecticides can help control emerald ash borer populations, but they can also harm non-target organisms.
Recent research on using parasitic wasps as a biological control agent may provide a safer and more
targeted solution for managing emerald ash borer populations, consequently (---------------)
A) increasing the resistance of ash trees to other pests and diseases.

B) enhancing the commercial value of ash trees in North America.
C) allowing native wildlife to consume emerald ash borers without any negative impacts.
D) protecting ash trees from emerald ash borer infestations without harming other species.
13
The Nose is a 1836 short story by Nikolai Gogol. The story. a surreal and comic narrative, tells the tale of a
St. Petersburg official whose nose leaves his face and develops a life of its own: (---------------)
Which excerpt from The Nose best embodies its surreal and comic narrative?
A) “Kovalev woke up rather early, and made a grab with his hand at the spot where the nose was usually
situated..."
B) "The door opened and in walked a man of about forty-two, of a somewhat lengthy figure, in a uniform,
with a sword at his side..."
C) “At last, he decided to publish in the newspaper a statement to the effect that whoever should bring the
nose to him might receive in return a decent reward..."
D) “Not knowing what to do, he returned home and wrote letters to two directors..."
14
Recent research on the Mozart effect, a phenomenon asserting that listening to Mozart's music can
increase intelligence, reveals conflicting results. Some studies support the theory, claiming a temporary
enhancement of spatial-temporal reasoning abilities. However, numerous other studies find no significant
cognitive improvement after exposure to Mozart's compositions. As a result, the validity of the Mozart
effect (---------------)
A) should be disregarded due to the conflicting nature of research findings.

B) is still a topic of debate within the scientific community.
C) can be definitively dismissed given the lack of consistent empirical evidence.
D) can be confirmed only by listening to Mozart's compositions and personally assessing their cognitive
impact.
- 243 -
15
The advent of the digital age has revolutionized the way news is consumed, with a shift from print media
to online platforms. ‘This transition has made news more accessible and immediate. However, it has also
led to concerns about misinformation and "fake news," given the ease of content creation and
dissemination online. Thus, the credibility of news in the digital age (---------------)
A) is unanimously considered superior to that of print media.

B) can be compromised due to the prevalence of misinformation.
C) is solely dependent on the reputation of the news organization.
D) is not affected by the medium of content delivery.
16
Historically, art has often been seen as a reflection of the society in which 1t was created. Through the lens
of art, we can gain insight into the values, beliefs, and concerns of different cultures and time periods. For
example, during times of political or social upheaval, artists often create works that critique or question
the status quo, suggesting that (---------------)
A) art serves as an important platform for social and political commentary.

B) artists are particularly sensitive to changes in their environment.
C) political and social upheaval necessarily leads to a surge in artistic creativity.
D) societal changes are best understood through the lens of art.
17
Recent studies have shown that the American songbird, Zonotrichia leucophrys, also known as the white-
crowned sparrow, has been singing a different tune in recent decades. Researchers speculate that urban
noise pollution may be the reason for the change in song frequency. If this theory is correct, it might
suggest that (---------------)
A) other species of songbirds may also have changed their songs due to urban noise pollution.
B) noise pollution is the greatest threat to songbird populations.
C) urban noise pollution has no impact on wildlife since there’s only a small population of wildlife in the
urban areas.
D) white-crowned sparrows have the best adaptability among songbirds.
18
In the novella “Story of Your Life," the (---------------) discovers that members of the alien species, known as
heptapods, write their sentences as geometric patterns that look “like frost on a windowpane” and have
no separate words or word order.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) protagonist: Dr. Louise Banks,

B) protagonist, Dr. Louise Banks,
C) protagonist Dr. Louise Banks,
D) protagonist, Dr. Louise Banks
- 244 -
19
The Masked Illusion is a 1975 play by Vivienne Sinclair. Set in a whimsical carnival world, the play explores
themes of identity, illusion, and the search for truth. In a pivotal moment, the mysterious protagonist,
Aurora, confronts a fellow performer, whispering, (---------------)
Which quotation from a translation of *The Masked Illusion” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “Pray, tell me, what purpose should I bestow upon my existence within this realm of illusions?"
B) “I yearn for the power to shape the destiny of another, to reveal the truth hidden behind their facade.”
C) “Do I, a mere puppet, possess no influence over your actions? Am I condemned to dance to your
whims?"
D) "Devoted to your principles, now and forever! Ah, that is the essence of a true artist!"
20
Political scientist Dr. Karen Lee studies the impact of political advertisements on voter behavior. Her data
reveal that negative advertisements can indeed be effective in motivating certain voter demographics. In a
recent survey, 80% of the participants agreed that positive advertisement will motivate people while
negative advertisement will lead to increased political apathy and disengagement among others. The
survey result suggests that (---------------)
A) focus primarily on positive advertisements that emphasize their policy positions and accomplishments.
B) avoid using any form of advertising and rely solely on public appearances.
C) create advertisements that target specific demographics to maximize their effectiveness.
D) negative advertisements have a more positive impact on voter behavior than what most people believe.
21
Anthropologist Dr. Elizabeth Williams has researched the influence of cultural norms on gender roles,
examining how they can impact individuals' personal and professional lives. She contends that challenging
and redefining traditional gender norms can lead to greater gender equality and opportunities for all.
However, Dr. Williams also acknowledges that culture is deeply ingrained and resistant to change, and
thus, meaningful progress toward gender equality may require (---------------)
A) a gradual and collaborative approach that involves education and dialogue.

B) enforcing strict legal measures to eliminate gender discrimination.
C) focusing exclusively on empowering women and girls.
D) completely abandoning all cultural norms and traditions.
22
Dr. Robert Johnson, a psychologist specializing in group dynamics, has studied the effects of workplace
diversity on team performance. He discovered that diverse teams tend to be more innovative and better at
problem-solving, as they bring a variety of perspectives to the table. However, Dr. Johnson also notes that
diversity can sometimes lead to communication challenges and misunderstandings, and so, to fully
capitalize on the benefits of workplace diversity, organizations should (---------------)
A) prioritize diversity over all other factors when hiring new employees.
B) invest in training and initiatives that promote cultural competence and effective communication.
C) create separate teams based on cultural backgrounds to minimize misunderstandings.
D) focus solely on increasing diversity at the executive level.
- 245 -
23
"Whispers of the Unknown" is a 1948 poem by Leopold Chen. In this introspective work, Chen explores his
conflicting emotions towards his homeland, China, and his newfound home in San Francisco, whispering,
(---------------)
Which quotation from "Whispers of the Unknown" most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “Through the city's maze, I wander alone, / Seeking echoes of my ancestral land. / The dawn breaks,
illuminating a path unknown, / But my heart years for the shores of the Yangtze's sand.”
B) “In the city’s embrace, my heritage is veiled, / Lost amidst towering skyscrapers and bustling streets. / I
yearn for the tranquility that homeland hailed, / As the morning light
unveils the city's unknown feats.”
C) “The call of a distant pagoda lingers in my ears. / Memories of incense and temples that once stood. /
Amidst the city’s chaos, my heart sheds silent tears, / Longing for the serenity of a bamboo-filled
neighborhood.”
D) “As the city awakens, my thoughts drift away. / Back to the land of my ancestors, mystical and grand. /
Though the urban symphony beckons me to stay. / My soul craves the tranquility of my homeland "
24
Russian artist Vasily Kandinsky was known for his abstract and non-objective paintings, drawing
inspiration from a wide range of sources such as music, spirituality, and theosophy. His unconventional
approach to art inspired responses across different disciplines and in a variety of formats, ranging from
music compositions and poetry to fashion and interior design. In a dissertation, a doctoral student
proposes that the production of these diverse outputs by others mirrors Kandinsky's own innovative
approach to painting.
Which quotation from an art critic's review of Kandinsky's work best supports the doctoral student's
claim?
A) “Kandinsky is the subject of a comprehensive 2024 retrospective exhibition, where experts from nine
countries analysed the aesthetic and conceptual aspects of his paintings
B) “Kandinsky's readiness to challenge norms and blend diverse influences within his art prompts us to
consider how other creative fields might intersect with visual art”
C) “Before moving to Munich, where he was to become a renowned painter, Kandinsky studied law and
economics in Moscow.”
D) “Apart from his groundbreaking abstract paintings, Kandinsky also wrote critical essays analysing the
works of Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne, and other artists.”
25
While the Roaring Twenties were a period of economic prosperity and cultural dynamism in many
Western countries, the period was also marked by significant income inequality. Wealth became
concentrated in the hands of a small elite, even as most citizens did not significantly benefit from the
economic boom. This suggests that (---------------)
A) the Roaring Twenties were a period of economic downturn for most citizens.
B) income inequality was a major social issue during the Roaring Twenties.
C) the economic prosperity of the Roaring Twenties was evenly distributed.
D) the wealth of the elite had no impact on the economic prosperity of the Roaring Twenties.
- 246 -
26
In the world of classical music, Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 stands as a monumental achievement.
Breaking with tradition, Beethoven introduced choral elements in the final movement, a first in the
symphonic form. However, the symphony was initially met with mixed reviews, with some critics deeming
it too innovative. This implies that (---------------)
A) Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 was a failure.

B) the introduction of choral elements was unwelcome in the classical music world.
C) Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 challenged traditional expectations and was initially polarizing.
D) critics universally disliked Beethoven's Symphony No. 9.
27
Leonardo da Vinci, the famous Italian polymath, was known for his diverse skills and interests. His works,
such as the 'Mona Lisa' and 'The Last Supper', are among the most recognizable and celebrated artworks
in the world. However, Leonardo was also a keen observer of the natural world. His notebooks are filled
with detailed drawings of plants, animals, and human anatomy, which were far ahead of his time. Art
historian Lisa Roberts believes that Leonardo's detailed observations of nature greatly enhanced his
artistic abilities, enabling him to depict his subjects with unprecedented realism.
Which of the following, if true, would most directly undermine Lisa Roberts' claim about the influence of
nature observation on Leonardo's art?
A) Leonardo's contemporaries, such as Michelangelo and Raphael, also made detailed observations of
nature, but their art did not achieve the same level of realism.
B) Leonardo was known to have a poor eyesight, which could have affected his ability to observe nature
with precision.
C) Many of Leonardo's notebooks have been lost over time, making it difficult to fully understand his
observation practices.
D) A thorough review of Leonardo's artworks reveals no significant correlation between the detail of his
nature sketches and the realism of his paintings.
28
Wole Soyinka, a Nigerian playwright and poet, won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1986. His works often
reflect his experiences during the Nigerian Civil War and the military juntas that followed. Despite the
political and social upheaval that characterized this period, Soyinka's work was remarkably consistent in
its thematic focus and stylistic presentation. Literary scholar Adeola James analyzed Soyinka's works from
this period and hypothesized that the consistency of Soyinka's work was due to his use of traditional
Yoruba mythology as a stabilizing influence.
Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would directly undermine Adeola James' hypothesis
about the consistency in Wole Soyinka's work?
A) In some of his works, Soyinka incorporated elements of European mythology in addition to Yoruba
mythology.
B) Soyinka's later works, written after the Nigerian Civil War, showed a shift towards more contemporary
themes.
C) Some literary critics argue that Soyinka's consistency can be attributed to his formal education in
literature rather than his use of Yoruba mythology.
D) Several of Soyinka's works from this period do not reference Yoruba mythology at all, but rather rely
on contemporary events for their thematic content.
- 247 -
29
In James Joyce's Ulysses, the protagonist, Leopold Bloom, is often seen wandering through Dublin. His
journey mirrors that of Odysseus in Homer's Odyssey, but with a modernist twist. This parallel is most
evident through the novel's use of stream-of-consciousness narrative style, which captures the inner
thoughts and feelings of Bloom. Some literary scholars suggest that this style, combined with the urban
setting, symbolizes the complexity and confusion of modern life, while others argue it is a critique of
traditional narrative methods.
Which of the following, if true, would most directly challenge the interpretation of Joyce's stream-of-
consciousness technique as a critique of traditional narrative methods?
A) James Joyce was known for his disillusionment with traditional European society, reflected in his
choice to live in self-imposed exile.
B) Many readers find the stream-of-consciousness technique in Ulysses challenging and inaccessible,
often requiring multiple readings to fully understand.
C) There is substantial evidence that Joyce intentionally employed the stream-of-consciousness technique
to better depict the subjective experiences of his characters.
D) James Joyce was influenced by a wide range of authors, including some who were known for their
traditional narrative styles.
30
Geotechnical engineer Dr. Martin Ziegler and his team have been studying the stability of slopes in
different geological conditions. They found that in areas with a high concentration of sandstone, slopes
tend to be more stable. Ziegler hypothesized that sandstone's permeability allows water to drain, reducing
hydrostatic pressure and increasing slope stability. To test this, the team compared slopes in areas with
high sandstone concentrations to those with predominantly clay or limestone. The results showed that
slopes with high sandstone concentration had fewer landslides, supporting Ziegler's hypothesis.
Which of the following, if true, would most directly challenge Dr. Ziegler's hypothesis?
A) In areas with a high concentration of limestone, slopes are found to be less stable due to the water-
retaining properties of limestone.
B) In regions where clay is predominant, the stability of slopes is often compromised by the clay's low
permeability, leading to increased hydrostatic pressure.
C) In some regions with high sandstone concentration, slopes are found to be stable even without
significant water drainage.
D) In some areas not included in the study, slopes with high sandstone concentration are found to have a
high rate of landslides.
- 248 -

23&#39; Winter Workbook Reading

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DIGITAL SAT READING WORKBOOK

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 1.........................................................................................................................1

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 2.........................................................................................................................8

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 3......................................................................................................................15

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 4......................................................................................................................21

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 5......................................................................................................................28

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 6......................................................................................................................34

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 7......................................................................................................................40

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 8......................................................................................................................46

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 9......................................................................................................................53

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 10...................................................................................................................61

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 11...................................................................................................................69

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 12...................................................................................................................77

BIG PICTURE 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 85

BIG PICTURE 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 97

BIG PICTURE 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 110

LITERAL COMPREHENSION 1 ................................................................................................................... 124

INFERENCE 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 140

INFERENCE 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 152

INFERENCE 3 .................................................................................................................................................... 165

STUDENT’S NOTES 1 .................................................................................................................................... 181

STUDENT’S NOTES 2 .................................................................................................................................... 197

STUDENT’S NOTES 3 .................................................................................................................................... 213

EXTENDED REASONING 1.......................................................................................................................... 229

EXTENDED REASONING 2.......................................................................................................................... 239

Cryptocurrencies, underpinned by blockchain technology, have introduced a novel approach to financial

HELENA: How do you remain so calm in the face of adversity?

O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright!

It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night

Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope’s ear;

Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear.

So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows

As used in the text, what does “shows” most nearly mean?

JANE: Thank you, William. I appreciate your kind words.

As used in the text, what does “offshoot” most nearly mean?

TIM: The artist's skill is (---------------).

GEORGE: I agree, the level of craftsmanship 1s exceptional.

A) ambivalence toward color

As used in the text, what does “fiendish” most nearly mean?

Reading : Big Picture 1

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To depict Bimala's solitude and internal struggle in her darkened room

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To explore the author's determination to embrace her intelligence

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To explain the concept of the “10,000 hours rule” in achieving mastery

Which choice best describes Bernard's primary struggle in this passage?

A) His struggle to accept his own individuality

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To explain the history of segregation in public schools

Which choice best captures Janie's primary goal in this passage?

A) To find love and acceptance in her community

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To highlight the consequences of obsession and the pursuit of ambition

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To highlight the role of dreams in accessing the unconscious mind

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To express Elizabeth Bennet's skepticism towards human nature

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

Which choice best describes the primary purpose of this passage?

A) To highlight Huck's readiness and alertness despite the calm surroundings

23' Winter Workbook Reading

23' Winter Workbook Reading