vuqØef.

kdk

ikB la[;k fo”k; i`”B la[;k

ikB~;Øe 2
izkDdFku 3&4
bdkbZ & 1
LESSON – 1 fHkUu&fHkUu xzUFkksa dk o.kZu 5 & 25
LESSON – 2 laxhrKksa vkSj laxhr ‘kkL=dkjksa dk lkaxhfrd ;ksxnku 26 & 47
bdkbZ & 2
LESSON – 3 fgUnqLrkuh vkSj dukZVdh laxhr i)fr;ksa dk rqYukRed v/;;u 48 & 59
LESSON – 4 xk;d & oknd ds xq.k & voxq.k 60 & 75
LESSON – 5 Lo;aHkw Loj dk vFkZ 76 & 83
bdkbZ & 3
LESSON – 6 daB lk/kuk 84 & 96
LESSON – 7 jkxksa dk le; fl)kar 97 & 105
LESSON – 8 gkjekWuh vkSj eSykWMh 106 & 110
bdkbZ & 4
LESSON – 9 ‘kks/k & vFkZ] lEHkouk ,oa izdkj 111 & 120
LESSON – 10 lwpuk vkSj lEiz”s k.k dk laxhr esa LFkku 121 & 126
vH;klkFkZ oLrqfu”B iz’u&mÙkj 127 & 128
egRoiw.kZ iz’u 129

1
Semester III
Min. Teaching
Max.
Course Code Course Type Course Name Paper Type ESE CCA Pass Hours Per Credit
Marks
%age Week
General Study of Granthas and
MUSI-301TH Core Course Theoretical survey of Indian Theory 100 50 50 36% 4 4
Music
Time Allowed: 03 hours
Instructions
The question paper will contain 2 parts (Part A and Part B) in all.
Part A
· Ten (10) Objective type Questions (MCQ/True or False/Fill in the blanks etc.) for one (1) marks each.
(10x1=10 marks) and
· four (4) short answer questions of two (2) marks each covering whole syllabus.
Part B
Each question may contain sub parts & will be of long type
· Unit-I : One (1) question, out of Two (2) questions, is to be attempted for eight (8) marks.
· Unit-II : One (1) question, out of Two (2) questions, is to be attempted for eight (8) marks.
· Unit-III : One (1) question, out of Two (2) questions, is to be attempted for eight (8) marks.
· Unit-IV: One (1) question, out of Two (2) questions, is to be attempted for eight (8) marks.
Total Marks (A+B+C+D+E) 18+8+8+8+8=50 marks
Course Objective
· To know critically and analyse the evolution and development of Indian music.
· To learn the contribution of musicians/ musicologists towards Indian music.
· To develop an ability to know the Time Theory of Indian Music.
· To learn the concept of research methodology.
Course Outcome
· The students will learn critically analyse the evolution and development of Indian music.
· The students will learn the contribution of musicians/ musicologists towards Indian music.
· The students will learn the concept of Time Theory of Indian Music.
· The students will learn the research methodology.

Course of Study
Unit-I
1. Evolution and development of Indian Music with special reference to the work of Sangeet Ratnakar,
Swarmelkala Nidhi, Raskaumudi, Ragvibodha, Chaturdandiprakashika, Sangeet Darpan, Sangeet Parijat,
Ragtatva Vibodh, Rag Tararagini, Anupvilas, Anup Sangeet Ratanakar.
2. The contribution to music of the following musicians/ musicologists. Raja Man Singh Tomar, Raja Nawab Ali,
Ravinder Nath Tagore, S.M. Tagore, Kumar Gandharava, V.D. Paluskar, V.N Bhatkhande, Dr.Krishan
Narayan Ratan Jankar, Pt. Omkar Nath Thakur, Dr. K.C.D. Brihaspati, Dr. Lalmani Mishra.

Unit-II
1. Comparative study of Hindustani and Karanatak Music.
2. Merits and Demerits of Vocalists and Instrumentalists.
3. Meaning of word Swayambhoo Swar.

Unit-III
1. Voice Culture.
2. Time theory of Ragas, its origin and development.
3. Define Harmony and Melody and its applications in Music.

Unit-IV
1. Research-Its Meaning, Scope and Types.
2. Role of Information and Communication technologies in Music.

2
 izkDdFku

lkSan;Z ogh gS] tgk¡ izfr{k.k uohurk gksA

laxhr ogha gS] tgk¡ izfr{k.k lk/kuk gksA
Hkkjr ,d ,slk ns’k gS tgk¡ ds leLr nsorkx.k Hkh xk;u] oknu vkSj urZu dh fdlh u fdlh fo/kk
esa ikjaxr gSaA gekjk laxhr /keZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{k bu pkjksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA ftl&ftl dky esa tSlk
laxhr jgk] oSlk gh mldk ‘kkL= curk jgkA lekt dh fLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k laxhr esa tks ifjorZu gksrs
jgs gSa mUgha dks xzg.k djds f’k{kk&O;oLFkk mlesa <yrh jgh gSA
blh vk/kkj ij vkt gekjh f’k{kk iz.kkyh esa Hkh vUrj vk;k gSA tc ls laxhr dh f’k{kk fo’ofo|ky;ksa
esa nh tk jgh gS rHkh ls ml f’k{kk ds fy, vFkok LukRdksÙkj fMxzh ds fy, ,d fuf’pr ikB;Øe dks
rS;kj fd;k tkrk jgk gSA le; ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk bu ikB;Øeksa esa Hkh cnyko vkrk jgk gSA blh
cnyko ds vUrxZr Lkaxhr dh ;g lkexzh (CBCS) ds vUrxZr~ M.A-III SEMESTER ds
‘kkL=&i{k (Theory)ds fy, fy[kh xbZ gSA bl uohu laLdj.k esa ;Fkk&LFkku vkSj ;Fkk&lEHko gj
mi;ksxh laxhr ls lEcfU/kr lkexzh dk lekos’k dj fn;k x;k gSA tks fd u, ikB~;Øe ds vuqlkj gSA
bl f’k{k.k lkexzh dks vius laxhr vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij fy[kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA blds
lkFk gh laxhr ls lEcfU/kr iqLrdksa }kjk Hkh laxhr dh f’k{k.k lkexzh ,df=r dh xbZ gSA blds vfrfjDr
laxhr xq:tuksa ds lkfUu/; esa jg dj muls Hkh izjs .kk vkSj tkudkjh ysdj bl laxhr ikB~;Øe lkexzh
dks vf/kd ykHknk;d cukus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA bl ikB~;Øe dks Hkk”kk o fo”k;&oLrq dh n`f”V ls
iw.kZ cukus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gSA
bl ikB~;Øe ds izFke Hkkx ¼bdkbZ & 1½ esa &&
Lesson-1 esa fHkUu&fHkUu xzUFkksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
Lesson-2 esa vyx&vyx laxhrKksa vkSj laxhr ‘kkL=dkjksa ds laxhr ;ksxnku ij izdk’k Mkyk x;k
gSA
bl ikB~;Øe ds f}rh; Hkkx ¼bdkbZ & 2½ esa &&
Lesson-3 esa fgUnqLrkuh vkSj dukZVdh laxhr nksuksa i)fr;ksa dk rqYukRed v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA
Lesson-4 esa xk;d&oknd ds xq.k&voxq.k of.kZr fd, x, gSAa
Lesson-5 esa Lo;aHkw Lojksa dk vFkZ le>k;k x;k gSA

3
bl ikB~;Øe ds r`rh; Hkkx ¼bdkbZ & 3½ esa &&
Lesson-6 esa daB lk/kuk ij foLr`r izdk’k Mkyk x;k gSA
Lesson-7 esa jkxksa ds le; fl)kUr ij izdk’k Mkyk x;k gSA
Lesson-8 esa gkjekWuh vkSj eSykWMh ds fo”k; esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA
bl ikB~;Øe ds pkSFks Hkkx ¼bdkbZ & 4½ esa &&
Lesson-9 esa ‘kks/k ds fo”k; esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSaA
Lesson-10 esa lwpuk vkSj lEiz”s k.k rduhdksa dk laxhr esa D;k dk;Z gS ml ij izdk’k Mkyk x;k
gSA
okLro esa laxhr ,d ;K gS vkSj ge lc ;KhA
vr% ;g vk’kk djrh g¡w fd M.A-III SEMESTER dh ijh{kk esa vkus okys izR;sd iz’u dk
mÙkj vkidks bl ikB~;Øe lkexzh esa vo’; miyC/k gksxkA ;g Hkh vk’kk djrh gw¡ fd vU; laxhr ikBdksa
dks Hkh blds v/;;u ls Kku vkSj ykHk izkIr gksxkA

Mk0 dhfrZ xxZ

laxhr foHkkx
fgekpy izns’k fo’ofo|ky;]f’keyk

4
 UNIT – 1
bdkbZ & 1
LESSON - 1
Evolution and Development of Indian Music with special
refrence to the work of
Sangeet Ratnakar, Swarmelkalanidhi, Raskaumudi,
Ragvibodha, Chaturdandiprakashika, Sangeet Darpan,
Sangeet Parijaat, Ragtatva Vibodh, Rag Tarangini,
Anoopvilas, Anoop Sangeet Ratnakar

Structure :
1-0 mns’;
1-1 laxhr jRukdj
1-1-1 Hkwfedk
1-1-2 Lkaxhr jRukdj ds v/;k;
1-2 Lojesy dykfuf/k
1-2-1 Hkwfedk
1-2-2 izdj.k
1-3 jkx focks/k
1-3-1 Hkwfedk
1-3-2 xzaFk esa of.kZr laxhr
1-4 prqZn.Mh izdkf’kdk
1-4-1 Hkwfedk
1-4-2 xzaFk esa of.kZr esy

5
1-4-3 xzaFk esa of.kZr laxhr
1-5 laxhr niZ.k
1-5-1 Hkwfedk
1-5-2 laxhr ppkZ ,oa xzFa k v/;k;
1-6 laxhr ikfjtkr
1-6-1 Hkwfedk
1-6-2 xzaFk esa laxhr ppkZ
1-7 jkx rRo focks/k
1-7-1 Hkwfedk
1-7-2 xzaFk esa esy vFkok FkkV ppkZ
1-7-3 xzaFk esa of.kZr jkxk/;k;
1-8 jkx rjafx.kh
1-8-1 Hkwfedk
1-8-2 FkkV ppkZ
1-9 vuwi foykl
1-9-1 Hkwfedk
1-9-2 laxhr ppkZ
1-9-3 vuwi laxhr jRukdj
1-10 egRoiw.kZ iz’u
1-11 lkjka’k
1-12 ‘kCndks”k
1-13 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj
1-14 lUnHkZ xzFa k lwph

6
1-0 mns’; %&
bl ikB esa vyx&vyx xzUFkksa ds fo”k; esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bu xzUFkksa esa rRdkyhu laxhr dh
ppkZ bu xzUFkksa ds xzUFkdkjksa }kjk dh xbZ gSA bl ikB dk mns’; Hkh bu xzUFkksa ds fo”k; esa tkuuk rFkk
bu xzUFkksa esa crk, x, laxhr ds fo”k; esa tkudkjh izkIr djuk gSA

1-1 laxhr jRukdj %&

1-1-1 Hkwfedk %&
Ika0 ‘kkjaxnso d’ehjh czká.k FksA buds firk Jh lks<y Fks ftuds vkJ;nkrk jktk fHkYye FksA
jktk fHkYye ds Ik’pkr~ jktk fla?k.k nsofxjh ds jktk cus ftudk le; 1210 ls 1247 ekuk tkrk gSA Jh
lks<y us bl xq.koku vkSj xq.kkuqjkxh jktk dh N=Nk;k esa vius xq.kksa ds dkj.k cgqr oSHko vkSj lEeku
izkIr fd;kA bl xq.koku Jh lks<y ds iq= ia0 ‘kkjaxnso Hkh ;ksX;rk] fo}rk vkSj cgqeq[kh izfrHkk ds Lokeh
FksA mijksDr fooj.k ds vuqlkj ia0 ‘kkjaxnso dk le; 13oha ‘krkCnh ekuk tkrk gSA
Ika0 ‘kkjaxnso nsofxjh ¼nkSyrkckn½ ds jktk ds njckjh laxhrK FksA ia0 ‘kkjaxnso us vusd xzUFkksa esa
fc[kjh gqbZ lkexzh dks ,d= djds vius y{; Kku ls mls ,d u;k :Ik nsdj ^laxhr jRukdj* uked
xzUFk dh jpuk dhA ;g xzUFk Hkh^ukV~; ‘kkL=* dh HkkfUr nksuksa laxhr i)fr;ksa dk vk/kkj xzUFk ekuk tkrk
gSA oSls rks laxhr fo”k; ij blls igys Hkh dbZ xzUFk fy[ks x, Fks ijUrq le; ds ifjorZu vkSj jktuSfrd
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds izHkko Lo:Ik os xzUFk miyC/k ugh gks lds vkSj laxhr lkexzh b/kj&m/kj fc[kjh gqbZ FkhA
ml le; ia0 ‘kkjaxnso us lEiw.kZ laxhr lkexzh dks ,d= djds mls ^laxhr jRukdj* uked xzUFk dk :Ik
ns fn;kA bUgksaus rdZi.w kZ n`f”V ls laxhr ds fl)kUrksa dk ^laxhr jRukdj* esa izfriknu fd;k gSA bUgksaus
laxhr ds vUrxZr~ xk;u] oknu vkSj u`R; rhuksa dk lekos’k ekuk gS vkSj rhuksa dykvkas dk iw.kZ fooj.k
vius xzUFk esa fn;k gSA bUgksaus vius xzUFk esa erax ls vf/kd fooj.k fn;k gS fdUrq lS)kafrd nqf”V ls er
yxHkx ,d lk gSA bUgksaus Hkjr dk Hkh vuqlj.k fd;k gSA bUgksaus ukjn eqfu ds fl)kUrksa dks Lohdkj dj
xzkeksa ds vUrxZr~ “kM+t xzke] e/;e xzke vkSj xkU/kkj xzke dk o.kZu fd;k gSA bUgksaus oknh&lEoknh Lojksa
ds e/; ikjLifjd lEcU/k ;k vUrj 13 ;k 9 Jqfr u eku dj 8 ;k 12 Jqfr;ksa dk ekuk gSA laxhr ds
egRoiw.kZ xzUFkksa dh lwph esa ^laxhr jRukdj* ,d egRoiw.kZ dM+h ekuh tkrh gSA
1-1-2 laxhr jRukdj ds v/;k; %&
;g xzUFk eq[; lkr v/;k;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
1- Lojk/;k;
2- jkx foosdk/;k;
3- izdh.kZdk/;k;

7
 4- izcU/kk/;k;
5- rkyk/;k;
6- ok|k/;k;
7- urZuk/;k;
lkr v/;k; gksus ds dkj.k bl xzUFk dks ^lIrk/;k;h* Hkh dgrs gSaA bl xzUFk esa izkphu laxhr
¼xk;u]oknu]u`R;½ dk foLr`r fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA bl xzUFk ds lkr v/;k;ksa esa tks o.kZu fd;k x;k gS
oks bl izdkj gS %&
izFke v/;k; %&
laxhr jRukdj dk izFke v/;k; ^Lojk/;k;* gSA bl v/;k; esa ukn dk Lo:Ik] uknksRifÙk vkSj
mlds Hksn] lkj.kkprq”VbZ] xzke] ewNuZ k] rku&fu:i.k] Loj vkSj tkfr lk/kkj.k] o.kZ] vyadkj rFkk tkfr;ksa
dk foLr`r o.kZu fn;k x;k gSA lkj.kkprq”VbZ iz;ksx ds vUrxZr~ Hkjr us Loj oh.kk vkSj ‘kkjaxnso us Jqfr
oh.kk ij iz;ksx fd;kA blfy, Hkjr us lkr rkj vkSj ‘kkjaxnso us 21 rkj ck¡/ks FksA ewNuZ k ds vUrxZr~
mUgksaus lHkh ewNZukvksa dks “kM+t xzke esa f[kldk fn;k vkSj izR;sd ewNuZ k dks “kM+t xzke ls izkjEHk fd;k
ftlls mUgsa fod`r Lojksa dh ij[k gqbZA muds le; rd dsoy nks gh fod`r Loj ekus tkrs FksA muds
Lojksa dh fo’ks”krk ;g Fkh fd dksbZ Hkh Loj vius LFkku ls gV tkus ij fod`r rks gksrk gh Fkk] vius LFkku
ij jgrs gq, Hkh vUrjky vFkkZr~ JqR;karj gksus ij Hkh fod`r gks tkrk FkkAbUgksaus ‘kq) vkSj fod`r dqy
feykdj 12 Loj ekus gSa rFkk Hkjr ds leku 18 tkfr;k¡ ekuh gSaA vðkjg tkfr;ksa ds 13 y{k.k ekus gSa
tks fd bl izdkj gSa &&& xzg] va’k] U;kl] viU;kl] lU;kl] foU;kl] vYiRo] cgqRo] vkSM+Ro] “kkM+Ro] eanz]
rkj vkSj vUrekZxAia0 ‘kkjaxnso us laxhr jRukdj esa 22 Jqfr;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS vkSj os Lojksa dk
ikjLifjd lEcU/k ekywe djus ds fy, Jqfr dk ,d fuf’pr izek.k Lohdkj dj viuh 22 Jqfr;ksa dks
ekurs gSaA
f}rh; v/;k; %&
laxhr jRukdj dk nwljk v/;k; ^jkx foosdk/;k;* gSA blesa xzUFkdkj us tkfr;ksa ls xzke jkx]
xzke jkx ls vU; jkx mRiUu gksrs gSa ;s crk;k gSA ;s ,d vksj rks jkx&jkfxuh oxhZdj.k dks ekurs gSa vkSj
nwljh vksj leLr jkxksa dks nl oxksaZ esa foHkkftr djrs gSaA ;s oxZ gSa &&&
jkx uke la[;k
1- xzke jkx 30
2- jkx 20
3- mijkx 8
4- jkxkax 8
5- Hkk”kkax 21
8
 6- mikax 3
7- fØ;kax 12
8- Hkk”kk 96
9- foHkk”kk 20
10- vUrZHkk”kk 4
blesa xzke jkx] jkx] mijkx] Hkk”kk] foHkk”kk vkSj vUrZHkk”kk ekxhZ laxhr ds vUrxZr~ vkrs gSa rFkk
jkxkax] Hkk”kkax] mikax vkSj fØ;kax ns’kh laxhr ds vUrxZr~ ekus tkrs gSaA bl xzUFk esa dqy 264 jkxksa dk
o.kZu feyrk gSA bl oxhZdj.k ls ;g Li”V gksrk gS fd ml le; Hkjr dh tkfr;k¡ vizpfyr gks xbZa
FkhaA
r`rh; v/;k; %&
rhljk v/;k; ^izdh.kZdk/;k;* gSA bl v/;k; ds vUrxZr~ okXxs;dkj] xk;d vkSj xhr ds xq.k&nks”kksa
dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA mUgksaus okXxs;dkj ds 28 xq.kksa dk foospu fd;k gSA blds vfrfjDr xk;d ds
xq.k&nks”k dk o.kZu fd;k gSA blh v/;k; ds vUrxZr~ mUgksaus xhr dh vPNkbZ&cqjkbZ vFkkZr~ ,d xhr ds
D;k xq.k ;k voxq.k gksrs gSa budk o.kZu Hkh fd;k gSA
prqFkZ v/;k; %&
laxhr jRukdj dk pkSFkk v/;k; ^izcU/kk/;k;* gSA bl v/;k; esa ia0 ‘kkjaxnso us izcU/k fo”k; ij
fopkj fd;k gSA bl v/;k; esa ekxhZ laxhr] ns’kh laxhr] fuc)xku] vfuc)xku] jkxkyki] :idkyki]
vkyfIrxku] LoLFkku fu;e dk vkyki] vYiRo&cgqRo ij izdk’k Mkyk gSA la{ksi esa dgk tk, rks bl
v/;k; esa xku ds fuc)&vfuc) Hksn] /kkrq o izcU/k ds Hksn rFkk vaxksa bR;kfn dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
iape v/;k; %&
bl xzUFk dk ik¡poka v/;k; ^rkyk/;k;* gSA ;g v/;k; rkyksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA bl v/;k; esa ml
le; ds izpfyr rkyksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA blesa 121 rky vkfn dks eq[; :Ik ls ekuk gSA
“k”Be v/;k; %&
^laxhr jRukdj* dk NBk v/;k; ^ok|k/;k;* gSA bl v/;k; esa mUgksaus ok|ksa ls lEcfU/kr pht+ksa
dk o.kZu fd;k gSA mUgksaus leLr ok|ksa dks pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k &&& rr~] lqf”kj] vou) vkSj
?kuA blesa leLr ok|ksa ds Hksn] oknu fof/k] ok|ksa ds xq.k&nks”k rFkk okndksa ds xq.k&voxq.kksa dk o.kZu
fd;k x;k gSA
lIre v/;k; %&

9
 bl xzUFk dk lkrok¡ v/;k; ^urZuk/;k;* gSA ;g ^laxhr jRukdj* dk vfUre v/;k; gSA bl
v/;k; esa urZu lEcU/kh gj ckr dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ftlesa u`R;] ukV~; vkSj u`R; lEcU/kh fo”k;ksa ij
izdk’k Mkyk x;k gSA
‘kkjaxnso us ;|fi vius xzUFk dh uhao Hkjr ds ^ukV~; ‘kkL=* rFkk erax ds ^c`gís’kh* ij j[kus dh
ps”Vk dh gS] ijUrq ;g Li”V gS fd buds le; esa Hkjr dh tkfr;k¡ u”V gks pqdh Fkha rFkk erax ds dky
ds ns’kh jkxksa ds LFkku ij vkSj vusd jkxksa us LFkku ys fy;k Fkk] ftUgsa ^v/kquk&izfl) jkx* dgk tkrk
FkkA blfy, ‘kkjaxnso dks bu v/kquk&izfl) jkxksa ds fo”k; esa gh dqN dguk vko’;d Fkk ijUrq bUgsa vius
jkxksa dk Øe ihNs ds fl)kUrksa ls Hkh tksM+uk Fkk] blfy, mUgksaus vius jkxksa dk lEcU/k iqjkus jkxksa ls vkSj
iqjkus jkxksa dk lEcU/k tkfr;ksa ls tksM+us dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA ijUrq tkfr;ksa dk iw.kZ yksi gks tkus ds dkj.k
;g lEcU/k lqpk: :Ik ls u tqM+ ldkA ;|fi ‘kkjaxnso us Jqfr] Loj] xzke] tkfr vkfn ds o.kZu esa Hkjr
dk gh vuqdj.k fd;k gS] fQj Hkh budhi)fr esaixz fr vkSj fodkl ds y{k.kksa dk vkHkko ugh gSA ewPNZukvksadh
e/; lIrd esa LFkkiuk] fod`r Lojksa dh dYiuk] e/;e xzke dk yksi gksuk vkSj izfr e/;e dh mRifÙk
bR;kfn ^laxhr jRukdj* dh ekSfydrk dks izdV djrh gSA
ds’ko] flagHkwiky vkSj dYyhukFk us laLd`r es]a foðy us rsyxw esa vkSj xaxk jke us cztHkk”kk esa bl
xzUFk dh Vhdk,¡ dh gSaAmijksDr fo’ks”krkvksa ds dkj.k ;g xzUFk Hkkjrh; laxhr ds izekf.kd xzUFkksa esa ls,d
izeq[k xzUFk ekuk tkrk gSA

1-2 Lojesy&dykfuf/k %&

1-2-1 Hkwfedk %&
lu~ 1550 bZ0 ds yxHkx dukZVd laxhr dk ,d izfl) xzUFk ^Lojesy&dykfuf/k* jkekekR;k }kjk
fy[kk x;kA jkekekR;k fot; uxj lkezkT; ds egkeU=h FksA ‘kkL=dkjksa dk er gS fd Lojesy&dykfuf/k
dh jpuk ckn’kkg vdcj ds ckY;dky esa gh gks pqdh FkhA bl xzUFk dh jpuk laLd`r Hkk”kk esa gqbZ FkhA
;g esy fl)kUr dk loZiFz ke xzUFk ekuk x;k gSA
1-2-2 izdj.k %&
bl NksVs ls xzUFk esa ik¡p izdj.k gSaA tks fd bl izdkj gSa &&&
1- miksn~?kkrizdj.k
2- Loj izdj.k
3- oh.kk izdj.k
4- esy izdj.k
5- jkx izdj.k

10
 bu ik¡p izdj.kksa esa jkekekR;k us ml le; ds laxhr dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
1- miksn~?kkr izdj.k %&
bl izdj.k esa iqLrd dh izkjfEHkd Hkwfedk ek= gSA
2- Loj izdj.k %&
bl izdj.k esa lcls igys laxhr dks nks Hkkxksa xkU/koZ vkSj xku esa foHkkftr djds mldh ‘kkL=h;
ifjHkk”kk nh gSA ftldk HkkokFkZ ;g gS fd xkU/koZ og laxhr gS tks vfr izkphu dky ls pyk vk jgk gS
vkSj ftldk mns’; eqfDr izkIr djuk gS vkSj ftldk iz;ksx xU/koksaZ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ftl laxhr dk
fuekZ.k gekjs fo}kuksa }kjk gksrk gS vkSj ftlesa vk/kqfud fu;eksa dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj tks ns’kh jkxksa
}kjk iznf’kZr gksdj euq”;ksa dks izlUu djrk gS] mls xku dgrs gSaA blds Ik’pkr~ mUgksaus 22 Jqfr;ksa dk
o.kZu fd;k gSA jkekekR;k lkr ‘kq) vkSj lkr fod`r Loj ekurs gSaA bl xzUFk esa ‘kq) Lojksa dh LFkkiuk
izkphu xzUFkdkjksa dh rjg gh dh xbZ gS vFkkZr~ lk] js] x] e] i] /k] fu Øe’k% 4] 7] 9] 13] 17] 20] 22
Jqfr;ksa ij dh xbZ gSA blesa of.kZr 14 Lojksa ds uke bl izdkj gSa &&&
1- ‘kq) “kM+t
2- ‘kq) _”kHk
3- ‘kq) xkU/kkj ;k iapJqfr _”kHk
4- Lkk/kkj.k xkkU/kkj ;k “kVJqfr _”kHk
5- vUrj xkU/kkj
6- P;qr e/;e xkU/kkj
7- ‘kq) e/;e
8- P;qr iape
9- ‘kq) iape
10- ‘kq) /kSor
11- ‘kq) fu”kkn ;k iapJqfr /kSor
12- dSf’kd fu”kkn ;k “kVJqfr /kSor
13- dkdyh fu”kkn
14- P;qr “kM+t fu”kkn

3- oh.kk izdj.k %&

^oh.kk izdj.k* esa jkekekR;k us oh.kk ij ‘kq) vkSj fod`r Lojksa dh LFkkiuk dk o.kZu fd;k gSA blesa
oh.kk ds naM ij vius 14 Lojksa dks LFkkfir djus dk o.kZu Hkh fd;k gSA
4- esy izdj.k %&

11
 bl izdj.k esa ys[kd us vius tU; jkxksa ds fy, 20 esyksa vFkok FkkVksa dk ‘kq) vkSj fod`r Lojksa lfgr
o.kZufd;k gSA
5- jkx izdj.k %&
bl izdj.k esa 20 FkkVksa ds vUrxZr~ 63 tU; jkxksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA blesa ;g ckr /;ku nsus
dh gS fd ftu FkkVksa vkSj jkxksa dk mYys[k bl xzUFk esa fd;k x;k gS] os izpfyr fgUnqLrkuh laxhr i)fr
esa vius ewy :Ik esa izpfyr ugha gSaA dgha FkkVksa ds uke cny x, gSa] rks dgha jkxksa ds Loj gh ifjofrZr
gks x, gSa ysfdu fQj Hkh bl xzUFk dks cgqr mi;ksxh le>k tkrk gSA jkekekR;k us xhr izcU/k vkSj vkyki
ds ;ksX; 20 jkx ekus gSa vkSj mUgsa mÙke dgk gSA ladh.kZ jkxksa dks jkekekR;k us ^^ikej Hkzked** vkSj
^^R;kT;** dgk gSA
laLd`r xzUFkksa dh n`f”V ls ;g ,d mÙke xzUFk gSA bldk vuqokn fgUnh esa Hkh gks pqdk gSA
Lojesy&dykfuf/k ,d egRoiw.kZ xzUFk ekuk x;k gSA bl xzUFk dk egRo bl ckr ls vkSj Hkh izekf.kr gksrk
gS fd vdcjh njckj esa jfpr ^^jkx lkxj** uked xzUFk esa ‘kkjaxnso rFkk jkekekR;k nksuksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ
gSA

1-3 jkx focks/k %&

1-3-1 Hkwfedk %&
tgk¡xhj dk jkT; 1605 bZ0 ls 1627 bZ0 rd jgkA blds njckj esa fcykl [kk¡] NÙkj [kk] [kqjZenkn]
eD[kw] ijost+nkj vkSj get+ku izfl) xk;d FksA blh ‘kkludky esa nf{k.k Hkkjr ds jkteqanh LFkku ds
fuoklh iafMr lkseukFk us ^^jkx focks/k** uked xzUFk dh jpuk dhA ;g laxhr ds bfrgkl dh ,d egRoiw.kZ
dM+h gSA bldh jpuk 1610 bZ0 esa gqbZ FkhA Lo;ajpukdkj us Hkh bldk jpukdky 1610 bZ0 gh crk;k gSA
1-3-2 xzUFk esa of.kZr laxhr %&
bl xzUFk esa 22 Jqfr;ksa] 7 ‘kq) Lojksa] 15 fod`r Lojksa] vusd fo.kkvks]a jkxksa dk tU; i)fr ls
oxhZdj.k] dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA lkseukFk us izkphu laxhrKksa dh HkkfUr gh 22 Jqfr;k¡ ekuh vkSj mu 22
Jqfr;ksa ij lkr ‘kq) Lojksa dh LFkkiuk dk fu;e Hkh ogh viuk;k tks izkphu fo}kuksa }kjk viuk;k x;k
Fkk vFkkZr~ lkseukFk us Hkh lk] js] x] e] i] /k] fu Lojksa dh LFkkiuk 4] 7] 9] 13] 18] 20 vkSj 22 oha Jqfr
ij dhA lkseukFk us 7 ‘kq) Lojksa ds vfrfjDr 7 fod`r Loj Hkh ekus gSa vFkkZr~ mUgksaus dqy feykdj 14
Loj ekus gSaA lkseukFk us jkx focks/k esa ‘kkjaxnso ds 12 fod`r Lojksas dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA vkxs pydj
ys[kd us vkSj Hkh fod`r Lojksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS ftlds dkj.k fod`r Lojksa dh la[;k 15 gks tkrh gSA
blds Ik’pkr~ lkseukFk us oh.kk ds n.M ij 22 Jqfr;ksa dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, viuh oh.kk ds rkjksa ds
uhps 22 ijns yxkdj muls 22 Jqfr;ksa dks mRiUu fd;k gSA rkj dh lkjh yEckbZ ^eUnz “kM+t* dh /ofu
12
mRiUu djrh gS vkSj tc&tc rkj dks mu 22 ijnksa ij nck;k tkrk gS rks os ‘ks”k 22 Jqfr;ksa dh /ofu
mRiUu djrs gSaA oh.kkvksa esa lkfjdk dh LFkkiuk lEcU/kh tks fopkj jkekekR;k vkSj Jh d.B ds Fks ogh
lkseukFk us Hkh Lohdkj fd, gSaA lk js js e /k /ka lka bu Lojksa dks lkseukFk us ‘kq) ekuk gS tks ek=
jkekekR;k dk vuqdj.k gSA lkseukFk us Lojksa dh p<+rh gqbZ voLFkkvksa dks rhoz] rhozrj vkSj rhozre~ dgk
gSAdfYyukFk ds leku gh e/;e vkSj fu”kkn ij laokn Lohdkj fd;k gSA lkseukFk us Loj ds fy, ^e`nq*
‘kCn dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k gSA ;s lk e Ik Loj ls igyh Jqfr ij fLFkr Loj dks e`nq ^lk*] e`nq ^e*] e`nq ^i*
dgrs gSaA
jkxksa dk tU;&tud i)fr ls oxhZdj.k budh fo’ks”krk gSA mUgksaus vius 75 tU; jkxksa dk
oxhZdj.k 23 esyksa ds vUrxZr~ fd;k gS rFkk jkxksa dk le; Hkh fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA izkr%] e/;kgu] vijkgu]
lka; vkSj jk=h esa xk, tkus okys jkx vyx&vyx fxuk, gSa vkSj dqN jkx loZnk xs; crk;s gSAa jkxksa ds
rhu Hksn mÙkj] e/;e vkSj v/ke dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k gSA jkx&jkfxuh leiznk; dh ppkZ djrs gq,
^^jkxko.kZ** er dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gSA Jh] clar] iape] es?k] uV vkSj ukjk;.k bu N% jkxksa vkSj buesa ls
izR;sd dh N%&N% jkxfu;ksa dh Hkh ppkZ dh gSA
oh.kkvksa ds vUrxZr~^^’kq) esyk** vkSj ^^e/; esyk** oh.kk dh ppkZ djrs gq, nks&nks Hksnksa dk o.kZu
Hkh fd;k gS rFkk budks feykus dh fof/k jkekekR;k ds leku gh crkbZ gSA
,sfrgkfld n`f”V ls jkx focks/k laxhrKksa ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ xzUFk gSA

1-4 prqZnf.Mizdkf’kdk %&

1-4-1 Hkwfedk %&
vkSjaxtsc ds ‘kkludky ds vkjEHk esa ratkSj ds ujs’k fot; jk?ko ds vuqjks/k ij iafMr O;adVeq[kh
us ^^prqZnf.Mizdkf’kdk** uked xzUFk dh jpuk dhA lu~ 1660 bZ0 ds yxHkx ‘kkjaxnso xq:&ijEijk ds
f’k”; ia0 O;adVeq[kh us nf{k.kh i)fr ds vk/kkj ij laxhr ds bl xzUFk dh jpuk dhA ;g nf{k.kh laxhr
dk xzUFk gS vkSj ‘kkjaxnso d`r laxhr jRukdj ij cgqr dqN vk/kkfjr gSA ia0 O;adVeq[kh prqFkZ n.Mh
lEiznk; ds Fks vkSj bUgksaus xksiky uk;d dks Hkh blh lEiznk; dk izorZd dgk gSA prqZn.Mh lEiznk; ds
pkjksa n.Mksa dh dYiuk fo’kq) Hkkjrh; jgh gSA bl lEiznk; esa Lojksa dh la[;k 12 gh Lohdkj dh xbZ gSA

1-4-2 %& xzUFk esa of.kZr esy %&

prZnf.Mizdkf’kdk xzUFk dh eq[; fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd blesa xf.kr ds vk/kkj ij lIrd ds 12 Lojksa
ls 72 esyksa dh fuekZ.k fof/k rFkk ,d esy ls 484 jkxksa dh mRifÙk dk lqUnj o.kZu izLrqr fd;k x;k gS

13
vFkkZr~ O;adVeq[kh us dqy 72 esyksa vFkok FkkVksa dh mRifÙk crkbZ gS fdUrq mUgksaus O;ogkj ds fy, 19 FkkVksa
dks gh ekU;rk nh gSA mu 19 FkkVksa vFkok esyksa ds uke bl izdkj gSa &&&&&
1- eq[kkjh
2- lkeojkyh
3- Hkwikyh
4- gtqTth
5- clar HkSjoh
6- xkSy
7- HkSjoh
8- Vghjh
9- Jh
10- dkacksth
11- ‘kadjkHkj.k
12- lkeUr
13- gs’kk’kh
14- ukÍ
15- ‘kq) ojkyh
16- iUrqojkyh
17- ‘kq)jkeØh
18- flagjo
19- dY;k.kh
1-4-3 xzUFk esa of.kZr laxhr %&
O;adVe[kh us 7 ‘kq) vkSj 5 fod`r Loj ekus gSaA ftuesa fod`r Lojksa ds uke gSa && lk/kkj.k xkU/kkj]
vUrj xkU/kkj] cjkM+h e/;e] dSf’kd fu”kkn vkSj dkdyh fu”kknA
O;adVeq[kh ds vuqlkj ‘kkjaxnso of.kZr jkx muds ;qx esa izpkj esa ugh FksA blh dkj.k O;adVe[kh us
jkx ds lEcU/k esa vius xq: rkuIik dk iw.kZ:is.k vuqlj.k fd;k gSA dY;k.k FkkV dk o.kZu bl ckr dks
fl) djrk gS fd rkuIik dk lEiznk; mÙkj Hkkjr ls vf/kd izHkkfor FkkA O;adVe[kh us vius lEiw.kZ tkfr
ds jkxksa esa vkB] “kkM+o jkxksa esa lkr vkSj vkSM+o jkxksa esa N% Loj ekus gSa tcfd lEiw.kZ] “kkM+o vkSj vkSM+oesa
Øe’k% lkr] N% vkSj ik¡p Loj loZekU; gSaA O;adVe[kh }kjk rkj lIrd ds ^^lk** dk iz;ksx muds
v”Vdoknh gksus dk ifjpk;d gSA O;adVe[kh ds ‘kq) Loj HkjrvkSj ‘kkjaxnso ls fHkUu gSA O;adVe[kh us
Hkh 22 Jqfr;k¡ gh ekuh gSa ijUrq ^^xq.M fØ;k jkx** esa fuc) vius xhr esa bUgksaus 24 Jqfr;k¡ ekuh gSaA

14
O;adVe[kh us ,d oh.kk dk Hkh vkfo”dkj fd;k Fkk ftldk uke ^^O;adVk/ojh oh.kk** j[kk FkkA blds
vfrfjDr ‘kq) esyk vkSj e/; esyk uked oh.kkvksa ds rkj feykus dh fof/k dk o.kZu Hkh O;adVeq[kh }kjk
fd;k x;k gSA
bl xzUFk esa 12 Lojksa ls 72 esyksa dk fuekZ.k rFkk ,d esy ls 484 jkxksa dh mRifÙk crkbZ xbZ
gSAbUgksaus vius 55 jkxksa dk o.kZu Hkh bl xzUFk esa fd;k gSA bl xzUFk esa of.kZr 72 FkkV i)fr] mÙkjh
laxhr i)fr ds fy, Hkh FkkV i)fr dk fl)kUr crkrh gSA
O;adVe[kh us vius bl xzUFk esa nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr dk o.kZu fd;k gSA

1-5 laxhr niZ.k %&

1-5-1 Hkwfedk %&
tgk¡xhj ds le; esa fgUnqLrkuh laxhr i)fr ij 1625 bZ0 esa ^^laxhr niZ.k** uked xzUFk dh jpuk
dhA laxhr niZ.k esa laxhr jRukdj ds vusd ‘yksd dqN ifjofrZr :Ik esa of.kZr fd, x, gSAa
1-5-2 laxhr ppkZ ,oa v/;k; %&
bl iqLrd esa Lojk/;k; vkSj jkxk/;k; ;s nks v/;k; fn, x, gSaA
Lojk/;k; esa ukn] Jqfr] Loj] xzke] ewPNZuk rFkk 32 rkuksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA rkuksa esa [k.M es:
ds izdkj dk o.kZu rFkk rFkk dwV rkuksa dks fufeZr djus dk o.kZu Hkh bl xzUFk dh fo’ks”krk gSA dwV rkuksa
dks cukus dk Øe rFkk [kaMes: rkuksa esa ^u”V* vkSj ^mfÌ”V* dks [kkstus dk Øe foLrkj ls le>k;k gSA
blh v/;k; esa Loj&lk/kkj.k] o.kZ] vyadkj vkfn dk Hkh laf{kIr o.kZu gSA
jkxk/;k; esa 20 jkxksa ds uke ] jkx&/;kuksa dk o.kZu] jkxkax] Hkk”kkax] fØ;kax vkSj mikax dk la{ksi
esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA erax ds vuqlkj & jkxksa ds rhu Hksn&&&’kq)] Nk;kyx rFkk ladh.kZ dk o.kZu Hkh
fd;k x;k gSA blds Ik’pkr~ laxhr jRukdj ds 20 jkxksa ds uke Hkh fn, x, gSaA jkx&jkxfu;ksa dk o.kZu
f’koer ds leku gSaA guqer ds vuqlkj Hkh jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds ukeksa dk mYys[k nkeksnj us fd;k gSA blds
vfrfjDr ia0 nkeksnjus jkxksa ds xk;u le; vkSj _rqvksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu Hkh fd;k gSA
bl izdkj bl xzUFk esa jkx] Jqfr] Loj dk o.kZu rFkk xzke] ewPNZuk] rku bu rhuksa ds izdkj] o.kZ]
jkxkax] Hkk”kkax] fØ;kax rFkk mikax ds vfrfjDr ‘kq)] Nk;kyx] ladh.kZ rFkk jkxksa ds xk;u le; vkfn
laxhr fo”k;ksa dk o.kZu bl xzUFk esa fd;k x;k gSA
vU; fgUnqLrkuh laxhr i)fr ds leku gh bl xzUFk dks Hkh fo}kuksa us ljkgk gSA

15
1-6 laxhr ikfjtkr %&
1-6-1 Hkwfedk %&
‘kkgtgk¡ ds le; esa ia0 vgkscy }kjk ^^laxhr ikfjtkr** uked xzUFk dh jpuk dh xbZA bl xzUFk
dh jpuk lu~ 1650 ds yxHkx dh xbZA dgk tkrk gS fd bl xzUFk dh jpuk ekuflag rksej ds Ik’pkr~
gqbZ gS D;ksafd vgkscy us vius xzUFk esa /kzqoin dh Hkk”kk dks mÙkj Hkkjrh; crk;k gSA ;g xzUFk ia0 vgkscy
}kjk 1650 bZ0 esa fy[kk x;kA ;g xzUFk vius dky dk izfrfuf/k xzUFk ekuk tkrk gS] D;ksfa d ;g dbZ n`f”V
ls egRoiw.kZ gSA buds ckn ds xzUFkksa esa vgkscy dh Nk;k Li”V gSA vgkscy gh izFke O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus
laxhr ikfjtkr esa oh.kk ij Loj&LFkku fuf’pr djus ds fy, ,d uohu i)fr viukbZA bl i)fr ds
}kjk ,d lk/kkj.k O;fDr Hkh Loj dh LFkkiuk lgh <ax ls dj ldrk gSA
1-6-2 xzUFk esa laxhr ppkZ %&
;g xzUFk eaxykpj.k ls izkjEHk gksrk gSA blds ckn Loj] xzke] ewPNukZ] Loj&foLrkj] o.kZ] tkfr]
le; vkSj jkx izdj.k v/;k; esa laxhr ds ikfjHkkf”kd ‘kCnksa vkSj vU; ckrksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSaA Loj
izdj.k ds vUrxZr~ vgkscy us crk;k gS fd ân; fLFkr vukgr pØ esa ok;q vkSj vfXu ds la;ksx ls vkgr
ukn dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA vkxs mUgksaus crk;k fd ukn ds nks izdkj gksrs gSa & vkgr vkSj vukgrA
Ika0 vgkscy us Hkh vius bl xzUFk esa laxhr ls lEcf/kr yxHkx izR;sd fo”k; dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
bUgksaus Hkh vU; xzUFkdkjksa dh rjg 22 Jqfr;k¡ ekuh gSa vkSj mudk xzUFk esa o.kZu fd;k gS vkSj bu 22
Jqfr;ksa dks 7 ‘kq) Lojksa lk] js] x] e] Ik] /k] fu dks Øe’k% 4] 7] 9] 13] 17] 20 vkSj 22 Jqfr;ksa ij LFkkfir
fd;k gSAdgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd bl xzUFk esa Hkjr ds leku gh ^prq’prq’pSo* ‘yksd ds vk/kkj ij
lkr ‘kq) Lojksa dh LFkkiuk 22 Jqfr;ksa ij dh gS vFkkZr~ l] e] Ik dh pkj&pkj Jqfr;k¡] js] /k dh rhu&rhu
Jqfr;k¡ rFkk x] fu dh nks&nks Jqfr;k¡ gSa vkSj izR;sd ‘kq) Loj viuh vfUre Jqfr ij LFkkfir gksrk gSA
blesa ‘kq) vkSj fod`r 29 Lojksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ijUrq izR;{k :iesa 12 ‘kq)&fod`r Lojksa esa gh
lc jkxksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA Jqfr&Loj dh ifjHkk”kk ds vUrxZr~ ia0 vgkscy fy[krs gSa fd Jqfr vkSj Loj
esa vUrj gksuk vko’;d ughA nksuksa /ofu;k¡ gh lquh tk ldrh gSaA ‘kkL=kuqlkj mlesa ogh vUrj gS tks
liZ vkSj dq.Myh esa ;k Lo.kZ vkSj mlls cus vkHkw”k.kksa esa gksrk gSA fofHkUu jkxksa esa lkjh Jqfr;k¡ Loj cu
dj iz;qDr gksrh gSaA tks /ofu;k¡ ml jkx esa iz;qDr gksrh gSa] og ml jkx dh Loj cu tkrh gSa vkSj tks
iz;ksx esa ugh vkrha og dsoy Jqfr gh cuh jgrh gSaA ijEijk dk ikyu djrs gq, bUgksaus Jqfr dh la[;k
vkSj muds ukeksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA mUgksaus 22 Jqfr;ksa dks ik¡p Hksnksa esa ck¡Vk gSa tSls &&& nhIrk]
vk;rk] d:.kk] e`nq vkSj e/;kA bUgksaus Lojksa dks Hkh tkfr;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS tSls &&& lk&e&i dks
czká.k] js&/k dks {k=h;] vkSj x&fu dks oS’; dgk gSA blds vkxs mUgksaus Lojksa dh tUe Hkwfe]] muds jax
vkSj jl Hkh crk, gSaA

16
 xzke izdj.k ds vUrxZr~ ia0 vgkscy us “kM+t] e/;e vkSj xkU/kkj bu rhuksa xzkeksa ds Lo:iksa dk
o.kZu fd;k gSA ewPNukZ izdj.k ds vUrxZr~ ewPNukZ dh ifjHkk”kk nsrs gq, mUgksaus dsoy “kM+t xzke dh
ewPNZukvksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA e/;e vkSj xkU/kkj xzke dh ewPNZukvksa dks fcYdqy NksM+ fn;k gSA ‘kq) Lojksa
ls lkr ewPNZuk;sa cu ldrh Fkha fdUrq bUgksaus fod`r Lojksa ls Hkh lEiw.kZ tkfr dh ewPNZukvksa dh jpuk dh
gSA blds mijkUr mUgksaus “kkM+o tkfr dh ‘kq) vkSj fod`r Lojksa dh ewPNZukvksa dh jpuk dh vkSj var esa
vkSMo&”kkM+o tkfr dh ‘kq) vkSj fod`r Lojksa dh ewPNZukvksa dh jpuk dh A ia0 vgkscy us ;g crk;k gS
fd bu lc dks feyk nsus ls dsoy “kM+t xzke ls 4 yk[k] 20 gt+kj] 120 ewPNZukvksa dh jpuk gks ldrh
gSA
Loj izLrkj izdj.k ds vUrxZr~ bl xzUFk esa lkrksa Lojksa ds la;ksx ls 4]220 Loj lewgksa dh jpuk
crkbZ xbZ gSA o.kZy{k.ke~ v/;k; ds vUrxZr~ o.kZ dh ifjHkk”kk crkrs gq, o.kZ ds pkj izdkj crk, gSa
tSl&s && LFkkbZ] vkjksgh] vojksgh rFkk lapkjhA blesa vyadkj dh ifjHkk”kk bl izdkj crkbZ xbZ gS] ^^ Øes.k
LojlanHkZeyadkja izp{krsA** bl xzUFk esa vyadkj ds dbZ izdkj crk, x, gSa tSls &&& e`n]q uUn] foLrh.kZ]
ftr] lkse] fcUnq] xzho] Hkky] os.kh] izdk’kd vkfnA blesa LFkkbZ o.kZ ds 7] vkjksgh o.kZ ds 12] vojksgh o.kZ
ds Hkh 12 rFkk lapkjh o.kZ ds 25 dqy feykdj 56 o.kZ crk, x, gSaA blds vfrfjDr ia0 vgkscy us 5
vyadkj vkSj crk, gSaA bu lHkh vyadkjksa ds uke] y{k.k vkSj mnkgj.k laxhr ikfjtkr esa fn, x, gSaA
xed izdkj.k esa 7 ‘kq) tkfr;ksa “kM+tk] vk”kZHkh] xkU/kkjh] e/;ek] iapeh] /kSorh vkSj uS”kknh dk
laf{kIr ifjp; fn;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr bl xzUFk esa dafir] izR;kgr] LQqfjr] ?k”kZ.k] gqfEQr vkfn
xedksa dks le>k;k x;k gSA
le; izdj.k ds vUrxZr~ ia0 vgkscy us oh.kk ds rkj ij Lojksa dh LFkkiuk dk o.kZu Hkh fd;k gSA
bl xzUFk dh lcls cM+h fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd vgkscy us oh.kk ds [kqys rkj dh yEckbZ ij ‘kq) rFkk fod`r
Lojksa dh LFkkiuk dk iw.kZ o.kZu fd;k gS vkSj lkFk gh ‘kq)&fod`r Lojksa dh vkUnksyu la[;k Hkh nh gSA
vgkscy us oh.kk ds rkj ij Lojksa dh LFkkiuk laokn Hkko ls dh gSA
bl xzUFk esa ia0 vgkscy us fo’ks”k :ils jkxksa dks FkkVksa ds vUrxZr~ ugh j[kk ijUrq FkkVksa ds uke
dgha&dgha fn, x, gSa ftlls Li”V gS fd ml le; Hkh jkx dks FkkV ds vUrxZr~ j[kuk lk/kkj.k ckr
le>h tkrh gksA laxhr ikfjtkr esa yxHkx 122 vU; jkxksa dk o.kZu gSA izR;sd jkx ds o.kZu esa mlesa
yxus okys Loj] vkjksg&vojksg] xzg] U;kl vkSj ewPNZuk dk mYys[k djrs gSaA mudk ;g dguk gS fd tgk¡
U;kl] va’k dk mYys[k ugh fd;k x;k ogk¡ “kM+t dks gh U;kl Loj vkSj va’k Loj le>uk pkfg,A ftl
Loj lewg ls jkx vkjEHk gksrk gS mls vgkscy us mn~xzkgdkjd rku dgk gSA ia0 vgkscy dk ‘kq) FkkV
vk/kqfud dkQh FkkV ds leku gSA ijUrq vius eq[kkjh esy ds Loj jkekekR;k ds ln`”; ekurs gSaA bUgksaus
FkkV ds fy, esy ‘kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA buds }kjk Lohd`r esyksa esa mÙkj Hkkjrh; FkkV & fcykoy]
iwohZ] vklkojh vkfn n`f”Vxkspj gksrs gSaA dkQh FkkV ds Lojksa dks ‘kq) ekuus okys ia0 vgkscy us vk/kqfud

17
dY;k.k FkkV dh Hkh ppkZ dh gSA bUgksaus 122 jkxksa dh jpuk dh gS vkSj lkFk gh ^^jkt/kkuh** jkx dh Hkh
ppkZ dh gSA
vgkscy us ok|ksa dh Hkh ppkZ dh gSA mUgksaus jkt/kkuh uked ok| ¼oh.kk½ ds vfrfjDr jcko]
lqjflaxkj] tyrjax] lquknh ¼’kgukbZ½] paxq ¼pax½] rEcwj rFkk iVg ok| dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA iVg ok|
dks mUgksaus <ksyd ds uke ls of.kZr fd;k gSA bUgksaus ik¡p izdkj dh xhfr;k¡ ekuh gSa vkSj muds y{k.k Hkh
fn, gSaA blds Ik’pkr~ bl xzUFk esa 125 jkxksa dk ifjp; vkSj muds xk;u le; dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA
bl xzUFk esa dqy 500 ‘yksd gSaA bl xzUFk dk Qkjlh o fgUnh vuqokn Hkh gks pqdk gSAbl xzUFk
dk Qkjlh vuqokn 1724 bZ0 esa Jh nhukukFk }kjk fd;k x;k gS rFkk fgUnh vuqokn Jh dfyUn }kjk 1941
esa fd;k x;kA

1-7 jkx rRofocks/k %&

1-7-1 Hkwfedk %&
ia0 Jh fuokl dk ^^jkx rRo focks/k** xzUFk mÙkjh Hkkjr dk ekU; xzUFk gSA ;g xzUFk 17oha ‘krkCnh
ds yxHkx fy[kk x;kA ;|fi ;g ,d NksVk xzUFk gS] fdUrq dbZ n`f”V;ksa ls egRoiw.kZ gSA Jh fuokl us
vf/kdka’k LFkyksa ij vgkscy dk gh vuqlj.k fd;k gS] fdUrq dgha&dgha muls vkxs Hkh c<+ x, gSaA bUgksaus
Hkh ‘kq) vkSj fod`r Lojksa dh LFkkiuk oh.kk ds rkj dh lgk;rk ls dh gS vkSj Li”V ‘kCnksa esa bl fØ;k
dks le>k;kA bl fy, Hkh bl xzUFk dk cgqr egRo gSA
1-7-2 xzUFk esa esy vFkok FkkV ppkZ %&
Jh fuokl us vU; izkphu xzUFkdkjksa ds leku lHkh Lojksa dks mudh vfUre Jqfr ij j[kk vkSj viuk ‘kq)
FkkV vk/kqfud dkQh FkkV ds leku ekuk gSA Jhfuokl us 22 Jqfr;ksa ds iz;ksx dh vkKk nh gS ftu ij
12 Loj fLFkr gSA mUgksaus ,d esy ls Lojksa dh la[;k ds vuqlkj 484 jkxksa dh jpuk dh gSA bUgksaus esy
dh ifjHkk”kk djrs gq, dgk gS fd ftlesa jkx mRiUu djus dh {kerk gks ml Loj lewg dks esy dgrs gSaA
bUgksaus vius esyksa ds o.kZu esa dsoy 12 Jqfr;ksa dk gh iz;ksx fd;k gSA bl xzUFk esa esy ds rhu :Ik crk,
x, gSa &&&

1- lEiw.kZ esy
2- “kkM+o esy
3- vkSM+o esy

18
 ia0 Jh fuokl dk dguk gS fd tSls gh ,d esy dh vkjksg&vojksg dj nsrs gSa og rqjUr jkx cu
tkrk gSA blds Ik’pkr~ blesa ewPNZuk dh ifjHkk”kk dh xbZ gS vkSj dgk x;k gS fd lkr Lojksa dk Øekuqlkj
vkjksg&vojksg gh ewPNZuk gS rFkk ewPNZuk dk vk/kkj xzke ds Loj gSAa bUgksaus ewPNZuk ds fo”k; esa dqN de
mYys[k fd;k gSA
1-7-3 xzUFk esa of.kZr jkxk/;k; %&
jkxk/;k; esa leLr fooj.k ^laxhr ikfjtkr* ls fy;k x;k gSA buds le; esa jkx xk;u pkj Hkkxksa
esa djrs Fks] ftUgsa mn~xzkg] LFkkbZ] lapkjh vkSj eqDr;h dgrs FksA
mnxzkg %&
mnxzkg og Hkkx ekuk tkrk Fkk ftlls jkx dk izkjEHk gksrk FkkA
LFkkbZ %&
mnxzkg ds ckn LFkkbZ xkbZ tkrh FkhA
lapkjh %&
vkyki dk r`rh; Hkkx lapkjh dgykrk FkkA
eqDr;h %&
vfUre Hkkx eqDr;h dgykrk FkkA
Jhfuokl us esy] vkSM+o] “kkM+o] lEiw.kZ] FkkV jpuk fof/k fo”k;ksa vkfn ij foLr`r izdk’k Mkyk gSA
bUgksaus xzke] ewPNZuk vkfn izkphu fo”k;ksa ij cgqr de fy[kk gSA bu rF;ksa ls ;g Li”V gS fd mUgsa vk/kqfud
laxhr dk tUenkrk dgk tk ldrk gSAe/;dkyhu xzUFkdkjksa esa ia0 Jhfuokl gh vfUre xzUFkdkj ekus
tkrs gSaA

1-8 jkxrjafx.kh %&

1-8-1 Hkwfedk %&
^^jkxrjafx.kh** uked laxhr xzUFk 15oha ‘krkCnh ds yxHkx dfo ykspu }kjk fy[kk x;kA dqN
fo}ku bls 12oha ‘krh dk ekurs gSa vkSj dqN 14oha ‘krkCnh dk ysfdu ykspu us vius xzUFk esa t;nso vkSj
fo|kifr ds mnkgj.k fn, gSa] ;g nksuksa gh ‘kkL=dkj Øe’k% 12oha vkSj 14oha ‘krkCnh ds gSaA dqN ‘kkL=dkjksa
us ykspu dks jkekekR;k ls iwoZ rFkk vgkscy ls Hkh iwoZorhZ ekuk gSA vr% budk le; 15oha ‘krkCnh ekuuk
vf/kd U;k; laxr yxrk gSA e/; ;qx dk ;g igyk xzUFk gS ftlesa Hkkjrh; rFkk eqlyekuh izHkkoksa ls
fefJr laxhr voLFkk ij izdk’k Mkyk x;k gSA bl xzUFk esa xzke] ewPNZuk vkSj tkfr&xk;u ds LFkku ij
19
^tU;&tud* vFkok FkkV i)fr dk o.kZu fd;k gSA xk;u ds fuc) vkSj vfuc) izdkjksa dk o.kZu djus
ds mijkar bUgksaus Jqfr;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSAdfo ykspu us Hkh 22 Jqfr;ksa dks ekuk gS vkSj
^^prq’prq’prq’pSo**&& ‘yksd ds vk/kkj ij lkr ‘kq) Lojksa lk] js] x] e] i] /k] fu dh LFkkiuk 4] 7] 9]
13] 17] 20] 22 Jqfr;ksa ij Øekuqlkj izkphu xzUFkdkjksa ds leku gh mudh vfUre Jqfr ij dh gSA bUgksaus
bl xzUFk esa ,d lIrd esa 22 Jqfr;ksa rFkk 7 ‘kq) vkSj 9 fod`r dqy feyk dj 16 Lojksa dk o.kZu fd;k
gSA
Ykkspu us bl xzUFk esa vU; ikfjHkkf”kd ’kCnksa ds vfrfjDr Loj ds fy, dksey vkSj rhoz fo’ys”k.kksa
dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA bu fo’ys”k.kksa dk iz;ksx djus okys ;g izFke vkpk;Z jgs gSaA ykspu us ‘kq) Lojksa ls
igys vkus okys Lojksa dks dksey vkSj ckn esa vkus okys Lojksa dks rhoz] rhozrj] rhozre~ vkSj vfrrhozre~
fy[kk gSA

1-8-2 FkkV ppkZ %&

bl xzUFk esa jkx&jkfxuh&i)fr dks NksM+ dj FkkV i)fr viukbZ xbZ gSA dfo ykspu us viuk
‘kq) FkkV vkt ds dkQh FkkV ds leku ekuk gSA bUgksaus xzUFk esa 12 esy vFkok FkkVksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS
vkSj muds vUrxZr~ lHkh tU; jkxksa dks j[kkA ;s 12 FkkV bl izdkj gS&a &&
1- HkSjoh
2- rksM+h
3- xkSjh
4- d.kkZV
5- dsnkj
6- ,seu
7- Lkkjax
8- es?k
9- /kukJh
10- iwokZ
11- eq[kkjh
12- nhid
bUgksaus 12 FkkV eku dj muls mRiUu 75 jkxksa dk fooj.k fn;k gSA vk/kqfud FkkV jkx oxhZdj.k
dk chtkjksi.k jkxrjafx.kh }kjk gh gqvk yxrk gSA ;g Hkh ,d jkspd ckr gS fd buds tU; jkxksa esa ls
vusd jkxksa ds Loj ;oudky esa ifjofrZr dj fn, x, gSa fdUrq dqN jkxksa ds :Ik vkt Hkh T;ksa ds R;ksa
ik, tkrs gSaA bl xzUFk esa of.kZr jkx vkt Hkh izpkj esa gSaA ykspu us FkkV ds fy, ^laLFkku* ‘kCn dk

20
iz;ksx fd;k gSA jkxrjafx.kh esa fn, x, Loj uke] jkx uke mÙkjh laxhr i)fr ls feyrs gSaA bl xzUFk esa
jkxksa ds xk;u le; dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA bl xzUFk esa fefJr jkxksa ij Hkh ,d v/;k; fy[kk x;k
gSA
vU; ‘kkL=dkjksa dh HkkfUr ykspu Hkh ,d ,sfrgkfld ‘kkL=dkj ekus x, gSaA

1-9 vuwi foykl vkSj vuwi laxhr jRukdj %&

1-9-1 Hkwfedk %&
17oha ‘krkCnh ds vfUre pj.k esa fcdkusj ds jktk vuwiflag ds njckj esa fu;qDr ia0 HkkoHkÍ uked
fo}ku us vkSjaxtsc ds gh le; esa laxhr ds rhu xzUFkksa vuwi vadq’k vFkok vuqikadq’k] vuwi foykl rFkk
vuwi laxhr jRukdj dh jpuk dhA HkkoHkÍ nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr ds ys[kd FksA
1-9-2 vuwi foykl esa laxhr ppkZ %&
bu xzUFkksa esa ls vuwi foykl esa ukn] laxhr] ekuo ‘kjhj] 12 Jqfr;ksa] Loj] Lojksa ds fp= vkSj Hksn]
xzke] ewPNZuk] rkuksa ds izdkj] tkfr] vyadkj vkfn dh ifjHkk”kk nh xbZ gS rFkk 234 jkxksa dk o.kZu Hkh
fd;k x;k gSA budk ‘kq) FkkV ^eq[kkjh* gSA vuwi foykl dk yxHkx leLr Lojk/;k; ‘kkjaxnso ds
^jRukdj* ls fy;k x;k gSA mijksDr lHkh pht+kas dh ifjHkk”kk,a ^laxhr jRukdj* vkSj ^laxhr ikfjtkr* ls
yh xbZ gSaA
vuwi vadq’k esa Jqfr] jkx oxhZdj.k vkfn dk o.kZu gSA

1-9-3 vuwi laxhr jRukdj %&

vuwi laxhr jRukdj esa iqu% Jqfr] Loj] xzke] ewPNZuk] rku] o.kZ] vyadkj vkfn dh ifjHkk”kk ‘kkjaxnso d`r
laxhr jRukdj ds vuqlkj nh gSaA blds vfrfjDr bl xzUFk ds jkxk/;k; esa jkxksa dk o.kZu rks fd;k gh
x;k gS lkFk gh dqN izpfyr jkxksa ds Hksnksa dks Hkh crk;k x;k gS tSls UkV ds Hksnksa ds vUrxZr~ ‘kq)uV]
lkyaxuV] Nk;kuV] dsnkjuV] dY;k.kuV] ojkVhuV] lkjaxhuV] foHkkluV] gehjuV] iwfj;kuV bR;kfnA
blds Ik’pkr~ dqN jkxksa ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa dk o.kZu gSA blds vfrfjDr blesa /kzqin xhr laxzg rFkk dokM+
y; vkfn dk ifjp; Hkh fn;k x;k gSAbl xzUFk esa /kzqinksa dk ladyu Hkh fd;k x;k gS fdUrq mudh
Lojfyfi ugh nh xbZ gSA bl xzUFk esa iqMa fjd dh ^jkx&eatjh* ls muds FkkVksa] Lojksa o TkU; jkxksa dks T;ksa
dk R;ksa udy dj fy;k gSAbu xzUFkksa dk v/;;u djus ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd buesa of.kZr lkexzh iwoZ
vkpk;ksaZ dk gh vuqlj.k ek= gSA

21
1-10 egRoiw.kZ iz’u %&
iz0-1- laxhr ikfjtkr esa laxhr dh ppkZ ij izdk’k Mkfy,A
iz0-2- prqZn.Mh izdkf’kdk vkSj laxhr niZ.k fdlds }kjk jfpr xzUFk gS \
iz0-3- Lojesy dykfuf/k esa fdrus izdj.k gSa \
iz0-4- laxhr jRukdj ds fdrus v/;k; gSa \ fdUgha nks dk mYys[k djsaA

1-11 lkjka’k %&

Lkaxhr lEcU/kh fHkUu&fHkUu xzUFkksa esa laxhr ds fo”k; esa o.kZu feyrk gSA ;s xzUFk dc vkSj fdlds
}kjk jps x, rFkk buds jpukdkjksa us bu xzUFkksa esa laxhr ds fo”k; esa D;k&D;k mYys[k fd;k gS ;s lHkh
tkudkjh gesa bu xzUFkksa ls feyrh gSA bu xzUFkksa ds v/;;u ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd tc ;s xzUFk jps x,
ml le; dk ;k mlls igys dk D;k laxhr Fkk] laxhr dh n’kk o fn’kk D;k Fkh vkSj laxhr dh mRifÙk
ls ysdj ml xzUFk ds jpukdky rd laxhr dk fdruk ifjorZu] fodkl o izpkj&izlkj gqvkA laxhr ds
dkSu&dkSu ls igyw ml le; izpfyr Fks ;k dkSu lh pht+sa igys Fkha vkSj ckn esa yqIr gks xbZA laxhr esa
D;k&D;k ubZ [kkst gqbZa bR;kfn tSls && Jqfr] Loj] FkkV] jkx] izkphu vkSj vk/kqfud xk;u oknu ‘kSfy;ka]
rky] ok|] laxhr dk ‘kkL=kRed rFkk fØ;kRed i{k ds fo”k; esa bu lHkh xzUFkksa esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

1-12 ‘kCndks’k %&

1- JqR;karj &Jqfr;ksa ds chp dk vUrjA
2- okXxs;dkj & tks laxhr dh rhuksa fo/kkvksa esa fuiq.k gks] dkO; dk Hkh tkudkj gks] vkSj jpukdkj
Hkh gksA

1-13 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj %&

iz0-1- ykspu }kjk jkx rjafx.kh esa laxhr dh ppkZ ij izdk’k Mkfy,A
m0- ^^jkxrjafx.kh** uked laxhr xzUFk 15oha ‘krkCnh ds yxHkx dfo ykspu }kjk fy[kk x;kA dqN fo}ku
bls 12oha ‘krh dk ekurs gSa vkSj dqN 14oha ‘krkCnh dk ysfdu ykspu us vius xzUFk esa t;nso vkSj fo|kifr
ds mnkgj.k fn, gSa] ;g nksuksa gh ‘kkL=dkj Øe’k% 12oha vkSj 14oha ‘krkCnh ds gSaA dqN ‘kkL=dkjksa us ykspu
dks jkekekR;k ls iwoZ rFkk vgkscy ls Hkh iwoZorhZ ekuk gSA vr% budk le; 15oha ‘krkCnh ekuuk vf/kd
U;k; laxr yxrk gSA e/; ;qx dk ;g igyk xzUFk gS ftlesa Hkkjrh; rFkk eqlyekuh izHkkoksa ls fefJr
laxhr voLFkk ij izdk’k Mkyk x;k gSA bl xzUFk esa xzke] ewPNZuk vkSj tkfr&xk;u ds LFkku ij
22
^tU;&tud* vFkok FkkV i)fr dk o.kZu fd;k gSA xk;u ds fuc) vkSj vfuc) izdkjksa dk o.kZu djus
ds mijkar bUgksaus Jqfr;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSAdfo ykspu us Hkh 22 Jqfr;ksa dks ekuk gS vkSj
^^prq’prq’prq’pSo**&& ‘yksd ds vk/kkj ij lkr ‘kq) Lojksa lk] js] x] e] i] /k] fu dh LFkkiuk 4] 7] 9]
13] 17] 20] 22 Jqfr;ksa ij Øekuqlkj izkphu xzUFkdkjksa ds leku gh mudh vfUre Jqfr ij dh gSA bUgksaus
bl xzUFk esa ,d lIrd esa 22 Jqfr;ksa rFkk 7 ‘kq) vkSj 9 fod`r dqy feyk dj 16 Lojksa dk o.kZu fd;k
gSA
Ykkspu us bl xzUFk esa vU; ikfjHkkf”kd ’kCnksa ds vfrfjDr Loj ds fy, dksey vkSj rhoz fo’ys”k.kksa
dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA bu fo’ys”k.kksa dk iz;ksx djus okys ;g izFke vkpk;Z jgs gSaA ykspu us ‘kq) Lojksa ls
igys vkus okys Lojksa dks dksey vkSj ckn esa vkus okys Lojksa dks rhoz] rhozrj] rhozre~ vkSj vfrrhozre~
fy[kk gSA
FkkV ppkZ %&
bl xzUFk esa jkx&jkfxuh&i)fr dks NksM+ dj FkkV i)fr viukbZ xbZ gSA dfo ykspu us viuk
‘kq) FkkV vkt ds dkQh FkkV ds leku ekuk gSA bUgksaus xzUFk esa 12 esy vFkok FkkVksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS
vkSj muds vUrxZr~ lHkh tU; jkxksa dks j[kkA ;s 12 FkkV bl izdkj gS&a &&
1- HkSjoh
2- rksM+h
3- xkSjh
4- d.kkZV
5- dsnkj
6- ,seu
7- Lkkjax
8- es?k
9- /kukJh
10- iwokZ
11- eq[kkjh
12- nhid
bUgksaus 12 FkkV eku dj muls mRiUu 75 jkxksa dk fooj.k fn;k gSA vk/kqfud FkkV jkx oxhZdj.k
dk chtkjksi.k jkxrjafx.kh }kjk gh gqvk yxrk gSA ;g Hkh ,d jkspd ckr gS fd buds tU; jkxksa esa ls
vusd jkxksa ds Loj ;oudky esa ifjofrZr dj fn, x, gSa fdUrq dqN jkxksa ds :Ik vkt Hkh T;ksa ds R;ksa
ik, tkrs gSaA bl xzUFk esa of.kZr jkx vkt Hkh izpkj esa gSaA ykspu us FkkV ds fy, ^laLFkku* ‘kCn dk
iz;ksx fd;k gSA jkxrjafx.kh esa fn, x, Loj uke] jkx uke mÙkjh laxhr i)fr ls feyrs gSaA bl xzUFk esa

23
jkxksa ds xk;u le; dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA bl xzUFk esa fefJr jkxksa ij Hkh ,d v/;k; fy[kk x;k
gSA
vU; ‘kkL=dkjksa dh HkkfUr ykspu Hkh ,d ,sfrgkfld ‘kkL=dkj ekus x, gSaA
iz0-2- prqZn.Mh izdkf’kdk fdlds }kjk jfpr xzUFk gS \
m0- vkSjaxtsc ds ‘kkludky ds vkjEHk esa ratkSj ds ujs’k fot; jk?ko ds vuqjks/k ij iafMr O;adVeq[kh
us ^^prqZnf.Mizdkf’kdk** uked xzUFk dh jpuk dhA lu~ 1660 bZ0 ds yxHkx ‘kkjaxnso xq:&ijEijk ds
f’k”; ia0 O;adVeq[kh us nf{k.kh i)fr ds vk/kkj ij laxhr ds bl xzUFk dh jpuk dhA ;g nf{k.kh laxhr
dk xzUFk gS vkSj ‘kkjaxnso d`r laxhr jRukdj ij cgqr dqN vk/kkfjr gSA ia0 O;adVeq[kh prqFkZ n.Mh
lEiznk; ds Fks vkSj bUgksaus xksiky uk;d dks Hkh blh lEiznk; dk izorZd dgk gSA prqnZ .Mh lEiznk; ds
pkjksa n.Mksa dh dYiuk fo’kq) Hkkjrh; jgh gSA bl lEiznk; esa Lojksa dh la[;k 12 gh Lohdkj dh xbZ
gSA
iz0-3- Lojesy dykfuf/k esa fdrus izdj.k gSa \
m0- lu~ 1550 bZ0 ds yxHkx dukZVd laxhr dk ,d izfl) xzUFk ^Lojesy&dykfuf/k* jkekekR;k }kjk
fy[kk x;kA jkekekR;k fot; uxj lkezkT; ds egkeU=h FksA ‘kkL=dkjksa dk er gS fd Lojesy&dykfuf/k
dh jpuk ckn’kkg vdcj ds ckY;dky esa gh gks pqdh FkhA bl xzUFk dh jpuk laLd`r Hkk”kk esa gqbZ FkhA
;g esy fl)kUr dk loZiFz ke xzUFk ekuk x;k gSA
izdj.k %&
bl NksVs ls xzUFk esa ik¡p izdj.k gSaA tks fd bl izdkj gSa &&&
1- miksn~?kkrizdj.k
2- Loj izdj.k
3- oh.kk izdj.k
4- esy izdj.k
5- jkx izdj.k
iz0-4- laxhr jRukdj ds fdrus v/;k; gSa \ fdlh ,d dk mYys[k djsaA
m0- ;g xzUFk eq[; lkr v/;k;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
1- Lojk/;k;
2- jkx foosdk/;k;
3- izdh.kZdk/;k;
4- izcU/kk/;k;
5- rkyk/;k;
24
 6- ok|k/;k;
7- urZuk/;k;
lkr v/;k; gksus ds dkj.k bl xzUFk dks ^lIrk/;k;h* Hkh dgrs gSaA bl xzUFk esa izkphu laxhr
¼xk;u]oknu]u`R;½ dk foLr`r fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA bl xzUFk ds lkr v/;k;ksa esa tks o.kZu fd;k x;k gS
oks bl izdkj gS %&
izFke v/;k; %&
laxhr jRukdj dk izFke v/;k; ^Lojk/;k;* gSA bl v/;k; esa ukn dk Lo:Ik] uknksRifÙk vkSj
mlds Hksn] lkj.kkprq”VbZ] xzke] ewNuZ k] rku&fu:i.k] Loj vkSj tkfr lk/kkj.k] o.kZ] vyadkj rFkk tkfr;ksa
dk foLr`r o.kZu fn;k x;k gSA lkj.kkprq”VbZ iz;ksx ds vUrxZr~ Hkjr us Loj oh.kk vkSj ‘kkjaxnso us Jqfr
oh.kk ij iz;ksx fd;kA blfy, Hkjr us lkr rkj vkSj ‘kkjaxnso us 21 rkj ck¡/ks FksA ewNuZ k ds vUrxZr~
mUgksaus lHkh ewNZukvksa dks “kM+t xzke esa f[kldk fn;k vkSj izR;sd ewNuZ k dks “kM+t xzke ls izkjEHk fd;k
ftlls mUgsa fod`r Lojksa dh ij[k gqbZA muds le; rd dsoy nks gh fod`r Loj ekus tkrs FksA muds
Lojksa dh fo’ks”krk ;g Fkh fd dksbZ Hkh Loj vius LFkku ls gV tkus ij fod`r rks gksrk gh Fkk] vius LFkku
ij jgrs gq, Hkh vUrjky vFkkZr~ JqR;karj gksus ij Hkh fod`r gks tkrk FkkAbUgksaus ‘kq) vkSj fod`r dqy
feykdj 12 Loj ekus gSa rFkk Hkjr ds leku 18 tkfr;k¡ ekuh gSaA vðkjg tkfr;ksa ds 13 y{k.k ekus gSa
tks fd bl izdkj gSa &&& xzg] va’k] U;kl] viU;kl] lU;kl] foU;kl] vYiRo] cgqRo] vkSM+Ro] “kkM+Ro] eanz]
rkj vkSj vUrekZxAia0 ‘kkjaxnso us laxhr jRukdj esa 22 Jqfr;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS vkSj os Lojksa dk
ikjLifjd lEcU/k ekywe djus ds fy, Jqfr dk ,d fuf’pr izek.k Lohdkj dj viuh 22 Jqfr;ksa dks
ekurs gSaA

1-14 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph %&

1- Hkkjrh; laxhr ¼,d ,sfrgkfld fo’ys”k.k½] izks0 Lora= ‘kekZ] vfHkuo ifCyf’kax gkWml] bykgkckn]
2014A
2- laxhr fo’kkjn] clar] laxhr dk;kZy; gkFkjl] m- iz-] tuojh 1997] 21ok¡ laLdj.kA

&%&%&%&%&%&%&

25
 LESSON – 2
The contribution to the music of the following
musicians/musicologists
Raja Man Singh Tomar, S.M Tagore, V.D Plusker, Ravinder
Nath Tagore, Kumar Gandharava, V.N Bhatkhande, Dr.
Krishan Narayan Ratan Janker, Pt. Omkar Nath Thakur, Dr.
K.C.D. Brihaspati, Dr. Lalmani Mishra, Raja Nawab Ali

Structure :
2-0 mns’;
2-1 Hkwfedk
2-2 jktk eku flag rksej
2-3 ,l- ,e- VSxksj
2-4 fo”.kq fnxEcj iyqLdj
2-5 jfoUnz ukFk VSxksj
2-6 dqekj xU/koZ
2-7 fo”.kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms
2-8 Mk0 d`”.k ukjk;.k jrutudj
2-9 ia0 vksedkj ukFk Bkdqj
2-10 Mk0 ds- lh- Mh- c`gLifr
2-11 Mk0 yky e.kh feJ
2-12 egRoiw.kZ iz’u
2-13 lkjka’k
2-14 ‘kCndks”k
2-15 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj
26
2-16 lanHkZ xzFa k lwph

2-0 mns’; %&

bl ikB dk v/;;u djus ls ge gekjs laxhr txr ds fo[;kr laxhrKksa ,oa muds laxhr ds
{ks= esa fd, x, dk;ksaZ ds fo”k; esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsaxsA

2-1 Hkwfedk %&

gekjs laxhr esa cgqr ls laxhrK ,oa laxhr dykdkj gq, gSaA ftUgksaus laxhr ds {ks= esa vius egku
;ksxnku ls laxhr dks lnSo Å¡pkb;ksa ij igq¡pk;kA bUgksaus vius&vius le; esa laxhr ds fodkl]
izpkj&izlkj ds fy, vewY; dk;Z fd,A ftlds dkj.k vkt ge laxhr ds ,d ifjiDo fo”k; dks vius
lkeus ikrs gSaA bu lHkh laxhrKksa ,oa laxhr dykdkjksa us viuh&viuh ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj laxhr esa dqN
u dqN u;k fd;k vkSj gesa laxhr dh ckjhfd;ksa vkSj xgjkb;ksa ls voxr djok;kA vusd xzUFkksa vkSj laxhr
lEcU/kh vusd pht+kas dh jpuk dhA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd laxhr esa buds fn, ;ksxnku ls laxhr ls
tqM+s lHkh ykxksa dks ykHk izkIr gks jgk gS vkSj gksrk jgsxkA

2-2 jktk ekuflag rksej

laxhr dyk ds {ks= esa Xokfy;j viuk ,d fof’k”V LFkku j[krk gSA rksej oa’kh; jktkvksa us ;gk¡
,d ‘krkCnh rd ‘kklu fd;kA bl jkt oa’k ds vusd ujs’kksa us ckgq&cy vkSj jkT;cy ds LkkFk&lkFk ,d
fo’kky vkSj dyk&izes h ân; Hkh ik;k Fkk] ftlds dkj.k os lkfgR; o laxhr dyk ds vkJ;nkrk vkSj
iks’kd Hkh cusA rksej ujs’kksa us vius dyk izes ls Xokfy;j dk laxhr dyk ds {ks= esa ,d fof’k”V LFkku
cuk fn;k FkkA
blh rksej oa’k ds egkjktk ekuflag dk laxhr Kku cgqr mPpdksVh dk FkkA jktk ekuflag us
jk”æ dh mFky&iqFky ds e/; Hkkjrh; laxhr dk fodkl fd;kA tc izkphu ‘kkL=h; laxhr ls turk
foeq[k gks jgh Fkh rc eqYrku ds ‘ks[k~ cgkmÌhu tdfj;k jkxksa dk feJ.k dj ubZ /kqusa cuk jgk Fkk] xqtjkr
dk lqYrku gqlSu Hkkjrh; jkxksa dks bZjkuh :i ns jgk Fkk] ml le; jktk ekuflag us turk dh :fp dk
vuqHko dj /kziq n tSlh xk;dh dk izpkj dj izkphu ‘kkL=h; laxhr dh j{kk dhA
jktk ekuflag ds njckj esa dbZ izfl) xk;d&oknd jgrs Fks] ftuesa cStw] cD’kq] pjtw] Hkxoku]
/kksaMw rFkk jkenkl ds uke mYys[kuh; gSaA bUgksaus vius ;gk¡ ds mPpdksVh ds xk;d&okndkas dh lgk;rk
ls jkxksa dh la[;k rFkk muds izdkjksa dks foLrkj iwoZd O;k[;k lfgr fyfic) djds ^^ekudkSrqgy** uked
,d xzFa k dh jpuk vius xk;d&okndkas dh lgk;rk ls dh] ftldk Qkjlh vuqokn 1673 bZ0 esa ^^laxhr
27
niZ.k** ds uke ls QdhjmYyk ds }kjk gqvkA laxhr esa egku dk;Z djus okys bl ;qxkUrdkjh iq:”k dks
/kzqin ds iqu%LFkkiuk dk iwjk Js; tkrk gSA dgrs gSa blh ds dkj.k Xokfy;j laxhr dk lkSje.My cukA
laxhr dyk ds LkkFk&lkFk lkfgfR;d Kku Hkh ekuflag esa ;Fks”V FkkA ftldk izek.k ^^ ekudkSrgq y ** esa
fn, muds Lojfpr in gSaA jktk ekuflag ds }kjk /kzoq in ds vkfo”dkj ds lEcU/k esa QdhjmYyk us ^^jkx
niZ.k** esa fy[kk gS %&
^^ekuflag ds bl vn~Hkqr vkfo”dkj ds fy, xk;u&’kkL= lnk mudk vkHkkjh jgsxk] dnkfpr vkxs
pydj dksbZ xk;d jktk ekuflag ds leku xk;u ‘kkL= esa izoh.k gks rks ijekRek dh vikj yhyk ls /kzqin
tSls vU; xhr dh jpuk dj lds] ijUrq vHkh rks ;g fopkj gS fd ,slk gksuk vlEHko gSA** ekudkSrgq y
dh vlyh izfr rks vc izkIr ugha gksrhA ^^ekudkSrqgy** esa Js”B ok.khdkj dh fo’ks”krkvksa ds ckjs esa jktk
ekuflag fy[krs gSa %&
^^Js”B xk;d rFkk jpf;rk dks O;kdj.k] fiaxy] vyadkj] jl] Hkko] ns’kkpkj] yksdkpkj dk vPNk
Kku gksuk pkfg, rFkk ‘kCn&Kku esa Hkh izoh.k gksuk pkfg,A mldh izof` r] dykuqoUrha rFkk le; ls
lkeatL; LFkkfir djus okyh gksuh pkfg,A mlds xhr fofp= vkSj vuwBs gksus pkfg,] izkphu jpuk,a
daBLFk gksuh pkfg, rFkk laxhr] u`R;] ok| esa mldh iSB gksus ds vfrfjDr izcU/k dk mÙke Kku Hkh gksuk
pkfg,A**
jktk ekuflag laxhrKksa dk cM+k lEeku djrk FkkA mlds njckj esa vusd laxhrK jgrs FksA
cStwckojk jktk eku dk izfl) njckjh laxhrK FkkA ,l0 ,e0 Bkdqj viuh iqLrd ^^ Hindu Music
from various authers ** esa fy[krs gSa ^^ Xokfy;j ds laxhr lEiznk; dk vkjEHk jktk ekuflag
rksej ds le; ls gksrk gSA mUgha ds ‘kklu dky esa izfl) uk;d cD’kw jgrs Fks ftudk lqe/kqj laxhr
rkulsu ds ckn viuk egRo j[krk gSA** tSlk fd crk;k Hkh x;k gS fd jktk ekuflag Lo;a Hkh ,d egku
laxhrK Fks] ftUgksaus Hkkjrh; laxhr ds fodkl ds fy, cgqr iz;Ru fd,A
jktk ekuflag us 30 o”kZ rd laxhr txr dh lsok dh gSA fons’kh vkØe.kksa ds izHkko ls Hkkjrh;
laxhr Hkh fons’kh :i esa <d jgk Fkk vkSj ml le; Hkkjrh; dykdkjksa ds oa’k ds tks dqN jkxksa ds :i
lqjf{kr jg x, Fks mudk fo”k; Hkh ihjks]a iSxEcjksa ;k lqfQ;ksa dh Lrqfr gks x;k Fkk ijUrq izrkfi ujs’k
ekuflag ds laxhr vky; eas mu dykdkjksa us vius jkxksa }kjk nsoh&nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr ds lkFk&lkFk ohj
jl dh xw¡t Hkh viuh Loj ygjh esa Hkj nhA bl izdkj ekuflag }kjk dykdkjksa dh xk;u&oknu ‘kSyh ds
izkphu :i dks mHkkjus dh ;FkklEHko ps”Vk dh xbZA
jktk ekuflag }kjk lkoZtfud laxhr lekjksg Hkh djok, tkrs Fks ftlesa ckgj ds dykdkj Hkh
vkefU=r gksrs FksA ;s Lo;a Hkh mu lekjksgksa esa Hkkx fy;k djrs FksA

28
 bl izdkj jktk ekuflag tgk¡ Lo;a ,d egku laxhrK vkSj laxhr izes h Fks] ogk¡ laxhr ds fodkl
ds fy, fujUrj iz;Ru djdss Hkkjrh; laxhr ds ‘kq) :i dks lnSo lqjf{kr j[kus dk gj lEHko iz;Ru
fd;kA laxhr txr lnSo bl egku foHkwfr dk vkHkkjh jgsxkA

2-3 ,l0 ,e0 VSxksj dk thou ifjp; vkSj ;ksxnku %&

mUuhloha ‘krkCnh ds mÙkjk/kZ esa caxky esa vusd laxhrK iSnk gq, ftUgksaus laxhr dks cgqr le`)
fd;kA mu laxhrKksa esa jktk lqjsUnz eksgu VSxksj dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA ;s ,d egku laxhrK Fks ftUgksaus
laxhr ds fØ;kRed :Ik dh le`f) ds lkFk&lkFk laxhr ‘kkL= dh vksj Hkh /;ku fn;kA buds le; esa
jkx&jkfxuh i)fr dk izpyu FkkA vr% bUgksaus bl i)fr dks viuk;k vkSj laxhr dh foKkfudrk vkSj
lw{kerk dks izdk’k esa ykus ds mns’; ls bUgksaus jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds xhr] ok|ksa dh cafn’ksa] vkyki vkSj rky
dks iznf’kZr djus dk dk;Z fd;kA bl dk;Z gsrq bUgksaus ^^Six Ragas and Thirty Six
Raginis” uked xzUFk dh jpuk dh ftldk izdk’ku lu~ 1887 bZ0 esa gqvkA
buds }kjk fyf[kr xzUFk “English verses set to Hindu Music” lu~1875 esa izdkf’kr
gqvkA bUgksaus Hkkjrh; laxhr ds v/;;u ds lkFk vU; ns’kksa ds laxhr dk Hkh v/;;u fd;k vkSj bu lcdk
lkjka’k mUgksaus “Universal History of Music” uked xzUFk esa fy[kkA bl egku xzUFk esa
lc ns’kksa ds laxhr dk ifjp; fn;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr budh ,d vkSj iqLrd “Hindu
Music” gS ftlesa vaxzts +kas }kjk fyf[kr iqLrdksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu gS vkSj Hkkjrh; laxhr lEcU/kh ys[kksa
dk laxzg gSA
ia0 Hkkr[k.Ms th ,l0 ,e0 Bkdqj ds fo”k; esa fy[krs gSa] ^^fiNyh ‘krkCnh ds mÙkjk/kZ esa caxky ds izfl)
fo}ku vkSj laxhrK jktk ,l0 ,e0 Bkdqj ds Lekjd xzUFkksa dh jpuk gqbZA mUgksaus gekjh jkӾh; dyk ds
fy, tks dqN fd;k vkus okys dbZ o”kksaZ rd mldh lerk ugh gks ldrhA Jh;qr Bkdqj ds xzUFkksa dh
la[;k bruh vf/kd gS fd mudk iw.kZ mYys[k djuk ;gk¡ lEHko ughaA cax ns’k dks viuh bl larku ij
xoZ gSA ^daB dkSeqnh*] ^laxhr lkj* vkSj ^;U= {ks= nhfidk* vkfn muds izdk’ku viuk xq.k Lo;a iznf’kZr
djrs gSaA** bl izdkj lqjsUnz eksgu VSxksj dk uke laxhr txr esa lEeku ls fy;k tkrk gSA

2-4 ia0 fo”.kq fnxEcj IyqLdj dk thou ifjp; vkSj ;ksxnku

ia0 fo”.kq fnxEcj IyqLdj dk tUe 10 vxLr 1872 bZ0 dks dq:UnokM+ esa Jko.k iqf.kZek ds fnu gqvkA
buds firk dk uke fnxEcj iar rFkk ekrk dk uke xaxk nsoh FkkA buds ekrk&firk is’ks ls dhrZudkj FksA
;s budk ikjEifjd O;olk; FkkA ?kj esa laxhr dk okrkoj.k gksus ds dkj.k bUgsa Hkh laxhr esa :fp gksus
yxhA
29
cpiu esa iafMr th cgqr gh papy LoHkko ds cPps FksA ,d fnu ,d ,slh nq?kZVuk ?kVh ftlls buds
thou esa ,d ifjorZu vk x;kA nhikoyh ds fnu iVk[ks pykrs gq, ,d iVk[kk buds eq[k ds Åij QV
x;k ftlds dkj.k budh vk¡[kksa dh jkS’kuh pyh xbZA rc buds firk us ?kj ds okrkoj.k dks ns[krs gq,
vkSj buds Hkfo”; dks ns[krs gq, buds fy, laxhr ds ekxZ dks pqukA ftlds fy, bUgsa ml le; ds izfl)
laxhrdkj ia0 cky d`”.k cqvk ds ;gk¡ laxhr dh f’k{kk ysus ds fy, Hkstk x;kA xq: ds ikl jg dj
fnxEcj th mudh lsok djrs vkSj oghs ij mUgsa laxhr f’k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk [kkuk&ihuk Hkh feyrk FkkA
bUgksaus laxhr lh[kus esa cgqr esgur dh vkSj vius xq: dh xk;dh dks iw.kZ :Ik ls xzg.k dj fy;kA
iafMr th ds le; esa laxhr dk ,slk ;qx Fkk tc laxhr dh /ofu dsoy oS’;kvksa vkSj jkt?kjkuksa esa gh
lquus dks feyrh FkhA lk/kkj.k turk rd laxhr ugh igq¡pk FkkA ckgj xkuk rks nwj ;fn ?kj esa Hkh dksbZ
/kqu xquxqukrk Fkk rks mls cqjh n`f”V ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;s gS fd ml le; ?kj&lekt
esa xkuk&ctkuk cqjk le>k tkrk FkkA blds dkj.k laxhr lh[kuk vkSj fl[kkuk dfBu FkkA tc iafMr th
ckgj FkksM+k&cgqr xk;u djus yxs vkSj budk uke lekt esa izfl) gksus yxk rc buds O;fDrRo ds izHkko
ls lH; lekt esa laxhr lh[kus dh ykylk tkx`r gksus yxhA b/kj iafMr th us Hkh lekt esa tks dqjhfr;k¡
ns[kha mUgsa nwj djus vkSj lekt esa laxhr dykdkjksa dks eku&izfr”Bk izkIr djus ds fy, dk;Z djus ds
fy, lkspkA blds fy, mUgksaus laxhr ds izpkj gsrq Hkze.k djuk vkjEHk fd;kA LFkku&LFkku ij vius
laxhr ds dk;ZØe izLrqr djds iafMr th us vius lqe/kqj vkd”kZd laxhr ls laxhr izes h turk dks
vkRe&foHkksj dj fn;kA
bUgksaus lekt esa laxhr dks ,d mRd`”V vkSj lEekfur LFkku izkIr djus ds fy, vusd dk;Z fd,A
bUgksaus lcls igys iFk Hkz”V laxhr ds cksyksa dks vFkkZr~ J`axkj jl esa fy[ks v’yhy ‘kCnksa dks fudkyk vkSj
muesa ubZ /kkfeZd o lgh vFkksZa okyh ‘kCn jpukvksa dks LFkkfir fd;kA tks laxhr dsoy ?kjkuksa rd rFkk
dqN fxus&pqus yksxksa rd flfer Fkk mls tulk/kkj.k rd igq¡pkus ds fy, iz;Ru fd,A blds fy, mUgksaus
dbZ laxhr fo|ky; LFkkfir fd,A ftuesa 5 ebZ] lu~ 1901 esa ykgkSj esa xkU/koZ egkfo|ky; [kksykA bldk
eq[; dsUnz cEcbZ tks vkt dk eqEcbZ gS esa [kksyk x;kA iafMr th ds laxhr dk;Z dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy,
buds f’k”;ksa ds lkewfgd iz;Ru ls ^^xkU/koZ egkfo|ky; e.My** dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ] ftlds vUrxZr
fofHkUu uxjksa esa dbZ laxhr ds dsUnz LFkkfir fd, x,A /khjs&/khjs iafMr th us lkspk fd laxhr dks vkSj
vf/kd yksxksa rd igq¡pkuk vko’;d gS vr% mUgksaus laxhr ds fØ;kRed i{k dks le>us ds fy, ,d
Lojfyfi i)fr Hkh rS;kj dh ftlls yksx laxhr iqLrdksa ds ek/;e ls Hkh laxhr dks le> ldsaA ;s
Lojfyfi i)fr Hkkr[k.Ms Lojfyfi i)fr ls fHkUu gSA loZ izFke bUgksaus us gh Lojfyfi i)fr dk vkfo”dkj
fd;kA ;s i)fr bUgha ds uke ls tkuh xbZ] ftls ^^IyqLdj laxhr Lojfyfi i)fr** ds uke ls tkuk x;kA
blds vfrfjDr iafMr th us 50 ds yxHkx iqLrdsa Hkh fy[khaA ftuesa mudh dqN eq[; iqLrdsa bl
izdkj gSa& laxhr cky cks/k] Lojkyki&xk;u] laxhr rRo n’kZd] jkx izo’s k] laxhr f’k{kd] efgyk laxhr]
Hktuke`rygjh bR;kfnA blds vfrfjDr mudh ,d ekfld if=dk Hkh ukfld ls fudyrh jgh ftldk
uke Fkk ^^laxhrke`r&izokg**A
30
iafMr fo”.kq fnxEcj th laxhr ds izpkjkFkZ b/kj&m/kj tk;k djrs Fks ftlds dkj.k budk laxhrpkjksa vksj
;’k vftZr dj jgk FkkA blh ds vUrxZr cM+kSnk laxhr lEesyu esa ogk¡ dh egkjkuh ;equkckbZ xk;dokM+
us bUgsa cgqr ls iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;kA egkjktk Xokfy;j us Hkh bUgsa dbZ iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur
fd;kA
;s laxhr ds izpkjkFkZ fnYyh vkSj Hkjriqj esa Hkh jgsA ogk¡ ;s cM+&s cM+s laxhr dykdkjksa ls feys vkSj
muds rFkk vius fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku fd;kA laxhr dk lPpk dykdkj iwjh mez dqN u dqN lh[krk
jgrk gS vr% ;s Hkh dykdkjksa ls dqN u dqN xzg.k djrs jgsA ys[kd fo”.kq fuDljdj us viuh ejkBh
iqLrd esa fy[kk gS fd ia0 th dks Hkxoku nrk=s; dh d`ik ls gh laxhr izpkj dh ‘kfDr feyh vkSj muds
laxhr esa peRdkj vk;kA twukx<+ ds ikl fxjukj ioZr ij nrk=s; dk ,d ifo= efUnj gSA ,d fnu
iafMr th vius f’k”;ksa ds lkFk n’kZu ds fy, tk jgs Fks fd rHkh ,d oSjkxh us iafMr th ls dgk vkSj
vk’khZokn fn;k fd rqe laxhr ds izpkj gsrq mÙkj iatkc esa tkvks vkSj dk;Z vkjEHk djks rqEgsa vo’; gh
lQyrk feysxhA oSjkxh dh og ckr lp fudyh] D;ksafd ftruk eku iafMr th dks iatkc esa feyk mruk
dgha vkSj izkIr ugha gqvkA
buds 12 iq= gq, ftuesa ls 11 iq= ckY;dky eas gh py clsA buds 12osa iq= nrk=s; fo”.kq IyqLdj gq,]
tks fd laxhr ds egku dykdkj gq,A bUgksaus laxhr dh lsok 35 o”kZ rd dh vkSj cgqr gh NksVh vk;q esa
;s Hkh py clsA lu~ 1955 dks n’kgjs ds fnu budh eqR;q gks xbZA /khjs&/khjs iafMr th dk eu fojfDr dh
vksj tkus yxk vkSj budk vf/kdrj /;ku izHkq fleju dh vksj gks x;kA fnxEcj th us xs:, oL= /kkj.k
dj fy, vkSj ^^j?kqifr jk?ko jktk jke** dk tki vkjEHk dj fn;kA bUgksaus ukfld esa ,d jke uke vkJe
dh LFkkiuk dhA ftlesa iqjkus le; ds vuqlkj bUgksaus yxHkx lkS f’k”;ksa dks vius ikl j[kk vkSj mUgsa
vUu] ty] oL= vkSj f’k{kk ogha iznku dhA iafMr th ls cgqr ls f’k”;ksa us laxhr dh f’k{kk izkIr dhA
buds mYys[kuh; f’k”;ksa esa ,p0 oh0 ,0 d’kkydj] Lo0 ia0 vksedkj ukFk Bkdqj] ch0 vkj0 nso/kj] oh0
,u0 Bkdqj] ,p0 oh0 ,u0 iVo/kZu o buds iq= Mh0 oh0 IyqLdj bR;kfn FksA
/khjs&/khjs budk ‘kjhj f’kfFky gksrk x;k vkSj 1930 esa buds ‘kjhj dks ydok ekj x;kA bl izdkj laxhr
dks ,d ifo= okrkoj.k esa LFkkfir djds] laxhr dk ;g iqtkjh 21 vxLr] 1931 dks fejt esa izHkq&/kke
dks izLFkku dj x;kA

2-5 jfoUnzukFk VSxksj

6 ebZ 1861 bZ0 dks ftl fnu ia0 eksrh yky usg: dk tUe gqvk] mlh fnu jfoUnz laxhr ds
izfr”Bkrk jfoUnzukFk VSxksj dk tUe dydÙkk esa gqvkA egf”kZ nsosUnzukFk ds pkSng cPpksa esa ;s lcls NksVs
Fks ftuds pkjksa vksj Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk ,d le`) okrkoj.k FkkA buds ?kj esa blkbZ /keZ dh iz/kkurk

31
gksus ds dkj.k ik’pkR; laxhr dk izHkko Fkk] ysfdu jfoUnzukFk rks izd`fr ds ,sls laxhr esa fopj.k dj jgs
Fks tks lEiw.kZ izd`fr dk laxhr gSA
VSxksj cpiu ls gh igkM+] >jus vkSj leqnz ds izfr vkdf”kZr jgsA izd`fr bUgsa ,d xq: dh rjg
dyk dh xgjkb;ksa eas mrkjrh xbZA os u rks dHkh Ldwy x, vkSj u gh mUgksaus dksbZ mikf/k vftZr dhA
bZ’ojpUnz fo|klkxj] e/kwlwnu vkSj cafdepUnz ds lkfgR; us mUgsa izHkkfor fd;kA tnqHkê] ekSyk cD’k]
fo”.kqjke pØorhZ vkSj jkf/kdk xksLokeh tSls ‘kkL=h; xk;dksa ls os izk;% vius ?kj ij laxhr lquk djrs
FksA os dHkh ok| laxhr dh vksj izHkkfor ugh gq,] D;ksafd xhr ls /kqu vkSj /kqu dks xhr ls os dHkh vyx
djds ns[k gh ugh ldrs FksA 14 o”kZ dh vk;q esa jfoUnzukFk dh jpuk,a izdkf’kr gksuk izkjEHk gks xbZA
oS”.ko xk;dksa vkSj HkfDr laxhr ls izHkkfor gksdj mudk >qdko psru lÙkk dh vksj gksus yxkA baXyS.M
izokl ds ckn jfoUnzukFk dh jpukvksa ij ok;ju] ‘kSyh] dhV~l] VSfulu vkSj oMZ~loFkZ dk izHkko Li”V
fn[kkbZ iM+us yxkA ‘ksDlfi;j vkSj feYVu ds Hkh os cgqr iz’kald FksA
jfoUnzukFk us 18 o”kZ dh vk;q rd 7 gt+kj NUnksa dh jpuk dj yh FkhA os izd`fr ds xk;d
dgykus yxsA dkO; vkSj laxhr] nksuksa n`f”V;ksa ls mudh jpukvksa us lEiw.kZ caxky esa cgqr f’k?kz yksdfiz;rk
izkIr dj yhA Hkksxoknh t+ehankj ls ysdj xjhc eNqvkjksa rd dks mudh jpuk,a d.BLFk gks xbZ FkhaA
jfoUnz&xku izLrqr djus okys xk;dksa dh l``f”V gksus yxhA ftldk izHkko Hkkjrh; fQYe laxhr esa Hkh
jk;pUnz cksjy] vfuy fo’okl] iadt efyd] ds-lh- Ms- ] eUuk Ms vkSj gseUr dqekj tSls caxkyh laxhr
funsZ’kdksa }kjk vkus yxkA bUgksaus ,d ,slh jpuk dh ftls ^xhrkatfy* uke fn;k vkSj og ,d vej d`fr
ds :i esa fo[;kr gks xbZA lu~ 1913 esa jfoUnzukFk VSxksj ‘kkfUrfudsru ykSV vk, rks mUgsa ^ukscy izkbt+*
feyus dk lekpkj izkIr gqvkA os caxky gh ugha vfirq lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ds ,sls izfrfuf/k Fks ftUgksaus ekuo
lH;rk vkSj lekt dks ,d laxhre; psruk ls Hkj fn;kA
os Hkkjrh; laxhr ls izHkkfor Fks] ijUrq tfVyrk ds lnSo fojks/kh jgs] blh fy, vusd jkxksa dks
mUgksaus vius <ax ls ifjofrZr dj fy;kA muds vusd xhr /kqzin ‘kSyh ij vk/kkfjr gSaA [;ky xk;u us
mUgsa dHkh vkdf”kZr ugha fd;k] D;ksfa d nzqry; ds izokg vkSj ‘kCnksa dh gR;k ls mUgsa l[r uQjr FkhA
mUgksaus iwohZ vkSj ;eu] rksM+h vkSj vklkojh] rksM+h vkSj nslh] dsnkj vkSj gehj ds la;ksx ls u, feJ jkxksa
dh jpuk dh ftuesa yksd laxhr dh iz/kkurk FkhA
mÙkj Hkkjrh; laxhr ls gh mUgsa yxko Fkk vkSj os pkgrs Fks fd mldh fod``fr;ksa dks lekIr dj
‘kCn vkSj Loj ds chp esa ,d ,slk lsrq ck¡/kk tk, tks nksuksa dks ,d&nwljs ls dHkh vyx u gksus nsA
jfoUnzukFk VSxksj dfo Fks ;k xk;d ;k ,d jpf;rk] ;g iz’u vkt Hkh [kM+k gS] fQj Hkh mUgsa ,d ,sls
fcUnq ds :Ik esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ dsoy l`tu gksrk gS] lagkj ughaA
u`R; dks os fdlh izkUrh; ;k ns’kh; cU/ku esa ck¡/kuk mfpr ugh le>rs Fks] vfirq ,sls Lo;aHkw i{k
ds leFkZd Fks tks ns’k vkSj dky dh lhekvksa ls ijs gksrk gS] ftlesa izd`fr dh xquxqukgV vkSj laons uk
;qDr lgt mNky gksrh gSA blh vk/kkj ij mUgksaus vusd xhr&ukV~; vkSj u`R;&ukfVdkvksa dh jpuk Hkh
32
dhA lu~ 1920 esa mUgksaus ‘kkfUrfudsru esa fo’oHkkjrh ;wfuoflZVh dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus vius xhrksa dks
Loj rks iznku fd, gh] vusd vuqHkwfr;ksa dks fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls Hkh lkdkj fd;kA
egkRek xk¡/kh us izHkkfor gksdj mUgsa ^dfo dqyxq:* dh mikf/k nh rks jfoUnzukFk us xk¡/kh th dks
^ckiw* uke fn;kA ^tu&x.k&eu vf/kuk;d* jfoUnzukFk VSxksj }kjk gh jpk x;k Fkk tks Hkkjr dk jk”Vªh;
xku gSA vkt lEiw.kZ fo’o esa jfoUnz d`fr;k¡ xkbZ&ctkbZ tkrh gSa vkSj jfoUnz laxhr dh ,d fujUrj cgrh
/kkjk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA ftlesa Hkkjr dh oSfnd lH;rk] laLd`fr vkSj ekuo ds mUeqDr eu dk izHkko fn[kkbZ
nsrk gSA 7 vxLr 1941 dks dydÙkk esa gh bl ;qx iq:”k dk LoxZokl gks x;k tks fd ,d cM+h gkfu ns’k
gh ugha fons’k ,oa laxhr txr dh ekuh tkrh gSA

2-6 dqekj xU/koZ

laxhrkdk’k ds u{k= ^dqekj xU/koZ* ‘kkL=h; laxhr rFkk yksd laxhr nksuksa gh {ks=ksa esa n{k FksA ;s
xhr] Hktu rFkk xt+y ds xk;u esa Hkh fl)Lr FksA budk okLrfod uke ^ f’ko iq= fl)jeS;k dksedyh*
gSA budk tUe 8 vizSy 1924 dks csyxk¡o ft+ys esa lqysHkoh uked LFkku ij gqvkA buds firk Jh fl)jke
Lokeh laxhr ds egku izes h ,oa eeZK Fks] tks fd buds xq: Hkh FksA
ckY; voLFkk ls gh dqekj xU/koZ laxhr izes h jgsA X;kjg o”kZ dh vYi vk;q esa lu~ 1935 esa loZizFke
bUgksaus bykgkckn ds laxhr lEesyu esa dk;ZØe izLrqr dj lcdks LrC/k dj fn;kA blds ckn ;s dydÙkk
ds laxhr lEesyu esa cgqpfpZr gq,A lu~ 1936 esa bUgksaus Mk0 oh0 vkj0 nso/kj ls ‘kkL=h; laxhr dh
fu;fer f’k{kk izkIr dhA lu~ 1947 esa budk fookg Hkkuworh th ls gks x;kA blds Ik’pkr~ Hkh ;s laxhr
ls mlh izdkj tqMs+ jgsA dqekj xU/koZ ds fopkj ls fgUnqLrkuh ‘kkL=h; laxhr dk vk/kkj yksd xhrksa esa
n`f”Vxr gksrk gSA muds ‘kCnksa esa & ^^ xk;d ogh gS ftldk xkuk lHkh Jksrkvksa dks eqX/k dj ns] pkgs og
le>nkj gks ;k ughaA O;kdj.k ls laxhr ugha gksrk gS] laxhr rks og gS ftlesa jatdrk gksA ‘kkL=h; laxhr
ds fy, lqjhykiu rFkk fnekx gksus dh t+:jr gksrh gSA oLrqr% ‘kkL=h; laxhr ,d riL;k gSA**
dqekj xU/koZ th dks dkyhnkl lEeku ls foHkwf”kr fd;k x;kA 12 tuojh 1992 dks ;s egku laxhrK
laxhr txr ls fonk gks x, fdUrq tueu esa vkt Hkh vej gSaA

2-7 Ika0 fo”.kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms

Ika0 Hkkr[k.Ms th dk tUe 10 vxLr] 1860 dks ckyds’oj uked LFkku ij Jh d`”.k tuek”Veh ds fnu
gqvkA buds firk th dk uke ukjk;.kjko if.Mr FkkA budh ckY;dky ls gh laxhr esa :fp jghA bUgksaus
,d ckj viuh ikB’kkyk esa xhr xk dj lcdks izlUu dj fn;kA ml fnu bUgsa izFke iqjLdkj izkIr gqvk

33
ftlls budk mRlkg vkSj c<+ x;k vkSj rHkh ls budk >qdko laxhr dh vksj gks x;kA bUgksaus 1880 esa
nloha] 1883 esa ch0,0 rFkk 1890 bZ0 esa ,y0 ,y0 ch0 dh ijh{kk ikl dhA
Hkkr[k.Ms th ds iM+ksl esa dqN xqtjkrh rFkk ekjokM+h yksx jgrs FksA os yksx izfrfnu izkr%dky
vius b”V dks izlUu djus ds fy, u`R;] dhrZu vkSj ukVd vkfn fd;k djrs FksA ;s lc ns[k dj muds
vUnj Hkh laxhr dh ykylk vkSj vf/kd c<+rh xbZA Hkkr[k.Ms th us laxhr dk vkjEHk ck¡ljq h oknu ls
fd;kA /khjs&/khjs bUgsa xk;u laxhr esa :fp gksus yxhA /kkfeZd R;kSgkjksa ij tSls] jkeuoeh] d`”.k tUek”Veh]
gksyh] nhikoyh bR;kfn ij ;s vius dk;ZØe izLrqr djus yxsA ;s mu laxhr lHkkvksa ds eq[; lnL; gqvk
djrs FksA
ml le; ,d vksj laxhr dks cM+h ghu Hkkouk ls ns[kk tkrk Fkk vkSj nwljh vksj Hkkr[k.Ms th
dh laxhr esa :fp c<+rh tk jgh FkhA bl dkj.k muds ekrk&firk cgqr fpfUrr jgus yxs D;ksafd lH;
?kjksa ds yksx laxhr ls nwj jgk djrs FksA bUgksaus viuh ‘kq: dh i<+kbZ vPNs vadksa ls mrh.kZ dh vkSj fQj
dkyst dh i<+kbZ ds le; budh eqykdkr mLrkn vyh gqlSu [kk¡ chudkj ds f’k”; xksiky fxjh ls gqbZ
tks ,d flrkfj, FksA ,d vkSj flrkfj, oYyHknkl ls Hkh budh tkuigpku gqbZ vkSj bUgksaus muls flrkj
lh[kuk izkjEHk fd;kA bUgksaus muls lh[kus esa cgqr esgur dh vksj mudh gj ckjhdh dks lh[kkA bUgsa
cYyHknkl th laxhr dh f’k{kk th tku ls ns jgs FksA ftlds dkj.k ,d fnu Hkkr[k.Ms th flrkj oknd
ds :Ik esa eqEcbZ esa izfl) gks x, vkSj ia0 fo”.kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms ds uke ls igpkus tkus yxsA
tc bUgksaus ,y0 ,y0 ch0 dh ijh{kk mrh.kZ dh rc ifjokj ds dgus ij bUgksaus djkph esa odkyr
vkjEHk dhA ;s ^^fØehuy yk** ds fo’ks”kK FksA odkyr djrs gq, Hkh bUgksaus laxhr ls viuk eqag ugh eksM+kA
;s fu;fer :Ik ls laxhr xzaFkksa dk v/;;u djrs jgsA laxhr xzUFkksa vkSj laxhr esa bUgsa dgh Hkh dksbZ =wfV
fn[kkbZ nsrh mls Bhd djus dk iz;Ru djrsA /khjs&/khjs bUgsa yxk fd laxhr esa dqN vLi”V rF; gSa ftUgsa
Li”V djuk vR;Ur vko’;d gS rHkh laxhr&dyk tuekul rd ljyrk ls ig¡qp ldrh gSA lu~ 1884
esa bUgksaus ikjfl;ksa }kjk lapkfyr ^^xk;u mRrstu e.Myh** dh lnL;rk xzg.k dhA bl laLFkk }kjk
vk;ksftr lkaLd`frd dk;ZØeksa ds ek/;e ls ns’k ds cgqr ls dykdkjksa tSls rkujl [kk¡] buk;r gqlSu [kk¡]
uRFku [kk¡] vyh gqlSu [kk¡ vkfn ls budk ifjp; gqvkA ftuls bUgksaus laxhr ds fo”k; esa vius fopkjksa
dk vknku&iznku fd;kA blh le; bUgksaus jko th cqvk csyxkaodj uked izfl) /kzqin xk;d ls yxHkx
rhu lkS /kziq n lh[ksA mu fnuksa laxhr dh fyfi ugh gqvk djrh Fkh vr% laxhr dh pht+kas dk laxzg djuk
vR;Ur dfBu Fkk vr% bl deh dks iwjk djus ds fy, bUgksaus ,d Lojfyfi i)fr dk vkfo”dkj fd;k
tks Hkkr[k.Ms Lojfyfi i)fr ds uke ls tkuh xbZA laxhr dh nqyZHk pht+kas ds laxzg djus ds mns ’; dks
iwjk djus ds fy, 1904 bZ0 esa budh ,sfrgkfld laxhr ;k=k vkjEHk gqbZ ftlesa bUgksaus Hkkjr ds lSadM+ksa
LFkkuksa dk Hkze.k djds laxhr lEcU/kh lkfgR; dh [kkst dhA bUgksaus cM+&s cM+s laxhrdkjksa dk laxhr lquk
vkSj mudh Lojfyfi rS;kj dhA blds vfrfjDr bUgksaus mLrkn vyh gqlSu [kk¡ rFkk muds ekek mLrkn
foyk;r gqlSu [kk¡ ls vusd [;kyksa dk laxzg fd;k vkSj mUgsa Lojfyfi c) fd;kA bUgksaus vla[; /kzqinksa
dh Hkh Lojfyfi rS;kj dh vkSj bu lc dh ^^fgUnqLrkuh laxhr i)fr Øfed iqLrd ekfydk** ds uke ls
34
,d xzUFkekyk izdkf’kr dh ftlds N% Hkkx gSaA laxhr ds ‘kkL=h; Kku ds fy, Hkh bUgksaus ^^fgUnqLrkuh
laxhr i)fr** ds pkj Hkkx ejkBh Hkk”kk esa fy[ksA laLd`r Hkk”kk esa Hkh bUgksaus ^^y{; laxhr** vkSj ^^vfHkuo
jkx eatjh** uked iqLrdsa fy[k dj izkphu laxhr dh fo’ks”krkvksa rFkk mlesa QSyh gqbZ Hkzkafr;ksa ij izdk’k
MkykA blds vfrfjDr bUgksaus ^^y{k.k xhr** uked iqLrd esa fHkUu&fHkUu jkxksa ds jkx y{k.k] vkjksg&vojksg]
oknh&lEoknh dk o.kZu fd;k gSA dgrs gSa fd bUgsa dgha ls dqN Hkh feyrk Fkk rks mls :Ik, nsdj ml
pht+ dks laxhr txr dh lsok ds fy, [kjhn ysrs FksA ,d ckj eqgEen vyh [kk¡ ds iq= v’’kkd vyh
[kk¡ t;iqj okys /ku dh deh ds dkj.k ijs’kku FksA os eqEcbZ esa /ku dekus ds fy, vk,A ogk¡ mudk
ifjp; ia0 Hkkr[k.Ms th ls gqvkA nksuksa esa ,d lgerh gqbZ fd v’’kkd vyh [kk¡ vius jkx xk,a vkSj
iafMr th us mu jkxksa dks fyfic) dj fn;kA blds cnys esa iafMr th us mUgsa dqN /ku jk’kh iznku dhA
blls eqgEen vyh [kk¡ ukjkt+ Hkh gq,A dgus dk rkRi;Z ;s gS fd Hkkr[k.Ms th us laxhr ds mRFkku ds
fy, gj lEHko dk;Z fd;kA
Hkkr[k.Ms us viuk ‘kq) FkkV ^^fcykoy** eku dj FkkV i)fr Lohdkj djrs gq,] nl FkkVksa esa cgqr
ls jkxksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;kA bUgsa /kkdyh ckbZ lq[krkudj ds lkFk nf{k.k Hkkjr dh ;k=k djus dk lkSHkkX;
izkIr gqvkA ogk¡ tkdj ;s cM+&s cM+s laxhrdkjksa ls feysA ogk¡ bUgsa prqn.Z Mh izdkf’kdk] Lojesy dykfuf/k]
laxhr lkjke`re~ rFkk jkxy{k.ke~ tSls xzUFk feysA ftudk v/;;u djds mudh leh{kk dh vkSj Lojfpr
iqLrdsa fy[khA 1916 esa bUgksaus cM+kSnk esa ,d fo’kky laxhr lEesyu dk vk;kstu fd;k] ftldk mn~?kkVu
egkjktk cM+kSnk }kjk fd;k x;kA bl lEesyu esa laxhr ds vusd rF;ksa ij xEHkhjrkiwodZ fopkj fd;k
x;k vkSj ,d ^^vkWy bf.M;k E;wft+d ,dsMeh** dh LFkkiuk dk izLrko Lohdkj fd;k x;kA bl laxhr
lEesyu esa Hkkr[k.Ms th ds laxhr lEcU/kh egRoiw.kZ Hkk”k.k gq, tks vUxzts +h esa ^^A short
Historical survey of the music of upper India.”uked iqLrd ds :Ik esa
izdkf’kr gqvkA blds ckn buds iz;Ruksa ls dbZ LFkkuksa ij laxhr&lEesyuksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k rFkk
dbZ laxhr&fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ftuesa y[kuÅ dk ^^eSfjl E;qft+d dkWyst**] Xokfy;j dk
^^ek/ko laxhr egkfo|ky;** rFkk cM+kSnk dk ^^E;qft+d dkWyst** fo’ks”k mYys[kuh; gSaA
Lkaxhr txr ds yksx laxhr dk bruk Hk.Mkj ikdj /kU; gks x,A buds iz’kaldksa esa cM+kSnk ds
egkjkt l;kthjko xk;dokM+] Xokfy;j ds egkjktk ek/ko jko flaf/k;k vkSj jkeiqj ds uokc gkfen vyh
[kk¡ tSls yksx FksA Hkkr[k.Ms th us laxhr txr dks cgqr dqN fn;kA tSls& vusd xzUFk] jkxksa ds Lo:Ik]
izkphu nqyZHk cafn’ksa] ljy&lqcks/k laxhr Lojfyfi rFkk rkyfyfi bR;kfnA bUgsa buds laxhr dk;ksaZ ds
dkj.k dbZ ukeksa ls tkuk x;k tSls& prqj iafMr] eatjhdkj rFkk fo”.kq iafMr bR;kfnA
bl izdkj bUgksaus vius vFkd ifjJe }kjk laxhr dh egku lsok dh vkSj Hkkjrh; laxhr dks ,d
u, izdk’k ls vkyksfdr fd;kA laxhr dk ;g egku flrkjk 19 flrEcj 1936 dks bl yksd dks R;kx
dj ijyksd dk gks x;kA

35
2-8 Mk0 d`”.k ukjk;.k jrutUdj
ia0 Jh d`”.k ukjk;.k jrutUdj dk tUe 31 fnlEcj 1900 dks egkjk”æh; lkjLor czkã.k Jh ukjk;.k
xksfoUn th ds ?kj esa gqvkA lkr o”kZ dh vk;q ls gh Jh d`”.kdkUr Hkê ds }kjk jrutUdj th dh
laxhr&f’k{kk izkjEHk gks xbZ FkhA ckn esa dqN fnu bUgksaus Jh vuUr euksgj tks’kh cqvk ls Hkh laxhr dh
f’k{kk izkIr dhA rRi’pkr~ 13 o”kZ dh vk;q esa bUgksaus ia0 fo”.kqukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms dk f’k”;Ro xzg.k fd;kA
;s ia0 fo”.kqukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms ds izeq[k izfrfuf/k ,oa mudh lkaxhfrd fopkj/kkjk ds izcy iks”kd ds :i esa
tkus tkrs FksA jkT; Nk=o`fr ds vUrxZr~ bUgksaus ik¡p o”kksaZ rd mLrkn QS;kt+ [kk¡ ls Hkh laxhr dh rkyhe
ikbZA
lgh <ax ls lkaxhfrd Kku izkIr djus ds Ik’pkr~ Jh jrutUdj us Hkkjr ds cM+&s cM+s uxjksa esa vk;ksftr
laxhr&lEesyuksa esa Hkkx ysdj [;kfr vftZr dhA lu~ 1926 esa y[kuÅ esa tc eSfjl E;wft+d dkWyst dh
LFkkiuk gqbZ] rHkh ls bUgksaus mlesa f’k{k.k dk;Z izkjEHk dj fn;k vkSj lu~ 1928 esa mlh dkWyst ds fizalhiy
gks x,A lu~ 1956 esa ogk¡ ls lsokeqDr gksus ds ckn ;s lu~ 1957 esa bfUnjk dyk laxhr fo’ofo|ky; ds
izFke dqyifr fu;qDr gq, rFkk rhu o”kksaZ rd bl in ij vklhu jgsA
Hkkjr ljdkj us budh lkaxhfrd lsokvksa ds fy, bUgsa ^^ine Hkw”k.k** mikf/k ls vyad`r fd;kA blds
vfrfjDr bUgsa vU; vusd izfrf”Br laxhr&laLFkkvksa ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA Jh jrutUdj us vusd
laxhr xzUFkksa dh Hkh jpuk dh vkSj laLd`r ds dbZ laxhr&xzUFkksa dk vuqokn Hkh fd;kA buds jfpr xzUFk
^^rku laxzg** vkSj ^^vfHkuo xhr eatjh** xzUFk vf/kd mi;ksxh fl) gq,A
Jh jrutUdj dk lEiw.kZ thou laxhr ds fy, lefiZr jgkA os thou Hkj ‘kkL=h; laxhr ds iks”kd rFkk
fgek;rh jgsA ;s dbZ laxhr laLFkkuksa ds funsZ’kd Hkh jgsA
14 Qjojh] 1974 dks budk fu/ku gks x;k vkSj ;s egku laxhrK laxhr txr esa viuk uke vej dj
fonk gks x;kA

2-9 ia0 vksedkj ukFk Bkdqj

laxhr ekrZ.M ia0 vksedkjukFk Bkdqj pksVh ds xk;d gh ugh vfirq dq’ky f’k{+kd] fo}ku] fopkjd
vkSj mÙke okX;sdkj Hkh FksA budk miuke ^iz.ko* gSA laxhrK ia0 fo”.kq fnxEcj iyqLdj ds ;ksX; f’k”;ksa
esa ia0 vksedkj ukFk Bkdqj dk uke cM+s vknj ls fy;k tkrk gSA laxhr vkSj laxhrK dks Å¡pk mBkus dk
ozr tks ia0 fo”.kq fnxEcj th us ys j[kk Fkk] mls muds f’k”; ia0 vksedkj ukFk Bkdqj us vo’; gh iwjk
djds fn[kk;kA dyk vkSj ‘kkL= dk lqUnj leUo; fcjys laxhrKksa esa gh feyrk gSA mPpdksVh ds dykdkjksa
esa ‘kkL= ds izfr mis{kk vkSj ‘kkL=dkjksa esa laxhr dyk dh vogsyuk ns[kh tkrh jgh gSA bldk ifj.kke
;g gqvk fd laxhr dyk vkSj laxhr ‘kkL= ds chp fnu&izfrfnu [kkbZ c<+rh xbZA bl fn’kk esa ia0 fo”.kq
fnxEcj iyqLdj ds lkFk&lkFk ia0 vksedkj ukFk Bkdqj us ,d vkn’kZ LFkkfir fd;kA
36
 ia0 vksedkj ukFk Bkdqj dk tUe 24 twu 1897 dks cM+kSnk fj;klr ds tgkt uked xzke esa gqvk
FkkA buds firk dk uke xkSjh ‘kadj Bkdqj vkSj ekrk dk uke >osjok FkkA ia0 th ds ckY;dky esa budk
ifjokj ikfjokfjd dyg vkSj vkfFkZd ladVksa ls ihfM+r FkkA ;gk¡ rd dh ek¡ dks etnwjh djuh iM+h rFkk
ckyd vksedkj ukFk dks fey esa dke djds ;k jkeyhyk esa vfHku; djds ifjokj dh lgk;rk djuh
iM+hA
ia0 vksedkj ukFk Bkdqj dk daB izkjEHk ls gh e/kqj FkkA ;s tc ikB’kkyk vkSj jkeyhyk esa tc
dHkh Hkh dfork xku djrs Fks rks f’k{kd vkSj Jksrk nksuksa izHkkfor gksrs FksA cpiu ls gh bUgsa laxhr ls izes
FkkA laxhr lh[kus vkSj lquus ds fy, os lc izdkj ds d”V >syus dks rS;kj jgrs FksA ,d ckj ,d lk/kq
laxhrK ueZnk ds ikj i/kkjsA mudk xk;u lquus ds fy, iafMr th cMs+ ykykf;r FksA ueZnk ikj djus ds
fy, muds ikl iSls ugh Fks ftlds dkj.k mUgksaus rSjdj ueZnk dks ikj fd;k vkSj xhys diM+s igus gq,
xk;u lquus igq¡p x;sA blls ;g Li”V gksrk gS fd os laxhr ls fdruk I;kj djrs FksA firk dh eqR;q ds
Ik’pkr~iafMr th dks vius Hkfo”; dh fpark gqbZA blh chp bUgsa lsB ‘kkiqjth eapsjth Mwaxkth dks xk;u
lqukus dk volj izkIr gqvkA fQj ‘kkiqjth us iafMr th ds cM+s HkkbZ ia0 ckyd`”.k dks ;g lq>ko fn;k fd
mUgsa ia0 fo”.kq fnxEcj th ds ikl cEcbZ ¼eqEcbZ½ laxhr lh[kus Hkst fn;k tk,A mUgksaus blds fy, rFkk
ekxZ O;; djus ds fy, mUgsa dqN :Ik, Hkh fn,A mudk ;g lq>ko ?kj ds yksxksa us eku fy;k vkSj mUgsa
13 o”kZ dh vk;q esa ia0 fo”.kq fnxEcj th ds ikl laxhr lh[kus ds fy, Hkst fn;k x;kA laxhrK cuus dh
egRokdka{kk fy, os ogk¡ tk igq¡psA ml fo|ky; esa fu%’kqYd jguk] [kkuk&ihuk rFkk ukS o”kksaZ rd laxhr
lh[kus dh‘krZ FkhA
dqN o”kksaZ ds ckn dkfB;kokM+ dh ,d ukVd dEiuh cEcbZ vkbZA mlus iafMr th dk xk;u lqu
dj ,d vPNh ru[okg ij ukVd dEiuh esa ‘kkfey gksus dh bPNk izdV dhA rc iafMr th ds le{k
,d dfBu leL;k mRiUu gqbZ] muds HkkbZ pkgrs Fks fd os ukSdjh dj ysa tcfd iafMr th pkgrs Fks fd os
laxhr lh[krs jgsaA vkf[kj ;g ckr ia0 fo”.kq fnxEcj rd igq¡phA mUgksaus muds cM+s HkkbZ ls dgk fd vkius
ukS o”kksaZ dk opu fn;k gSA ;fn vki mlls iwoZ bUgsa ys tkrs gSa rks vkidks fiNys rhu o”kksaZ dk [kpZ nsuk
iMs+xkA ;g lqudj iafMr th ds cM+s HkkbZ us viuh /kkj.kk cny nh D;ksfa d muds ikl [kpZ nsus dks iSlk
ugh FkkA vr% blds Ik’pkr~ iafMr th iqu% laxhr lh[kus yx x,A
N%&lkr o”kksaZ rd laxhr lh[kus ds ckn ia0 fo”.kq fnxEcj th us mUgsa lu~ 1916 esa xkU/koZ
egkfo|ky;dk fizafliy cukdj ykgkSj Hkst fn;kA ogk¡ mUgksaus cM+h rRijrk ls viuk mÙkjnkf;Ro fuHkk;kA
yxHkx ukS o”kksaZ rd fo|kFkhZ thou xq:x`g esa fcrkus ds ckn os ?kj ykSV vk,A ml le; fczfV’k lkezkT;
ds izfr vlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa mUgksaus lfØ; Hkkx fy;kA blds Ik’pkr~ lwjr dh bafnjk nsoh ls budh
‘kknh dj xbZA vr% muds Åij vkSj vf/kd ft+Eesnkjh c<+ xbZA tylksa }kjk izkIr /ku dqVEq c ds fuokZg
vkSj ‘kknh ds dt+Z dks pqdkus ds fy, vi;kZIr FkkA vr% usiky egkjkt ls lEeku vkSj /ku izkIr djus
dh vk’kk ls os usiky ds fy, fudy iM+sA jkLrs esa bUgsa cM+h dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA N% fnuksa
rd iSny ;k=k djus ds Ik’pkr~ os usiky egkjkt ds ikl igq¡psA usiky ujs’k muds xk;u ls cgqr izHkkfor
37
gq, vkSj buke esa mUgsa ik¡p gt+kj :Ik, fn,A blds Ik’pkr~ ia0 th us usiky dh rhu ckj ;k=k dh vkSj
izR;sd ckj cM+k lEeku izkIr fd;kA
usiky ds vfrfjDr mUgksaus bVyh] Ýkal] teZuh] csYkft;e] fLoVt+jyS.M vkSj baxySM vkfn ns’kksa
dh ;k=k dh vkSj tgk¡ Hkh x, Hkkjrh; laxhr dk eLrd Å¡pk fd;kA bVyh ds cSfuVks eqlksfyuh buds
xk;u ls cgqr izHkkfor gq,A tc os ,d ckj fons’k esa gh Fks rHkh mUgsa mudh iRuh ds LoxZokl gksus dh
[kcj feyhftls lqudj os cgqr nq[kh gq, vkSj Lons’k ykSV vk, rFkk cEcbZ esa jgus yxsA lu~ 1952 esa
mUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vQxkfuLrku Hkstk x;k tgk¡ ij mUgksaus Hkkjrh; lkaLd`frd eUMy dk usrR` o
fd;kA mUgksaus lu~ 1953 esa cqMkisLV vkSj lu~ 1954 esa teZuh esa vk;ksftr fo’o ‘kkfUr ifj”kn esa Hkkjr
dk izfrfuf/kRo fd;kA
dyk ds lkFk&lkFk mUgksaus ‘kkL= i{k ij Hkh cgqr /;ku fn;kA mUgksaus lu~ 1938 esa ^^laxhrkatyh**
dk izFke Hkkx izdkf’kr fd;k] ftlesa dyk i{k ij izdk’k Mkyk x;k gSA vkxs py dj blds vU; Hkkx
Hkh izdkf’kr fd, x,A ^laxhrkatyh* esa ‘kkL=i{k vkSj fØ;kRed i{k nksuksa dh egRoiw.kZ foospuk dh xbZ
gSA fØ;kRed i{k esa jkxksa dk ‘kkL=h; fooj.k] eqDr vkyki] rkusa vkSj xhr Lojfyfi lfgr fn, x,
gSaAblds vfrfjDr mUgksaus ^^iz.ko Hkkjrh** uked iqLrd dk ys[ku Hkh fd;k ftlesa ‘kkL= dh xqfRFk;ksa dks
lqy>k;k x;k gSA
mUgsa cgqr ls lEekuksa ls Hkh vyad`r fd;k x;kA lu~ 1940 esa jktdh; laLd`r egkfo|ky;
dydÙkk }kjk ^^laxhr ekrZ.M**] lu~ 1943 esa fo’kq)laLd`r egkfo|ky; dk’kh }kjk ^^laxhr lezkV** vkSj
lu~ 1955 esa x.krU= fnol ds volj ij Hkkjr ds jk”Vzifr }kjk ^^iùJh** dh mikf/k ls foHkwf”kr fd;k
x;kA lu~ 1950 esa dk’kh fgUnw fo’ofo|ky; esa Jh dyk laxhr Hkkjrh ds uke ls laxhr egkfo|ky; dh
LFkkiuk gqbZ vkSj iafMr th us bldk v/;{k in xzg.k fd;kA mUgksaus ogk¡ vusd f’k”;ksa dks rS;kj fd;kA
iafMr th dks rSjus dk cM+k ‘kkSd FkkA fdlh izdkj dk u’kk mUgsa ilan ugh FkkA lQkbZ Hkh mUgsa cgqr fiz;
Fkh fQj pkgs og ?kj dh lQkbZ gks ;k fQj dyk dhA dyk dh rfud vogsyuk mUgsa lgu ugh gksrh
FkhA ,d ckj mUgsa xksaMy ds egkjkt ds ;gk¡ xkus ds fy, fuefU=r fd;k x;kA ogk¡ dykdkjksa dk vklu
Jksrkvksa ds vklu ls uhpk FkkA ;g ckr ia0 vksedkj ukFk th dks cgqr cqjh yxh vkSj mUgsa ;g ckr dguh
iM+h fd xkuk lekIr gksus ds ckn eq>s t+ehu ij cSBus esa vkifÙk u gksxh] fdUrq dyk ds izn’kZu ds le;
dyk vkSj dykdkj dk vieku eSa ugha lg ldrkA ;g lqu dj egkjkt dks rqjUr mPp vklu dh
O;oLFkk djuh iM+hA
iafMr th dh xk;dh Xokfy;j ?kjkus ls lEcU/k j[krh gSA [;ky xk;dh bl ijEijk dh fo’ks”krk
gSA iafMr th [;ky xk;d gksrs gq, Hkh /kzqin vkSj Bqejh dk izn’kZu lQyrk iwoZd dj ldrs FksA Bqejh
esa Ja`xkfjdrk gksus ds dkj.k Bqejh ds <ax ij gh Hktu xkus dh ubZ ‘kSyh dks iafMr th us viuk;kA
^^tksxh er tk**] ^^eS;k eksjh eSa ugha ek[ku [kk;ks**] ^^js fnu dSls dfVgSa** vkfn Hktuksa ds fjdkWMZ gSa tks
lk/kkj.k turk rd ds dkuksa esa vkt Hkh xw¡trs gSaA Hktuksa ds vfrfjDr ‘yksd xku vkSj oUnsekrje dk

38
xk;u os cMs+ gh vuwBs <ax ls djrs FksA mudk xk;u bruk jlhyk vkSj Hkkoiw.kZ gksrk Fkk fd Jksrk lqudj
eU=eqX/k gks tkrs FksA mudh vkokt+ e/kqj gksus ds lkFk&lkFk vFkZiw.kZ Hkh FkhA budh vkokt+ esa tgk¡ ,d
vksj xEHkhjrk Fkh ogha nwljh vksj dkseyrk Hkh FkhA blfy, ,d vksj tgk¡ os cknyksa dh xjt] fctyh dh
dM+d vkSj Øks/k fn[kk ldrs Fks rks nwljh vksj dkseyrk] HkfDr Hkko] piyrk] d:.kk vkfn Hkkoksa dks daB
}kjk lgt gh O;Dr dj ldrs FksA vkykipkjh dk <ax mUgksaus gíw&gLlw [kk¡ ds iq= vkSfy;k jger [kk¡
ls izkIr fd;kA iafMr th dh vkykipkjh esa jl vkSj Hkko dh iw.kZ vfHkO;fDr gksrh FkhA cksy rkuksa esa xhr
ds ‘kCnksa ds lkFk fofHkUu izdkj dh y; vkSj Loj iz;ksx dkuksa dks cM+k Hkyk ekywe iM+rk FkkA buds
vkyki] cgykok] rku] cksyrku] ljxe vkfn esa iwjk leUo; fn[kkbZ nsrk FkkA
bl izdkj ia0 vksedkj ukFk Bkdqj th laxhr dh lsok djrs&djrs 28 fnlEcj 1967 dks bl
txr vkSj laxhr txr dks NksM+ dj LoxZ yksd fl/kkj x,A

2-10 vkpk;Z ds-lh-Mh- c`gLifr

orZeku ;qx ds fdlh Hkh laxhr izes h ds fy, vkpk;Z c`gLifr dk uke vKkr ugh gSA vkpk;Z Jh
dSyk’k pUnznso c`gLifr th dk uke fo’ks”k mYys[kuh; gSA jkeiqj njckj ls lEcU/k j[kus okys vkpk;Z
c`gLifr laxhr ‘kkL=h FksA vkpk;Z c`gLifr dk tUe jkeiqj esa 20 tuojh lu~ 1918 esa gqvkA vkpk;Z th
dh izkjfEHkd f’k{kk firkth ds pj.kksa esa gqbZA lu~ 1949 esa fnlEcj ekl esa os dkuiqj ds foØekthr flag
lukru /keZ dkWyst esa /kekZpk;Z ds in ij fu;qDr gq,A vkpk;Z th dkWyst esa vius dqN laxhr izes h
lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk ?kaVksa rd laxhr ppkZ] jkxksa dk Lo:i fu:i.k vkSj izLrqfrdj.k djrs jgsA mUgksaus Hkjr
ds ukV~; ‘kkL= vkSj ml ij vfHkuo xqIr dh Vhdk] erax vkSj ‘kkjaxnso ds xzUFkksa dk v/;;u fd;kA
fl)karksa ds izk;ksfxd :Ik dks Li”V djus ds fy, c`gLifr oh.kk] Jqfr niZ.k vkSj c`gLifr fdUujh oh.kk
dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;kA vkpk;Z th us ^^Hkjr dk laxhr fl)kar** xzUFk izLrqr fd;kA vkpk;Z th vusd
Hkk”kkvksa ds Kkrk FksA vkpk;Z th vn~Hkqr izfrHkk ds lkFk laLd`r] ikyh] izkd`r] viHkza’k] fgUnh] mnZw] Qkjlh
vkfn vusd Hkk”kkvksa dkHkyh&HkkfUr iz;ksx djrs FksA os ‘kkL= ,oa fØ;kRed laxhr ds izdkaM iafMr FksA
mUgksaus thou Ik;ZUr laxhr ds ewy izkphu xzUFkksa dk v/;;u fd;kA lu~ 1955 esa vkpk;Z c`gLifr us ^laxhr
jRukdj* dh Lojfof/k dks Li”V dj fy;k FkkA 1957 esa vkius dqN ok|ksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;kA 1959 esa
mudk izfl) xzUFk ^Hkjr dk laxhr fl)kar* izdkf’kr gqvkAHkjr] ‘kkjaxnso] vfHkuo xqIr rFkk vusd izkphu
xzUFkdkjksa ds dk;ksaZ dks iqu% thfor djus dk Js; vkpk;Z c`gLifr th dks gh tkrk gSA bUgksaus [kkst ds
dk;ksaZ esa dksbZ deh ugh j[khA vehj [kqljks] rkulsu] cStw vkSj xksiky uk;d tSls cgqpfpZr ijUrq fooknkLin
ukeksa dks vius dfBu ifjJe ds }kjk [kkst dj mudh lgh tkudkjh laxhr ftKklqvksa ds le{k izLrqr
dhA jktuhfr ls izfs jr ys[kdksa rFkk bfrgkldkjksa us bu ukeksa ds lkFk ftu fdonafr;ksa dks cgqrk;r ls
izLrqr fd;k Fkk mu fdonfUr;ksa dks vkpk;Z th us fuHkZ; gksdj udkj fn;kA

39
 Hkjr] ‘kkjaxnso rFkk vfHkuo xqIr ds izfrfuf/k ds :Ik esa rFkk izkphu xzUFkdkjksa ds laxhr lEcU/kh
fo”k;ksa ds izpkjd ds :Ik esa Jh dSyk’k pUnznos c`gLifr dk uke lnk tkuk tk,xkA buds }kjk fyf[kr
cgqr ls ys[k ,oa iqLrdsa gSa tks izdkf’kr gqbZ gSaA tSls & [kqljks] rkulsu rFkk vU; dykdkj] Hkjr dk
laxhr fl)kar] laxhr fpUrke.kh ¼nks Hkkxksa esa ½ ] eqlyekuvkSj Hkkjrh; laxhr] /kzqin dk fodkl bR;kfnA
budh iwjh ys[kuh laxhr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk vkt Hkh ekxZn’kZu dj jgh gSA
vkpk;Z c`gLifr ‘kks/kdrkZ ds lkFk&lkFk xEHkhj fopkjd vkSj vkykspd Hkh FksA vkpk;Z c`gLifr
,d cgqeq[kh izfrHkk okys O;fDr FksA ftUgsa le;&le; ij lEEkkfur fd;k tkrk jgk gSA

2-11 Mk0 ykyef.k feJ

Lkaxhr txr dh egku foHkwfr Mk0 yky ef.k feJ dk tUe dkuiqj ds ,d e/;eoxhZ; czká.k
¼dkU;dqCt½ ifjokj esa 11 vxLr 1924 dks gqvkA cpiu esa gh buds rstLoh ,oa izfrHkk’kkyh gksus ds y{k.k
fn[kkbZ ns x, FksA buds firk ia0 j?kqo’a kh yky feJ] ;|fi ,d O;kikjh Fks] fdUrq laxhr esa Hkh :fp j[krs
FksA budh ekrk jkuh nsoh dks ,d dFkkokpd ia0 xkso/kZu yky ‘kekZ laxhr fl[kkus vkrs FksA ckyd yky
e.kh vius cky LoHkko ds dkj.k laxhr lh[krh viuh ekrk ds ikl cSB tkrs Fks rFkk /;ku ls gkjeksfu;e
ctkuk ns[krs jgrs FksA dqN fnuksa ckn ,d fnu [ksy&[ksy esa bUgksaus os lc ljxesa] tks ia0 th us mudh
ekrk th dks fl[kkbZ Fkha] oSlh gh gkjeksfu;e ij ctk nhaA laxhr ds izfr budh vnHkqr izfrHkk ,oa ;ksX;rk
ns[k dj iafMr th ,oa buds ekrk firk pfdr jg x,A rHkh ls ckyd yky ef.k dh laxhr f’k{kk fof/kor
izkjEHk gks xbZA ml le; budh vk;q dsoy 8 o”kZ FkhA
bUgksaus dbZ fo}kuksa ls laxhr dh f’k{kk izkIr dhA xk;u] flrkj rFkk rcyk vkfn esa bUgksaus mPp
f’k{kk izkIr dhA bUgksaus /kzqin&/kekj dh dfBu i)fr Lokeh izeksnkuan czápkjh ds }kjk] cukjlh Bqejh Jh
ikaMs th ls] Jh ‘;ke ckcw ls rcyk vkSj Jh lq[knso jk; ls flrkj dh f’k{kk izkIr dhA ;gh ugh vkxs
py dj ,d ckj ifV;kyk ds mLrkn vCnqy vt+ht+ [kk¡ dh lqe/kqj cV~Vk chu ¼fofp= oh.kk½ dk jliku
djus ds ckn] xqIr :ils yxkrkj 5 lky rd oh.kk dk vH;kl djrs jgs vkSj ckn esa Js”B oh.kk oknd
dgyk,A
blds lkFk&lkFk bUgksaus viuh fo|kyh; f’k{kk Hkh iw.kZ dhA bUgksaus fgUnh esa ,e0 ,0] fgUnh
lkfgR; esa ^jRu* ] vkVZ ,aM vkdhZVSDpj esa ih0 ,p0 Mh0 tSlh Js”B mikf/k;k¡ izkIr dhaA blds vfrfjDr
fofp= oh.kk esa ^Mk0 vkQ E;wft+d*] xk;u esa ,e0 E;wt+ rFkk flrkj vkSj rcyk esa ch0 E;wt+ dh mikf/k;k¡
izkIr dhA
;qokoLFkk esa gh bUgksaus vius xk;u ds lkFk&lkFk vU; dbZ ok|ksa ij Hkh vf/kdkj izkIr dj fy;k
FkkA tSls flrkj] ljksn] ok;fyu] larwj] rcyk] gkjeksfu;e] tyrjax] dk”Brjax] ck¡lqjh fxVkj vkfnA lu~
1936 ls 1939 rd bUgksaus fQYeksa esa ik’oZxk;d] vfHkusrk rFkk laxhr funsZ’kd ds :iesa dk;Z fd;kA 1940

40
esa bUgksaus dkuiqj esa cky&laxhr ds izlkj vkSj izpkj ds fy, fo’ks”k iz;Ru fd,A 1940 ls 1944 rd iafMr
th ^fpYMjUl E;wft+d fjlpZ lSaVj* ds laLFkkid ,oa v/;{k jgsA ;gk¡ bUgksaus fofHkUu vk;q ds ckydksa ds
mi;qDr xhrksa dk pquko dj mudh /kqusa rS;kj dhaA 1944 esa bUgsa ^dkU;dqCt dkyst dkuiqj* esa laxhr
f’k{kd ds :iesa fu;qDr fd;k x;kA
1946 esa bUgksaus ^dkuiqj vkWjdsLVzy lkslkbVh* uked laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh ftlds vUrxZr~ dbZ
oknd dykdkj fe=ksa ,oa f’k”;ksa dks ysdj vPNs o`Unoknu rS;kj fd,A dqN ukVdksa esa laxhr funsZ’ku dk
dk;Z Hkh fd;k rFkk dbZ ukVdksa dk funsZ’ku Hkh fd;kA;|fi yky ef.k th ds fo”k; xk;u] flrkj o
rcyk Fks ijUrq jsfM;ks ij vkdk’kok.kh }kjk tyrjax oknu izlkfjr djrs FksA tc ;s mLrkn vCnqy vt+ht+
[kk¡ dh cV~Vk chu vFkok fofp= oh.kk ls izHkkfor gq, rc bUgksaus oh.kk oknu dh ijEijk dks cuk, j[kus
ds fy, mLrkn vt+ht+ [kk¡ ls bl ok| dh f’k{kk izkIr djuh izkjEHk dj nhA yxHkx 5 lky rd bldk
xqIr vH;kl djrs jgsA fofp= oh.kk dk igyh ckj rFkk lQy oknu bUgksaus Hkkr[k.Ms t;Urh ds miy{;
esa ^ Hkkr[k.Ms fo|k ihB] y[kuÅ* esa vusd dykdkjksa ds lkeus fd;kA rc ls fofp= oh.kk gh budk
izeq[k ok| cu x;kA
1947 esa bUgksaus dkuiqj esa gh ^Hkkjrh; laxhr ifj”kn~* dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk blh ds vUrxZr~ 16
vxLr 1948 esa ^xk¡/kh laxhr egkfo|ky;* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA lu~ 1951 esa izfl) u`R;kpk;Z mn; ‘kadj us
bUgsa vius u`R; ny dk laxhr funs’Z kd fu;qDr fd;kA ml le; budh vk;q dsoy 27 o”kZ dh FkhA bl
e.Myh esa bUgksaus vusd u`R; dFkkvksa esa laxhr funsZ’ku fd;kA blh ny ds lkFk bUgksaus 1951 ls 1954
rd fons’k ;k=k Hkh dhA baXySaM] Ýkal] csYkft+;e] vejhdk] dusMk] Jh yadk bR;kfn ns’kksa esa viuh dyk
ls cgqr ;’k vftZr fd;kA okfil vkdj 1956 esa ^vf[ky Hkkjrh; xa/koZ egke.My*] cEcbZ ¼eqEcbZ½ds izFke
jftLVzkj ds :Ik esa budh fu;qfDr gks xbZ ijUrq viuh dyk lk/kuk esa :dkoV vuqHko djrs gq, bUgksaus
bl in ls R;kx i= ns fn;kA 1957 esa bUgksaus ^xk¡/kh laxhr egkfo|ky;* ds iz/kkukpk;Z ds in dk dk;ZHkkj
lEHkkyk fdUrq laxhr ekrZ.M ia0 vksedkj ukFk Bkdqj ds fo’ks”k vkxzg ij budks dk’kh fgUnq fo’ofo|ky;
ds laxhr egkfo|ky; esa jhMj dk in lkSai fn;k x;kA ;gk¡ vkus ds ckn ls bUgksaus laxhr f’k{kk ds {ks=
esa vusd egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd,A ok| laxhr dh f’k{k.k O;oLFkk dks bUgksaus lqn`<+ cuk;kA budh ;ksX;rk dks
ns[krs gq, cgqr de le; esa gh ;s laxhr ds vkpk;Z Hkh cuk fn, x,A ;gk¡ ij bUgksaus laxhr ds cgqr
iz;ksx fd,A
bUgksaus ,d ,slh oh.kk cukbZ ftl ij Hkjr }kjk crkbZ xbZ 22 Jqfr;ksa dks izR;{k lquk o O;ogkj
djds ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj blh ij prq% lkj.kk dh izfØ;k Hkh iz;ksx djds fl) dh tk ldrh gSA
blds vfrfjDr bUgksaus Hkkjrh; izkphu] e/;dkyhu rFkk vk/kqfud ok|ksa dk Lo:ikRed ,oa iz;ksxkRed
v/;;u fd;k rFkk ;g fl) fd;k fd flrkj vkSj rcys ds vkfo”dkj esa vehj [kqljksa dk dksbZ lEcU/k
ugha gSA bUgksaus crk;k fd flrkj izkphu f=rU=h oh.kk dk rFkk rcyk izkphu iq”dj ok| ds gh ifjofrZr
o fodflr :igSaA blh izdkj vk/kqfud ljksn rFkk e/;dkyhu lqj&flaxkj ,oa jcko izkphu fp=k oh.kk
ds fodflr :Ik gSaA
41
 bUgksaus NksVh d{kkvksa ds fy, laxhr dh dqN mi;ksxh lkexzh ds izdk’ku ds ckn ] laxhr dh mPp
Lrjh; iqLrdsa Hkh fy[kha] tks muds xgu v/;;u ,oa laxhr ds izfr xgjs Kku ,oa izes dh lwpd gSaA Mk0
yky ef.k feJ fofp= oh.kk ds vUrZjk”Vªh; [;kfr izkIr laxhrK FksA mÙkj izns’k laxhr ukVd vdkneh
us 1971&72 esa budks fofp= oh.kk dk izeq[k dykdkj ?kksf”kr djrs gq, iqjLdkj iznku fd;k FkkA
Mk0 yky ef.k feJ laxhr {ks= ds mu mPp dksVh ds fo}kuksa esa ls Fks ftuesa Js”B dykdkj] vPNs
‘kkL=dkj rFkk mÙke f’k{kd ds lHkh xq.k ekStwn gksrs gSaA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd mudh izfrHkk cgqeq[kh
FkhA ;s ,d laxhrK gksus ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ ok|ksa ds lQy oknd FksA ;s Hkkjrh; laxhr dks lkjs fo’o
esa vf}rh; ekurs FksA mudk dguk Fkk fd Hkkjrh; laxhr esa Lojksa ds iz;ksx dh egÙkk] dykdkj dh izfrHkk
,oa dYiuk }kjk fofo/kkRed lkSUn;Z rFkk jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds nso&Lo:Ik dh dYiuk bR;kfn ikbZ tkus okyh
tks vn~Hkqr fo’ks”krk,a gSa] og vU; fdlh laxhr esa ughaA budh ,d cM+h ckr ;g Hkh Fkh fd ;s ^xk¡/kh laxhr
egkfo|ky;] dkuiqj esa ‘kke ds le; ;ksX; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fu%’kqYd laxhr dh f’k{kk fn;k djrs Fks vkSj
Lo;a osru Hkh ugha fy;k djrs FksA laxhr ds izpkj&izlkj rFkk uohu iz;ksx ds lkFk&lkFk os nwljksa dks Hkh
leiZ.k Hkko ls izjs .kk nsrs FksA mudh euu’khyrk vkSj fo}rk ds dkj.k gh ^fQysMsfYQ;k fo’ofo|ky;us
budks foft+fVax izkSQslj ds :Ik esa fu;qDr fd;k FkkA
bUgksaus laxhr ds {ks= esa cgqr ls dk;Z fd, tSls & Jqfr oh.kk dk vkfo”dkj] ;s igys O;fDr Fks
ftUgksaus izpfyr :nz oh.kk ds vkdkj&izdkj esa ifjorZu djds ,d Jqfr oh.kk dk fuekZ.k fd;k] ftl ij
Hkjr ds xzke] prq% lkj.kk rFkk 22 Jqfr;ksa dks izR;{k fn[kk;k rFkk ;g fl) dj fn;k fd Hkkjrh; laxhr
esa 22 Jqfr;ksa dh ekU;rk] dYiuk u gksdj ;FkkFkZ ij vk/kkfjr gSA
bUgksaus cgqr ls ok|o`Unksa dh jpuk dh ftlesa urZd mn;’kadj ds lkFk ^jkek;.k* vkSj ^cq)k cSys*
dh ok|o`an laxhr jpuk,a izeq[k gSaA bUgksaus /kzqin esys dh Hkh ‘kq:vkr dhA ftlls bl yqIr gksrh fo/kk
dks iqu% izpfyr fd;kA bUgksaus vius xgu v/;;u] oSKkfud n`f”Vdks.k rFkk rdZ ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjrh;
ok|ksa ij ,d ‘kks/k izdj.k Hkh izdkf’kr djok;k tks ^^Hkkjrh; laxhr ok|** uked iqLrd ds :Ik esa lkeus
vk;kA blds vfrfjDr bUgksaus ^^rU=h ukn** uked iqLrd Hkh fy[kh ftlds vkxs py dj pkj Hkkx izdkf’kr
gq, tks fd buds iq= }kjk djok, x,A
bUgksaus dqN u, jkxksa dk Hkh fuekZ.k fd;k tSls & lkses’ojh ;k lkes’ojh] e/kq&HkSjo] e/kqdyh]
‘;ke&fcgkx] ckys’ojh] tksx&rksM+h vkSj vkuUn& HkSjoA bl izdkj ia0 yky ef.k feJ }kjk laxhr ds gj
{ks= esa dk;Z fd, x, vkSj u tkus vkxs vkSj fdrus dk;Z gksrs ysfdu 55 o”kZ dh vYik;q esa gh Mk0 yky
ef.k feJ th ukncá esa yhu gks x, ysfdu buds laxhr ;ksxnku rFkk ,sfrgkfld dk;ksaZ ds dkj.k] Hkkjrh;
laxhr txr lnSo bUgsa vknj lfgr ;kn djrk jgsxkA

42
2-12 egRoiw.kZ iz’u %&
iz0-1- dqekj xU/koZ th dk laxhr ds {ks= eas D;k ;ksxnku jgk gS \
iz0-2- ia0 c`gLifr ds laxhr ;ksxnku ij izdk’k Mkfy,A
iz0-3- ,l-,e- VSxksj dk laxhr esa D;k ;ksxnku jgk \ o.kZu dhft,A
iz0-4- ia0 d`”.k ukjk;.k jrutUdj ds thou&dky] laxhr ;ksxnku ,oa dyk&dq’kyrk ij izdk’k Mkfy,A

2-13 lkjka’k %&

fofHkUu laxhrKksa ,oa laxhr dykdkjksa dk gekjs laxhr ds fy, cgqr ;ksxnku jgk gSA ftlesa jktk
ekuflag rksej }kjk /kzqin dk izpkj&izlkj djuk] ekudkSrgq y xzaFk dh jpuk djuk] rFkk laxhr ls lEcfU/kr
dykdkjksa dks iw.kZ lEeku iznku djuk bu lHkh dk;ksaZ dks laxhr dh lsok ds :Ik esa fd;kA dgus dk
rkRi;Z ;g gS fd jktk ekuflag us Hkkjrh; laxhr ds ‘kq) :i dks lnSo lqjf{kr j[kus dk gj lEHko iz;Ru
fd;kA mlh rjg ,l0,e0 VSxksj Hkh egku laxhrK FksA bUgksaus fØ;kRed vkSj ‘kkL=kRed laxhr ds nksuksa
igyqvksa ij dk;Z fd;kA bUgksaus xhrksa] cfUn’kksa] rkyksa dks iznf’kZr fd;k vkSj mlds fy, bUgksaus ^^Six
Ragas and Thirty Six Raginees xzFa k fy[kkA blds vfrfjDr cgqr lh vU; iqLrdsa Hkh
fy[khaA
ia0 fo”.kq fnxEcj us Hkkjrh; laxhr ds fy, cgqr gh egku dk;Z fd, tSls & Lojfyfi dk fuekZ.k]
vusd iqLrdksa o if=dkvksa dk ys[ku] laxhr fo|ky;ksa o egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk laxhr dks
tulk/kkj.k rd igq¡pkus dk rFkk xq:&f’k”; ijEijk ls laxhr dks f’k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa ykus dk egku dk;Z
fd;kA
jfoUnz ukFk VSxksj gekjs Hkkjr ds ,d izfrf”Br ,oa egku foHkwfr jgs gSaA ;s ,d ,sls O;fDr Fks tks
fd dyk&lkfgR; esa viuk iw.kZ :ils ikjaxr FksA bUgksaus laxhr ds {ks= esa egku ;ksxnku fn;kA buds
jfoUnz laxhr ls vkt ns’k dk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vutku ugh gSA ;s ,d egku dfo] laxhrdkj ,oa xk;d
FksA
ia0 fo”.kqukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms Hkkjrh; laxhr dh ,d egku foHkwfr ekus tkrs gSaA budk laxhr ds
fy, ;ksxnku lnSo ;kn j[kk tk,xkA bUgksaus Hkh Lojfyfi i)fr dk vkfo”dkj fd;k tks vkt rd gekjs
laxhr esa iz;ksx gks jgh gSA blds vfrfjDr cgqr lh iqLrdksa dh jpuk dh] laxhr fo|ky;ksa&egkfo|ky;ksa
dh LFkkiuk dhA cM+s&cM+s jpukdkjksa dh cafn’kksa dks ,df=r dj mls Lojfyfic) djds iqLrd ds :i esa
laxhr ftKklqvksa ds fy, rS;kj fd;kA

43
 Mk0 d`”.k ukjk;.k jrutudj ia0 fo”.kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms ds izeq[k izfrfuf/k jgs gSaA ;s thou Hkj
laxhr ds fy, lefiZr jgsA
Ika0 vksadkjukFk Bkdqj mpp dksVh ds xk;d ekus tkrs gSaA bUgksaus Hkh iwjk thou laxhr dks lefiZr
fd;kA bUgksaus ftruk laxhr ds fØ;kRed i{k dks egRo fn;k mruk gh ‘kkL= i{k dks HkhA bUgksaus
ns’k&fons’k esa viuh dyk vkSj Hkkjrh; laxhr dk ijpe ygjk;kA
Mk0 ds-lh-Mh- c`gLifr laxhr txr esa ,d tkuk&ekuk uke gSA bUgksaus Hkh laxhr ds fØ;kRed
vkSj ‘kkL=kRed nksuksa gh i{kksa ij dk;Z fd, gSaA tks laxhr txr dks ykHkdkjh fl) gks jgs gSaA
Ika0yky e.kh feJ xk;u vkSj oknu ds dykdkj jgs gSaA /kqin] /kekj o Bqejh vkfn esa Hkh ikjaxr
jgsA bUgksaus Hkh laxhr ds izpkj&izlkjds fy, dbZ dk;Z fd, vkSj cgqr lh iqLrdksa dh jpuk dhA

2-14 ‘kCndks”k %&

;qxkUrdkjh&nwljk ;qx ykus okyk
dhrZudkj & dhrZu djus okyk
izpkjkFkZ & izpkj djus gsrq
eeZK & fdlh ckr dks tkuuk ;k xq<+ jgL; tkuuk

2-15 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj %&

iz0-1- dqekj xU/koZ th dk laxhr ds {ks= eas D;k ;ksxnku jgk gS \
m0- dqekj xU/koZ
laxhrkdk’k ds u{k= ^dqekj xU/koZ* ‘kkL=h; laxhr rFkk yksd laxhr nksuksa gh {ks=ksa esa n{k FksA ;s
xhr] Hktu rFkk xt+y ds xk;u esa Hkh fl)Lr FksA budk okLrfod uke ^ f’ko iq= fl)jeS;k dksedyh*
gSA budk tUe 8 vizSy 1924 dks csyxk¡o ft+ys esa lqysHkoh uked LFkku ij gqvkA buds firk Jh fl)jke
Lokeh laxhr ds egku izes h ,oa eeZK Fks] tks fd buds xq: Hkh FksA
ckY; voLFkk ls gh dqekj xU/koZ laxhr izes h jgsA X;kjg o”kZ dh vYi vk;q esa lu~ 1935 esa loZizFke
bUgksaus bykgkckn ds laxhr lEesyu esa dk;ZØe izLrqr dj lcdks LrC/k dj fn;kA blds ckn ;s dydÙkk
ds laxhr lEesyu esa cgqpfpZr gq,A lu~ 1936 esa bUgksaus Mk0 oh0 vkj0 nso/kj ls ‘kkL=h; laxhr dh
fu;fer f’k{kk izkIr dhA lu~ 1947 esa budk fookg Hkkuworh th ls gks x;kA blds Ik’pkr~ Hkh ;s laxhr
ls mlh izdkj tqMs+ jgsA dqekj xU/koZ ds fopkj ls fgUnqLrkuh ‘kkL=h; laxhr dk vk/kkj yksd xhrksa esa
44
n`f”Vxr gksrk gSA muds ‘kCnksa esa & ^^ xk;d ogh gS ftldk xkuk lHkh Jksrkvksa dks eqX/k dj ns] pkgs og
le>nkj gks ;k ughaA O;kdj.k ls laxhr ugha gksrk gS] laxhr rks og gS ftlesa jatdrk gksA ‘kkL=h; laxhr
ds fy, lqjhykiu rFkk fnekx gksus dh t+:jr gksrh gSA oLrqr% ‘kkL=h; laxhr ,d riL;k gSA**
dqekj xU/koZ th dks dkyhnkl lEeku ls foHkwf”kr fd;k x;kA 12 tuojh 1992 dks ;s egku laxhrK
laxhr txr ls fonk gks x, fdUrq tueu esa vkt Hkh vej gSaA
iz0-2- vkpk;Z c`gLifr ds laxhr ;ksxnku ij izdk’k Mkfy,A
m0- vkpk;Z ds-lh-Mh- c`gLifr
orZeku ;qx ds fdlh Hkh laxhr izes h ds fy, vkpk;Z c`gLifr dk uke vKkr ugh gSA vkpk;Z Jh dSyk’k
pUnznos c`gLifr th dk uke fo’ks”k mYys[kuh; gSA jkeiqj njckj ls lEcU/k j[kus okys vkpk;Z c`gLifr
laxhr ‘kkL=h FksA vkpk;Z c`gLifr dk tUe jkeiqj esa 20 tuojh lu~ 1918 esa gqvkA vkpk;Z th dh
izkjfEHkd f’k{kk firkth ds pj.kksa esa gqbZA lu~ 1949 esa fnlEcj ekl esa os dkuiqj ds foØekthr flag
lukru /keZ dkWyst esa /kekZpk;Z ds in ij fu;qDr gq,A vkpk;Z th dkWyst esa vius dqN laxhr izes h
lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk ?kaVksa rd laxhr ppkZ] jkxksa dk Lo:i fu:i.k vkSj izLrqfrdj.k djrs jgsA mUgksaus Hkjr
ds ukV~; ‘kkL= vkSj ml ij vfHkuo xqIr dh Vhdk] erax vkSj ‘kkjaxnso ds xzUFkksa dk v/;;u fd;kA
fl)karksa ds izk;ksfxd :Ik dks Li”V djus ds fy, c`gLifr oh.kk] Jqfr niZ.k vkSj c`gLifr fdUujh oh.kk
dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;kA vkpk;Z th us ^^Hkjr dk laxhr fl)kar** xzUFk izLrqr fd;kA vkpk;Z th vusd
Hkk”kkvksa ds Kkrk FksA vkpk;Z th vn~Hkqr izfrHkk ds lkFk laLd`r] ikyh] izkd`r] viHkza’k] fgUnh] mnZw] Qkjlh
vkfn vusd Hkk”kkvksa dkHkyh&HkkfUr iz;ksx djrs FksA os ‘kkL= ,oa fØ;kRed laxhr ds izdkaM iafMr FksA
mUgksaus thou Ik;ZUr laxhr ds ewy izkphu xzUFkksa dk v/;;u fd;kA lu~ 1955 esa vkpk;Z c`gLifr us ^laxhr
jRukdj* dh Lojfof/k dks Li”V dj fy;k FkkA 1957 esa vkius dqN ok|ksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;kA 1959 esa
mudk izfl) xzUFk ^Hkjr dk laxhr fl)kar* izdkf’kr gqvkAHkjr] ‘kkjaxnso] vfHkuo xqIr rFkk vusd izkphu
xzUFkdkjksa ds dk;ksaZ dks iqu% thfor djus dk Js; vkpk;Z c`gLifr th dks gh tkrk gSA bUgksaus [kkst ds
dk;ksaZ esa dksbZ deh ugh j[khA vehj [kqljks] rkulsu] cStw vkSj xksiky uk;d tSls cgqpfpZr ijUrq fooknkLin
ukeksa dks vius dfBu ifjJe ds }kjk [kkst dj mudh lgh tkudkjh laxhr ftKklqvksa ds le{k izLrqr
dhA jktuhfr ls izfs jr ys[kdksa rFkk bfrgkldkjksa us bu ukeksa ds lkFk ftu fdonafr;ksa dks cgqrk;r ls
izLrqr fd;k Fkk mu fdonfUr;ksa dks vkpk;Z th us fuHkZ; gksdj udkj fn;kA
Hkjr] ‘kkjaxnso rFkk vfHkuo xqIr ds izfrfuf/k ds :Ik esa rFkk izkphu xzUFkdkjksa ds laxhr lEcU/kh
fo”k;ksa ds izpkjd ds :Ik esa Jh dSyk’k pUnznos c`gLifr dk uke lnk tkuk tk,xkA buds }kjk fyf[kr
cgqr ls ys[k ,oa iqLrdsa gSa tks izdkf’kr gqbZ gSaA tSls & [kqljks] rkulsu rFkk vU; dykdkj] Hkjr dk
laxhr fl)kar] laxhr fpUrke.kh ¼nks Hkkxksa esa ½ ] eqlyekuvkSj Hkkjrh; laxhr] /kzqin dk fodkl bR;kfnA
budh iwjh ys[kuh laxhr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk vkt Hkh ekxZn’kZu dj jgh gSA

45
 vkpk;Z c`gLifr ‘kks/kdrkZ ds lkFk&lkFk xEHkhj fopkjd vkSj vkykspd Hkh FksA vkpk;Z c`gLifr
,d cgqeq[kh izfrHkk okys O;fDr FksA ftUgsa le;&le; ij lEEkkfur fd;k tkrk jgk gSA
iz0-3- ia0 d`”.k ukjk;.k jrutUdj ds thou&dky] laxhr ;ksxnku ,oa dyk&dq’kyrk ij izdk’k Mkfy,A
m0- Mk0 d`”.k ukjk;.k jrutUdj
ia0 Jh d`”.k ukjk;.k jrutUdj dk tUe 31 fnlEcj 1900 dks egkjk”æh; lkjLor czkã.k Jh ukjk;.k
xksfoUn th ds ?kj esa gqvkA lkr o”kZ dh vk;q ls gh Jh d`”.kdkUr Hkê ds }kjk jrutUdj th dh
laxhr&f’k{kk izkjEHk gks xbZ FkhA ckn esa dqN fnu bUgksaus Jh vuUr euksgj tks’kh cqvk ls Hkh laxhr dh
f’k{kk izkIr dhA rRi’pkr~ 13 o”kZ dh vk;q esa bUgksaus ia0 fo”.kqukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms dk f’k”;Ro xzg.k fd;kA
;s ia0 fo”.kqukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms ds izeq[k izfrfuf/k ,oa mudh lkaxhfrd fopkj/kkjk ds izcy iks”kd ds :i esa
tkus tkrs FksA jkT; Nk=o`fr ds vUrxZr~ bUgksaus ik¡p o”kksaZ rd mLrkn QS;kt+ [kk¡ ls Hkh laxhr dh rkyhe
ikbZA
lgh <ax ls lkaxhfrd Kku izkIr djus ds Ik’pkr~ Jh jrutUdj us Hkkjr ds cM+&s cM+s uxjksa esa vk;ksftr
laxhr&lEesyuksa esa Hkkx ysdj [;kfr vftZr dhA lu~ 1926 esa y[kuÅ esa tc eSfjl E;wft+d dkWyst dh
LFkkiuk gqbZ] rHkh ls bUgksaus mlesa f’k{k.k dk;Z izkjEHk dj fn;k vkSj lu~ 1928 esa mlh dkWyst ds fizalhiy
gks x,A lu~ 1956 esa ogk¡ ls lsokeqDr gksus ds ckn ;s lu~ 1957 esa bfUnjk dyk laxhr fo’ofo|ky; ds
izFke dqyifr fu;qDr gq, rFkk rhu o”kksaZ rd bl in ij vklhu jgsA
Hkkjr ljdkj us budh lkaxhfrd lsokvksa ds fy, bUgsa ^^ine Hkw”k.k** mikf/k ls vyad`r fd;kA blds
vfrfjDr bUgsa vU; vusd izfrf”Br laxhr&laLFkkvksa ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA Jh jrutUdj us vusd
laxhr xzUFkksa dh Hkh jpuk dh vkSj laLd`r ds dbZ laxhr&xzUFkksa dk vuqokn Hkh fd;kA buds jfpr xzUFk
^^rku laxzg** vkSj ^^vfHkuo xhr eatjh** xzUFk vf/kd mi;ksxh fl) gq,A
Jh jrutUdj dk lEiw.kZ thou laxhr ds fy, lefiZr jgkA os thou Hkj ‘kkL=h; laxhr ds iks”kd rFkk
fgek;rh jgsA ;s dbZ laxhr laLFkkuksa ds funsZ’kd Hkh jgsA
14 Qjojh] 1974 dks budk fu/ku gks x;k vkSj ;s egku laxhrK laxhr txr esa viuk uke vej dj
fonk gks x;kA
iz0-4- ,l-,e- VSxksj dk laxhr esa D;k ;ksxnku jgk \ o.kZu dhft,A
m0- ,l0 ,e0 VSxksj dk thou ifjp; vkSj ;ksxnku %&
mUuhloha ‘krkCnh ds mÙkjk/kZ esa caxky esa vusd laxhrK iSnk gq, ftUgksaus laxhr dks cgqr le`)
fd;kA mu laxhrKksa esa jktk lqjsUnz eksgu VSxksj dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA ;s ,d egku laxhrK Fks ftUgksaus
laxhr ds fØ;kRed :Ik dh le`f) ds lkFk&lkFk laxhr ‘kkL= dh vksj Hkh /;ku fn;kA buds le; esa
jkx&jkfxuh i)fr dk izpyu FkkA vr% bUgksaus bl i)fr dks viuk;k vkSj laxhr dh foKkfudrk vkSj
46
lw{kerk dks izdk’k esa ykus ds mns’; ls bUgksaus jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds xhr] ok|ksa dh cafn’ksa] vkyki vkSj rky
dks iznf’kZr djus dk dk;Z fd;kA bl dk;Z gsrq bUgksaus ^^Six Ragas and Thirty Six
Raginis” uked xzUFk dh jpuk dh ftldk izdk’ku lu~ 1887 bZ0 esa gqvkA
buds }kjk fyf[kr xzUFk “English verses set to Hindu Music” lu~1875 esa izdkf’kr
gqvkA bUgksaus Hkkjrh; laxhr ds v/;;u ds lkFk vU; ns’kksa ds laxhr dk Hkh v/;;u fd;k vkSj bu lcdk
lkjka’k mUgksaus “Universal History of Music” uked xzUFk esa fy[kkA bl egku xzUFk esa
lc ns’kksa ds laxhr dk ifjp; fn;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr budh ,d vkSj iqLrd “Hindu
Music” gS ftlesa vaxzts +kas }kjk fyf[kr iqLrdksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu gS vkSj Hkkjrh; laxhr lEcU/kh ys[kksa
dk laxzg gSA
ia0 Hkkr[k.Ms th ,l0 ,e0 Bkdqj ds fo”k; esa fy[krs gSa] ^^fiNyh ‘krkCnh ds mÙkjk/kZ esa caxky ds izfl)
fo}ku vkSj laxhrK jktk ,l0 ,e0 Bkdqj ds Lekjd xzUFkksa dh jpuk gqbZA mUgksaus gekjh jkӾh; dyk ds
fy, tks dqN fd;k vkus okys dbZ o”kksaZ rd mldh lerk ugh gks ldrhA Jh;qr Bkdqj ds xzUFkksa dh
la[;k bruh vf/kd gS fd mudk iw.kZ mYys[k djuk ;gk¡ lEHko ughaA cax ns’k dks viuh bl larku ij
xoZ gSA ^daB dkSeqnh*] ^laxhr lkj* vkSj ^;U= {ks= nhfidk* vkfn muds izdk’ku viuk xq.k Lo;a iznf’kZr
djrs gSaA** bl izdkj lqjsUnz eksgu VSxksj dk uke laxhr txr esa lEeku ls fy;k tkrk gSA

2-16 lanHkZ xzUFk lwph %&

1- gekjs laxhr jRu] y{eh ukjk;.k xxZ] biqLrdky;-dkWe
2- laxhr fo’kkjn] clar] laxhr dk;kZy; gkFkjl] m-iz-
3- Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl] Hkxor ‘kj.k ‘kekZ] laxhr dk;kZy;] gkFkjl] m-iz-A

47
 UNIT – II
LESSON – 3

Comparative study of Hindustani and Karanatak Music

fgUnqLrkuh vkSj dukZVd laxhr dk rqYukRed v/;;u
Structure :
3-0 mns’;
3-1 Hkwfedk
3-2 lekurk & fofHkUurk,a
3-3 lekurk,a
3-4 fofHkUurk,a
3-4-1 Loj fHkUurk
3-4-2 FkkV fHkUurk
3-4-2 jkx fHkUurk
3-4-3 xhr ‘kSyh fHkUurk
3-4-4 rky fHkUUkrk
3-4-5 fHkUurkvksa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu
3-5 egRoiw.kZ iz’u
3-6 lkjka’k
3-7 ‘kCndks”k
3-8 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj
3-9 lUnHkZ xzaFk lwph

48
3-0 mns’; %&
gekjs ns’k esa nks rjg dh laxhr i)fr;ka izpfyr gSaA mÙkjh laxhr i)fr rFkk nf{k.kh laxhr
i)frA bl ikB dk mns’; bu nksuksa i)fr;ksa ds ckjs esa tkuuk ,oa bu nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa D;k lekurk
,oa fHkUurk gS] blds ckjs esa Kku izkIr djuk gSA

3-1 Hkwfedk %&

izkphu dky esa lewps Hkkjr esa dsoy ,d gh laxhr i)fr izpfyr Fkh] ftls Hkkjrh; laxhr i)fr
dgk tkrk FkkA ia0 ‘kkjaxnso ds le; yxHkx 13oha ‘krkCnh ds ckn izkphu Hkkjrh; laxhr i)fr esa
ifjorZu gksuk vkjEHk gks x;kA bldk dkj.k ;s Fkk fd 12oha ‘krkCnh ls mÙkj Hkkjr esa fonsf’k;ksa ds
vkØe.k gksus ‘kq: gks x, FksA 13oha ‘krkCnh esa eqlyekuksa ds mÙkj Hkkjr ij ‘kklu djus ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik
mÙkj Hkkjrh; laxhr ij bZjkuh rFkk eqfLye izHkko iM++uk vkjEHk gks x;kA nwljh vksj nf{k.k Hkkjr esa
Hkkjrh; laxhr vius izkphu :Ik esa gh fodkl ds iFk ij py jgk FkkA fons’kh izHkko ds dkj.k vkxs py
dj Hkkjrh; laxhr i)fr esa ifjorZu gks x;kA igys lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa ,d ghi)fr dk izpkj Fkk ijUrq
mÙkj Hkkjr esa fonsf’k;ksa ds vkxeu rFkk muds ‘kklu ds izHkko ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik vkt mÙkj Hkkjr dk
laxhr Hkkjrh; u jg dj fgUnqLrkuh laxhr cu x;k vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr fonsf’k;ksa ls nwj jgus ds dkj.k
vius izkphu :Ik esa fo|eku gSA vkxs py dj Hkkjrh; laxhr i)fr mÙkj&Hkkjrh; laxhr rFkk
nf{k.kh&Hkkjrh; laxhr ds ukeksa ls] nks vyx&vyx ‘kk[kkvksa esa lkeus vkbZA vkt nf{k.k Hkkjr ds enzkl]
eSlwj rFkk vkU/kz izns’k bu rhuksa LFkkuksa ij nf{k.kh laxhr izpfyr gS] tcfd bu rhuksa LFkkuksa dks NksM+dj
‘ks”k lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa fgUnqLrkuh laxhr i)fr izpfyr gSA

3-2 lekurk,a &fofHkUUkrk,a %&

fgUnqLrkuh laxhr i)fr dks ^mÙkjh laxhr i)fr* Hkh dgrs gSa rFkk dukZVdh laxhr i)fr dks ^nf{k.kh
laxhr i)fr* Hkh dg dj iqdkjk tkrk gSA okLro esa ;g nksuksa i)fr;k¡ vkt pkgs LorU= gSa] fQj Hkh bu
nksuks i)fr;ksa esa vusd lekurk,¡ o fofHkUurk,¡ ikbZa tkrh gSaA oSls nksuksa i)fr;k¡ Hkkjrh; gh gSaA okLro
esa bu nksuksa laxhr i)fr;ksa ds ewy fl)karksa esa fo’ks”k vUrj ugha gSA
okLro esa ;g nksuksa i)fr;k¡ vkt pkgs Lora= gSa] fQj Hkh budh vkil esa dbZ lekurk,¡ rFkk
fofHkUurk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA
nksuksa i)fr;ksa dh lekurk,¡ rFkk fofHkUurk,¡ bl izdkj gSa %&
3-3 lekurk,¡ ¼Similarities½ %&

49
 1- nksuksa i)fr;k¡ Hkkjrh; gSaA
2- nksuksa i)fr;k¡ lIrd ds vUrxZr~ 22 Jqfr;k¡ ekurh gSaA
3- nksuksa gh ,d lIrd esa ‘kq) rFkk fod`r dqy feykdj 12 Loj ekurh gSA ftuesa ^lk* vkSj ^i*
vpy Loj gSa rFkk ‘ks”k py LojA
4- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa ,d LFkku ds vUrxZr~ 7 ‘kq) vkSj 5 fod`r Loj ekus tkrs gSaA
5- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa ‘kq) rFkk fod`r 12 Lojksa ds vk/kkj ij esy ;k FkkV dh mRifÙk ekuh tkrh gSA
6- nksuksa esa FkkV jkx O;oLFkk dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA
7- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa dqN eq[; FkkV vFkok esy fu/kkZfjr fd, x, gSa] ftuds vUrxZr~ jkxksa dks j[kk
tkrk gSA ,d n`f”V ls nksuksa i)fr;k¡ gh FkkV dks ^tud* rFkk jkx dks ^TkU;* ekurh gSa vFkkZr~
nksuksa esa gh FkkV jkx fl|kUr dk izpyu gSA
8- nksuksa i)fr;ksa us Jqfr Loj foHkktu dks
^^prq’prq’prq’pSo “kM+t e/;e iapek] }h }h fu”kkn xka/kkjkS frL=h% fj”kHk /kSorkS**A ds vk/kkj ij
fuf’pr fd;k gSA
9- ^^xhra ok|a rFkk u`R;a =;a laxhreqP;rs** ds vuqlkj nksuksa gh i)fr;k¡ laxhr esa xhr] ok| rFkk
u`R; dk lekos’k ekurh gSaA
10- nksuksa esa jkx foLrkj vkfn dh iz.kkyh gSA
11- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa jkx ds nl y{k.k ekus tkrs gSa] ftuds vk/kkj ij jkx dk Lo:Ik fu/kkZfjr gksrk
gSA
12- nksuksa esa jkx dh ‘kqf) ij /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA ¼nf{k.k esa vis{kkd`r vf/kd½
13- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa jkxksa dh eq[; rhu tkfr;ksa lEiw.kZ] “kkM+o rFkk vkSM+o ls vkxs dqy 9 tkfr;k¡
ekuh tkrh gSaA
14- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa vkyki&xku Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA
15- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa fdlh jkx dks xkrs le; igys mldk vkyki fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ckn esa mldk
xhr ;k xr dh tkrh gSA
16- nksuksa esa xk;u ds vUrxZr~ vkyki vkdkj }kjk ;k ukserkse] ruk] nsjs] uk] bR;kfn ‘kCnksa }kjk fd;k
tkrk gSA
17- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa gh vkyki ,oa rkuksa ds lkFk pht+sa xkbZ tkrh gSaA
18- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa ^^’kkL=h; laxhr** rFkk ^^lqxe laxhr** nksuksa gh izdkj izpfyr gSa ftuds vUrxZr~
vusd xhr ‘kSfy;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA
19- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa rky dks Hkh iz/kku rRo ekuk x;k gSA
20- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa laxhr dh n`f”V ls ^Loj* ds lkFk ^rky* dks Hkh fo’ks”k egRo fn;k tkrk gS rFkk
rky n’kkZus ds fy, vou) ok|ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
3-4 fHkUurk,¡ ¼Differences½ %&

50
3-4-1 Loj fHkUurk ¼Swara-Differences½
;w¡ rks nksuksa laxhr i)fr;ksa us lIrd esa ‘kq) vkSj fod`r dqy 12 Loj ekus gS]a ijUrq muds Loj
ukeksa esa fHkUurk ikbZ tkrh gSA nksuksa i)fr;ksa ds Loj uke bl izdkj gSa %&
mÙkjh laxhr i)fr nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr
1- lk lk
2- dksey js ‘kq) js
3- ‘kq) js ;k rhoz js ‘kq) x ;k prq% Jqfr js
4- dksey x lk/kkj.k x ;k “kVJqfr js
5- ‘kq) x ;k rhoz x vUrj xkU/kkj ¼x½
6- ‘kq) e ‘kq) e
7- rhoz e izfr e
8- Ik i
9- dksey /kk ‘kq) /kk
10- ‘kq) /k ‘kq) fu ;k prq% Jqfr /k
11- dksey fu dSf’kd fu ;k “kVJqfr /k
12- ‘kq) fu dkdyh fu

D;ksfa d mÙkjh laxhr i)fr ds dksey js vkSj /k nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr ds ‘kq) js vkSj /k gSa vkSj mÙkjh
laxhr ds ‘kq) js vkSj /k nf{k.kh laxhr ds ‘qk) x rFkk uh gS vr% dukZVdh Lojksa ds vuqlkj nf{k.k dk
‘kq) Loj lIrd bl izdkj gksxk &&&
lk js x e Ik /k fu &&& dukZVdh
lk js js e Ik /k /k &&& fganqLrkuh
mi;qDZ r dukZVdh ‘kq) lIrd dks nf{k.kh fo}ku ^eq[kkjh esy* dgrs gSaA dukZVdh laxhr i)fr ds
Lojksa esa fdlh Loj dks dksey voLFkk esa ugh ekuk x;k gS vFkkZr~ nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa ‘kq) Lojksa dh
gh lcls uhph voLFkk ekuh tkrh gSA tc Loj dk :Ik cnyrk gS] vFkkZr~ os fod`r gksrs gSa rks vkSj uhpsa
u tk dj Åij dks tkrs gSa] tSls ‘kq) js ds vkxs nf{k.k dk prq%Jqfrd ^ js * vkrk gS vkSj mlh dks os
‘kq) ^ x * dgrs gSa vkSj ‘kq) ^ x * ds vkxs lk/kkj.k ^ x*] fQj varj ^ x * uke fn, gSaA

3-4-2 FkkV fHkUurk ¼Thata Differences½ %&

51
 1- nksuksa laxhr i)fr;ksa ds ‘kq) Loj lIrd fHkUu gSaA mÙkjh vFkok fgUnqLrkuh laxhr i)fr dk ‘kq)
Loj lIrd ¼’kq) FkkV½ ^fcykoy* gSA
tcfd nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr dk ‘kq) FkkV ^dudkaxh* ekuk tkrk gSA
2- mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa dqy nl FkkV ekus x, gSa] ftuds vUrxZr~ mÙkjh i)fr ds lHkh jkxksa dk
oxhZdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
tcfd nf{k.kh i)fr esa O;adVeq[kh ds dqy 72 FkkVksa esa ls eq[; 19 FkkVksa dks gh mi;ksxh
ekuk gS] rFkk muds vUrxZr~ lHkh jkxksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k gSA
3- mÙkjh laxhr i)fr ds FkkV esa ,d Loj ds nks :Ik] tSls dksey fj”kHk rFkk ‘kq) fj”kHk ,d lkFk
iz;ksx esa ugha yk, tk ldrsA ,d le; esa ,d Loj dk ,d gh :Ik pkgs og dksey gks ;k ‘kq)
iz;ksx esa vk ldrk gSA
tcfd nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa ,d Loj ds nks :Ik ,d lkFk FkkV esa iz;ksx fd, tk
ldrs gSaA

3-4-3 jkx fHkUurk ¼Raga Differences½

1- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa dgha rks Lo:Ik fHkUurk gS] rks dgha uke fHkUurk ikbZ tkrh gSA dqN jkx ,sls gSa]
ftuds uke rks ,d gSa ijUrq muds Loj :Ik fcYdqy vyx&vyx gSaA tSls mnkgj.k ds fy,
fgaMksy] lksguh] Jh] rksM+h bR;kfnA
2- nksuksa i)fr;ksa ds dqN jkxksa ds uke fHkUu gksus ij Hkh muds Lo:iksa esa lekurk ikbZ tkrh gSA
tSls %&
Hkkjrh; vkJ; jkx nf{k.kh jkx uke
1- fcykoy /khj ‘kadjk Hkj.k
2- dY;k.k esp dY;k.kh
3- [kekt gfj dkEHkksth
4- dkQh [kjgj fiz;k
5- HkSjo guqer rksM+h
6- HkSjoh ek;k ekyo xkSM+
7- vklkojh uV HkSjoh
8- iwohZ dkeof/kZuh
9- ekjok xeu fiz;k
10- rksM+h ‘kqHk iUrqojkyh

52
 3- dqN jkx ,sls Hkh gSa ftuds uke rks vyx&vyx gSa] ijUrq Loj rFkk pyu nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa loZFkk
leku gSA
tSls %&
mÙkjh laxhr i)fr nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr
Hkwikyh eksgue
ekydkSal fganksye
nqxkZ ‘kq) lkosjh
fcykoy /khj ‘kadjk Hkj.k
HkSjoh rksM+h
4- mÙkj Hkkjrh; laxhr i)fr esa jkx izn’kZu djrs le; oknh&lEoknh tSls Lojksa dks fo’ks”k egRo
fn;k tkrk gS]
tcfd nf{k.kh i)fr esa budks mruk egRo ugha fn;k tkrkA
5- mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa jkxksa dh eq[; rhu tkfr;k¡ lEiw.kZ] “kkM+o rFkk vkSM+o ekuh tkrh gSa]
tcfd nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa ik¡p tkfr;k¡ &&& lEiw.kZ] “kkM+o] vkSM+o] oØ rFkk ladh.kZ ekuh
tkrh gSaA
6- mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa nks e/;e ¼’kq) rFkk rhoz½ yxus okys dbZ jkx izpfyr gSaA ;gk¡ dbZ jkxksa
esa nksuksa e/;eksa dk iz;ksx ,d&nwljs ds ckn Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
tcfd nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa nksuksa e/;e yxus okys jkx fcYdqy ugha ik, tkrs vFkkZr
ogk¡ jkxksa esa nksuksa e/;eksa ds iz;ksx dk pyu ugha gSA

3-4-4 xhr&’kSyh fHkUurk ¼Music Styles Differences½

1- fgUnqLrkuh laxhr i)fr esa /kzqin] /kekj] [;ky] Bqejh] rjkuk] VIik] y{k.kxhr] ljxe] prqjax]
f=oV] jkx&ekfydk] Hktu] xt+y] pSrh] lkou] dtjh bR;kfn xhr&’kSfy;k¡ izpfyr gSaA
tcfd nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa dhrZue~] d`fr] o.kZe~] ine~] tkoyh] frYykuk] jkxekyk] tkfr Loj]
fpUnq] Lojtkfr bR;kfn xhr izdkj ekus tkrs gSa rFkk izpfyr gSaA
2- mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa xhrksa ds fofHkUu Hkkx LFkkbZ] vUrjk] lapkjh rFkk vkHkksx dgykrs gSaA
tcfd nf{k.kh i)fr ds xhrksa ds fofHkUu Hkkx iYyoh] vuqiYyoh] p.kZe~ rFkk fpÙkLoje~ dgykrs gSaA
53
 3- fgUnqLrkuh laxhr esa vkyki xk;u] Loj&mPpkj.k rFkk xed vkfn dk dke dukZVdh i)fr ls
fHkUu fd;k tkrk gSA mÙkjh laxhr esa tgk¡ Loj dh fLFkkjrk ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gS] ogha
nf{k.kh laxhr esa Loj ds xed ;qDr mPpkj.k dk izpyu gSA
4- nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa xk;u rFkk oknu nksuksa esa ‘kCn ,oa Loj dk leku egRo gSA
tcfd mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa Loj dks iz/kku rFkk ‘kCn dks de egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
5- nf{k.kh i)fr esa ok|ksa ij Hkh vf/kdrj xhr gh ctk, tkrs gSaA ra=dkjh tSlh LorU= oknu ‘kSyh
muds ;gk¡ izpfyr ughaA
tcfd mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa Loj ok|ksa dh oknu ‘kSyh LorU= :Ik esa izpfyr gS ftlds vUrxZr~ vkyki]
tksM+] >kyk] xr rFkk rksM+ksa dk oknu fd;k tkrk gSA
6- mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa jkxksa ds xkus dk <ax nf{k.kh i)fr ls ,dne fHkUu gSA ;gk¡ ds xk;d&oknd
,d jkx ds izn’kZu esa de ls de ,d ?k.Vs dk le; ys ysrs gSa] ftlesa vkyki] tksM+] ubZ&ubZ
Loj&laxfr;k¡ rFkk y;dkfj;ksa dk izn’kZu djrs gq, jkx dh lqUnjrk esa o`f) djrs gSaA
tcfd nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa xk;d&oknd ,d jkx dks yxHkx 15 feuV esa gh lekIr dj nsrk gS vkSj
,d ?k.Vs esa og de ls de 4&5 jkxksa dk izn’kZu Jksrkvksa ds lEeq[k dj nsrk gSA
7- mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa jkx dh jatdrk esa o`f) djus ds fy, jkx fu;eksa esa ifjorZu djrs gq,
fooknh Lojksa dk iz;ksx rFkk vU; jkxksa dk feJ.k Hkh dj fy;k tkrk gSA
tcfd nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa jkxksa ds fu;eksa dk n`<+rk ls ikyu fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk muesa vU; jkxksa
dk feJ.k dnkfi ugh fn[kk;k tkrkA

3-4-5 rky fHkUurk ¼Tala Differences½

1- mÙkjh laxhr rky i)fr dukZVdh laxhr rky i)fr ls cgqr fHkUu gSA fgUnqLrkuh laxhr xzUFkksa
esa yxHkx 360 rkyksa dk o.kZu feyrk gS ysfdu izpkj esa yxHkx 30&35 rkyksa dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tcfd nf{k.kh laxhr xzUFkksa esa 175 rkyksa dk o.kZu feyrk gS rFkk mu lHkh dk gh iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
2- mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa u,&u, rkyksa ds fuekZ.k ls rkyksa dh la[;k vufxur gks ldrh gS] vFkkZr
;gk¡ rkyksa dh fxurh fu/kkZfjr ugh gSA
tcfd nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa rkyksa dh la[;k lhfer gSA ;gk¡ eq[; lkr rky ekus tkrs gSaA

54
 3- mÙkjh laxhr esa rkyksa dh ek=k;sa fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSa] tSls >irky dh 10 ek=k;sa] rhu rky dh 16
ek=k;sa bR;kfnA blesa tkfr Hksn dk izpyu ugha gSaA
tcfd nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa tkfr Hksn ls ,d gh rky dh vusd ek=k;sa gks ldrh gSaA mudh
eq[; lkr rkyksa esa izR;sd dh ik¡p&ik¡p tkfr;k¡ ekuh tkrh gSaA tSls &&& prL=] frL=] [kaM] feJ rFkk
ladh.kZ tkfrA bl izdkj nf{k.k esa dqy 7×5 ¾ 35 rkysa ekuh tkrh gSaA bUgha 35 rkyksa dh vkxs ik¡p&ik¡p
^xfr Hksn* gksus ls buds vkSj izdkj Hkh cu tkrs gSa vFkkZr~ 35×5 ¾ 175 vFkkZr~ nf{k.kh laxhr esa dqy
feykdj 175 rkysa ekuh tkrh gSaA
4- mÙkjh laxhr esa rky dh izFke ek=k ij tks vk?kkr fd;k tkrk gS] mls ^le* dgrs gSa rFkk [kkyh
ds LFkku ij ^[kkyh* dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA [kkyh ds fy, dksbZ vkSj izdkj ugha gksrkA
tcfd nf{k.kh laxhr esa rky dh izFke ek=k ij tks vk?kkr djrs gSa] mls ^ikr* dgrs gSa] rFkk
[kkyh ds LFkku ij ^folftZre~* dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftlds rhu izdkj gSa &&& irkde~] d`”k; rFkk
lfiZ.khA
5- mÙkjh laxhr esa rkyksa ds cksy rcys vkSj e`nax nksuksa ij ctk;s tkrs gSaA
tcfd nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa rkyksa dks i[kkot ;k e`nax ij ctk;k tkrk gSA
6- mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa xk;u&oknu dk izn’kZu djrs le; rky dk iz;ksx dsoy laxr djus ds
fy, gh fd;k tkrk gSA rky oknd] laxhrdkj dh dyk&izn’kZu ds vuqdwy gh viuh rky dk izn’kZu
lkFk&lkFk laxr djrs gq, djrk gSA dk;ZØe ds chp og vdsyk rky&izn’kZu ugh djrkA
tcfd nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa xk;d&oknd ds lkFk laxr djrs gq, rky oknd chp&chp esa
Lo;a viuk ,dy izn’kZu Hkh dj ldrk gSA ftlds fy, xk;d&oknd viuk xk;u&oknu chp esa jksd
dj rky oknd dks LorU= izn’kZu ds fy, le; nsrs gSaA

3-4-6 la{ksi esa fHkUurk,a %&

la{ksi esa nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh fHkUurk dks bl izdkj Li”V dj ldrs gSa &&&
1- lcls CkM+k Hksn rks bu nksuksa i)fr;ksa ds vk/kkj esa gh gSA nf{k.kh laxhr fons’kh izHkkoksa ls vNwrk
jgus ds dkj.k vius Hkkjrh; :Ik ds vf/kd fudV gSA nf{k.kh laxhr esa xk;u ds lkFk&lkFk ok| rFkk
u`R; dks Hkh leku egRo fn;k tkrk gSA nf{k.kh i)fr laxhr dh ifjHkk”kk dks iw.kZ :Ik ls O;Dr djrh gS
tcfd mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa xk;u dks iz/kku] oknu dks xkS.k rFkk u`R; dks fuEu ekuk tkrk jgk gSA

55
 2- mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa vkSj nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa ;|fi Loj&LFkku 12 gh ekus x, gSa] fdUrq
nksuksa ds Loj rFkk Loj ukeksa esa varj gSA
3- mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa dsoy nl FkkVksa ls jkxksa dh mÙifÙk gqbZ gS] ysfdu nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa
72 tud FkkVksa dk izek.k feyrk gSA
4- nksuksa i)fr;ksa dh xk;u ‘kSyh esa Hkh vUrj gSA nf{k.k dh ‘kSyh /kziq n iz/kku rFkk mÙkj dh [;ky
iz/kku gSA blh fy, nf{k.k laxhr esa ‘kkL=h;rk rFkk xf.kr dh iz/kkurk gSA
5- nksuksa i)fr;ksa ds xhr izdkj Hkh fHkUu gSaA nf{k.k esa /kqin iz/kku gksus ds dkj.k ogk¡ ds laxhr esa
y;dkjh dk peRdkj ns[kus dks feyrk gSa ogk¡ o.kZe~ vkfn dk izpkj gS fdUrq mÙkjh laxhr esa LosPNkuqlkj
jkx&xk;u dk izpyu gSA
6- nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr dh pht+sa dUuM+] rsyxw] rfey bR;kfn Hkk”kkvksa esa jph gqbZ gksrh gSa tcfd
mÙkjh laxhr i)fr ds xhr czt Hkk”kk] fganh] mnw]Z iatkch] ekjokM+h Hkk”kkvksa esa gksrs gSaA
7- nksuksa i)fr;ksa ds rky Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gSaA
8- nksuksa laxhr i)fr;ksa esa LojksPpkj.k rFkk vkokt+ fudkyus dh ‘kSfy;k¡ fHkUu&fHkUu gSAa
9- nksuksa i)fr;ksa ds izk;% vius&vius jkx Hkh LorU= gSa vFkkZr~ vf/kdka’k nf{k.kh jkx mÙkjh jkxksa ls
lekurk ugha j[krsA dsoy dqN gh jkx nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa leku gSaA
10- nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr ds ‘kq) Loj lIrd dks ^dudkaxh* vFkok ^eq[kkjh esy* dgrs gSa tcfd mÙkjh
laxhr i)fr ds ‘kq) Loj lIrd dks ^fcykoy* dgk tkrk gSA
bl izdkj mi;qZDr lekurkvksa vkSj fofHkUurkvksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh okLro esa ewy :Ik ls nksuksa i)fr;k¡
^Hkkjrh; laxhr* dh gh nks ‘kk[kk,¡ gSaA tks Hkjr ,oa ‘kkjaxnso ds xzUFkksa dks gh vk/kkj ekurh gSaA bu nksuksa
i)fr;ksa dk fodkl e/; dky esa izknsf’kd fHkUurk ds dkj.k LorU= jhfr ls gqvk gSA nksuksa i)fr;k¡
viuh&viuh futh fo’ks”krkvksa ls ekuo eu dks vkufUnr dj jgh gSaA
fdUrq vktdy nksuksa i)fr;ksa dks feykdj vkxs c<+us ds iz;ksx fd, tk jgs gSaA dqN n’kdksa ls
nksuksa i)fr;ksa ds dbZ CkM++s dykdkj o laxhrdkj feydj la;qDr :Ik ls dyk izn’kZu djrs gq, mÙkjh
rFkk nf{k.kh i)fr dks feykus ds iz;Ru fujarj djrs tk jgs gSAa
3-5 egRoiw.kZ iz’u %&
iz0-1- fgUnqLrkuh vkSj dukZVdh laxhr i)fr;ksa dh nl lekurkvksa dk o.kZu djsaA
iz0-2- nksuksa i)fr;ksa dh fHkUurk ij la{ksi esa izdk’k Mkfy,A
56
3-6 lkjka’k %&
izkphu dky esa lewps Hkkjr esa dsoy ,d gh laxhr i)fr izpfyr Fkh] ftls Hkkjrh; laxhr i)fr dgk
tkrk FkkA 12oha ‘krkCnh ls mÙkj Hkkjr esa fonsf’k;ksa ds vkØe.k gksus ‘kq: gks x, FksA fons’kh izHkko ds
dkj.k vkxs py dj Hkkjrh; laxhr i)fr esa ifjorZu vk;kA lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa ,d gh i)fr dk izpkj Fkk
ijUrq mÙkj Hkkjr esa fonsf’k;ksa ds vkxeu rFkk muds ‘kklu ds izHkko ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik vkt mÙkj Hkkjr
dk laxhr Hkkjrh; u jg dj fgUnqLrkuh laxhr cu x;k vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr fonsf’k;ksa ls nwj jgus ds dkj.k
vius izkphu :Ik esa fo|eku gSA vkxs py dj Hkkjrh; laxhr i)fr mÙkj&Hkkjrh; laxhr rFkk
nf{k.kh&Hkkjrh; laxhr ds ukeksa ls] nks vyx&vyx ‘kk[kkvksa esa lkeus vkbZAokLro esa ;g nksuksa i)fr;k¡
vkt pkgs LorU= gSa] fQj Hkh bu nksuks i)fr;ksa esa vusd lekurk,¡ o fofHkUurk,¡ ikbZa tkrh gSaA tSls nksuksa
i)fr;ksa esa Jqfr] Lojksa] jkx y{k.k] tkfr bu lHkh dh la[;kvksa esa lekurk ikbZ tkrh gSa vkSj nksuksa gh
i)fr;k¡ FkkV jkx fl|kar dks ekurh gSaA nksuksa gh i)fr;k¡ Hkkjrh; gSa ysfdu fQj Hkh nksuksa esa fofHkUurk
Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSA tSls & Loj fHkUurk] FkkV fHkUurk] jkx fHkUurk] xhr ‘kSyh fHkUurk] rky fHkUurk bR;kfnA

3-7 ‘kCndks”k %&

Tkud & mRiUu djus okyk]
tU; & mRiUu gksus okyk]
prq%Jqfr & pkj Jqfr okyk]
“kVJqfr & N% Jqfr okykA

3-8 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj %&

iz0-1- fgUnqLrkuh vkSj dukZVdh laxhr i)fr;ksa dh nl lekurkvksa dk o.kZu djsaA
m0-
1- nksuksa i)fr;k¡ Hkkjrh; gSaA
2- nksuksa i)fr;k¡ lIrd ds vUrxZr~ 22 Jqfr;k¡ ekurh gSaA
3- nksuksa gh ,d lIrd esa ‘kq) rFkk fod`r dqy feykdj 12 Loj ekurh gSA ftuesa ^lk* vkSj ^i*
vpy Loj gSa rFkk ‘ks”k py LojA
4- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa ,d LFkku ds vUrxZr~ 7 ‘kq) vkSj 5 fod`r Loj ekus tkrs gSaA
5- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa ‘kq) rFkk fod`r 12 Lojksa ds vk/kkj ij esy ;k FkkV dh mRifÙk ekuh tkrh gSA
6- nksuksa esa FkkV jkx O;oLFkk dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA

57
 7- nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa dqN eq[; FkkV vFkok esy fu/kkZfjr fd, x, gSa] ftuds vUrxZr~ jkxksa dks j[kk
tkrk gSA ,d n`f”V ls nksuksa i)fr;k¡ gh FkkV dks ^tud* rFkk jkx dks ^TkU;* ekurh gSa vFkkZr~
nksuksa esa gh FkkV jkx fl|kUr dk izpyu gSA
8- nksuksa i)fr;ksa us Jqfr Loj foHkktu dks
^^prq’prq’prq’pSo “kM+t e/;e iapek] }h }h fu”kkn xka/kkjkS frL=h% fj”kHk /kSorkS**A ds vk/kkj ij
fuf’pr fd;k gSA
9- ^^xhra ok|a rFkk u`R;a =;a laxhreqP;rs** ds vuqlkj nksuksa ghi)fr;k¡ laxhr esa xhr] ok| rFkk u`R;
dk lekos’k ekurh gSaA
10- nksuksa esa jkx foLrkj vkfn dh iz.kkyh gSA
iz0-2- nksuksa i)fr;ksa dh fHkUurk ij la{ksi esa izdk’k Mkfy,A
m0- la{ksi esa nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh fHkUurk dks bl izdkj Li”V dj ldrs gSa &&&
1-lcls CkM+k Hksn rks bu nksuksa i)fr;ksa ds vk/kkj esa gh gSA nf{k.kh laxhr fons’kh izHkkoksa ls vNwrk
jgus ds dkj.k vius Hkkjrh; :Ik ds vf/kd fudV gSA nf{k.kh laxhr esa xk;u ds lkFk&lkFk ok| rFkk
u`R; dks Hkh leku egRo fn;k tkrk gSA nf{k.kh i)fr laxhr dh ifjHkk”kk dks iw.kZ :Ik ls O;Dr djrh gS
tcfd mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa xk;u dks iz/kku] oknu dks xkS.k rFkk u`R; dks fuEu ekuk tkrk jgk gSA
2-mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa vkSj nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa ;|fi Loj&LFkku 12 gh ekus x, gSa] fdUrq
nksuksa ds Loj rFkk Loj ukeksa esa varj gSA
3-mÙkjh laxhr i)fr esa dsoy nl FkkVksa ls jkxksa dh mÙifÙk gqbZ gS] ysfdu nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr esa
72 ud FkkVksa dk izek.k feyrk gSA
4-nksuksa i)fr;ksa dh xk;u ‘kSyh esa Hkh vUrj gSA nf{k.k dh ‘kSyh /kziq n iz/kku rFkk mÙkj dh [;ky
iz/kku gSA blh fy, nf{k.k laxhr esa ‘kkL=h;rk rFkk xf.kr dh iz/kkurk gSA
5- nksuksa i)fr;ksa ds xhr izdkj Hkh fHkUu gSaA nf{k.k esa /kqin iz/kku gksus ds dkj.k ogk¡ ds laxhr esa
y;dkjh dk peRdkj ns[kus dks feyrk gSa ogk¡ o.kZe~ vkfn dk izpkj gS fdUrq mÙkjh laxhr esa LosPNkuqlkj
jkx&xk;u dk izpyu gSA
6-nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr dh pht+sa dUuM+] rsyxw] rfey bR;kfn Hkk”kkvksa esa jph gqbZ gksrh gSa tcfd
mÙkjh laxhr i)fr ds xhr czt Hkk”kk] fganh] mnw]Z iatkch] ekjokM+h Hkk”kkvksa esa gksrs gSaA
7-nksuksa i)fr;ksa ds rky Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gSaA
8-nksuksa laxhr i)fr;ksa esa LojksPpkj.k rFkk vkokt+ fudkyus dh ‘kSfy;k¡ fHkUu&fHkUu gSaA
58
9-nksuksa i)fr;ksa ds izk;% vius&vius jkx Hkh LorU= gSa vFkkZr~ vf/kdka’k nf{k.kh jkx mÙkjh jkxksa ls
lekurk ugha j[krsA dsoy dqN gh jkx nksuksa i)fr;ksa esa leku gSaA
10-nf{k.kh laxhr i)fr ds ‘kq) Loj lIrd dks ^dudkaxh* vFkok ^eq[kkjh esy* dgrs gSa tcfd mÙkjh
laxhr i)fr ds ‘kq) Loj lIrd dks ^fcykoy* dgk tkrk gSA

3-9 lanHkZ xzUFk lwph %&

1- laxhr fo’kkjn] clar] laxhr dk;kZy; gkFkjl] m-iz-] tuojh 1997] 21ok¡ laLdj.kA
2- laxhr f’k{kk] Jherh fot; vjksMk+ ] ,-ih- ifCy’kj] tkyU/kjA
3- laxhr fucU/k ekyk

&%&%&%&%&%&%&

59
 LESSON - 4

Merits And Demerits Of Vocalists And Instrumentalists

Xkk;d&oknd ds xq.k&voxq.k
Structure :
4-0 mns’;
4-1 Hkwfedk
4-2 Hkjr ds vuqlkj xk;d ds xq.k
4-3 ‘kkjaxnso ds vuqlkj xk;d ds xq.k
4-4 xk;d ds nks”k
4-5 okndksa ds xq.k&voxq.k
4-5-1 oSf.kd okndksa ds xq.k Hkjr ds vuqlkj
4-5-2 oSf.kd okndksa ds xq.k ‘kkjaxnso ds vuqlkj
4-5-3 oSf.kd okndksa ds gLrxq.k
4-5-4 ok¡f’kd ds xq.k Hkjr ds vuqlkj
4-5-5 ok¡f’kd ds xq.k ‘kkjaxnso ds vuqlkj
4-5-6 ok¡f’kd ds QqRdkj xq.k&nks”k ‘kkjaxnso ds vuqlkj
4-5-7 ok¡f’kd ds nks”k
4-5-8 e`nxa oknd ds xq.k
4-5-9 e`nax oknd ds nks”k
4-6 HkkokFkZ
4-7 egRoiw.kZ iz’u
4-8 lkjka’k
4-9 ‘kCndks”k
4-10 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj
4-11 lUnHkZ xzaFk lwph
60
4-0 mns’; %&
bl ikB dk v/;;u djus dk mns’; ;g lh[kuk vkSj tkuuk gS fd xk;d&oknd ds D;k
xq.k&nks”k gksrs gSa vkSj mu xq.kksa dks viuuk vkSj nks”kksa ls eqDr jguk pkfg,A rHkh gekjk laxhr izHkko’kkyh
gks ldrk gSA

4-1 Hkwfedk %&

Lkaxhra eksfguh:ifeR;kgq% lR;eso rr~ A
;ksX;jlHkkoHkk”kkjkxizHk`frlk/kuS% AA
Xkk;d% Jksre` ufl fu;ra tu;sr~ Qye~ A
&&&y{; laxhr
;ksX; jl] Hkko] Hkk”kk rFkk jkx dh mfpr :Ik ls lk/kuk djrs gq, tks xk;d xkrk gS] mldk
laxhr eksfguh :Ik gksdj Jksrkvksa ds eu dks thrus esa vo’; gh lQy gksrk gSA blhfy, gekjs izkphu
xzUFkdkjksa us xk;dksa ds xq.k&voxq.kksa dk cgqr gh lqUnj <ax ls o.kZu fd;k gSA dgk tkrk gS fd bu
fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gq, ;k bu ckrksa ij /;ku nsrs gq, tks dykdkj viuh dyk dk izn’kZu djrk gS]
muds xkus dk ,d vyx gh izHkko muds xk;u vkSj izn’kZu ij iM+rk gSA blds foijhr dqN xk;d ,sls
gksrs gSa ftUgksaus ;k rks bu fu;eksa dk v/;;u ugh fd;k gS ;k fQj os viuh vknrksa ls etcwj gksrs gSa
ftlds dkj.k os viuh dyk iznZ’ku esa dqN ihNs jg tkrs gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd mudh Hkíh eqnkz ,¡
mudh dyk dk iru djrh gSa vkSj gkL; dk dkj.k curh gSaA
Jksrkvksa esa dbZ rjg ds O;fDr gksrs gSaA dksbZ Jksrk xhr dh dfork ij /;ku nsrs gSa] dksbZ xk;d
ds lqjhysiu ij] dksbZ xk;u dh y;dkjh ij] dksbZ xk;d ds :i&jax ij rFkk dqN muds gko&Hkko dks
ns[k dj gh vkuUn ysrs gSaA laxhr dyk ,d ,slh dyk gS ftlds lHkh vaxksa ls fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ds
Jksrk viuh&viuh :fp ds vuqdwy jlkLoknu djrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa fuf’pr :Ik ls xk;dksa ds
xq.k&voxq.k mudh dyk izn’kZu ij vPNk ;k cqjk izHkko vo’; Mkyrs gSaA bu ckrksa dk lcls vf/kd
izHkko laxhr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij iM+rk gS D;ksfa d os vius xq:] fdlh Hkh dykdkj rFkk vius v/;kid ds
gko&Hkko ij vf/kd /;ku nsrs gSa vkSj mUgsa viukus dh dksf’k’k Hkh djrs gSaA fQj pkgs og xq.k gksa ;k
voxq.kA vr% izR;sd laxhr fo|kFkhZ dks vkjEHk ls gh /;ku nsdj xk;dksa ds xq.kksa dks viukuk pkfg, vkSj
voxq.kksa ls cpuk pkfg,A D;ksafd vkjEHk esa tSlh vknr iM+ tkrh gS og le; ds lkFk ;k rks c<+rh tkrh
gS vkSj vklkuh ls ugh NwVrhA ;fn vkjEHk ls gh xk;d dks cqjh vknrsa iM+ tk,a vFkkZr~ rjg&rjg ds Hkís
gko&Hkko cuk dj xk;u djus dh vknr iM+ tk, rks mlls ihNk NqM+kuk eqf’dy gks tkrk gS vkSj bldk
ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd ml xk;d dks laxhr lekt esa lEeku vkSj lQyrk de gh izkIr gksrh gSA thou

61
dh izR;sd fLFkfr esa xq.k&voxq.k vkrs gSaA ftl O;fDr fo’ks”k esa /kS;Z dk Qy lqUnj vkSj f’ko gks] og xq.k
gSA ftldk izHkko blds foijhr iM+s rks og nks”k ds :i esa ik;k tkrk gSA xk;d ds xq.k&voxq.k egfQy
esa gkL;Lin okrkoj.k iSnk djrs gSaA vr% izR;sd fo|kFkhZ dks vkjEHk ls gh xk;dksa rFkk okndksa ds xq.kksa
dks viukdj voxq.kksa dk R;kx djuk pkfg,A
^y{; laxhr* uked iqLrd esa xk;dksa dh fLFkfr dks crkrs gq, ys[kd us fy[kk gS %&
Hkk”kk·O;Drk gkoHkkok% izfr;ars folaxr% A
O;Lrk’ps”VkLrFkk··Øks’kk% dsoye~ ddZ’kk erk%AA
,rkíXxk;ukUuL;kr~ ifj.kkeks áHkhfIlr% A
Rkrks gkL;jlL;So dsoye~ L;kr~ leqnHo% AA
mijksDr ‘yksd dk HkkokFkZ ;gh gS fd Hkís <ax ls fpYykdj vkSj ÅViVk¡x gko&Hkko fn[kkus ls
egfQy esa dsoy gkL; jl dk gh okrkoj.k iSnk gksrk gSA
Hkjr ds ukV~; ‘kkL= esa /kzqok/;k; ds Ik’pkr~ 33osa v/;k; esa xk;d&oknd ds xq.kksa rFkk nks”kksa dk
fopkj gqvk gSA ‘kkjaxnso us Hkh ekxZ&ns’kh nksuksa esa bu xq.kksa dk vUrZHkko ekuk gSA
muds vuqlkj &&&&
tks ekxhZ vkSj ns’kh laxhr nksuksa dks tkurk gS] og xkU/koZ gSA tks dsoy ekxZ dks tkurk gS og]
Lojkfn gSA D;ksafd ‘kkjhj ¼’kkjhj & ‘kjhj ls mn~Hkwr d.B½ Loj lcls izFke gSaA bu nksuksa gh xzUFkdkjksa us
xk;d vkSj oknd ds xq.k&nks”kksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
4-2 Hkjr ds vuqlkj xk;d ds xq.k &&&
1- izR;xzo;&& ;qokoLFkk esa LojksRiknu dh ‘kfDr] ‘kS’ko ;k o`)koLFkk dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gS]
vr% xk;d dks ^izR;xzo;* ;k ;kSou’kkyh gksuk vko’;d gSA
2- fLuX/k && vi:”k ¼dksey½ Loj ls daB ^fLuX?krk* dks izkIr djrk gSA
3- e/kqj && tks lqurs gh eu dks izlUu djs] ,sls ek/kq;Z ;k e/kqj Loj ls ;qDr daB ^e/kqj* gSA
4- mifprdaB&& m}sx ls jfgr daB ;k lq[k nsus okyk Loj ^ mifprdaB * dgykrk gSA
5- y; && foyfEcr] e/; rFkk nzqr y; dk mfpr Kku gksA
6- rky&& pPpiqV&pkpiqV vkfn rkyksa dk Kkrk gksA vFkkrZ~ lHkh rkyksa dk Kkrk gksaA
7- dyk&& vkoki&fuӯke vkfn dyk vFkkrZ~ rky fn[kkus dk <ax tkuus okyk gksA
8- ikr && ‘kE;kfn ¼[kkyh½ ikr dk Kku j[kus okyk gksA
9- izek.k&& fp=&okfrZd&nf{k.k dk tkudkj gksA foyfEcr] e/; rFkk nzrq y; dk Kku gksA
10- ;ksx && leik.kh&voik.kh&mifjik.kh dk mi;qDr ;kstukdkj gksA fdlh&fdlh ds vuqlkj ;ksx
dk vFkZ gS y;&rky&dyk&ikr&izek.k dk lkE; gksuk] nksuksa gh vFkZ ;qDr gSaA
62
 ^laxhr jRukdj* uked xzUFk esa ‘kkjaxnso us xk;dksa ds xq.k&voxq.kksa ds fo”k; esa foLr`r o.kZu
fd;k gSA ‘kkjaxnso us xk;d ;k xkrk u dgdj ^^xk;u y{k.k**dgk gSA xk;u ‘kCn dh O;qRifÙk bl izdkj
gS &&^^ xh;rs vusu bfr xk;u% **A xku esa ^ Y;q * izR;; yxkdj xk;u ‘kCn dh jpuk gqbZ gSA xk;u
dk L=hokph gS ^ xk;uh *] xk;u ds lkFk L=h izR;; yxk dj xk;uh ‘kCn cuk gSA

4-3 ‘kkjaxnso ds vuqlkj xk;u ¼xk;d½ ds ;s xq.k gSa &&&

ân; ‘kCn &&bl ‘kCn dk vFkZ ‘kkjhj ¼daB½dk y{k.k ekuuk pkfg,A ân; vFkkZr~ je.kh; ‘kCn dk gksuk
vko’;d gSA lk/kkj.k ‘kCnksa esa dgk tk,xk fd ftldk ‘kCn vFkkZr~ vkokt++ e/kqj o lqjhyh gksA
lq’kkjhj && ‘kjhj ls lEcfU/kr vax ¼daB½ lqUnj gks] vFkkZr~ xk;u ¼xk;d½ lqdaB dk vf/kdkjh gksA
xzg&eks{kfop{k.k && xhr ds vax dh ifjlekfIr tgk¡ gksrh gS] og LFkku xzgeks{k gSA xzgeks{k dk vFkZ gS&
xzg ds ekspu dk LFkku+ ( blds iz;ksx esa xkrk iVq gks] U;kl esa lEiw.kZ xhr&jkx ;k tkfr dh iw.kZ lekfIr
gksrh gSA ¼xzg] rky] y; ds vuqjks/k dk xhr esa lEiw.kZ :Ik ls fuokZg djus okyk bl uke ls tkuk tkrk
gSA½ vFkkZr~ tks xzg vkSj U;kl ds fu;eksa dks tkuus okyk gksA
jkxjkxkaxdksfcn && ekxZ jkxkfn dk Kkrk gksAjkxkax] Hkk”kkax] fØ;kax] mikax vkfn ns’kh jkxksa dk tkudkj
gksA
izcU/kxkufu”.kkr &&tks izcU/kxku esa izoh.k gkstSls&& ,yk] <sadh bR;kfnA izcU/k ,d izdkj dh izkphu
xku ‘kSyh gS tks orZeku le; esa izpfyr ugh gSA
fofo/kkyfIrrRofor~ && fofo/k izdkj dh vkyfIr dks tkuus okyk gks vFkkrZ~ tks fHkUu&fHkUu vkyfIr;ksa ds
rRo dk Kkrk gksA dguk dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd jkx dk vfoHkkZo&frjksHkko fn[kkus dh dyk tkurk gksA
loZLFkkuksPpxeds”ouk;klyln~xfr&& vuk;kl gh eUnz] e/;] rkj&LFkku ls ‘kksfHkr xed dks ysus esa
‘kkjhj ¼daB½ LeFkZ gks vFkkZr~ tks lc LFkkuksa dh xed lgtrk ls ys ldrk gksAs
vk;r daB && daB vius vk;r esa jgs vFkkZr~ bPNkuqlkj ftl Loj ij vko’;drk gks ogk¡ rd igq¡ps
vFkkZr~ ftldk daB ;k xyk Lok/khu gksA
rkyK && rky dk Kkrk gksA
lko/kku &&tks ,dkxzfpr gksdj lko/kkuh iwoZd xk,A
ftrJe &&tks Je dks thrus okyk gks] vFkkZr~ vFkd ifjJe djus ij Hkh ftldk ‘kjhj ,oa eu ij dksbZ
izHkko ugha iM+rk vFkkrZ~ tks vf/kd ifjJe djus ij Hkh Fkds ugh vkSj xkrs le; ;g vuqHko u gks fd
xkus esa cM+k ifjJe djuk iM+ jgk gS mls ^ftrJe* dgrs gSaA

63
‘kq)Nk;kyxkfHkK &&tks ‘kq)] Nk;kyx vkSj ladh.kZ bu jkx Hksnksa dks tkuus okyk gksA flagHkwiky us bldh
Vhdk dh gS && ekxZlwM] lkyxlwM] dk vfHkKA Nk;kyx ‘kCn dk viHkza’k ^lkyx* gSA ,sykfn vkB izcU/k
‘kq) lwM ds ,oa /kzoq kfn lkr izcU/k Nk;kyx ;k lkyxlwM ds vUrxZr~ vkrs gSaA bu lHkh dks tkuus okyk
mijksDr uke ls izfl) gSA
loZdkdqfo’ks”kfor~ && lHkh izdkj ds dkdq ¼/ofu&Hksnksa½ dks tkuus okyk gksA laxhr ‘kkL=ksa esa N% izdkj
ds dkdqvksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
vikjLFkk;lapkj && izfl)&vizfl) 96 izdkj ds LFkk; rd tks lapkj dj ldrk gks vFkkZr~ tks xkrs
le; vla[; LFkk; vFkkZr~ jkxksa ds Hkkx ;k fgLls rS;kj djds lqukus dk Kku j[krk gksA
fØ;kij && xku&fØ;k vFkkZr~ vH;kl esa tks rÙkij gksA ^laxhr le;lkj* ds vuqlkj && ekxZ&ns’kh dk
;Fkk ‘kkL= iz;ksx tks fcuk nks”k ls djrk gks] og ^fØ;kij* gS vFkkZr~ tks vH;kl esa n{k gks vFkok j;kt+h
gksA
;qDry; &&tks y; ls ;qDr gks vFkkZr~ tks y; ds lkFk xku&fØ;k djus okyk gksA
lq?kV && laxhrle;lkj esa ^lq?kV* dk y{k.k bl izdkj fn;k gS && ^Loj&o.kZ&rky bu rhuksa dks ‘kksHku
/ofu ls ;qDr dj mls O;Dr djus okyk ^lq?kV* gSA dfYyukFk ds vuqlkj ykSfdd ;k ns’kh Hkk”kk esa bls
^lq?kM+* dgk tkrk gSA
/kkj.kk && ^laxhr le;lkjdrkZ* ds vuqlkj & ^^lqUnj :Ik ls rkj ls uhps vkrs le; lqx<+rk gks ,oa
/ofu esa dksbZ ck/kk u vkus ik, rks og ^/kkj.kk* dk Kkrk dgykrk gSA
LQwju futZou && futZZou uked LFkk; esa f’k?kzrk ls ;k vizfrgr osx ls Lojksa dk iz;ksx djuk
LQwjufutZou dgykrk gSA futZou uked LFkk; ljy] dksey] jatd rFkk Øe ls vfrlw{e Loj dks izkIr
gksus dks dgrs gSaA blesa /ofu /khjs&/khjs vfrlw{e gks tkrh gS vFkkZr~ xEHkhj vkokt+ ls xkus okykA
gkjhjg% d`nH~ ktuksn~/kqj && tks vius xk;u ls Jksrkvksa ds eu dks eksfgr djus okyk ;k gj ysus okyk
gksA
mijksDr lHkh xq.kksa dks tkuus okyk ,d mRre xk;d ekuk tkrk gSA dqN xq.kksa dk yksi gksus ls
og xk;d e/;e dksVh dk rFkk dsoy nks”kksa ls ;qDr xk;d v/ke dksVh dk ekuk tkrk gSA

4-4 xk;d ds nks”k %&

^laxhr jRukdj* ds vuqlkj xk;d ds nks”k bl izdkj gSa &&&
lan”V &&nk¡r ihl dj xkus okykA

64
mn~/k`”V && jlghu xku xkus okyk tks fujl gks vkSj t+ksj ls fpYykdj xkus okyk^mn~/k`”V* dgykrk gSA
lwRdkjh && ^lwr&lwr* /ofu ftlds xk;u esa fujarj gksrh jgs vFkkZr~ ftlds xk;u esa fujarj dksbZ ,slh
/ofu mRiUu gksrh jgs tks xk;u esa :dkoV Mkys] mls ^lwRdkjh* dgrs gSaA
Hkhr && ukjn] ‘kkjaxnso rFkk dqEHk us Hk; ls xkus okys dks ^Hkhr* dgk gSA tks Hk;Hkhr gksdj vFkkZr~
Mjrs&Mjrs xk,A
’kafdr && Rofjr xfr ls xkuk ^’kafdr* dgykrk gSA tks vkRefo’okl jfgr gksdj xk, vFkkZr~ ?kcjkdj
tYnckt+h esa xkuk Hkh ,d nks”k gSA
dafir && tks LoHkko ls xk= ¼’kjhj½ ,oa ‘kCn ¼i|½ dks vdkj.k gh dfEir dj xkrk gS vFkkZr~ dkairh
gqbZ vkokt+ ls xk;u djuk ,d nks”k gSA
djkyh && Hk;kud :i ls eq¡g [kksy dj ,oa fod`r dj xkus okyk ^djkyh* nks”k dgykrk gSA
fody &&ftlds xkus esa Jqfr;k¡ de ;k vf/kd yx tkrh gksa vFkok ftlds Loj vius mfpr LFkku ij
u yxrs gksa vFkkZr~ Lojksa dks U;wukf/kd dj xkus okyk ^fody* dgykrk gSA dqEHk ds er ls Lojksa esa
U;wukf/kd Jqfr;ksa dk iz;ksx dj xkus okys ^fody* ;k ^dfiy* nks”k ls ;qDr gksrs gSaA
dkdh && dkd vFkkZr~ dkS, ds leku ftldh /ofu gks vFkkZr~ tks dkS, ds leku ddZ’k vkokt+ okyk
gksA ukjn ds vuqlkj dkdh ;k dkdLoj dk vFkZ gS daB&LFkku dks ddZ’k dj xk;u djukA
forky && rky dks NksM+ nsuk ^forky* dgykrk gSA vFkkZr~ csrky gksdj xkukA lke dh f’k{kk esa ukjn
us bls rkyghu ekuk gSA tks fd ,d nks”k gSA
djHk && x/ks ds leku eq¡Mh ¼flj½ dks cgqr vf/kd Åij mBk dj xkuk Hkh ,d nks”k ekuk tkrk gSA
m)M ;k mn~HkV && Nkx vFkkZr~ cdjh ;k HksM+ ds leku eq¡g cuk dj xkus okyk ^m)M* ;k ^mn~HkV*
dgykrk gSA
>ksacd && xys vkSj eq¡g dh ulksa dks Qqykdj xkuk Hkh ,d nks”k gSA
rqacdh && rqEcs ds leku xys vkSj eq¡g dks Qqykdj xkuk Hkh ,d nks”k gSA
oØh && eq¡g vkSj flj dks Vs<k+ dj xk;u djuk Hkh nks”k;qDr gSA
izlkjh && bl nks”k dks nks vFkksaZ esa fy;k x;k gSA igys vFkZ esa xhr ;k in dks vuko’;d :i ls
izlkfjr ;k foLrkj dj xkus okyk rFkk nwljs vFkZ esa tks gkFk&iSj iVd&iVd dj xk;u djrk gks mls
^izlkjh* nks”k ;qDr ekuk tkrk gSA
fuehfyd && vk¡[kksa dks fufefyd dj xkuk vFkkZr~ vk/kk can vkSj vk/kk [kksy dj xkuk ,d nks”k gSA

65
fojl && fujl daB ls xkuk vFkkZr~ ftlds xkus esa jl u gksA ukjn ds vuqlkj && xku djrs le;
fpr dk fo{ksi vFkkZr~ eu dk b/kj&m/kj tkuk ^fojl* dgykrk gSA
viLoj&&oftZr ;k fu”ks) Loj dk xkrkA ftlds Loj esa oftZr Loj Hkh yx tk,a og xk;d dk nks”k gSA
vO;Dr&& xnxn daB ls o.kZ dk mPpkj.k] tks vU; dks Bhd lqukbZ u iMs+] og ^vO;Dr* gSA vFkkZr~ xkrs
le; ftldk ‘kCnksPpkj.k Bhd u gksA
LFkku&Hkz”V&& rhuksa LFkkuksa dh izkfIr djus esa tks vLeFkZ gks vFkkZr~ ftldh vkokt+ ;ksX; LFkku ij u
igq¡prh gks mls ^LFkku Hkz”V* dgrs gSaA
vO;ofLFkr&& vO;ofLFkr :ils Loj &LFkkuksa esa ?kweus okyk vFkkZr~ tks cs<axs rjhds ls vFkok vO;ofLFkr
jhfr ls xkus okyk gksA
feJd && tks jkx fefJr djds vFkkZr~ jkxksa dks feykdj xkus okyk gks] ;g Hkh xk;d dk ,d nks”k gSA
vuo/kku&&tks LFkk; vkfn fu;eksa ls eqDr xk;u djs] ftuesa ,dkxzrk dk vkHkko gks mls ^vuo/kku* dgrs
gSaA vFkkZr~ ykijokgh ls xk;u djukA
lkuqukfld&& tks ukd ds Loj ls xkus okyk gks] vFkkZr~ tks xkrs le; ukd ls vkokt+ fudkys mls
^lkuqukfld* dgrs gSaA
bu lHkh nks”kksa ls vPNs xk;d dks lnSo cpuk pkfg,A mijksDr of.kZr nks”kksa esa ls dqN nks”k ,sls
Hkh gSa tks vPNs&vPNs xk;dksa esa Hkh ik, tkrs gSaA ftlds dkj.k mudh dyk izn’kZu eaas Hkh dqN deh gks
tkrh gSA bu lHkh nks”kksa ls xk;d dks eqDr jgus dk iz;Ru djuk pkfg,A vr% mijksDr xq.k&nks”kksa ij
laxhr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks iwjk&iwjk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A
4-5 oknd ds xq.k&voxq.k %&
xk;dksa ds xq.k o nks”kksa ds i’pkr~ okndksa ds xq.k vkSj nks”kksa ij Hkh /;ku nsuk vko’;d gSA
Hkjr] ‘kkjaxnso us oSf.kd] okaf’kd rFkk e`nax okndksarhuksa ds vyx&vyx xq.kksa o nks”kksa dk o.kZu fd;k
gSA loZiFz ke oSf.kd okndksa ds xq.kksa dk o.kZu bl izdkj gS&&&
4-5-1 oSf.kd okndksa ds xq.k %&
loZ izFke Hkjr }kjk of.kZr okndksa ds xq.k bl izdkj gSa &&&
d- ik.kh&y;&;fr ds ;ksx dks lqlca ) djus dh fØ;k dk Kkrk gksA
[k- vR;Ur e/kqj gLr gks] mfpr ifj;kstuk vuqlkj gkFk dk pkyu djus okyk gksA

66
x- xk;d ds xq.kksa dk vo/kku mlesa vf/kd gks D;ksafd oknd dks xk;d ls vf/kd vofgr gksuk pkfg,A
xk;d ds voxq.kksa dks vf/kdka’kr% oknd gh vius lqlac) oknu ds }kjk vkPNkfnr ;k vizdV dj ldrk
gSA
?k- oknd dks vPNk laxhrK gksus dh vko’;drk gSA
p- oknd dks xhr ds Jo.k esa vpy :ils vo/kku;qDr gksuk pkfg,A
N- oSf.kd dk vFkZ gS oh.kk oknd vFkkZr~ oknd oh.kkok| ds oknu esa fuiq.k gksA

4-5-2 oSf.kd okndksa ds xq.k ‘kkjaxnso ds vuqlkj %&

‘kkjaxnso ds vuqlkj tSls&tSls Loj eas vfHkO;fDr vk,] jatdrk dh izpjq rk gks] ml rjg ls yksd
ds vuqlkj rr~ dk fo/kku djuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ Jksrkvksa ds vuqlkj oknu fØ;k djuh pkfg,A rr~ ok|
dh iz’kalk djrs gq, ‘kkjaxnso us Hkh Hkjr ds ‘yksd dk gh vuqdj.k fd;k gSA ‘kkjaxnso ds vuqlkj oSf.kd
ds xq.k fo’ks”k bl izdkj gSa &&&
d- Ukkn] Jqfr] Loj] xzke] tkfr] jkx bR;kfn dks tkuus okyk gksA
[k- nsg ;k ‘kjhj lqUnjrk lEiUu gks] vFkkZr~ ‘kjhj esa dksbZ ,slk nks”k u jgs] ftlls og Jksrkvksa ds gkL;
dk ik= cusA
x- oSf.kd fLFkjklu ifjxzg djus okyk gks vFkkZr~ mfpr vklu ij cSBsA
?k- oSf.kd ftrJe dj}an gks] ;kfu ifjJe dks thr ysus okyk ,oa nksuksa gLrksa ¼ gkFkksa ½ dk O;ogkj leku
:Ik ls dj ldrk gksA
p-O;DrHkhfr&& Hk; dks thrus okyk ;kfu oknu fØ;k ds le; fufHkZd jgsA
N-ftrsfUnz;&& bafnz;ksa ij fot; izkIr djus okyk vFkkZr~ la;eh gksA
t-izxYHkoh&& cqf) rh{.k ,oa vfody gksA ckr dks rqjar idM+ dj mÙkj nsus okyk gksA
>-lq’kkjhj&& lqdaB dk vf/kdkjh Hkh gksA
V- lko/kkueuk&& fpr ;k eu fu’py gksA vFkkZr~ Loj ds yxko esa eu dks ,dkxz dj lko/kkurk dk
voyEcu djsaA
B-xhroknudksfon&& lqdaBh gksus ds lkFk&lkFk xhr ,oa oknu dks tkuus okyk Hkh gksA
oSf.kd dh iz’kalk ‘kkL=dkjksa us daB ls vf/kd dh gS] D;ksafd daB ds nks”kksa dks <dus dh {kerk ,oa ;ksX;rk
oSf.kdksa esa gh ekuh tkrh FkhA orZeku fgUnqLrkuh vkSj dukZVdh laxhr esa Hkh oSf.kd ds fy, xku dk tkuuk

67
iz;kstuh; gSA D;ksafd dukZVdh i)fr esa oh.kkfnoknu dh ‘kSyh inkfJr gS] vr% mUgsa xku dh f’k{kk ysuk
ijeko’;d gSA ‘kkjaxnso ds le; ls gh xku dks eq[; ,oa vU; dks mldk mijatd ekuuk ‘kq: gks x;k
FkkA ‘kkjaxnso ds iwoZ lkes’oj rd lHkh us ok| dks Js”B ekuk gS] D;ksfa d ok| ds fcuk xhr&u`R; esa dksbZ
jatdrk ugha vkrhA
bu lHkh xq.kksa ds foijhr gh nks”k ;k voxq.k ekus x, gSaA

4-5-3 oSf.kd ds gLrxq.k %&

Hkjr rFkk ‘kkjaxnso us oSf.kd ds gLrxq.kksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gS] tks bl izdkj gS &&&
Lkeizgj.k&& nksuksa gkFkksa dk ,d lkFk izgkj djus esa oSf.kd l{ke gksA
ftrJe && ifjJe dks thr ysus okyk gks vFkkZr~ vR;f/kd ifjJe ls Hkh ftlds ‘kjhj ;k eu ij dksbZ
fo’ks”k izHkko u iMsA+
fod`”V&& tks fo’ks”k :i ls d”kZ.k esa ikjaxr gksA
e/kqj&& gkFk esa e/kqjrk gksA Loj ij bl izdkj izgkj djs tks fd jatdrk ds lkFk e/kqj Hkh gksA vkt Hkh
fdlh e/kqj oknu dk Jo.k dj dgk tkrk gS fd ml oknd dk gkFk fdruk ehBk gS vFkkZr~ Loj iz;ksx
,slk gks fd tks lqurs gh lqfe”V izrhr gksA ‘kkjaxnso us bls ^fLuX/k* dgk gSA
LosnoftZr&& oknd dks ilhuk ugha vkuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ mldh oknu fØ;k ,slh gks fd ftlls Jksrk dks
;g vuqHko u gks fd oknu fØ;k esa dksbZ fo’ks”k ifjJe gks jgk gSA ‘kkjaxnso us bls ^ Losnghu*laKk nh
gSA
c`gUu[k&& u[k ¼uk[kwu½ c`gr gksuk vko’;d gSA Hkjr ;k ‘kkjaxnso ds le; vqxqyh ;k u[k ls oknu
gksrk Fkk] vr% ;g vfr vko’;d Fkk fd oknd dk u[k ;k uk[kwu cM+k gksA ’kkjaxnso us bls ^^nq<+ ulkS**
dgk gSA
Hkjr ,oa ‘kkjaxnso }kjk of.kZr ok¡f’kd ds xq.kksa dk o.kZu bl izdkj gS &&&

4-5-4 loZizFke Hkjr }kjk of.kZr ok¡f’kd ds xq.k %&

cyoku&& cyoku dk vFkZ dsoy ‘kfDr’kkyh gh ugh oju~ ftrxzaFk vFkkZr~ QwRdkj ¼Qwda Hkjuk½ djrs le;
lk¡l dk vkf/kD; ekuk x;k gSA
n`<i+ k.kh&& Loj&LFkku esa vaxqyh dk vpy ;k fLFkj jguk ^n`<+ik.kh* dgykrk gSA vaxqyh esa daiu vkfn
gksus ls Loj Hkz”V gksus dh vk’kadk jgrh gSA
68
vofgrcqf)&& cqf) ,dkxz o rhoz gksA fdlh Hkh f’k{kk dks /kkj.k djus dh {kerk gksA
xhry;K && xhr ,oa y; dk vPNk Kkrk gksA
lqlaxhr && vPNk xku djus okyk gksA oSf.kd ds lkFk&lkFk okaf’kd dks Hkh ,d vPNk Kkrk gksus dh
vko’;drk gSA

4-5-5 ‘kkjaxnso }kjk of.kZr okaf’kd ds xq.k bl izdkj gSa &&&

vaxqyhlkj.kkH;kl&& lkj.kkvksa dk vFkZ vaxqyh dks Loj LFkku ij mfpr <ax ls cSBkuk vkSj mBkuk gSA
lqLFkkuRo&& okaf’kd] lE;d o mfpr LFkku dh izkfIr djus okyk gksA
lqjkxrk && jkxksa dks ek/kq;Z ls O;Dr djus okyk gksA
osxkn~xkrkxrs&& jkxksa dk osx ls vkjksg&vojksg dj ek/kq;Z iznku djus esa LeFkZ gksA
xhroknu n{k&& xk;u&oknu djus esa leFkZ o dq’ky gksA
nks”kkPNknu && xkrk ds nks”kksa dks <dus dh {kerk gks] Jksrkvksa dks jkxHkz”Vrk dk irk u py ldsA
ekxZ&ns’kh&jkxdkS’ky&& ekxZ] ns’kh nksuksa izdkj ds lHkh jkxksa esa okaf’kd dks dq’ky gksuk vko’;d gSA
Jkod&e/kqj&lfuX/k && ;g xq.k daB] oh.kk ,oa oa’k rhuksa esa ijeko’;d gSA budh O;k[;k iwoZ dh tk
pqdh gSA
vfopfyr && fLFkj Loj dks iznku djus okyk gksA
vfofPNUu && Loj esa ,d:irk vFkkZr~ Loj VqVs u ,slk xq.k gksA
o.kkZyadkjcks/k&&o.kksaZ ,oa vyadkjksa dk Kku j[kus okyk gksA
e/kqj&fLuX/k && oa’k e/kqj ,oa fLuX/k Lojnk;d gksA

4-5-6 ‘kkjaxnso us okaf’kd ds QwRdkj ¼Qwad Hkjus½ xq.k&nks”kksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSAbUgksaus okaf’kd ds
QwRdkj vFkok Qwadus ds xq.k Øe’k% ;s crk, gSa &&&
fLux/krk] ?kurk] jfDr] O;fDr] izpjq rk] ykfyRo] dkseyRo] uknkuqj.ku] f=LFkkuRo] JodRo] ek/kq;Z]
lko/kkurkA bu 12 xq.kksa es]a 11 xq.k ‘kCnxq.k gh gSaA tks laxhr jRukdj ds izdh.kZdk/;k; esa mfYyf[kr gSaA
;gk¡ budk o.kZu ugha fd;k gS D;ksfa d daB ds Hkh ;gh xq.k gSaA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd daB ,oa oa’k
QwRdkj ds xq.k leku gh ekus x, gSaA

69
okaf’kd ds QwRdkj nks”k %&
‘kkjaxnso us okaf’kd ds QwRdkj nks”kksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA bUgksaus ;|fi nl QwRdkj&nks”k dgs
gSa] ysfdu fxuk, dsoy 9 gh gSaA tks fd bl izdkj gSa &&&
;ey&& Qwad nsus ds Ik’pkr~ Hkh mls Hkjus ds fy, iqu%&iqu% Qwda fn, tkrs gSa] rks ;g ^;ey* gSA
Lrksd&&bruh LFkwy Qwda gks fd LFkku ¼Loj½ izkfIr esa vLeFkZ gksA
d`r && flagHkwiky us bls ^d`’k* dgk gSA tks ;FkkFkZ izrhr gksrk gSA Qwda bruh gYdh gks fd LFkku ¼Loj½
izkfIr esa vLeFkZ gksA
L[kfyr&& Qwad nsus esa vLeFkZ gksdj Loj ds chpks&a chp :d tkuk ;k Qwad dks LFkfxr dj nsuk] ^L[kfyr*
dgykrk gSA
dafir &&dQ ls tfM+r tc Loj dk LQwju ¼Qwda nsdj Loj mRiUu djuk½ fod`r :ils gks rks ^dafir*
;k *dfiy* dgykrk gSA
rqacdh && rqEcs tSlk ;k xksy eq¡g cuk dj /ofu fudkyuk ^rqca dh* dgykrk gSA
dkdh && rkj LFkku esa Jqfr ghurk gks rFkk dkd ds leku Loj fudys rks og ^dkdh* dgykrk gSA
lan”V && nk¡r ihl dj Qw¡d nsuk ^lan”V* gSA
vO;ofLFkr&& tc ,slh Qw¡d Hkjh tk, fd Loj dHkh dqN de vkSj dHkh dqN vf/kd yxs rks mls
^vO;ofLFkr* dgk tkrk gSA

4-5-7 okaf’kd ds nks”k %&

feF;k iz;ksxckgqY;&& ^feF;k* dk vFkZ gS] ^jatdRoghu*A ^iz;ksx* dk vFkZ gS] ^vLFkku esa xedkyki*A bl
izdkj jatdRoghu vLFkku esa xedkyki dk ckgqY; ,dnks”k ekuk x;k gSA
vaxqyhlkj.kkH;klkfn tks xq.k crk,a gSa] muds foijhr :iHkh nks”k ds uke ls tkus x, gSaA
b”VLFkku&& tks LFkku b”V ;k Js”B vFkok vko’;d gS]a mu rd u igq¡puk ,d nks”k gSA
f’kj ;k flj dk Øekxr daiu gksrk jgs] rks og Hkh okaf’kd dk nks”k gSA

4-5-8 e`nax oknd ds xq.k %&

xzUFkdkjksa }kjk e`nax okndksa ds xq.kksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA tks fd bl izdkj gSa &&&

70
o.kZ O;fDr && o.kZ vFkkZr~ ikVk{kj dk iz;ksx ,slk djsa] ftlls os LQqV gksa] ;kfu izR;sd dk mPpkj.k Li”V
gksA
lqj[s kRo && oknu&fØ;k esa jatdrk vo’; gksA
vuq;k; izoh.krk&& ^vuq;k;* dk vFkZ dYyhukFk us vU; ok|ksa dk vuqdj.k rFkk flagHkwiky us xfr dh]
Nk;k dh rjg vuqlj.k djuk cryk;k gSA bl izdkj ds vuqdj.k esa tks izoh.krk ykHk djs] mls
^vuq;k;izoh.krk* dgk x;k gSA
e/kqjks}rok|s”kq foKrk&& enZy ds nks izdkj crk, x, gSa & e/kqj ,oa m}rA ns’kh enZy tks ns’kh ok|ksa
rFkk ns’kh jkxksa ds lkFk ctrk gS] og e/kqj gS rFkk lkekU;tu ds laxhr esa iz;qDr enZy m}r ok| gSA
bu nksuksa dks tkuus okyk bl xq.k dk vf/kdkjh ekuk tkrk gSA
gLryk?ko && y?kq gLr ls enZy dk oknu djus okyk gksA
vo/kku&& oknu esa ,dkxzfpr gksA
Jet;&& ifjJe dks t; djus okyk vFkkZr~ thrus okyk gksA
jfDr && jatdrk gksA
;fr] rky] y; dks tkuus okyk gksA
xhrkuqxeu&& xhrksa dk vuqxeu vFkkZr~ vuqlj.k mfpr :i ls dj ikrk gksA

4-5-9 eknZfyd vFkkZr~ e`nax oknd ds bu xq.kksa ds foijhr gh nks”k ekus x, gSaA
bu leLr xq.k&nks”kksa ds v/;;u ds Ik’pkr~ ge bl fu”d”kZ ij igq¡prs gSa fd orZeku le; esa
xk;d&oknd xq.k&nks”kksa dks bruk dBksj fu;e ugh ekurs ijUrq budk Kku lHkh xk;d&oknd j[krs gSaA

4-6 HkkokFkZ %&

Ikzkphu xzUFkdkjksa us ok| ;a= ctkus okyksa ds xq.k&nks”kksa dk tks o.kZu fd;k gS] mldk HkkokFkZ bl izdkj
gS%&
Okknd ds xq.k %&
xhr] ok| vkSj u`R; esa ikjaxr gksA
fHkUu&fHkUu ok|ksa dks ctkus esa dq’ky gksA

71
ok| ;U= cukus dh tkudkjh j[kus okyk gksA
xzg Kku j[kus okyk gksA
vaxqyh&lapkyu esa dq’ky gksA
rky vkSj y; dk Kku j[krk gksA
fofHkUu ok|&;a=ksa ds fo”k; esa iw.kZ Kku j[krk gksA
gLr lapkyu esa dq’ky gksA
fdl ok| ;a= dks ctkus esa dkSu ls ‘kkjhfjd vo;oksa ls lgk;rk feyrh gS] bldk Kku j[kus okyk gksA
Lojksa ds mrkj&p<+ko dk Kku j[kus okyk gksA
Okknd ds nks”k %&
ftl oknd esa mijksDr xq.k ugh gSa ;k tks oknd bu xq.kksa dk /;ku ugh j[krk] fQj Hkh fdlh
ok| dks ctkus dh ps”Vk djrk gS] og ok| dks ctkus esa lQy ugh gks ldrkA bl izdkj mijksDr xq.kksa
dk vkHkko gh oknd ds nks”k ekus x, gSa ;k crk, x, gSAa

4-7 egRoiw.kZ iz’u %&

iz0-1- Hkjr ds vuqlkj xk;d ds xq.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
iz0-2- oSf.kd okndksa ds xq.kksa dk o.kZu ‘kkjaxnso ds vuqlkj dhft,A
iz0-3- e`nxa oknd ds xq.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

4-8 lkjka’k %&

gekjs izkphu xzUFkdkjksa us xk;dksa ds xq.k&voxq.kksa dk cgqr gh lqUnj <ax ls o.kZu fd;k gSA dgk
tkrk gS fd bu xq.kksa&voxq.kksa ij /;ku nsrs gq, tks dykdkj viuh dyk dk izn’kZu djrk gS] muds
xk;u&oknu dk ,d vyx gh izHkko muds izn’kZu ij iM+rk gSA Hkjr vkSj ‘kkjaxnso us bl fo”k; ij
vius xzUFkksa esa foLr`r izdk’k Mkyk gSA nksuksa xzUFkdkjksa us tks xq.k&nks”k xk;d&oknd ds crk, gSa og bl
izdkj gSa tSls & xq.kksa ds vUrxZr~ xk;d dks fdl izdkj vkSj fdruk eqga [kksyuk pkfg,] vkokt+ rFkk Loj
yxkus dk <ax] ‘kCnksa dk lgh mPpkj.k] Lojksa dk lgh LFkku ij yxuk] rhuksa LFkkuksa ij vkokt+ dks
igq¡pkuk bR;kfnA blh rjg voxq.kksa dh Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gS tSls xkrs gq, Vs<+s&es<s+ eqag cukuk] udyh
vkokt+ cukuk] fpYykdj xkuk] nk¡r ihl dj xkuk] y; ls ckgj jg dj xkuk] jkxksa dk /;ku u j[k dj

72
xkuk] gkFk&ik¡o vf/kd fgykdj xkuk bR;kfnA blh izdkj okndksa ds xq.k&nks”kksa ij Hkh gekjs laxhrKksa us
izdk’k Mkyk gS ftlesa oSf.kd oknd] okaf’kd oknd] e`nxa oknd ds xq.k&nks”kksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA bu
okndksa ds fy, gLr lapkyu]xhr] ok| vkSj u`R; esa ikjaxr gksuk vko’;d gS] ok| ;U= cukus dh tkudkjh
j[kus okyk gks] xzg Kku] vaxqyh&lapkyu] rky vkSj y; dk Kku] ok|&;a=ksa ds fo”k; esa iw.kZ Kku] ok|
;a= dks ctkus esa dkSu ls ‘kkjhfjd vo;oksa ls lgk;rk feyrh gS] bldk Kku] Lojksa ds mrkj&p<+ko dk
Kku j[kus okyk gksA

4-9 ‘kCndks”k %&

iVq &pkykd] fuiq.k voyEcu & lgkjk ysuk ;k viukuk
vkyfIr & vkyki xk;u d”kZ.k & [khapuk
ftrJe & Je dks thrus okyk fLuX/k & Lusg;qDr] izes e;
oSf.kd & oh.kk oknd c`gr & cM+k
ok¡f’kd & os.kq ;k ck¡ljq h lE;d & mfpr] mi;qDr] lewg
vo/kku & ,dkxzrk xkrk & xk;d
vofgr & ,dkxz ?kurk & ?kukiu ;k Bksliu
vkPNkfnr &<dk gqvk f=LFkkuRo & rhuksa LFkkuksa dk Kkrk
vfody & O;ofLFkr vFkok rhuksa LFkkuksa esa igq¡pus okyk
vizfrgr & ftlesa vojks/k u gks QqRdkj &Qwad ekjuk
dkd & dkSok enZy & e`nax

4-10 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj %&

iz0-1- Hkjr ds vuqlkj xk;d ds xq.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
m0- Hkjr ds vuqlkj xk;d ds xq.k &&&
1- izR;xzo;&& ;qokoLFkk esa LojksRiknu dh ‘kfDr] ‘kS’ko ;k o`)koLFkk dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gS]
vr% xk;d dks ^izR;xzo;* ;k ;kSou’kkyh gksuk vko’;d gSA
2- fLuX/k && vi:”k ¼dksey½ Loj ls daB ^fLuX?krk* dks izkIr djrk gSA
3- e/kqj && tks lqurs gh eu dks izlUu djs] ,sls ek/kq;Z ;k e/kqj Loj ls ;qDr daB ^e/kqj* gSA
73
 4- mifprdaB&& m}sx ls jfgr daB ;k lq[k nsus okyk Loj ^ mifprdaB * dgykrk gSA
5- y; && foyfEcr] e/; rFkk nzqr y; dk mfpr Kku gksA
6- rky&& pPpiqV&pkpiqV vkfn rkyksa dk Kkrk gksA vFkkrZ~ lHkh rkyksa dk Kkrk gksaA
7- dyk&& vkoki&fuӯke vkfn dyk vFkkrZ~ rky fn[kkus dk <ax tkuus okyk gksA
8- ikr && ‘kE;kfn ¼[kkyh½ ikr dk Kku j[kus okyk gksA
9- izek.k&& fp=&okfrZd&nf{k.k dk tkudkj gksA foyfEcr] e/; rFkk nzrq y; dk Kku gksA
10- ;ksx && leik.kh&voik.kh&mifjik.kh dk mi;qDr ;kstukdkj gksA fdlh&fdlh ds vuqlkj ;ksx
dk vFkZ gS y;&rky&dyk&ikr&izek.k dk lkE; gksuk] nksuksa gh vFkZ ;qDr gSaA
iz0-2- oSf.kd okndksa ds xq.kksa dk o.kZu ‘kkjaxnso ds vuqlkj dhft,A
m0- ‘kkjaxnso ds vuqlkj oSf.kd ds xq.k fo’ks”k bl izdkj gSa &&&
d- Ukkn] Jqfr] Loj] xzke] tkfr] jkx bR;kfn dks tkuus okyk gksA
[k- nsg ;k ‘kjhj lqUnjrk lEiUu gks] vFkkZr~ ‘kjhj esa dksbZ ,slk nks”k u jgs] ftlls og Jksrkvksa ds gkL;
dk ik= cusA
x- oSf.kd fLFkjklu ifjxzg djus okyk gks vFkkZr~ mfpr vklu ij cSBsA
?k- oSf.kd ftrJe dj}an gks] ;kfu ifjJe dks thr ysus okyk ,oa nksuksa gLrksa ¼ gkFkksa ½ dk O;ogkj leku
:Ik ls dj ldrk gksA
p-O;DrHkhfr&& Hk; dks thrus okyk ;kfu oknu fØ;k ds le; fufHkZd jgsA
N-ftrsfUnz;&& bafnz;ksa ij fot; izkIr djus okyk vFkkZr~ la;eh gksA
t-izxYHkoh&& cqf) rh{.k ,oa vfody gksA ckr dks rqjar idM+ dj mÙkj nsus okyk gksA
>-lq’kkjhj&& lqdaB dk vf/kdkjh Hkh gksA
V- lko/kkueuk&& fpr ;k eu fu’py gksA vFkkZr~ Loj ds yxko esa eu dks ,dkxz dj lko/kkurk dk
voyEcu djsaA
B-xhroknudksfon&& lqdaBh gksus ds lkFk&lkFk xhr ,oa oknu dks tkuus okyk Hkh gksA
oSf.kd dh iz’kalk ‘kkL=dkjksa us daB ls vf/kd dh gS] D;ksafd daB ds nks”kksa dks <dus dh {kerk ,oa ;ksX;rk
oSf.kdksa esa gh ekuh tkrh FkhA orZeku fgUnqLrkuh vkSj dukZVdh laxhr esa Hkh oSf.kd ds fy, xku dk tkuuk
iz;kstuh; gSA D;ksafd dukZVdh i)fr esa oh.kkfnoknu dh ‘kSyh inkfJr gS] vr% mUgsa xku dh f’k{kk ysuk
ijeko’;d gSA ‘kkjaxnso ds le; ls gh xku dks eq[; ,oa vU; dks mldk mijatd ekuuk ‘kq: gks x;k
FkkA ‘kkjaxnso ds iwoZ lkes’oj rd lHkh us ok| dks Js”B ekuk gS] D;ksfa d ok| ds fcuk xhr&u`R; esa dksbZ
jatdrk ugha vkrhA
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iz0-3- e`nxa oknd ds xq.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
m0- e`nax oknd ds xq.k %&
xzUFkdkjksa }kjk e`nax okndksa ds xq.kksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA tks fd bl izdkj gSa &&&
o.kZ O;fDr && o.kZ vFkkZr~ ikVk{kj dk iz;ksx ,slk djsa] ftlls os LQqV gksa] ;kfu izR;sd dk mPpkj.k Li”V
gksA
lqj[s kRo && oknu&fØ;k esa jatdrk vo’; gksA
vuq;k; izoh.krk&& ^vuq;k;* dk vFkZ dYyhukFk us vU; ok|ksa dk vuqdj.k rFkk flagHkwiky us xfr dh]
Nk;k dh rjg vuqlj.k djuk cryk;k gSA bl izdkj ds vuqdj.k esa tks izoh.krk ykHk djs] mls
^vuq;k;izoh.krk* dgk x;k gSA
e/kqjks}rok|s”kq foKrk&& enZy ds nks izdkj crk, x, gSa & e/kqj ,oa m}rA ns’kh enZy tks ns’kh ok|ksa
rFkk ns’kh jkxksa ds lkFk ctrk gS] og e/kqj gS rFkk lkekU;tu ds laxhr esa iz;qDr enZy m}r ok| gSA
bu nksuksa dks tkuus okyk bl xq.k dk vf/kdkjh ekuk tkrk gSA
gLryk?ko && y?kq gLr ls enZy dk oknu djus okyk gksA
vo/kku&& oknu esa ,dkxzfpr gksA
Jet;&& ifjJe dks t; djus okyk vFkkZr~ thrus okyk gksA
jfDr && jatdrk gksA
;fr] rky] y; dks tkuus okyk gksA
xhrkuqxeu&& xhrksa dk vuqxeu vFkkZr~ vuqlj.k mfpr :i ls dj ikrk gksA

4-11 lanHkZ xzUFk lwph %&

1- laxhr f’k{kk] Jherh fot;k vjksM+k] ,-ih- ifCy’kj] tkyU/kjA
2- laxhr fo’kkjn] clar] laxhr dk;kZy;] gkFkjl] m-iz-] tuojh 1997] 21ok¡ laLdj.kA
3- laxhr fparke.kh] vkpk;Z c``gLifr] Jherh lqfe=k dqekjh] Jherh lqykspuk c`gLifr] c`g` Lifr
ifCyds’ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1987A

&%&%&%&%&%&%&
75
 LESSON - 5
Meaning of word Swayambhoo Swar
Lo;aHkw Loj dk vFkZ
Structure :
5-0 Hkwfedk
5-1 mns’;
5-2 rkuiwjk ok| }kjk Lo;aHkw Lojksa ds n’kZu
5-3 rkuiwjs ds fHkUu&fHkUu Lojksa esa feys rkjksa ls dkSu&dkSu ls Lo;aHkw Loj mRiUu gksaxs
5-3-1 eUnz iape dh ra=h }kjk mRiUu lgk;d ukn
5-3-2 eUnz e/;e dh ra=h }kjk mRiUu lgk;d ukn
5-3-3 eUnz “kM+t ls mRiUu lgk;d ukn ;k Lo;aHkw Loj
5-4 egRoiw.kZ iz’u
5-5 lkjka’k
5-6 ‘kCndks”k
5-7 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj
5-8 lUnHkZ xzFa k lwph

5-0 Hkwfedk %&

flrkj ;k rkuiwjs ds rkj ij vFkok vU; fdlh ok| ij vk?kkr djus ls ukn mRiUu gksrk gSA
lgk;d ukn ds fy, ;fn ge rkuiwjk ok| dks vk/kkj eku dj pysa rks bls le>uk vf/kd ljy gks
tkrk gSA vr% rkuiwjs ls mRiUu os ukn ftuesa rkj feyk;s tkrs gSa] ewy ukn dgykrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr
tks vU; ukn ewy ukn dh lgk;rk esa mRiUu gksrs gSa] lgk;d ukn dgykrs gSaA bu uknksa dks ^Lo;aHkw&Loj*
Hkh dgk tkrk gS] D;ksfa d ;s Lor% iSnk gksrs gSaA Lo;aHkw Loj dk vFkZ gS && Lo;a mRiUu gksus okys LojA
vFkkZr~ tc ewy Lojksa dh rkjksa dks NsM+k tkrk gS rks muds lkFk gh dqN vU; Lojksa dh mRifÙk gksrh gS
vr% bUgha Lo;a mRiUu gksus okys Lojksa dks ^^Lo;aHkw Loj** dgk tkrk gSA laxhr esa fo’ks”kdj xk;u laxhr
esa xk;d dykdkjksa dks dHkh&dHkh ;g dgrs gq, lquk tkrk gS] tc os rkuiwjk feykrs gSa fd ns[kks] xkU/kkj

76
fdruk vPNk lqukbZ ns jgk gS tcfd rkuiwjs esa xkU/kkj dh dksbZ rkj ugh gksrh gSA ysfdu tc [kjt dh
rkj dks NsM+k tkrk gS rks mlds lkFk xkU/kkj Lo;aHkw Loj dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA oSKkfudksa dk dguk gS fd
izR;sd ok| esa ewy ukn ds vfrfjDr dqN lgk;d ukn Hkh mRiUu gksrs jgrs gSa ftUgsa vaxzst+h esa
(Overtones);k (Harmonics) dgrs gSaA lgk;d uknksa dh la[;k] muds mRiUu gksus dk
Øe vkSj izcyrk izR;sd ok| esa ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu gks tkrh gSA bls ukn dh tkfr dgrs gSaA lgk;d
uknksa dks Bhd ls lquus ds fy, fo’ks”k vuqHkoh dkuksa dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA rr~ vkSj forr~ ok|ksa ds
lgk;d ukn vFkok Lo;aHkw Loj vU; ok|ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd Li”V gksrs gSaA
Lo;aHkw Lojksa ds fo”k; esa izkphu laxhrdkjksa esa cgqr erHksn ik;k tkrk gSA dqN xzUFkdkj bls
Locqf) ds vk/kkj ij vuqHko djrs gSa vkSj dqN Lojksa ds vkilh laokn ds vk/kkj ij crkrs gSaA tSls ^lk&e*]
*lk&i* vkSj ^lk&x* vkfnA Lo;aHkw Lojksa ds fo”k; esa vFkkZr~ Lo;a mRiUu gksus okys Lojksa ds fo”k; esa
jkekekR;k }kjk vius xzUFk esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vius xzUFk esa bUgksaus crk;k gS fd Lo;aHkw Loj dks Locqf)
rFkk Lojksa ds vkilh lEokn }kjk izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA jkekekR;k us Lo;aHkw Lojksa dks izekf.kr djus
ds fy, ‘kq) esy oh.kk dk iz;ksx fd;k vkSj lEokn Hkko ds vk/kkj ij Lo;aHkw Lojksa dh mRifÙk crkbZA
tSlk fd loZfofnr gh gS fd oh.kk dh eq[; ra=h “kM+t dh ekuh tkrh gSA blh ds vk/kkj ij vU; Lojksa
dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA dukZVdh laxhr esa Hkh oh.kk dh eq[; ra=h “kM+t gh ekuh tkrh gSA ysfdu vkt mÙkj
Hkkjr dh fLFkfr fcydqy foijhr gS] ;gk¡ eq[; ra=h e/;e dh ekuh tkrh gSA oh.kk dh raf=;ksa dks NsM+us
ls fHkUu&fHkUu Lo;aHkw Lojksa dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA
iafMr lkseukFk us Hkh Lo;aHkw Lojksa ds fo”k; esa o.kZu fd;k gSA eUnz e/;e dh ra=h rFkk nwljh
lkfjdk ls iape Loj fudkyus ds fy, ck¡; gkFk dk ek= Li’kZdjus ls gh Loj cksyus yxrs gSaA vr% ;s
Loj Lo;aHkw Loj gSaA lkseukFk dk dguk gS fd tc ge ^lk&i*] ^lk&e*] ^lk&x*vkfn lEokn Lojksa esa
rkuiwjs ;k oh.kk dks feykrs gSa vkSj feykus ds ckn mu rkjksa dks ctk;k tkrk gS rks Hkh Lo;aHkw Lojksa dh
mRifÙk gksrh gSA ;s /ofu;k¡ bruh lw{e gksrh gSa fd dsoy l/ks gq, dkuksa ls gh lquh tk ldrh gSaA bu
lw{e /ofu;ksa dks ^v.kqjo* dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, tc ge oh.kk ;k flrkj dh rkj ij vaxqfy;ksa
dk izgkj djrs gSa vkSj lkfjdk u Nwrs gq, gYds ls Li’kZ djsa rks lw{e /ofu;k¡ lqukbZ nsrh gSa] ;s lw{e ukn
gh ^v.kqjo* gSaA flrkj ;k oh.kk esa tc e/;e] e/; “kM+t ;k iape dh raf=;k¡ ctkbZ tkrh gSa rks vfr eUnz
“kM+t] eUnz iape vkfn Loj lqukbZ nsrs gSa] ;s lHkh Loj Lo;aHkw Loj dgykrs gSa vkSj bu raf=;ksa ls dqN
vU; Loj Hkh lqukbZ nsrs gSa] os Hkh Lo;aHkw Loj gh dgykrs gSaA ia0 lkseukFk us Lo;aHkw Lojksa dks tkuus ds
fo”k; esa Lo;a dks Loj rRo dks tkuus okyk crk;k gSA mUgksaus Lo;aHkw Lojksa dk Kku vuqHko vkSj Locqf)
ds vk/kkj ij crk;k gSA vf/kdka’k xzUFkdkj ;g dgrs gSa fd lHkh Lo;aHkw Loj Locqf) ds vk/kkj ij
ifjdfYir ugh fd, tk ldrs gSa ysfdu lkseukFk th igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus Lo;aHkw Lojksa dh mRifÙk dks
viuh cqf) dk izdk’k ekuk gSA
5-1 mns’; %&

77
 bl ikB dk v/;;u djus ls ge Lo;aHkw Lojksa ds fo”k; esa tku ik,axs vkSj lkFk gh fdl izdkj
vyx&vyx Lojksa ds rkjksa ls xf.kr ds }kjk vyx&vyx Lo;aHkw Lojksa dh mRifÙk gksrh gS ;s crk ldrs
gSa rFkk Lo;aHkw Lojksa dks fdl izdkj lqu ldrs gSa bldh tkudkjh Hkh ik ldsxsaA

5-2 rkuiwjk ok| }kjk Lo;aHkw Lojksa ds n’kZu

gekjs Hkkjrh; laxhr esa Lo;aHkw Lojksa ds Li”V n’kZu rkuiwjk ok| ds }kjk lgt gh gks ldrs gSaA
D;ksfa d rkuiwjk ,d ,slk rU=h ok| gS] ftls vkt Hkkjrh; laxhr esa vk/kkj ds :Ik esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA
rkuiwjs dks Hkkjrh; laxhr dh vkRek rFkk ewy vk/kkj ekurs gq, xk;u] oknu rFkk urZu laxhr
ds lkFk vko’;d :i ls iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk gSA rkuiwjs ds pkj rkj izk;% iape ij ¼i+ lk lk lk+½ ;k
e/;e ij ¼e+ lk lk lk+½ feyk;s tkrs gSaA dbZ vU; jkxksa ds fy, xkkU/kkj vFkok fu”kkn Lojksa ij Hkh feyk
fy;k tkrk gSA rkuiwjs ds ;gh pkj rkj xk;d&oknd vFkok urZd ds fy, lkrksa Lojksa dk okrkoj.k cuk,
j[krs gSa vkSj laxhrdkj dks csljq k gksus ls cpk, j[krs gSaA ^^i+ lk lk lk+ ** ds fujUrjoknu ls dykdkj
ds laxhr dks l’kDr cy rFkk vk/kkj feyk jgrk gS] rFkk lkFk gh laxhre;h] jle;h okrkoj.k Hkh Nk;k
jgrk gSA blh dkj.k Hkkjrh; rkuiwjs dks Lofjr ds fy, ewy&ok| dgk tkrk gSA
rkuiwjs ij lgk;d ukn dk mnkgj.k Li”V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA rkuiwjs ij Lo;aHkw Lojksa dk iz;ksx
;fn ge lw{e n`f”V ls ns[krs gq, djsa rks gesa ekywe gksxk fd rkuiwjs ds eq[; nks Lojks ls dqy N% Lojksa
ds lgk;d ukn ;k Lo;aHkw Loj izkIr gksrs gSa] uk fd lkrA
rkuiwjs esa lgk;d uknksa dh mRifÙk oSKkfud Øe ls gksrh gS vFkkZr~ ewy Loj ls 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 %
6 bR;kfn ds vuqikr ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA nwljs ‘kCnksa esa ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd lgk;d ukn] ewy ukn
ls nqxqus] frxqu]s pkSxqus] ik¡pxqus vkfn Øe ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA xf.kr }kjk lgk;d uknksa ;k Lo;aHkw Lojksa
dh la[;k ij fopkj djus ls iwoZ gesa Lojksa dh vkUnksyu la[;k dk Kku gksuk vko’;d gSA vk/kqfud dky
ds 7 ‘kq) Lojksa dh vkUnksyu la[;k bl izdkj gS tks fd ia0 Hkkr[k.Ms }kjk crkbZ xbZ gS &&&
lk js x e Ik /k fu
240 270 300 320 360 405 450
xkU/kkj dh vkUnksyu la[;k 301 17@43
/kSor dh vkUnksyu la[;k 400 ;k 405
fu”kkn dh vkUnksyu la[;k 452 4@83 ekuh tkrh gSA

78
 rkuiwjs dk izFke rkj eUnz lIrd ds iape ls feyk;k tkrk gSA blfy, mldh vkUnksyu la[;k
360 » 2 ¾ 180 gksxh] D;ksfa d e/; lIrd ds iape dh vkUnksyu la[;k 360 gS vkSj eUnz lIrd dk
izR;sd Loj e/; lIrd ds mlh Loj dh vkUnksyu la[;k dk vk/kk gksrk gSA rkuiwjs ds nwljs vkSj rhljs
rkj e/; lk ls feyk, tkrs gSa] blfy, mudh vkUnksyu la[;k 240 gksxhA rkuiwjs dk pkSFkk rkj tks eUnz
lIrd ds “kM+t ls feyk;k tkrk gS]mldh vkUnksyu la[;k 240 » 2 ¾ 120 gksxhA

5-3 rkuiwjs ds fHkUu&fHkUu Lojksa esa feys rkjksa ls dkSu&dkSu ls Lo;aHkw Loj mRiUu gksaxs
vc vkxs ge ;g ns[ksxa s fd izR;sd rkj ls dkSu&dkSu ls lgk;d ukn mRiUu gksrs gSaA blds fy,
ewy ukn dh vkUnksyu la[;k esa 1 ls 9 rd Øe’k% xq.kk djsaxs vkSj ;g ns[ksxa s fd ,d Loj dh rkj ls
dkSu&dkSu ls lgk;d ukn vFkok Lo;aHkw Loj mRiUu gksaxAs

5-3-1 eUnz iape dh ra=h }kjk mRiUu lgk;d ukn

loZizFke~ rkuiwjk ;fn i+ lk lk lk+ ij feyk gS rks ge lcls igys eUnz iape ls mRiUu lgk;d
uknksa dk vkUnksyu la[;k ds vk/kkj ij irk yxk ldrs gSaAtSls &&&
eUnz iape dh vkUnksyula[;k gksrh gS && 180
vc ge eUnz iape dh vkUnksyu la[;k 180 dks 1 ls 9 rd xq.kk djrs tk,axs ftlls var esa gesa ;g Kkr
gksxk fd eUnz iape dh rkj NsMu+ s ls gesa dkSu&dkSu ls Lo;aHkw Loj izkIr gksaxsA
180 × 1 ¾ 180 &&& eUnz iape
180 × 2 ¾ 360 &&&e/; iape
180 × 3 ¾ 540 &&& rkj fj”kHk ¼540 » 2 ¾ 270 tks fd fj”kHk dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA ½
180× 4 ¾ 720 && rkj iape ¼720 » 2 ¾ 360 tks fd e/; iape dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
180 × 5 ¾ 900 && rkj fu”kkn ¼900 » 2 ¾ 450 tks fd fu”kkn dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA ½
180 × 6 ¾ 1080 && vfr rkj fj”kHk ¼1080 » 2 ¾ 540 » 2 ¾ 270 tks fd fj”kHk dh la[;k gSA½
180 × 7 ¾ 1260 && dksbZ fuf’prLoj ugh ysfdu 1260 vfr rkj ds e/;e ls dqN de gSA 1260 dk
vk/kk 630 vkSj mldk vk/kk 315 gksrk gSA e/; lIrd ds e/;e dh vkUnksyu la[;k 320 gksrh gS] vr%
1260 vkUnksyu la[;k rkj e/;e ls dqN uhpk Loj gksxkA
180 × 8 ¾ 1440 && vfr rkj iape ¼1440 » 2 ¾ 720 » 2 ¾ 360 iape dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
79
180 ×9 ¾ 1620 && vfr rkj /kSor ¼1620 » 2 ¾ 810 » 2 ¾ 405 /kSor dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
bl izdkj rkuiwjs ds izFke rkj ls gesa Ik /kk fu vkSj js Loj] lgk;d ukn ;k Lo;aHkw Loj ds :Ik
esa izkIr gksaxsA

5-3-2 eUnz e/;e dh ra=h }kjk mRiUu lgk;d ukn

izFke rkj dHkh&dHkh eUnz e/;e esa Hkh feyk;k tkrk gSA vr% bl Loj ls gesa dkSu&dkSu ls
lgk;d ukn izkIr gksaxs ;g Hkh ge eUnz e/;e dh vkUnksyu la[;k dks 1 ls 9 rd xq.kk djds izkIr
vkUnksyu la[;k ds vk/kkj ij Kkr dj ldrs gSaA tSls %&
eUnz e/;e dh vkUnksyu la[;k gS &&& 160
160 × 1 ¾ 160 && eUnz e/;e
160 × 2 ¾ 320 && e/; e/;e
160 × 3 ¾ 480 && rkj “kM+t ¼480 » 2 ¾ 240 tks fd “kM+t dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
160 × 4 ¾ 640 && rkj e/;e ¼640 »2 ¾ 320 tks fd e/; e/;e dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
160 × 5 ¾ 800 && rkj /kSor ¼800 » 2 ¾ 400 tks fd /kSor dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
160 × 6 ¾ 960 && vfr rkj “kM+t ¼960 » 2 ¾ 480 » 2 ¾ 240 “kM+t dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
160× 7 ¾1120 &dksbZ fuf’pr Loj ugh ysfdu ;g vkUnksyu la[;k vfr rkj lIrd ds dksey ^x*
Lks dqN de gksxhA
160 × 8 ¾ 1280 && vfr rkj e/;e ¼1280 » 2 ¾ 640 » 2 ¾ 320 e/;e dh vkUnksyu la[;k gS½
160 × 9 ¾ 1440 && vfr rkj iape ¼1440 » 2 ¾ 720 » 2 ¾ 360 iape dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
bl izdkj rkuiwjs dh izFke rkj dks e/;e esa feykus ls eq[;r% ^e] Ik] /k] lk* lgk;d ukn mRiUu
gksrs gSaA
5-3-3 eUnz “kM+t ls mRiUu lgk;d ukn ;k Lo;aHkw Loj %&
eUnz “kM+t dh vkUnksyu la[;k gS &&& 120
120 × 1 ¾ 120 && eUnz “kM+t ¼ewy Loj½

80
120 × 2 ¾ 240 && e/; lk
120 × 3 ¾ 360 && e/; iape
120 × 4 ¾ 480 && rkj “kM+t ¼480 » 2 ¾ 240 tks fd “kM+t dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA ½
120 × 5 ¾ 600 && rkj lIrd dk xkU/kkj ¼600 » 2 ¾ 300 ;s xkU/kkj dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
120 × 6 ¾ 720 && rkj iape ¼720 » 2 ¾ 360 ;g e/; iape dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA ½
120 × 7 ¾ 840 && dksbZ fuf’pr Loj ugha] ysfdu;fn vkUnksyu la[;k ds fglkc ls ns[kk tk, rks
;g rkj lIrd dk vfr dksey fu”kkn Loj gksxk] ,slk ekuk tk ldrk gSA
120 × 8 ¾ 960 && vfr rkj “kM+t ¼960 » 2 ¾ 480 » 2 ¾ 240 e/; “kM+t dh vkUnksyu la[;k gS½
120 × 9 ¾ 1080 & vfr rkj fj”kHk ¼1080 »2 ¾ 540 » 2 ¾ 270 ;s fj”kHk dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
bl izdkj eUnz “kM+t ls gesa ^lk] js] x] i* ;s pkj lgk;d ukn izkIr gksrs gSaA blh izdkj rkuiwjs
ds chp ds nks “kM+t ds rkjksa ls Hkh gesa lk] js] x] Ik Lojgh izkIr gksaxAs rkuiwjs ds lEiw.kZ lgk;d uknksa ds
fo”k; esa tku ysus ds Ik’pkr~ ge bl fu”d”kZ ij igq¡prs gSa fd rkuiwjs dh rkjksa dks NsM+us ls lHkh rkjksa ls
lEiw.kZ lkr Lojkas dh ;k Lo;aHkw Lojksa dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA ysfdu bruk vo’; gS fd ,d gh le; esa
lkrksa Loj mRiUu ugh gksrsA ,d gh le; esa vf/kd ls vf/kd 5 ;k 6 Lo;aHkw Loj mRiUu gksrs gSa ijUrq
buds laxhre;h okrkoj.k ls rFkk Loj&laokn dh lgk;rk ls gesa lkrksa Lojksa dk gh vkHkkl gksrk gSA

5-4 egRoiw.kZ iz’u %&

iz0-1- Lo;aHkw Lojksa ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A
iz0-2- eUnz e/;e dh ra=h ls mRiUu lgk;d uknksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

5-5 lkjka’k %&

^Lo;aHkw Loj* Lo;a mRiUu gksus okys Lojksa dks dgk tkrk gSA bu Lojksa dks ge nks gh izdkj ls izkIr dj
ldrs gSa %&
1- Lakokn ds vk/kkj ij
2- Locqf) ds vk/kkj ij
81
 bu nks izdkj ls rks ge bu Lojksa dks izkIr dj gh ldrs gSa] ysfdu xf.kr ds vk/kkj ij Hkhbu
Lo;aHkw Lojksa dks izkIr dj ldrs gSaA vk/kqfud dky esa xkU/kkj dks Lo;aHkw Loj dgus dh ijEijk izkjEHk gqbZ
gSA rkuiwjs dh [kjt dh rkj ls xkU/kkj Loj lqukbZ nsrk gSA vr% bls Lo;aHkw xkU/kkj dg dj Hkh iqdkjk
tkrk gSA Hkjrdky esa bls vUrj xkU/kkj Loj dgk x;k gSA ia0 vksedkj ukFk Bkdqj us Hkh viuh iqLrd
esa bl xkU/kkj n’kZu dk mYys[k fd;k gSA fdlh Hkh ra=h ok| ls ge Lo;aHkw Lojksa dks lqu ldrs gSa ysfdu
buesa ra=h ok| ,d ,slk ok| gS ftlesa Lkgk;d uknksa dks lkQ lquk tk ldrk gSA og Hkh rHkh ;fn
rkuiwjs dh pkjksa rkjsa fcYdqy lgh <ax ls okafNr Lojksa esa feyh gksA
5-6 ‘kCndks”k %&
Lkaokn & vkilh rkyesy ;k ckrphr
Locqf) & viuh cqf)

5-7 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj %&

iz0-1- Lo;aHkw Lojksa ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A
m0- flrkj ;k rkuiwjs ds rkj ij vFkok vU; fdlh ok| ij vk?kkr djus ls ukn mRiUu gksrk gSA
lgk;d ukn ds fy, ;fn ge rkuiwjk ok| dks vk/kkj eku dj pysa rks bls le>uk vf/kd ljy gks
tkrk gSA vr% rkuiwjs ls mRiUu os ukn ftuesa rkj feyk;s tkrs gSa] ewy ukn dgykrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr
tks vU; ukn ewy ukn dh lgk;rk esa mRiUu gksrs gSa] lgk;d ukn dgykrs gSaA bu uknksa dks ^Lo;aHkw&Loj*
Hkh dgk tkrk gS] D;ksfa d ;s Lor% iSnk gksrs gSaA Lo;aHkw Loj dk vFkZ gS && Lo;a mRiUu gksus okys LojA
vFkkZr~ tc ewy Lojksa dh rkjksa dks NsM+k tkrk gS rks muds lkFk gh dqN vU; Lojksa dh mRifÙk gksrh gS
vr% bUgha Lo;a mRiUu gksus okys Lojksa dks ^^Lo;aHkw Loj** dgk tkrk gSA laxhr esa fo’ks”kdj xk;u laxhr
esa xk;d dykdkjksa dks dHkh&dHkh ;g dgrs gq, lquk tkrk gS] tc os rkuiwjk feykrs gSa fd ns[kks] xkU/kkj
fdruk vPNk lqukbZ ns jgk gS tcfd rkuiwjs esa xkU/kkj dh dksbZ rkj ugh gksrh gSA ysfdu tc [kjt dh
rkj dks NsM+k tkrk gS rks mlds lkFk xkU/kkj Lo;aHkw Loj dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA oSKkfudksa dk dguk gS fd
izR;sd ok| esa ewy ukn ds vfrfjDr dqN lgk;d ukn Hkh mRiUu gksrs jgrs gSa ftUgsa vaxzst+h esa
(Overtones);k (Harmonics) dgrs gSaA lgk;d uknksa dh la[;k] muds mRiUu gksus dk
Øe vkSj izcyrk izR;sd ok| esa ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu gks tkrh gSA bls ukn dh tkfr dgrs gSaA lgk;d
uknksa dks Bhd ls lquus ds fy, fo’ks”k vuqHkoh dkuksa dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA rr~ vkSj forr~ ok|ksa ds
lgk;d ukn vFkok Lo;aHkw Loj vU; ok|ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd Li”V gksrs gSaA
iz0-2- eUnz e/;e dh ra=h ls mRiUu lgk;d uknksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

82
m0- izFke rkj dHkh&dHkh eUnz e/;e esa Hkh feyk;k tkrk gSA vr% bl Loj ls gesa dkSu&dkSu ls lgk;d
ukn izkIr gksaxs ;g Hkh ge eUnz e/;e dh vkUnksyu la[;k dks 1 ls 9 rd xq.kk djds izkIr vkUnksyu
la[;k ds vk/kkj ij Kkr dj ldrs gSaA tSls %&
eUnz e/;e dh vkUnksyu la[;k gS &&& 160
160 × 1 ¾ 160 && eUnz e/;e
160 × 2 ¾ 320 && e/; e/;e
160 × 3 ¾ 480 && rkj “kM+t ¼480 » 2 ¾ 240 tks fd “kM+t dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
160 × 4 ¾ 640 && rkj e/;e ¼640 »2 ¾ 320 tks fd e/; e/;e dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
160 × 5 ¾ 800 && rkj /kSor ¼800 » 2 ¾ 400 tks fd /kSor dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
160 × 6 ¾ 960 && vfr rkj “kM+t ¼960 » 2 ¾ 480 » 2 ¾ 240 “kM+t dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
160× 7 ¾1120 &dksbZ fuf’pr Loj ugh ysfdu ;g vkUnksyu la[;k vfr rkj lIrd ds dksey ^x*
Lks dqN de gksxhA
160 × 8 ¾ 1280 && vfr rkj e/;e ¼1280 » 2 ¾ 640 » 2 ¾ 320 e/;e dh vkUnksyu la[;k gS½
160 × 9 ¾ 1440 && vfr rkj iape ¼1440 » 2 ¾ 720 » 2 ¾ 360 iape dh vkUnksyu la[;k gSA½
bl izdkj rkuiwjs dh izFke rkj dks e/;e esa feykus ls eq[;r% ^e] Ik] /k] lk* lgk;d ukn mRiUu
gksrs gSaA
5-8 lanHkZ xzUFk lwph %&
1- jkx ifjp;] izks- gfj’pUnz JhokLro] laxhr lnu izdk’ku] bykgkckn] 1981A
2- laxhr fo’kkjn] clar] laxhr dk;kZy;] gkFkjl] m-iz-] tuojh 1997] 21ok¡ laLdj.kA

&%&%&%&%&%&%&

83
 UNIT – III
bdkbZ & 3

LESSON - 6
Voice Culture
daB lk/kuk

Structure :
6-0 Hkwfedk
6-1 mns’;
6-2- daB lk/kuk ds fu;e
6-2-1- ;ksX; xq:
6-2-2- [kjt lk/kuk
6-2-3- vH;kl fof/k
6-2-4 vH;kl le; vkSj LFkku
6-2-5- okrkoj.k
6-2-6- vkgkj
6-2-7- O;k;ke
6-2-8- jgu&lgu
6-2-9- laxr
6-3- oSKkfud fof/k }kjk daB laLdkj
6-4- oSKkfud fof/k ls daB lk/kuk ds fy, iz;ksx gksus okys vo;o
6-4-1- lkal ysus NksM+us lEcU/kh eklisf’k;k¡
6-4-2- daB dk ySfjaDl dk Hkkx
84
6-4-3- QSfjaDl] ukfldk ja/kz] eq[k ;k eq¡g
6-5 egRoiw.kZ iz’u
6-6 lkjka’k
6-7 ‘kCndks”k
6-8 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj
6-9 lUnHkZ xzFa k lwph

6-0- Hkwfedk
vPNs xk;u dk vfoZHkko daB lk/kuk ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA daB lk/kuk ls vfHkizk; Loj lk/kuk
ls gS vFkkZr~ daB ds }kjk Loj dh lk/kuk djds gh xk;d daB ,oa Loj esa vk, gq, nks”kksa dks nwj dj
ldrk gS vkSj vius daB dks lqe/kqj cuk ldrk gSA ;fn ge daB Loj ds fo”k; esa tkuuk pkgsa rks loZizFke]
daB ,d bZ’ojh; ,oa izkd`frd nsu gSA nwljs izdkj ls ge daB Loj dks lk/kuk ds vk/kkj ij Hkh e/kqj cuk
ldrs gSaA xk;u laxhr esa daB dk viuk ,d vyx egRo gksrk gSA e/kqj daB gh e/kqj laxhr dk l`tu
dj ldrk gSA
Loj lk/kuk ;k daB lk/kuk ls rkRi;Z gS vius daB Loj dks nks”k jfgr djukA Loj lk/kuk ls daB
ds lHkh nks”k u”V gks tkrs gSaA vkokt+ iw.kZ:is.k o’k esa gks tkrh gSA daB lk/kuk ls ukn ds lw{e&LFkwy
:i dk ;Fkk le; iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA daB lk/kuk daB dks ek/kq;Z iznku djrh gS vkSj e/kqj /ofu
lc dks eksg ysrh gSA mfpr daB lk/kuk ls dbZ ,slh fdonafr;k¡ tqM+h gqbZ gSa fd e/kqj daB vkSj mfpr
xk;u ls nhi tyrs Fks] o”kkZ gksrh FkhA vkt ;fn ,slk ugh gks ldrk rks vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw ykuk] fpr dks
vkufUnr djuk] jksx dh xk;u }kjk fpfdRlk djuk] xk;u }kjk fuanzk ykuk] Ik’kq&if{k;ksa dks eksfgr djuk]
;s lc d.B lk/kuk vkSj mlds fu;eksa dk ikyu djus ls vkt Hkh lqyHk gSAHkkjrh; ‘kkL=h; laxhr esa
daB laLdkj dk vR;f/kd egRo gksus ds dkj.k lqe/kqj daB Hkh laLdkfjr djuk vko’;d ekuk x;k gSA
e/kqj daB gksus ij Hkh os lHkh ckrsa ugha jgrh tks fd ,d ifjiDo xk;d ds fy, vko’;d gksrh gSaA
xq:&f’k”; iz.kkyh ds ijEijkxr f’k{k.k esa vf/kdka’k ckrsa vuqHko tU; jgh gSaA daB laLdkj Hkh vuqHko ds
vk/kkj ij gh fd;k tkrk jgk gSA ;|fi bl lEcU/k esa vyx&vyx xq:vksa ,oa ?kjkuksa us vius vuqHkoksa
ds vk/kkj ij viuh fof/k fuf’pr dh] fQj Hkh dqN ckrsa ,slh gSa tks lHkh ?kjkuksa esa ,d leku ikbZ tkrh
gSaA cgqr ls cM+&s cM+s laxhrKksa us vius vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij daB lk/kuk ds dqN fu;eksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k
gSA ;fn mu mfpr fu;eksa dk ikyu fd;k tk, rks daB e/kqj ,oa nks”k eqDr gks ldrk gSA

85
6-1 mns’; %&
bl ikB ds v/;;u ls ge ;g tkusxa s fd daB lk/kuk D;k gSA daB lk/kuk ds fy, gesa fdu&fdu
ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, rFkk fdu fu;eksa dk ikyu djds ge vius daB dks e/kqj cuk ldrs gSaA
lkFk gh daB laLdkj ds fy, oSKkfud fof/k dh tkudkjh Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

6-2- daB lk/kuk ds fu;e

6-2-1 ;ksX; xq:
6-2-2 [kjt lk/kuk
6-2-3 vH;kl fof/k
6-2-4 vH;kl le; vkSj LFkku
6-2-5 okrkoj.k
6-2-6 vkgkj
6-2-7 O;k;ke
6-2-8 jgu&lgu
6-2-9 laxr

6-2-1- ;ksX; xq: %& daB lk/kuk lnSo ;ksX; xq: ds lkFk gh ,oa mlds vkns’kkuqlkj gh djuh pkfg,A
Ikgys Hkkjr esa ?kjkuk ijEijk izpfyr Fkh vkSj f’k”; vius ?kjkus dh xk;dh] Loj mPpkj.k dk <ax] cSBus
dk lgh rjhdk] gko&Hkko rFkk izn’kZu xq: ds vkns’kkuqlkj djrs Fks ijUrq vktdy rks ?kjkuk izFkk
vizpfyr gks jgh gS vkSj vkt ds xk;d Hkh f’k?kzrk ls xk;u esa ikjaxr gksdj viuh dyk izn’kZu esa
okgokgh ysuk pkgrs gSaA ftlls mudk vH;kl vifjiDo gh jg tkrk gS vkSj muesa dbZ nks”k mRiUu gks
tkrs gSaA tSls && gkFk&ik¡o iVduk] vuqfpr cSBus dk <ax] Loj dk foLrkj d”Ve;] ‘okl [khapus dk
vuqfpr <ax bR;kfnA blfy, xq: funs’Z ku esa gh vH;kl fd;k tk, rks og mfpr jgrk gSA
daB lk/kuk lnSo ;ksX; xq: ds lkFk gh djuh pkfg,A D;ksfd ;fn Lojksa esa mrkj&p<+ko lgh
ugh gksxk vkSj lgh LFkku ij dksey&rhoz Lojksa dk mPpkj.k ugh gksxk rks mls xq: Lo;a gh xk dj rFkk
f’k”; dks crk dj] mls Bhd dj nsxkA ;fn daB esa Loj dk lgh LFkku fcxM+ tk, rks mls Bhd djuk
dfBu gksrk gSA bl fy, ;ksX; xq: dk gksuk vR;Ur vko’;d gSA D;ksafd ;ksX; xq: }kjk crkbZ xbZ daB
lk/kuk le;&le; ij lk/kd ds fy, ykHkdkjh fl) gksrh gS vkSj xq: ds lkfu/; esa daB lk/kuk djus
ls og dbZ nks”kksa ls Hkh eqDr gks tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lq;ksX; xq: ds f’k”;ksa dk xk;u vkd”kZd]
rky] Loj vkSj rS;kjh ls iw.kZ gksrk gSA

86
6-2-2- [kjt ¼”kM+t½ lk/kuk %&
gekjs cM+&s cM+s xq:&tuksa ,oa ?kjkuksa us daB laLdkj gsrq [kjt ;k “kM+t lk/kuk dks vR;Ur
vko’;d ekuk gSA [kjt lk/kuk fof/k esa e/;&“kM+t rFkk eUnz lIrd ds lHkh Lojksa dks Øe’k% Li”V
vkdkj esa fLFkj j[krs gq, xk;k tkrk gSA ;g dksf’k’k dh tkrh gS fd lk/kd eUnz lIrd ds Lojksa esa tgk¡
rd lqfo/kkuqlkj tk lds] tk,a rFkk iqu% “kM+t ij okfil vk;saA D;w¡fd [kjt lk/kuk czá egqrZ ¼m”kk
dky½ esa djuk mÙke gksrk gS] vr% ml le; lk/kd dh vkokt+ fnu ds vU; dkyksa dh vis{kk] vf/kd
vklkuh ls eUnz lIrd esa tkrh gSA ;g vH;kl fuR; fd, tkus ls lk/kd ;k fo|kFkhZ ds Loj Li”V ,oa
fLFkj gksdj fudyus yxrs gSa rFkk xys esa /khjs&/khjs eUnz lIrd dk {ks= c<+rk pyk tkrk gSA dqN fnuksa
ds vH;kl ds Ik’pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;k lk/kd eUnz lIrd dk “kM+t Hkh dgus yxrk gSA xys esa eUnz LkIrd esa
bruk {ks= cuk ysus ds Ik’pkr~ mls dk;e j[kus ds fy,] ;g vH;kl vkthou djuk iM+rk gSA tks yksx
bl vH;kl dks djrs jgrs gSa mudh vkokt+ lkQ] xksy] fLFkj ,oa ot+unkj curh gSaA blds vfrfjDr
eUnz lIrd ;k [kjt lk/kuk ds fujUrj vH;kl ls xys esa rkj lIrd ds Lojksa dk {ks= Hkh c<+rk gSA
vf/kdrj ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd vf/kdka’k efgyk xkf;dk,a vius xk;u esa eUnz lIrd dks fo’ks”k
egRo ugha nsrha rFkk vf/kdrj eUnz lIrd ds iape ;k e/;e rd gh xkrh gSa] fQj Hkh ;fn os pkgsa rks
[kjt lk/kuk dh fof/k }kjk ykHkkfUor gks ldrh gSaA ysfdu dqN efgyk daB lk/kd fu;fer :i ls [kjt
lk/kuk djus okyh Hkh gksrh gSaA efgykvksa dh vis{kk iq:”k daB lk/kdksa esa bl fof/k dk izpkj ,oa vko’;drk
vf/kd gS D;ksafd efgykvksa dh vis{kk iq:”kksa dh vkokt+ eksVh gksrh gS rFkk mls fLFkj j[kus ds fy, ^eUnz
lk/kuk* mi;ksxh gksrh gSA
dHkh &dHkh xq: dh vuqifLFkfr esa bl izdkj dh [kjt lk/kuk djus ls gkfu Hkh gks ldrh gSA
vkokt+ ij t:jr ls T;knk tk+sj iM+ tkus ls vkokt+ QVus yxrh gS rFkk vf/kd pkSM+h ,oa Hkkjh gks tkrh
gSA ,slk Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd bl izdkj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ckn esa rkj “kM+t yxkus esa Hkh dfBukbZ mRiUu
gksus yxhA vr% izkjEHk esa [kjt lk/kuk Hkh xq: dh mifLFkfr esa ,oa funsZ’kkuqlkj gh fd;k tkuk vko’;d
gSA
6-2-3- vH;kl fof/k %&
daB lk/kuk ds fy, ,dkar okl gksuk vko’;d gSA blds lkFk gh izkr%dkyhu le; esa vH;kl
djuk Hkh vko’;d gSA lk¡l ij fu;U=.k djuk] lgh :i ls daB ls Loj mPpkj.k djuk] ukHkh ls t+ksj
yxkdj xys dks [kksy dj vFkok nck dj vFkkZr~ dksey rhoz Lojksa ds vuqlkj j;kt+ djuk vko’;d gSA
Loj xys ds] rkyw ds vkSj isV ds t+kjs }kjk mRiUu gksrs gSaA vr% bu LFkkuksa dk mfpr iz;ksx djds Loj
lk/kuk dh tkuh pkfg,A dqN xk;d dykdkj daB lk/kuk vFkok vH;kl fof/k ds fy, fofHkUu fu;e
crkrs gSaA tSls fd &&
xys rd ikuh esa Mwc dj daB lk/kuk djuk&& ,slk djus ls Loj fLFkj gksrk gSA

87
fdlh cM+s cjru ds eq[k esa viuk eq[k Mkydj Lojksa dk vH;kl djuk&& dgk tkrk gS fd ,slk djus
ls vkokt+ esa e/kqjrk vkSj xw¡t mRiUu gksrh gSA
unh ds fdukjs daB lk/kuk djuk&& ,slk djus ls fdlh Hkh Loj dks “kMt eku dj vH;kl djuk lqyHk
gksrk tkrk gSA
Hkwfexr~ d{k esa vH;kl djuk&& ,slk djus ls ,d rks vH;kl ds fy, ,dkar LFkku izkIr gksrk gS ftlls
vH;kl esa ,dkxzrk c<+rh gS rFkk vkokt+ esa bl izdkj dh xw¡t mRiUu gksrh gS fd ftls lqu dj ;g Kkr
gksrk gS fd gekjk Loj lgh LFkku ij yxk gS ;k ughA
xq:tuksa dk dguk gS fd ;fn bl izdkj daB lk/kuk dh tk, rks gekjk daB lgh <ax ls laLdkfjr
gks ldrk gSA ftlds dkj.k gekjh vkokt+ e/kqj ,oa xqatk;eku gksrh gS vkSj daB esa Loj dk lgh vkSj
fLFkj LFkku curk gSA
6-2-4- vH;kl le; vkSj LFkku %&
vf/kdrj daB lk/kuk ds fy, izkr%dky dk le; vf/kd mi;qDr ekuk tkrk gSA D;ksafd ml
le; isV [kkyh gksrk gS ftlls Lojksa dk vH;kl djus ds fy, t+kjs ugh yxkuk iM+rkA [kkyh isV vH;kl
djus ls xyk e/kqj gksrk gSA ,d ik’pkR; fo}ku us bldk ,d izek.k Hkh fn;k gS fd ;fn vk/kk fxykl
ikuh ls Hkjk tk, vkSj fQj ikuh okys fgLls dks ctk;k tk, rks nch gqbZ vkokt+ mRiUu gksrh gS tcfd
[kkyh fgLls dks ctkus ls [kudrh gqbZ /ofu mRiUu gksrh gSA Bhd blh izdkj [kkyh isV vkSj Hkjs isV ls
vkokt+ yxkus esa vUrj gksrk gSA daB lk/kuk ds fy, ,slk ,dkar LFkku gksuk pkfg, tgk¡ ij fdlh izdkj
dk ‘kksjxqy u gks rFkk vH;kl d{k esa rjg&rjg dh ltkoV dk lkeku ugh gksuk pkfg, D;ksfa d vH;kl
djrs le; mu oLrqvksa vFkok fp=ksa vkfn ij /;ku tkus ls lk/kuk esa ck/kk vkrh gSA blds vfrfjDr
le; ij lksus vkSj tkxus dk fu;e Hkh daB lk/kuk ds fy, lgk;d gksrk gSA
6-2-5- okrkoj.k %&
daB lk/kuk ds fy, vPNs okrkoj.k dh vR;Ur vko’;drk gksrh gSA blds fy, ,dkar] LoPN
ok;q] ‘kq) okrkoj.k gksuk vko’;d gSA blds lkFk gh lk/kd ds ?kj dk okrkoj.k Hkh ,slk gksuk pkfg,
fd ftlls mldh lk/kuk esa mlds ?kj dh ifjfLFkkfr;ksa dk izHkko u iM+As D;ksfa d ?kj dh vuqdwy vkSj
izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk izHkko Hkh Loj lk/kuk ;k daB lk/kuk ij iM+rk gSA vr% ,dkxzfpr gksuk Hkh Loj
lk/kuk ds fy, vko’;d gSA
6-2-6- vkgkj %&
Loj lk/kuk vFkok e/kqj daB ds fy, lkfRod vkgkj dk gksuk vR;Ur vko’;d gSA daB lk/kuk
ds fy, vkgkj larqfyr gksuk pkfg,A Qy rFkk lfCt+;ksa dk iz;ksx vf/kd djuk pkfg,A fepZ&elkyk]

88
[kVkbZ] fpdukbZ iw.kZ Hkkstu vkfn dk iz;ksx ugh djuk pkfg,A cQZ dk ikuh vFkok vR;ar B.Ms ikuh dk
iz;ksx ugh djuk pkfg, D;ksafd blls xys ij cqjk izHkko iM+rk gSA
6-2-7- O;k;ke %&
Loj lk/kuk ds fy, O;k;ke rFkk ;ksx vkfn djuk Hkh vko’;d gSA ysfdu Loj lk/kuk ds fy,
dqN fo’ks”k izdkj ds O;k;ke gh mfpr ekus tkrs gSaA gesa vfr f’k?kzrk ls ugh nkSM+uk pkfg, D;ksfa d bldk
daB ij izfrdwy izHkko iM+rk gSA blh izdkj dqN [ksy Hkh ,sls gSa ftudk gekjs daB ij izfrdwy izHkko
iM+rk gSA tSls dq’rh vkfn [ksy ftlesa t+kjs vf/kd yxrk gks vkSj lkal Qwy tkrh gksA lk¡l Qwyus ls
daB lk/kuk o Loj ij cqjk vlj iM+rk gSA blfy, daB lk/kuk ds fy, O;k;ke ds vUrxZr~ /khjs&/khjs
izkr%dkyhu lSj djuk] ck¡gksa vkSj Vkxksa ls gYds O;k;ke djuk] eq¡g ls ikuh Mky dj ukd ls fudkyuk
vFkkZr~ ^^usrh&fØ;k** djuk bR;kfn O;k;ke daB lk/kuk ds fy, mi;ksxh fl) gksrs gSaA
6-2-8- jgu&lgu %&
‘kkUr LFkku] ‘kq) tyok;q esa jgu&lgu gksuk Loj&lk/kuk ds fy, ykHknk;d gSA _rq ds leku
xeZ o lnZ diM+ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A D;ksfa d bu lHkh pht+ksa dk Hkh xys ij izHkko iM+rk gSA
6-2-9- laxr %&
Loj lk/kuk ds fy, xq: ds vfrfjDr gesa laxhrdkjksa dh laxr Hkh vo’; djuh pkfg,A D;ksfa d
fofHkUu xk;dksa ds fopkj rFkk xk;u lqudj gekjh Loj&lk/kuk ij Hkh izHkko iM+rk gS vkSj muds fopkj
vkSj laxr gekjs fy, lgk;d fl) gksrs gSaA blds foijhr cqjh laxr ls nwj jguk vR;Ur vko’;d gSA
blds vfrfjDr /kweziku vkSj eknd rRoksa dk iz;ksx Hkh gekjh Loj&lk/kuk ij cqjk izHkko Mkyrk gSA
blfy, bu cqjh laxrksa ls nwj jguk gekjs fy, ykHknk;d gks ldrk gSA
vuqHkoh ?kjkuksa esa blds vfrfjDr Hkh dqN fof/k;k¡ gSa] ftuds }kjk os daB dks laLdkfjr djrs gSaA
tSls && vkokt+ esa ehaM mRiUu djus ds fy,] ehaM ds iyVs] ewdhZ mRiUu djus ds fy, ewdhZ ;qDr iyVksa
dk vH;kl] xed mRiUu djus ds fy, d.k&;qDr fo’ks”k vyadkjksa dk vH;kl] xw¡t mRiUu djus ds fy,
eq¡g cUn dj xkus dk vH;kl djuk] tcM+k rS;kj djus ds fy, tcM+k ;qDr rkuksa dk fo’ks”k vH;kl
bR;kfn Hkh daB laLdkj ds vUrxZr~ gh vkrk gSA

6-3 oSKkfud fof/k }kjk daB laLdkj

xq:vksa }kjk crk, x;s daB lk/kuk ds fu;eksa }kjk rks ge vius xys vkSj vkokt+ dks laLdkfjr
dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu blds lkFk gh ge oSKkfud fof/k ls Hkh daB dks laLdkfjr dj ldrs gSAa
ftl izdkj] tUe ysus okyk izR;sd f’k’kq lkal ysuk ;k NksM+uk tkurk gS vkSj mls bl ckr dh
f’k{kk ugh nsuh iM+rh] mlh izdkj izR;sd xk;d&xkf;dk dks xk;u gsrq lkal ysus ;k NksM+us lEcfU/kr
89
Kku ysus dh vko’;drk ugh iM+rhA dgk Hkh x;k gS fd jksuk vkSj galuk fdls ugh vkrkA ftuds ikl
e/kqj daB gksrk gS] os fcuk fl[kk;s Hkh xkus yxrs gSa vkSj mUgsa ;fn FkksM+k lk ekxZn’kZu fey tk, rks os
,d dq’ky dykdkj fl) gksrs gSaAyksx vfrizkphudky ls xkrs pys vk jgs gSa ysfdu muesa ls ‘kk;n gh
fdlh dks ;g Kkr gksxk fd daB ,oa mlls lEcfU/kr ‘kkjhfjd vo;oksa dh jpuk fdl izdkj dh gS rFkk
lgh daB&/ofu mRiknu esa mudk D;k ;ksxnku jgrk gSA vkpk;Z ‘kkjaxnso us bl lEcU/k esa laxhr jRukdj
xzUFk esa fy[kk gSa &&&
vkRek&foo{kek.kks·;a eu% izsj;rs eu%A
nsgLFkfUgekgfUr l izsj;rs ek:re~AA
czá&xzfUFk fLFkr% lks·Fk Øeknw/oZ iFkspjuA
ukfHkârdaB ew/kkZL;s”okfoHkkZo;fr /ofue~AA
vFkkZr~ vkRek cqf) dks izfs jr djrh gS] cqf) ‘kjhj esa jgus okyh psruk ‘kfDr dks tkx`r djrh gS
rFkk psruk&’kfDr czáxzfUFk esa fuokl djus okyh ‘okl dks izfs jr djrh gSA bl izdkj ukfHk] ân; rFkk
daB ls gksrk gqvk ‘okl eq¡g ds ekxZ ls lkaxhfrd Loj cu dj ckgj fudyrk gSA ysfdu bl ‘yksd ls
gesa ;s Kkr ugh gksrk fd /ofu mRiUu djus okys fofHkUu ‘kkjhfjd vo;oksa dh jpuk rFkk mudk ;ksxnku
D;k gS vkSj tc rd gesa bu ‘kkjhfjd vo;oksa dh oSKkfud tkudkjh u gks] ge bl ‘kkjhjh&oh.kk ij iw.kZ
vf/kdkj izkIr ugh dj ldrsA daB&/ofu mRiknu dh oSKkfud tkudkjh ds vkHkko esa xk;u dks Js”B
cuk, j[kuk dfBu gks ldrk gSA
ik’pkR; ns’kksa esa bl {ks= esa Hkh Ik;kZIr oSKkfud [kkst ,oa vuqla/kku fd, x, gSaA vius ns’k esa Hkh
bl izdkj dh tkudjh rks gS ysfdu mlls ykHk mBkus ds dk;Z cgqr de gq, gSaA ik’pkR; ns’kksa esa vkt
Hkh bl fof/k }kjk laxhr f’k{kk nh tkrh gS vkSj vkokt+ esa e/kqjrk] ‘kfDr vkSj Ik;kZIr {ks= dk fuekZ.k fd;k
tkrk gSA

6-4 oSKkfud fof/k ls daB lk/kuk ds fy, iz;ksx gksus okys vo;o
oSKkfud fof/k ls daB lk/kuk ;k daB dks laLdkfjr djus ds fy, ‘kjhj ds fofHkUu vo;oksa dks
fdl izdkj iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg, bldk o.kZu bl izdkj gS &&&
‘kjhj ds ftu fofHkUu vo;oksa ds ,dhd`r&dk;ksaZ ds }kjk daB&/ofu mRiUu gksrh gS os bl izdkj
gSa &&&&
6-4-1 lkal ysus vkSj NksM+us lEcU/kh eklisf’k;k¡
6-4-2 daB dk ySfjaDl dk Hkkx

90
6-4-3 QSfjaDl] Ukkfldk ja/kz (Cavities)]eq[k ;k eq¡g
bu vo;oksa ds mfpr iz;ksx }kjk daB&/ofu e/kqj cukbZ tk ldrh gS vkSj daB dks vkSj vf/kd
laLdkfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu vo;oksa ¼’kjhj ds vax½ dh jpuk vkSj iz;ksx bl izdkj gS %&
6-4-1- lkal ysus vkSj NksM+us lEcU/kh ekliaf’k;k¡ %&
gekjs QsQM+s Åij dh vksj ladjs rFkk uhps dh vksj QSys gq, iku dh vkd`fr tSls dgs tk ldrs
gSaA Åij dk Hkkx gfì;ksa ds fiatjs esa can gksrk gS] tcfd uhps dk fgLlk vis{kd`r Lora= gksrk gSA gekjs
QsQM+s nks eklisf’k;ksa dh lgk;rk ls dk;Z djrs gSAa ;s nks eklisf’k;k¡ gSa %&
d- Mk;kÝke ¼Diaphram½ rFkk bUVjdksLVy&eklisf’k;k¡ %& ;s lkal ysus gsrq ilfy;ksa dks ckgjdh
vksj [khaprh gSaA
[k- ,cMksfeuy&eklisf’k;k¡ rFkk bUVjdksLVy eklisf’k;k¡ %& ;s ilfy;ksa dks Hkhrj dh vksj [khaprh gSa
vkSj lkal dks fu;fU=r djrh gSaA
bu nksuks lewgksa dh eklisf’k;ksa ds ijLij fojks/k ds }kjk XykSfVl¼Glottis & /ofu rarq rFkk
muds chp dk LFkku½ dk Bhd&Bhd can gks ikuk laHko gksrk gS rFkk ySfjaDl /ofu mRiknu gsrq lgh
vkd`fr xzg.k djrk gSA bu nksuks lewgksa dh ekalisf’k;ksa ¼Musles½ ds lgh mi;ksx] muds yphysiu
rFkk ‘kfDr ds fodkl ds }kjk gh vPNk daB Loj mRiknu laHko gksrk gSA ysfdu ;fn mijksDr oSKkfud
fof/k ds }kjk daB lk/kuk vFkkZr~ QsQM+ksa vkSj ekalisf’k;ksa dk mfpr iz;ksx u fd;k tk, rks daB /ofu ij
cqjk izHkko Hkh iM+ ldrk gSA lgh iz;ksx u djus ls fuEu rdyhQsa gks ldrh gSa tSls && gk¡Quk] Loj
ij xyr vk?kkr] xnZu dh ulksa esa vojks/k] ekalisf’k;ksa dh Fkdku] xyr mPpkj.k] ?kcjkgV] yEcs Loj ;k
yEcs okD; dks mRiUu djus esa vleFkZrkA
vPNh daB/ofu mRiUu djus gsrq lk¡l NksM+us vkSj ysus lEcfU/kr ekalisf’k;ksa esa yphykiu ,oa
‘kfDr fodflr djuk vko’;d gSA bu ekalisf’k;ksa esa ,dhdj.k rFkk ‘kfDr mRiUu djus ds fy, lk¡l
lEcfU/kr O;k;ke fd, tkrs gSaA ik’pkR; ns’kksa esa rks vusd oSKkfudksa us lk¡l ysu&s NksM+us lEcU/kh O;k;keksa
dk ,d iwjk izkjfEHkd ikB~;Øe rS;kj fd;k gSA ogk¡ ij ;g ikB~;Øe lh[k ysus ds i’pkr~ gh laxhr
f’k{k.k izkjEHk gksrk gSA ge Hkh vius ns’k esa bl izdkj ds ikB~;Øeksa dks lfEefyr dj ldrs gSa vkSj blds
fy, vius gh ns’k esa fodflr izk.kk;keksa dh fof/k dks mu ikB~;Øeksa esa lfEefyr dj ldrs gSaA ,slk djus
ls ge fuf’pr :i ls vius lk¡l ij fu;U=.k] QsQM+ksa dh ‘kfDr ,oa xw¡t esa mUufr dj ldrs gSaA

6-4-2- ySfjaDl ¼Larynx½

91
 bls vkokt+ dk ckDl ¼Voice Box½ Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA lk/kkj.k cksypky esa bls VsaVvw k
¼Adam’s Apple½ dgrs gSaA ftlds lkeus okys dksus dks ns[kk ,oa Nqvk tk ldrk gSA bldh dk;Z
iz.kkyh vR;Ur tfVy gksrh gSA blds eq[; ik¡p Hkkx gksrs gSaA
d-fjaxdkfVZyst ¼fØdksbM½ & ;s vaxwBh ds vkdkj dk gksrk gSA
[k- ‘khYM dkfVZyst ¼FkkbZjk;M½ & bldk ;g uke blfy, gS D;ksfa d ;g vR;Ur ukt+qd ?ofu ;U= ds
vkUrfjd Hkkx dh lqj{kk djrk gSA ;g izFke fjaxdkfVZyst ds Åij bl izdkj fLFkj jgrk gS] tSls fd
dksbZ oLrq dCts ¼Hinge½ ds Åij jgrh gSA
x- fyM ¼<Ddu ;k Apiglottis½ & ;g ,d yphyh dkfVZyst gksrh gS tks [kkus ;k fuxyus ds
le; okW;l ckDl dks can dj lqj{kk iznku djrh gSA
?k- fijkfeM ;k vkVhZukbM dkfVZyst & budk ;g uke budh fijkfeM tSlh vkd`fr ds dkj.k iM+k gSA
;s izFke fjaxdkfVZyst dh lhekvksa ls tqM+s jgrs gSa rFkk vk’p;Ztud LorU=rk ,oa ‘kh?kzrk ls ?kwers gSaA
p- Okksdy fyxkesaV &
;g yphyh jpuk dh nks ySftl gksrh gSa tks cgqr gh ukt+qd f>Yyh ls <dh gksrh gSaA buesa ls
izR;sd dh lEiw.kZ yEckbZ ,d vksj ‘khYM dkfVZyst ls tqM+h gksrh gS rFkk muds ihNs dk fgLlk fijkfeM
ds vkdkj ds vkVhZukWbM dkfVZystksa ls tqM+k gksrk gS tks vkxs dh vksj fudys gq, jgrs gSaA ;s oksdy
fyxkesVa iq:”kksa esa 3@4 bap yEcs rFkk fL=;ksa esa 1@2 bap yEcs vkjke dh fLFkfr esa jgrs gSa rFkk yphys
gksus ds dkj.k os Åij dh vksj [khaprs gSaA bl izdkj uhps ls vkus okyh ok;q dqN FkksM+h lh NwV ikdj
vkxs c<+rh gS rFkk mldk ncko dqN de gksrk gSA bl le; ;s oksdy fyxkesaV viuh iwoZor voLFkk esa
igq¡p tkrs gSa rFkk dqN uhps dh vksj Hkh pys tkrs gSaA ok;q dk fujUrj ncko muds Åij gkoh gksrk gS
rFkk ml dkj.k budk vojks/k lekIr gksdj ok;q Åij dh vksj c<+rh gS rFkk os viuh iwoZ dh txg
okil vk tkrs gSaA ;g izfØ;k ckj&ckj vkSj cgqr tYnh gksrh jgrh gS rFkk bl izdkj gh daB Loj mRiUu
gksrk gSA
fjax&f’kYM ely ¼ Crico-Thyroideus ½ rFkk ‘khYM&fijkfeM ely ¼Thyro-
Artennoideus½ uked ekalisf’k;ksa dk ,d tksM+k vkSj gksrk gS] tks oksdy&fyxkesaVl dks rkurk
vkSj f’kfFky djrk gSA buds }kjk eq[; :Ik ls Lojksa dh Å¡pkbZ ¼Pitch½ fuf’pr gksrh gSA
oksdy fyxkesVa ds lekukUrj rFkk mlds Åij pyus okyk ,d ikWdsV&fyxkesaV ;k
QkWYl&oksdy&dkMZ~t+ dk tksM+k Hkh gksrk gSA ;g oksdy&fyxkesaVl dh HkkfUr gh gksrs gSa] tks lkeus
‘khYM&dkfVZyst rFkk ihNs fijkfeM ;k vkfVZukbM&dkfVZyst ls tqM+s jgrs gSaA ;s cgqr vf/kd ukt+qd moa
laons u’khy gksrs gSa rFkk t+jk lh Hkh mÙkstuk ij cM+h f’k?kzrk ls tqM+dj oksdy&fyxkesVa l dks fdlh Hkh

92
uqdlku ls cpkrs gSaA bl izdkj] bUgsa eq[;r% daB lajpuk ds j{kd ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gS ijUrq
Loj mRiUu djus esa budk dksbZ LFkku ugh gSA
daB Loj mRiUu djus ds vU; rhu dkj.k fuEu fyf[kr gSa %&
6-4-3 jst+ksusVlZ ;k QsafjaDl] ukfldk&jU?kz ¼Cavities½ rFkk eq¡g
euq”; dh daB /ofu dks xqatk;eku cukus okys ;s izeq[k jstks+usVlZ gSa &&& eqag] gksaB] thHk rFkk
lkWQV&IysVA bu lcds }kjk daB /ofu dks vkdkj izkIr gksrk gSA
QSafjaDl xys ds Åijh Hkkx esa ,d [kksg ¼Cavity½ dh HkkfUr gksrk gS rFkk mldk vf/kdka’k Hkkx
[kqys gq, eq¡g esa ihNs dh vksj ,d esgjkc ¼Arch½ dh HkkfUr ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g ukd ds Hkhrjh
Nsnkz sa ¼Cavities½ ls Hkh tqM+k jgrk gSA bu fNnzkas dk vk/kkj] gkMZ rFkk lkWQV&IysV gksrs gSa] tks ,d
gìh }kjk foHkDr gksrs gSaA lkWQV&IysV ,d pyk;eku foHkktu gksrk gS ftlds}kjk eq¡g rFkk ukd dks xys
ls iwjh rjg vyx fd;k tk ldrk gSA Loj mRiUu djus esa bldh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgrh gSA daB lk/kuk
djus ds fy, ;s ‘kkjhfjd vo;o& QSafjDl] thHk rFkk lkWQV&IysV] xk;d dh bPNkuqlkj viuk dk;Z
djus gsrq rS;kj jgrs gSaA ;g furkUr vko’;d gS fd xyk <hyk ,oa [kqyk j[kk tk, rFkk blds fy, ;g
Hkh vko’;d gS fd lkWQV&IysV dks yphyk rFkk thHk dks tM+ ,oa tcM+s dks dM+k u fd;k tk,A
daB vPNh rjg rc laLdkfjr gksrk gS tc ^vk* Loj dh /ofu mRiUu dh tkrh gSA ^vk* Loj
dgus ij LokHkkfod :ils eq¡g [kqy tkrk gS rFkk lk¶V&IysV esa esgjkc ¼Arch½ dh vkd`fr cu tkrh
gSA xys ds Hkhrj dk Uvula ¼eq¡g [kksyus ij tks xys esa NksVh lh ,d yVdh gqbZ pht+ fn[kkbZ nsrh
gSA ½ Åij mB tkrk gS rFkk thHk lgh LFkku xzg.k dj ysrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa /ofu ySfjUDl ls gksrs
gq, xw¡t mRiUu djus okys LFkkuksa esa igq¡p tkrh gSA ^,*] ^b*] ^;w* Lojksa esa /ofu bruh vPNh rjg mRiUu
ugh gks ldrhA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd bu Lojksa esa xkrs le; /ofu bruh lgtrk ls ugh fudyrh vkSj
u gh xw¡t mRiUu djus okys LFkkuksa dk iw.kZ mi;ksx gks ikrk gSA bl izdkj tks /ofu fudyrh gS og
iryh vkSj det+kjs gksrh gSA
;g Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd vkt Hkh vf/kdka’k xk;d ‘kq) vkdkj dh /ofu dks egRo u nsdj dsoy
^lqjhysiu* dks gh lc dqN le> cSBrs gSaA blls mudh vkokt+sa lqj esa gksrs gq, Hkh v:fpdj ,oa izHkkoghu
jgrh gSA gesa ‘kq) vkdkj ds lkFk&lkFk xw¡t Hkh fodflr djuh pkfg,A xw¡t ‘kjhj dh lgh fLFkfr ij
Hkh fuHkZj djrh gSA ;fn flj rFkk ifj.kke Lo:Ik ySfjUDl dks >qdkdj j[kk tkrk gS ;k jh<+ dh gìh dks
>qdk;k tkrk gS rks mlls /ofu dh xq.koÙkk ij fuf’pr :ils izHkko iM+rk gSA daB lk/kuk djrs gq, vkxs
flj >qdkus ds dkj.k ySfjUDl ds fØ;k dyki esa vojks/k mRiUu gksrk gS rFkk QsQM+kas dk fupyk fgLlk
Hkh nc tkrk gSA bl izdkj dh fLFkfr vkokt+ mRiUu djus ds fy, nks”k iw.kZ rks gksrh gh gS lkFk gh
LokLF; ds fy, Hkh gkfudkjd gksrh gSA

93
6-5 egRoiw.kZ iz’u %&
iz0- 1- daB lk/kuk ds fdUgh nks fu;eksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
iz0- 2- oSKkfud fof/k }kjk daB lk/kuk ds fy, iz;ksx gksus okys vo;oksa ds uke crkb,A

6-6 Lkkjka’k
bl izdkj Loj&lk/kuk ,oa daB lk/kuk ds fu;eksa ij /;ku nsus ls gesa ;s Kkr gksrk gS fd ,d
lQy xk;d cuus ds fy, daB lk/kuk ds fu;eksa vFkkZr~ Principlesof voice culture dk
Kku rFkk vH;kl&fof/k ,oa oSKkfud fof/k dk Kku gksuk vfr vko’;d gSA xq: tuksa dk dguk gS fd
;fn xq:vksa }kjk crk, x, fu;eksa ls daB lk/kuk dh tk, rks gekjk daB lgh <ax ls laLdkfjr gks ldrk
gSA nwljh vksj oSKkfud fof/k ds }kjk Hkh ge daB dks laLdkfjr dj ldrs gSaA dsoy mu ‘kkjhfjd vo;oksa
dk lgh <ax ls iz;ksx djuk vko’;d gS tks gekjs daB /ofu ls lEcfU/kr gSAa

6-7 ‘kCndks”k %&

vfoZHkko &izdV gksuk ;k mRifÙk
fdonafr;k¡ &,slh ckr tks yksx ihf<+;ksa ls lqurs vk jgs gksa
lkfu/; & lEidZesa ;k lehi jguk
‘kkjhfjd vo;o& ‘kkjhfjd vax
XykSfVl & /ofu rarq

6-8 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj %&

iz0- 1- daB lk/kuk ds fdUgh nks fu;eksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
m0- ;ksX; xq: %& daB lk/kuk lnSo ;ksX; xq: ds lkFk gh ,oa mlds vkns’kkuqlkj gh djuh pkfg,A
Ikgys Hkkjr esa ?kjkuk ijEijk izpfyr Fkh vkSj f’k”; vius ?kjkus dh xk;dh] Loj mPpkj.k dk <ax] cSBus
dk lgh rjhdk] gko&Hkko rFkk izn’kZu xq: ds vkns’kkuqlkj djrs Fks ijUrq vktdy rks ?kjkuk izFkk
vizpfyr gks jgh gS vkSj vkt ds xk;d Hkh f’k?kzrk ls xk;u esa ikjaxr gksdj viuh dyk izn’kZu esa
okgokgh ysuk pkgrs gSaA ftlls mudk vH;kl vifjiDo gh jg tkrk gS vkSj muesa dbZ nks”k mRiUu gks
94
tkrs gSaA tSls && gkFk&ik¡o iVduk] vuqfpr cSBus dk <ax] Loj dk foLrkj d”Ve;] ‘okl [khapus dk
vuqfpr <ax bR;kfnA blfy, xq: funs’Z ku esa gh vH;kl fd;k tk, rks og mfpr jgrk gSA
daB lk/kuk lnSo ;ksX; xq: ds lkFk gh djuh pkfg,A D;ksfd ;fn Lojksa esa mrkj&p<+ko lgh
ugh gksxk vkSj lgh LFkku ij dksey&rhoz Lojksa dk mPpkj.k ugh gksxk rks mls xq: Lo;a gh xk dj rFkk
f’k”; dks crk dj] mls Bhd dj nsxkA ;fn daB esa Loj dk lgh LFkku fcxM+ tk, rks mls Bhd djuk
dfBu gksrk gSA bl fy, ;ksX; xq: dk gksuk vR;Ur vko’;d gSA D;ksafd ;ksX; xq: }kjk crkbZ xbZ daB
lk/kuk le;&le; ij lk/kd ds fy, ykHkdkjh fl) gksrh gS vkSj xq: ds lkfu/; esa daB lk/kuk djus
ls og dbZ nks”kksa ls Hkh eqDr gks tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lq;ksX; xq: ds f’k”;ksa dk xk;u vkd”kZd]
rky] Loj vkSj rS;kjh ls iw.kZ gksrk gSA
[kjt ¼”kM+t½ lk/kuk %&
gekjs cM+&s cM+s xq:&tuksa ,oa ?kjkuksa us daB laLdkj gsrq [kjt ;k “kM+t lk/kuk dks vR;Ur
vko’;d ekuk gSA [kjt lk/kuk fof/k esa e/;&“kM+t rFkk eUnz lIrd ds lHkh Lojksa dks Øe’k% Li”V
vkdkj esa fLFkj j[krs gq, xk;k tkrk gSA ;g dksf’k’k dh tkrh gS fd lk/kd eUnz lIrd ds Lojksa esa tgk¡
rd lqfo/kkuqlkj tk lds] tk,a rFkk iqu% “kM+t ij okfil vk;saA D;w¡fd [kjt lk/kuk czá egqrZ ¼m”kk
dky½ esa djuk mÙke gksrk gS] vr% ml le; lk/kd dh vkokt+ fnu ds vU; dkyksa dh vis{kk] vf/kd
vklkuh ls eUnz lIrd esa tkrh gSA ;g vH;kl fuR; fd, tkus ls lk/kd ;k fo|kFkhZ ds Loj Li”V ,oa
fLFkj gksdj fudyus yxrs gSa rFkk xys esa /khjs&/khjs eUnz lIrd dk {ks= c<+rk pyk tkrk gSA dqN fnuksa
ds vH;kl ds Ik’pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;k lk/kd eUnz lIrd dk “kM+t Hkh dgus yxrk gSA xys esa eUnz LkIrd esa
bruk {ks= cuk ysus ds Ik’pkr~ mls dk;e j[kus ds fy,] ;g vH;kl vkthou djuk iM+rk gSA tks yksx
bl vH;kl dks djrs jgrs gSa mudh vkokt+ lkQ] xksy] fLFkj ,oa ot+unkj curh gSaA blds vfrfjDr
eUnz lIrd ;k [kjt lk/kuk ds fujUrj vH;kl ls xys esa rkj lIrd ds Lojksa dk {ks= Hkh c<+rk gSA
vf/kdrj ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd vf/kdka’k efgyk xkf;dk,a vius xk;u esa eUnz lIrd dks fo’ks”k
egRo ugha nsrha rFkk vf/kdrj eUnz lIrd ds iape ;k e/;e rd gh xkrh gSa] fQj Hkh ;fn os pkgsa rks
[kjt lk/kuk dh fof/k }kjk ykHkkfUor gks ldrh gSaA ysfdu dqN efgyk daB lk/kd fu;fer :i ls [kjt
lk/kuk djus okyh Hkh gksrh gSaA efgykvksa dh vis{kk iq:”k daB lk/kdksa esa bl fof/k dk izpkj ,oa vko’;drk
vf/kd gS D;ksafd efgykvksa dh vis{kk iq:”kksa dh vkokt+ eksVh gksrh gS rFkk mls fLFkj j[kus ds fy, ^eUnz
lk/kuk* mi;ksxh gksrh gSA
dHkh &dHkh xq: dh vuqifLFkfr esa bl izdkj dh [kjt lk/kuk djus ls gkfu Hkh gks ldrh gSA
vkokt+ ij t:jr ls T;knk tk+sj iM+ tkus ls vkokt+ QVus yxrh gS rFkk vf/kd pkSM+h ,oa Hkkjh gks tkrh
gSA ,slk Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd bl izdkj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ckn esa rkj “kM+t yxkus esa Hkh dfBukbZ mRiUu
gksus yxhA vr% izkjEHk esa [kjt lk/kuk Hkh xq: dh mifLFkfr esa ,oa funsZ’kkuqlkj gh fd;k tkuk vko’;d
gSA
95
iz0- 2- oSKkfud fof/k }kjk daB lk/kuk ds fy, iz;ksx gksus okys vo;oksa ds uke crkb,A
m0- ‘kjhj ds ftu fofHkUu vo;oksa ds ,dhd`r&dk;ksaZ ds }kjk daB&/ofu mRiUu gksrh gS os bl izdkj gSa
&&&&
lkal ysus vkSj NksM+us lEcU/kh eklisf’k;k¡
daB dk ySfjaDl dk Hkkx
QSfjaDl] Ukkfldk ja/kz (Cavities)]eq[k ;k eq¡g
bu vo;oksa ds mfpr iz;ksx }kjk daB&/ofu e/kqj cukbZ tk ldrh gS vkSj daB dks vkSj vf/kd
laLdkfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

6-9 lanHkZ xzUFk lwph %&

1- Lakxhr fo’kkjn] clar] laiknd y{ehukjk;.k xxZ] izdk’kd & laxhr dk;kZy; gkFkjlA
2- Lkaxhr f’k{kk] Jherh fot; vjksMk+ ] ,-ih- ifCy’kj] cqDl ekjfdV] tkyU/kjA

&%&%&%&%&%&%&

96
 LESSON - 7
Time theory of Ragas, its origin and development
jkxksa dk le; fl|kUr vkSj mldk fodkl

Structure :
7-0 Hkwfedk
7-1 mns’;
7-2- Lojksa ds vk/kkj ij jkxksa ds Hkkx
7-2-1- iwokZaxoknh jkx
7-2-2- mÙkjkaxoknh jkx
7-3- jkxksa ds le; foHkktu ds fy, rhu eq[; oxZ
7-3-1- izFke oxZ ¼js /k dksey Loj okys jkx½
7-3-2- f}rh; oxZ ¼js /k ‘kq) Loj okys jkx½
7-3-3- r`rh; oxZ ¼x fu dksey Loj okys jkx½
7-3-4- ijesy izos’kd jkx
7-3-5- _rq jkx
7-4 egRoiw.kZ iz’u
7-5 lkjka’k
7-6 ‘kCndks”k
7-7 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj
7-8 lanHkZ xzaFk lwph

97
7-0 Hkwfedk %&
Hkkjrh; laxhr ftruk iqjkuk gS] mruk bldk {ks= fo’kky gSA vkt laxhr dk izR;sd fo"k; ds
lkFk lEcU/k gS] Hkys gh og xf.kr] lekt ’kkL=] jktuhrh] bfrgkl ;k foKku gksA izR;sd fo"k; dk ,d
nwljs ds lkFk fdlh u fdlh :i esa lEcU/k gSA vkfn dky ls laxhr _rqvksa tSls xzh"e] ’kjn] clar] o"kkZ
rFkk fnu vkSj jkr ds le; ls tqM+k gqvk gSA ;gk¡ rd dh xzg] u{k= vkSj euksfoKku ds vk/kkj ij Hkh
jkxksa ds vyx&vyx le; fuf’pr fd, x, gSaA oSls rks jkx tc Hkh pkgsa xk ldrs gSa ysfdu fuf’pr
le; ij xkus ls vlhe vkuUn dh izkfIr gksrh gSA izkphu le; esa jkxksa ds le; fl)kar ds fo"k; esa
vusdksa dgkfu;k¡ o nUr dFkk,¡ izpfyr jgh gSaA blds lkFk gh xq: xzUFk lkfgc esa jkx&jkxfu;ksa dks
le;kuqlkj vafdr fd;k x;k gSA
ukjn _f"k okyh dFkk izR;sd iqLrd esa vafdr feyrh gS fd jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds vax&Hkax ns[k dj
Hkxoku Jh d`".k us iwNk fd vki dkSu gSa \ rc mUgksaus mÙkj fn;k fd _f"k ukjn gesa cs le; xkrk gS]
ge uhan esa b/kj&m/kj fxj tkrs gSa vkSj gekjs vax&Hkax gks pqds gSaA blfy, _f"k dks dgk tk, fd og
gesa mfpr le; ij gh ;kn djsA rc Hkxoku Jh d`".k us ukjn dks le>k;k fd og ,slk u djsA u,
’kks/kksa esa ;g dgk x;k gS fd jkxksa ds le; dh ckr dsoy Hkze gh gSA tks Hkh gks ysfdu vkt gekjs laxhr
esa jkxksa dkss le; ds vuqlkj xkus dk fo/kku gSA gekjs fgUnqLrkuh laxhr esa jkxksa ds le; fuf’pr fd,
x, gSa vkSj dgk tkrk gS fd ;fn jkxksa dks muds le; vuqlkj xk;k&ctk;k tk, rks ml jkx ds
xk;u&oknu ls vkSj Hkh vf/kd vkuUn dh izkfIr gksrh gS vkSj jkx le;kuqlkj xkus&ctkus ls vkSj vf/kd
f[kyrk gSA
fgUnqLrkuh laxhr i)fr esa ftl izdkj vU; fu;eksa ,oa fl)kUrksa dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gS mlh
izdkj jkxksa ds xk;u vFkok oknu ds le; dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS rFkk mldk ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA
^le; laxhr ‘kkL=* ds vuqlkj jkxksa ds xk;u vFkok oknu ds le; dks muds dksey&rhoz Lojksa ds vk/kkj
ij fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
lIrd dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA iwoZ Hkkx rFkk mÙkj HkkxA lIrd ds lkr ‘kq) Lojksa esa rkj
lIrd dk ^lak* feykdj ^lk js x e] rFkk Ik /k fu lka * bl izdkj Lojksa dh la[;k vkB dj yh tk, vkSj
fQj blds nks fgLls dj fn, tk,a rks ^lk js x e*] ;g lIrd dk iwokZax vkSj ^Ik /k fu lak]* ;g lIrd
dk mÙkjkax dgk tk,xkA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd izFke Hkkx dks iwokZax rFkk f}rh; Hkkx dks mÙkjkax
dgk tkrk gSA ftuds vk/kkj ij oknh&lEoknh fu/kkZfjr fd, tkrs gSa rFkk oknh&lEoknh ds vk/kkj ij
jkxksa dk xk;u le; tkuk tkrk gSA oknh&lEoknh dHkh Hkh ,d Hkkx ds ugh gksrAs muesa pkj vFkok ik¡p
Lojksa dk vUrj gksrk gSA

98
7-1 mns’; %&
bl ikB ds v/;;u dk mns’; ;gh gS fd ge jkxksa ds le; fl)kar ds fo”k; esa foLrkj ls le>
ldsa fd fdl izdkj jkxksa dk le; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS vkSj jkxksa dk le; fuf’pr djus ds fy, mUgsa
fdl izdkj vyx&vyx oxksaZ esa ckaVk x;k gS] ;gh lc tkuuk bl ikB dk mns’; gSA

7-2- Lojksa ds vk/kkj ij jkxksa ds Hkkx

Lojksa ds vk/kkj ij jkxksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS &&&
7-2-1- iwokZaxoknh jkx %&
;fnjkx dk oknh Loj lIrd ds iwokZax vFkkZr~ ^lk js x e*] bu Lojksa esa ls gksrk gS rks mUgsa
iwokZaxoknh jkx dgk tkrk gSA ,sls jkx izk;% fnu ds iwoZ Hkkx vFkkZr~ 12 cts fnu ls jk=h ds 12 cts rd
xk,&ctk, tkrs gSaA
7-2-2- mÙkjkaxoknh jkx %&
;fn jkx dk oknh Loj mÙkjkax vFkkZr~ ^i/k fu lak] * bu Lojksa esa ls gksrk gS rks mUgsa mÙkjkaxoknh
jkx dgk tkrk gSA ,sls jkx izk;% fnu ds mÙkj Hkkx vFkkZr~ jk=h 12 cts ls fnu ds 12 cts rd gh
xk,&ctk, tkrs gSaA
mijksDr o.kZu ls ;g Li”V gks tkrk gS fd jkx ds oknh Loj dks tku ysus ij ml jkx ds
xk;u&oknu le; dk Kku gks tkrk gSA tSls jkx vklkojh dk oknh Loj /kSor gS] vFkkZr~ ;g lIrd dk
mÙkjkax Loj gS] rks blds xk;u&oknu dk le; Hkh izkr%dky gS vFkkZr~ jk=h ds 12 cts ls fnu ds 12
cts rd dk tks le; gS mlh ds vUrxZr~ izkr%dky vk tkrk gSA blh izdkj jkx ;eu dk oknh Loj
xkU/kkj gS] tks fd lIrd ds iwokZax dk Loj gS vr% ;eu jkx ds xk;u&oknu dk le; jk=h dk izFke
izgj ekuk tkrk gS] tks fd fnu ds 12 cts ls jk=h ds 12 cts rd ds {ks= esa vkrk gS blfy, jkx ;eu
dks iwokZaxoknh jkx dg dj iqdkjk tkrk gS rFkk jkx vklkojh dks mÙkjkax oknh jkx dgk tkrk gSA
mijksDr fooj.k ds Ik’pkr~ iz’u ;g mBrk gS fd jkx HkSjoh esa oknh Loj e/;e gS tks fd lIrd
ds iwokZax dk Loj gS] fQj Hkh D;k dkj.k gS fd jkx HkSjoh dk xk;u&oknu le; izkr%dky ekuk tkrk gS
tcfd HkSjoh dk xk;u&oknu le; fnu dk mÙkj Hkkx vFkkZr~ 12 cts fnu ls 12 cts jk=h rd gksuk
pkfg,A tcfd izkr%dky rks mÙkj Hkkx ds vUrxZr~ vkrk gS fQj HkSjoh dk oknh Loj] lIrd ds iwokZax dk
D;w¡ gS \ blh izdkj ;g Hkh ‘kadk jgrh gS fd jkx dkeksn esa iape Loj oknh gS] tksfd lIrd ds mÙkjkax
dk Loj gS] fQj bls D;ksa iwoZ Hkkx vFkkZr~ jk=h ds izFke izgj esa xkrs&ctkrs gSaA bu ‘kadkvksa dk lek/kku
;g gS fd mÙkj Hkkjrh; laxhr i)fr esa ;|fi ^lk js x e* dks lIrd dk iwokZax rFkk ^Ik /k fu lak* dks
mÙkjkax dgk x;k gS] fdUrq dqN iwokZaxoknh rFkk mÙkjkaxoknh Lojksa dks mijsDr oxhZdj.k esa ykus ds fy,
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iwokZax dk {ks= ^ lk js x e Ik * vkSj mÙkjkax dk {ks= ^ e Ik /k fu lak * bl izdkj c<+k dj ekuk x;k gSA
bl izdkj lIrd ds nks Hkkx djus ls ^ lk] e] Ik *] ;s rhuksa Loj lIrd ds iwokZax rFkk mÙkjkax nksuksa Hkkxksa
esa vk tkrs gSaA tc bu rhuksa Lojksa esa ls dksbZ Loj oknh gksrk gS rks okg jkx iwokZaxoknh Hkh gks ldrk gS
vkSj mÙkjkaxoknh HkhA vr% HkSjoh vkSj dkeksn tSls jkx blh Js.kh esa vkrs gSa vkSj dkeksn esa iape oknh gksrs
gq, Hkh mls iwokZaxoknh jkx dg ldrs gSaA D;ksfa d ;s nksuksa gh jkx lIrd ds c<+k, gq, {ks= esa vk tkrs gSaA
bl izdkj vU; dqN jkx Hkh bl Js.kh esa vkdj viuk {ks= cuk ysrs gSaA
mÙkj Hkkjrh; laxhr i)fr esa jkxksa ds xk;u&oknu ds ckjs esa le; fl)kUr ¼Time theory½
izkphudky ls pyk vk jgk gSA ;|fi izkphu rFkk vk/kqfud jkxksa esa le; fl)kUr ij dqN erHksn gS]
ftudk dkj.k jkxksa ds Lojksa esa myV&Qsj gks tkuk gS] rFkkfi ;g rks Lohdkj djuk gh iMs+xk fd gekjs
izkphu laxhr iafMrksa us jkxksa dks muds Bhd le; ij xkus&ctkus dk fl)kUr vius xzUFkksa esa Lohdkj
fd;k gSA mlh dks vkt ds laxhrK Hkh Lohdkj djds vius jkxksa esa le; fl)kUr dk ikyu dj jgs gSaA

7-3 jkxksa ds le; foHkktu ds fy, rhu eq[; oxZ

jkxksa ds le; foHkktu ds fy, rhu eq[; oxksaZ dk fu;e j[kk x;k gS rFkk leLr iwokZaxoknh rFkk
mÙkjkaxoknh jkx bu rhu oxksaZ ds vUrxZr~ ekus x, gSaA ;s rhu oxZ bl izdkj gSa &&&
7-3-1- izFke oxZ ¼js /k dksey Loj okys jkx½
7-3-2- f}rh; oxZ ¼js /k ‘kq) Loj okys jkx½
7-3-3 r`rh; oxZ ¼x fu dksey Loj okys jkx½

blds vfrfjDr nks oxZ vkSj ekus gSa %&

7-3-4 ijesy izos’kd jkx
7-3-5 _rq jkx

7-3-1 izFke oxZ ¼js /k dksey Loj okys jkx½ %&

ftu jkxksa esa ^ js /k * Loj dksey yxrs gSa mu jkxksa dks izkr%dkyhu rFkk lka;dkyhu le; esa
j[kk x;k gSA bu jkxksa dks laf/kizdk’k jkx Hkh dgk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ fnu vkSj jkr nks le; dh laf/k;ksa esa
bu jkxksa dk le; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA fnu vkSj jkr dh laf/k vFkkZr~ esy gksus ds le; dks laf/kdky
dgrs gSaA izkr% lw;Z mn; ls igys vkSj ‘kke dks lw;kZLr ls dqN igys dk le; ,slk gksrk gS] ftls u rks
fnu gh dg ldrs gSa vkSj u jkr ghA blh le; dks laf/kizdk’k dh csyk dgk tkrk gSA bl csyk esa tks
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jkx xk,&ctk, tkrs gSa] mUgsa gh ^laf/kizdk’k jkx* dgrs gSaA tSls HkSjo] dkfyaxM+k] HkSjoh] iwohZ] ekjok
bR;kfnAlaf/k izdk’k ds Hkh nks Hkkx ekus x, gSa &&&
d- izkr%dkyhu laf/kizdk’k jkx %&
tks jkx lw;ksnZ ; ds le; xk,&ctk, tk,a os ^ izkr%dkyhu laf/kizdk’k jkx * dgykrs gSaA
[k- lka;dkyhu laf/kizdk’k jkx %&
Tkks jkx lw;kZLr ds le; xk,&ctk, tk,a mUgsa ^lka;dkyhu laf/kizdk’k jkx * dgk tkrk gSA
dkSu ls jkx izkr%dkyhu Lakf/kizdk’k jkx gSa vkSj dkSu ls lka;dkyhu laf/kizdk’k jkx gSa ;g tkuuk
Hkh t+:jh gSA bldk Kku djus ds fy, e/;e Loj dk cM+k egRo ekuk tkrk gSA ftu jkxksa esa ‘kq) e/;e
iz;ksx gksrk gS] mUgsa izkr%dkyhu laf/kizdk’k jkx dgk tkrk gS tSls && HkSjo vkSj dkfyaxM+k vkfn jkx
izkr%dkyhu laf/kizdk’k jkx ekus tkrs gSa rFkk ftu jkxksa esa e/;e Loj rhoz iz;ksx gksrk gS] mUgsa lka;dkyhu
laf/kizdk’k jkx dgk x;k gS tSls && iwohZ] ekjok vkfn jkx lka;dkyhu laf/kizdk’k jkx ekus tkrs gSaA
blh dkj.k e/;e Loj dks vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ Loj ekuk tkrk gSA bls ^ v/on’kZd Loj * dg dj
Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gSA D;ksfa d e/;e ds ‘kq) rFkk fod`r nksuksa gh :i jkx ds fnu vkSj jk=h ds le; dks
fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA
7-3-2 f}rh; oxZ ¼js /k ‘kq) Loj okys jkx½ %&
ftu jkxksa esa ^ js /k * ‘kq) yxrk gS] mudk xk;u&oknu le; fnu rFkk jk=h dk izFke izgj
ekuk tkrk gSA nwljs ‘kCnksa esa ge ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd js /k ‘kq) yxus okys jkxksa ds xkus&ctkus dk
le; laf/kizdk’k&dky ds ckn vkrk gS D;ksafd laf/kizdk’k&dky fnu esa nks ckj vkrk gS] vr% bl oxZ ds
jkxksa ds xkus&ctkus dk le; Hkh pkSfcl ?k.Vksa esa nks ckj vkrk gSA bl oxZ esa dY;k.k] fcykoy rFkk
[kekt FkkV ds jkx xk,&ctk, tkrs gSaA
izkr%dkyhu laf/kizdk’k jkxksa ds ckn xk,&ctk, tkus okys jkxksa esa fnu p<+us ds lkFk&lkFk gh
‘kq) fj”kHk rFkk ‘kq) /kSor dh iz/kkurk c<+rh tkrh gSA bl izdkj izkr% lkr cts ls nl cts rd vkSj
‘kke dks lkr cts ls nl cts rd nwljs oxZ ds vFkkZr~ ^ js /k * ‘kq) Loj okys jkx xk,&ctk, tkrs gSaA
bl oxZ esa ^ xkU/kkj * dk ‘kq) gksuk vko’;d gSA lkFk gh bl oxZ esa Hkh e/;e Loj dk egRo jgrk gSA
tSls izkr% lkr cts ls nl cts rd xk,&ctk, tkus okys jkxksa esa ‘kq) e/;e dh iz/kkurk jgrh gS tSls&&
fcykoy] ns’kdkj bR;kfn jkx vkSj ‘kke ds lkr cts ls nl cts rd xk,&ctk, tkus okys jkxksa esa rhoz
e/;e dh iz/kkurk jgrh gS tSls && dY;k.k] ek:fcgkx] ‘;kedY;k.k [kekt bR;kfn jkxA
7-3-3- r`rh; oxZ¼x fu dksey Loj okys jkx½ %&
^ js /k * ‘kq) Loj yxus okys jkxksa ds ckn ^ x fu * dksey Loj yxus okys jkxksa dk oxZ vkrk
gS vFkkZr~ dksey ^x fu* Loj okys jkx fnu esa nl cts ls lka; pkj cts rd vkSj jk=h esa nl cts ls
101
lqcg ds pkj cts rd xk,&ctk, tkrs gSaA bl oxZ ds jkxksa dk le; fnu ds izFke izgj ds ckn ekuk
tkrk gSA fnu ds f}rh; izgj ds ckn Hkh bu jkxksa dk le; vkrk gSA fnu ds izFke izgj esa vklkojh FkkV
ds jkxksa dk le; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS vkSj fnu ds f}rh; izgj ds ckn dkQh FkkV ds jkx xk,&ctk,
tkrs gSaA bl oxZ ds jkxksa dh fo’ks”k igpku ;g gS fd buesa dksey xkU/kkj vo’; gksxk pkgs js /k ‘kq) gksa
;k dkseyA bl oxZ ds jkxksa esa izkr%dky vklkojh] tkSuiwjh] xkU/kkjh rksM+h bR;kfn jkx rFkk jk=h esa ;eu
bR;kfn xkus&ctkus ds ckn tSls&tSls vk/kh jk=h dk le; vkrk tkrk gS rc ckxsJh] t;t;oUrh]
ekydkSal bR;kfn jkx xk,&ctk, tkrs gSaA
bu rhu eq[; oxkZas ds vk/kkj ij leLr jkxksa ds le; iw.kZr;k fu/kkZfjr ugh gSaA vktdy dqN
jkx ,sls Hkh izpkj esa gSa ftuesa dsoy ,d gh Loj dksey gksrk gSA tSls iVnhi] e/kqcUrh bR;kfnA dqN jkx
,sls Hkh gSa ftuesa nksuksa e/;e leku :i ls iz;ksx gksrs gSaA buesa ls dqN jkx fnu ds izFke izgj esa rFkk
dqN jk=h ds izFke izgj esa ekus x, gSaA tSls && ;euh fcykoy] dsnkj] dkeksn bR;kfnA dqN jkx ,sls
Hkh gSa ftuesa ^js /k* dksey ds lkFk ^fu* Hkh dksey iz;ksx gksrh gS tSls && fnu esa vklkojh] nslh vkfn
rFkk jk=h esa dkuM+k ds izdkj xk, tkrs gSaA
jkxksa ds le; fl)kUr ds vU; nks oxZ bl izdkj gSa %&
7-3-4- ijesy izos’kd jkx %&
^ ijesy * dk vFkZ gS] nwljk dksbZ esy vkSj ^ izo’s kd * vFkkZr~ izo’s k djus okyk vFkkZr~ tSlk fd
uke ls gh izrhr gksrk gS fd tks jkx ,d esy ls nwljs esy vFkok FkkV esa izo’s k djrk gS] mUgsa ^ ijesy
izo’s kd * jkx dgk tkrk gSA ;s jkx ,sls le; esa xk,&ctk, tkrs gSa tc buds FkkV dk le; lekIr
gksus dk gksrk gS vkSj nwljs FkkV esa izos’k djkrs gSa] vFkkZr~ nwljs FkkV ds jkxksa dk le; ‘kq: gksus dk gksrk
gSA bu jkxksa dh nwljh fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd buesa nksuksa oxksaZ ds Loj Li”V gksrs gSaA tSls fd lka;dkyhu
laf/kizdk’k jkx ds igys rFkk ^ x fu * dksey ds ckn eqyrkuh ijesy izo’s kd jkx xk;k tkrk gSA blds
vfrfjDr jkx t;t;oUrh vkSj jkx ekyxwath Hkh ijesy izo’s kd jkx gh ekus tkrs gSaA ;s ^js /k* ‘kq) rFkk
^x fu* dksey okys jkxksa esa izo’s k djkrs gSaA
7-3-5- _rq jkx%&
mijksDr rhu oxksZa ds vfrfjDr dqN jkx ,sls Hkh gSa ftUgsa bu oxksaZ ij /;ku u nsdj _rq ds
vuqlkj fdlh Hkh le; xk;k&ctk;k tkrk gS tSls && eYgkj] clUr] cgkj] dkQh vkfn vax ds jkxA ;s
jkx _rq le; ds vuqlkj xk, tkrs gSa tSls o”kkZ _rq esa eYgkj rFkk clUr _rq esa clar&cgkj vkfn
jkx xk, tkrs gSaA
blds vfrfjDr dqN ,sls jkx Hkh gksrs gSa ftUgsa loZdkyhu jkx dgk tkrk gS tSls HkSjoh] [kekt
bR;kfnA

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7-4 egRoiw.kZ iz’u %&

iz01- jkxksa ds le; fl)kar ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ la{ksi esa crkb,A
iz03- jkxksa ds le; fl)kar ds vU; nks oxksaZ ds fo”k; esa vki D;k tkurs gSa \

7-5 lkjka’k %&

vkfn dky ls laxhr _rqvksa tSls xzh"e] ’kjn] clar] o"kkZ rFkk fnu vkSj jkr ds le; ls tqM+k
gqvk gSAoSls rks jkx tc Hkh pkgsa xk ldrs gSa ysfdu fuf’pr le; ij xkus ls vlhe vkuUn dh izkfIr
gksrh gSAjkxksa ds le; fl)kUr ds fo”k; esa laxhrKksa ds vyx&vyx fopkj gSaA dqN yksx bldk vuqlj.k
djrs gSa vkSj dqN ugh ekursA lgh le; ij jkxksa dk xk;u djus ls Jksrkvksa ij Hkh mldk vPNk izHkko
iM+rk gS vkSj jkx dh jlksRifÙk Hkh lEHko gksrh gSA ysfdu dqN dk ekuuk gS fd ;fn le;kuqlkj jkx dk
xk;u u fd;k tk, rks Hkh jlksRifÙk lEHko gksrh gS vkSj Jksrkvksa dks vkdf”kZr Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA tks
Hkh gks jkxksa dk le; fl)kUr vkt Hkh gekjh laxhr i)fr esa viuk ,d vyx LFkku j[krk gSA

7-6 ‘kCndks”k %&

1- vlhe & vR;Ur ;k vR;f/kd
2- nUr dFkk & dfYir dFkk ;k tuJqfr
3- cs le; & fdlh Hkh le;
4- loZdkyhu & fdlh Hkh le;

7-7 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj %&

iz01- jkxksa ds le; fl)kar ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ la{ksi esa crkb,A
m0- Hkkjrh; laxhr ftruk iqjkuk gS] mruk bldk {ks= fo’kky gSA vkt laxhr dk izR;sd fo"k; ds lkFk
lEcU/k gS] Hkys gh og xf.kr] lekt ’kkL=] jktuhrh] bfrgkl ;k foKku gksA izR;sd fo"k; dk ,d nwljs
ds lkFk fdlh u fdlh :i esa lEcU/k gSA vkfn dky ls laxhr _rqvksa tSls xzh"e] ’kjn] clar] o"kkZ rFkk
fnu vkSj jkr ds le; ls tqM+k gqvk gSA ;gk¡ rd dh xzg] u{k= vkSj euksfoKku ds vk/kkj ij Hkh jkxksa
ds vyx&vyx le; fuf’pr fd, x, gSaA oSls rks jkx tc Hkh pkgsa xk ldrs gSa ysfdu fuf’pr le;
ij xkus ls vlhe vkuUn dh izkfIr gksrh gSA izkphu le; esa jkxksa ds le; fl)kar ds fo"k; esa vusdksa
dgkfu;k¡ o nUr dFkk,¡ izpfyr jgh gSaA blds lkFk gh xq: xzUFk lkfgc esa jkx&jkxfu;ksa dks le;kuqlkj
vafdr fd;k x;k gSA

103
 ukjn _f"k okyh dFkk izR;sd iqLrd esa vafdr feyrh gS fd jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds vax&Hkax ns[k dj
Hkxoku Jh d`".k us iwNk fd vki dkSu gSa \ rc mUgksaus mÙkj fn;k fd _f"k ukjn gesa cs le; xkrk gS]
ge uhan esa b/kj&m/kj fxj tkrs gSa vkSj gekjs vax&Hkax gks pqds gSaA blfy, _f"k dks dgk tk, fd og
gesa mfpr le; ij gh ;kn djsA rc Hkxoku Jh d`".k us ukjn dks le>k;k fd og ,slk u djsA u,
’kks/kksa esa ;g dgk x;k gS fd jkxksa ds le; dh ckr dsoy Hkze gh gSA tks Hkh gks ysfdu vkt gekjs laxhr
esa jkxksa dkss le; ds vuqlkj xkus dk fo/kku gSA gekjs fgUnqLrkuh laxhr esa jkxksa ds le; fuf’pr fd,
x, gSa vkSj dgk tkrk gS fd ;fn jkxksa dks muds le; vuqlkj xk;k&ctk;k tk, rks ml jkx ds
xk;u&oknu ls vkSj Hkh vf/kd vkuUn dh izkfIr gksrh gS vkSj jkx le;kuqlkj xkus&ctkus ls vkSj vf/kd
f[kyrk gSA
fgUnqLrkuh laxhr i)fr esa ftl izdkj vU; fu;eksa ,oa fl)kUrksa dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gS mlh
izdkj jkxksa ds xk;u vFkok oknu ds le; dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS rFkk mldk ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA
^le; laxhr ‘kkL=* ds vuqlkj jkxksa ds xk;u vFkok oknu ds le; dks muds dksey&rhoz Lojksa ds vk/kkj
ij fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
lIrd dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA iwoZ Hkkx rFkk mÙkj HkkxA lIrd ds lkr ‘kq) Lojksa esa rkj
lIrd dk ^lak* feykdj ^lk js x e] rFkk Ik /k fu lka * bl izdkj Lojksa dh la[;k vkB dj yh tk, vkSj
fQj blds nks fgLls dj fn, tk,a rks ^lk js x e*] ;g lIrd dk iwokZax vkSj ^Ik /k fu lak]* ;g lIrd
dk mÙkjkax dgk tk,xkA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd izFke Hkkx dks iwokZax rFkk f}rh; Hkkx dks mÙkjkax
dgk tkrk gSA ftuds vk/kkj ij oknh&lEoknh fu/kkZfjr fd, tkrs gSa rFkk oknh&lEoknh ds vk/kkj ij
jkxksa dk xk;u le; tkuk tkrk gSA oknh&lEoknh dHkh Hkh ,d Hkkx ds ugh gksrAs muesa pkj vFkok ik¡p
Lojksa dk vUrj gksrk gSA
iz03- jkxksa ds le; fl)kar ds vU; nks oxksaZ ds fo”k; esa vki D;k tkurs gSa \
m0- jkxksa ds le; fl)kUr ds vU; nks oxZ bl izdkj gSa %&
ijesy izos’kd jkx %&
^ ijesy * dk vFkZ gS] nwljk dksbZ esy vkSj ^ izo’s kd * vFkkZr~ izo’s k djus okyk vFkkZr~ tSlk fd
uke ls gh izrhr gksrk gS fd tks jkx ,d esy ls nwljs esy vFkok FkkV esa izo’s k djrk gS] mUgsa ^ ijesy
izo’s kd * jkx dgk tkrk gSA ;s jkx ,sls le; esa xk,&ctk, tkrs gSa tc buds FkkV dk le; lekIr
gksus dk gksrk gS vkSj nwljs FkkV esa izos’k djkrs gSa] vFkkZr~ nwljs FkkV ds jkxksa dk le; ‘kq: gksus dk gksrk
gSA bu jkxksa dh nwljh fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd buesa nksuksa oxksaZ ds Loj Li”V gksrs gSaA tSls fd lka;dkyhu
laf/kizdk’k jkx ds igys rFkk ^ x fu * dksey ds ckn eqyrkuh ijesy izo’s kd jkx xk;k tkrk gSA blds
vfrfjDr jkx t;t;oUrh vkSj jkx ekyxwath Hkh ijesy izo’s kd jkx gh ekus tkrs gSaA ;s ^js /k* ‘kq) rFkk
^x fu* dksey okys jkxksa esa izo’s k djkrs gSaA

104
_rq jkx %&
mijksDr rhu oxksZa ds vfrfjDr dqN jkx ,sls Hkh gSa ftUgsa bu oxksaZ ij /;ku u nsdj _rq ds
vuqlkj fdlh Hkh le; xk;k&ctk;k tkrk gS tSls && eYgkj] clUr] cgkj] dkQh vkfn vax ds jkxA ;s
jkx _rq le; ds vuqlkj xk, tkrs gSa tSls o”kkZ _rq esa eYgkj rFkk clUr _rq esa clar&cgkj vkfn
jkx xk, tkrs gSaA
blds vfrfjDr dqN ,sls jkx Hkh gksrs gSa ftUgsa loZdkyhu jkx dgk tkrk gS tSls HkSjoh] [kekt
bR;kfnA

7-8 lanHkZ xzUFk lwph %&

1- Lkaxhr ;qxs ;qx]s rtEeqy [kku laxhrK] ‘kdhyk izdk’ku] y[kuÅ] 1988A
2- Lkaxhr lkj] oh.kk ekudj.k] jkt ifCy’kj] tkyU/kjA
3- Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl ] Hkxor ‘kj.k ‘kekZ
4- laxhr fo’kkjn] clar] laiknd & y{ehukjk;.k xxZ] izdk’kd & laxhr dk;kZy; gkFkjl]
bykgkcknA

&%&%&%&%&%&%&

105
 LESSON – 8
Define Harmony and Melody and its application in Music

Structure :
8-0 Hkwfedk
8-1 mns’;
8-2 gkjekWuh
8-2-1- ljy gkjekWuh (Simple Harmony)
8-2-2 fDy’V gkjekWuh (Compound Harmony)
8-2-1-0 eSxkMkbft+ax flEiy gkjekWuh (Megadizing Simple Harmony)
8-2-1-1 vkWxZukbft+ax flEiy gkjekWuh (Organizing Simple Harmony)
8-3 eSykWMh
8-4 gkjekWuh vkSj eSykWMh esa vUrj
8-5 egRoiw.kZ iz’u
8-6 lkjka’k
8-7 ‘kCndks”k
8-8 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj
8-9 lanHkZxFza k lwph

8-0- Hkwfedk %&

gkjekWuh vkSj eSykWMh nksuksa gh laxhr ds fo’ks”k vax gSaA nksuksa dk laxhr esa leku egRo ekuk tkrk
gSA dsoy bu nksuksa ds iz;ksx ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd gkjekWuh vkSj eSykWMh esa ls iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ij vf/kd

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egRo fdldk gSA dHkh laxhr esa gkjekWuh vf/kd egRo j[krh gS vkSj dHkh eSykWMhA laxhr ds }kjk gekjs
Hkko tkx`r gksrs gSa vkSj gkjekWuh vkSj eSykWMh Hkh gekjs Hkkoksa dks tkx`r djus dk dke djrh gSaA blfy,
Hkko ds vuqlkj gh laxhr esa gkjekWuh vkSj eSykWMh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blls Li”V gksrk gS fd nksuksa
dk gh egRo laxhr esa yxHkx ,d leku gSA

8-1 mns’; %&

bl ikB dk v/;;u djus ls ge gkjekWuh vkSj eSykWMh D;k gksrk gS blds fo”k; esa tkuaxs s vkSj
gkjekWuh fdruh izdkj dh gksrh gS] bu nksuksa dk gekjs laxhr esa D;k LFkku gS ] bu lc dk Kku vftZr
djuk gh bl ikB dk mns’; gSA
8-2 gkjekWuh %&
tc de ls de nks vFkok nks ls vf/kd Lojksa dks lkFk&lkFk ctkdj jpuk dh tk, rks bls ,d
izdkj ls ^gkjekWuh* dg ldrs gSaA tc ge fdUgha nks vFkok nks ls vf/kd Lojksa dks ,dne lkFk&lkFk
ctk,¡ rks tks lc Lojksa dh lfEefyr /ofu mRiUu gksxh] mls dkWMZ (Chord) dgrs gSaA tc bUgha
dkWM~Zl dk feJ.k /kquksa ds lkFk yxkrkj ctk;k tk, rks tks /ofu mRiUu gksxh] mls gkjekWuh dgsaxsA bls
vf/kd Li"V ;ksa dgk tk ldrk gS fd eSykWMh dh jpuk esa ,d ds ckn ,d Loj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS] tcfd gkjekWuh esa Loj ds LFkku ij ,d ds ckn ,d Loj&dkWMl~ ctkbZ tkrh gSa ;k ge ;s Hkh dg
ldrs gSa fd nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Lojksa dks ,d lkFk ctkus ls mRiUu e/kqj Hkko dks ^gkeZuh* ;k ^Loj&lEokn*
dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, lk] x] Ik ;k e] /k] lka Lojksa dks ,d lkFk ctkus ls gkeZuh dh jpuk gksrh
gSA ik’pkR; laxhr gkeZuh ij gh vk/kkfjr gSA
gkeZuh ds eq[; nks izdkj ekus x, gSa &
8-2-1 ljy gkjekWuh (Simple Harmony)
8-2-2 fDy”V gkjekWuh (Compound Harmony)
8-2-1- flEiy ;k ljy gkjekWuh %&
tc fdlh jpuk dks esy [kkus okys fofHkUu Lojksa ls xk;k&ctk;k tk, rks flEiy gkjekWuh dh
jpuk gksxhA D;w¡fd buesa ,d gh izdkj dk Loj&lEokn izkjEHk ls var rd jgrk gS] blfy, bls lekukUrj
¼ iSjsyy ½ gkjekWuh Hkh dgrs gSaA blds nks izdkj gSa %&
8-2-1-0 d- eSxkMkbft+ax flEiy gkjekWuh (Megadizing Simple Harmony)

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8-2-1-1 [k- vkWxZukbft+ax flEiy gkjekWuh (Organizing Simple Harmony)
8-2-1-0 d- eSxkMkbft+ax flEiy gkjekWuh %&
tc ,d gh jpuk nks ;k nks ls vf/kd lIrdksa esa xkbZ&ctkbZ tk, rks mls eSxkMkbft+ax flEiy
gkjekWuh dgrs gSaA tc L=h&iq:”k ,d lkFk feydj xkrs gSa] rc bldh l`f”V gksrh gS] tSls iq:”k ^lk js
x js lk* vkSj fL=;k¡ ^lka jsa xa jsa lka * mPpkj.k djsaA blesa ,d lIrd ls de dk vUrj ugha gksrkA
8-2-1-1 [k- vkWxZukbft+ax flEiy gkjekWuh %&
tc fdlh jpuk dks xkrs&ctkrs le; lIrd ls de dh gkjekWuh ;k lEokn iz;qDr gks rks mls vkWxZukbft+ax
gkjekWuh dgsaxs] tSls ,d O;fDr “kM+t ls xk, rks nwljk iape lsA ik’pkR; laxhr esa lk&i] lk&e ds
lkFk&lkFk lk&x esa Hkh lEokn Hkko ekuk tkrk gSA blfy, bl gkjekWuh dks mRiUu djus ds fy, dqN
O;fDr ^lk* ls] dqN ^x* ls rFkk dqN ^e* ;k ^i* ls xkrs&ctkrs gSaA
8-2-2 dfy”V gkjekWuh ;k dEikÅ¡M gkjekWuh %&
bl izdkj ds Loj&lEokn esa lekukUrj gkjekWuh ugha jg ikrh] cfYd cnyk djrh gS] blfy,
bls ^fDy”V ;k dEikm.M gkjekWuh* dgrs gSaA blesa dHkh&dHkh fofp=rk mRiUu djus ds fy, lk&e rhoz
vkSj lk&/k Lojksa dk lEokn Hkh mRiUu djrs gSAa
gkjekWuh ;w¡ rks ik’pkR; laxhr esa iz;ksx gksrh gS ysfdu fgUnqLrkuh laxhr esa Hkh bldk iz;ksx gks
tkrk gSA dqN yksxksa dk fopkj gS fd fgUnqLrkuh laxhr esa gkjekWuh dk dksbZ egRo ugha gSa] fdUrq mudh
;g /kkj.kk xyr gSA ;g ckr vo’; gS fd bldk ftruk iz;ksx vkSj og Hkh ftl <ax ls ik’pkR; laxhr
esa gksrk gS] u rks mruk fgUnqLrkuh laxhr esa gksrk gS vkSj u gh ml <ax ls gh gksrk gSA lgxku vkSj
lewgxku fgUnqLrkuh laxhr ds fy, dksbZ ubZ oLrq ugh gS] blesa gkjekWuh dk iz;ksx Lor% gh gks tkrk gS
D;ksfa d bls vf/kdrj L=h&iq:”k feydj xkrs gSaA ok|&o`Un esa tgk¡ dbZ ok| jgrs gSa] ogk¡ gkjekWuh furkar
vko’;d gks tkrh gS] pkgs if’peh /kqu ctkbZ tk, ;k Hkkjrh;A rkuiwjk] flrkj] okbfyu] rcyk vkfn
ok|ksa ds feykus esa Hkh gkjekWuh dk vk/kkj fy;k tkrk gSA ;|fi rkuiwjs ds pkjksa rkj vyx&vyx ctk,
tkrs gSa] ysfdu muds Loj ,dk,d lekIr ugha gks tkrs] os ,d lkFk feydj gkjekWuh dk Hkko mRiUu
djrs gSa] ftuls Jksrkvksa dks vkuUn dk vuqHko gksrk gSA
8-3 eSykWMh %&
Lojksa ds Øfed mPpkj.k ;k oknu dks ^eSykWMh* dgk x;k gSA tc ,d&,d Loj dks bl izdkj
j[kk tk, fd Loj jpuk fpÙkkd’kZd cu tk, rks mls ^eSykWMh* dgsaxs vFkkZr~ ,d ds ckn ,d Loj ds
mPpkj.k dks ^eSykWMh* dgrs gSaA tSls lk] x] Ik vkfn ,d&nwljs ds ckn xk,&ctk, tk,¡A gekjk fgUnqLrkuh
laxhr eSykWMh iz/kku gS] D;ksfa d Øfed LojksPpkj.k bldh fo’ks”krk gSA ;fn dbZ O;fDr ;k oknd feydj
Hkh fdlh jpuk dks ,d Loj ls ,d lkFk xkrs&ctkrs gSa rks mu /ofu;ksa ls eSykWMh mRiUu gksxh] gkjekWuh
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ughaA jkx Hkkjrh; laxhr dh izeq[k oLrq gS] blh dks ^eSykWMh* dgrs gSaA ikSokZR; ns’kksa esa blh dk cksy&ckyk
gSA
8-4 gkjekWuh vkSj eSykWMh esa vUrj %&
1- eSykWMh esa Lojksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd mRiknu gksrk gS vkSj gkjekWuh esa dbZ Lojksa dk ,d lkFk mPpkj.k
gksrk gSA
2- eSykWMh esa izR;sd Loj dk lEcU/k “kM+t ls gksrk gS] ysfdu gkjekWuh esa fofHkUu Lojksa dk ikjLifjd
lEcU/k izeq[k gSA
3- eSykWMh O;fDr dh vkUrfjd Hkkoukvksa dks vkSj gkjekWuh ckgjh okrkoj.k dks O;Dr djus esa lQy
gksrh gSA
4- eSykWMh] gkjekWuh ij vk/kkfjr gS D;ksafd bldh mRifÙk Loj&lEokn ls gqbZ gSA
5- eSykWMh ds fy, ,d daB ;k ,d ok| Ik;kZIr gS fdUrq gkjekWuh esa ,d ls vf/kd daBksa rFkk ok|ksa
dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA
6- O;fDrxr Hkkoksa ds fy, eSykWMh vkSj lkewfgd Hkko izn’Zku ds fy, gkjekWuh mi;qDr gS] tSls ,d
O;fDr viuh ek¡ ls fonk ek¡x jgk gS rks mlds euksHkkoksa dks O;Dr djus ds fy, eSykWMh mi;qDr
gksxh] fdUrq ,d lqUnj n`’; tSls & unh dk fdukjk] if{k;ksa dk dyjo] Mwcrk lw;Z] nwj ls vkrh
gqbZ laxhr /ofu vkfn dks O;Dr djus esa vFkok fdlh jsLrjka esa [kkrs&ihrs vkSj ckr djrs okrkoj.k
dks O;Dr djus ds fy, gkjekWuh mi;qDr gksxhA
8-5 egRoiw.kZ iz’u %&
iz0-1 gkjekWuh D;k gS vkSj bls fdrus Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS \ la{ksi esa crkb,A
iz0-2 eSykWMh dk o.kZu dhft,A
8-6 lkjka’k %&
gekjs laxhr esa eSykWMh vkSj gkjekWuh dk cM+k egRo gSA ysfdu gkjekWuh dh vis{kk eSykWMh dk
gekjs laxhr esa vf/kd egRo gSA ysfdu ik’pkR; laxhr esa gkjekWuh dk fo’ks”k egRo ekuk tkrk gSA
ns[kk tk, rks gkjekWuh vkSj eSykWMh nksuksa dk gh laxhr esa viuk&viuk egRo gSA
8-7 ‘kCndks”k %&
dkWMZ & Loj la;ksx ;k cgqr ls Åij&uhps ds Lojksa dks ,d lkFk ctkuk
fpÙkkd”kZd& fpr dks vkdf”kZr djus okyk

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 dyjo & e/kqj ;k ean /ofu] fpfM+;ksa dk pgpgkuk
8-8 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj %&
iz0-1 gkjekWuh D;k gS vkSj blss fdrus Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS \ la{ksi esa crkb,A
m0- tc de ls de nks vFkok nks ls vf/kd Lojksa dks lkFk&lkFk ctkdj jpuk dh tk, rks bls ,d
izdkj ls ^gkjekWuh* dg ldrs gSaA tc ge fdUgha nks vFkok nks ls vf/kd Lojksa dks ,dne lkFk&lkFk
ctk,¡ rks tks lc Lojksa dh lfEefyr /ofu mRiUu gksxh] mls dkWMZ (Chord) dgrs gSaA tc bUgha
dkWM~Zl dk feJ.k /kquksa ds lkFk yxkrkj ctk;k tk, rks tks /ofu mRiUu gksxh] mls gkjekWuh dgsaxsA bls
vf/kd Li"V ;ksa dgk tk ldrk gS fd eSykWMh dh jpuk esa ,d ds ckn ,d Loj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS] tcfd gkjekWuh esa Loj ds LFkku ij ,d ds ckn ,d Loj&dkWMl~ ctkbZ tkrh gSa ;k ge ;s Hkh dg
ldrs gSa fd nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Lojksa dks ,d lkFk ctkus ls mRiUu e/kqj Hkko dks ^gkeZuh* ;k ^Loj&lEokn*
dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, lk] x] Ik ;k e] /k] lka Lojksa dks ,d lkFk ctkus ls gkeZuh dh jpuk gksrh
gSA ik’pkR; laxhr gkeZuh ij gh vk/kkfjr gSA
gkeZuh ds eq[; nks izdkj ekus x, gSa &
1- ljy gkjekWuh (Simple Harmony)
2- fDy”V gkjekWuh (Compound Harmony)
iz0-2 eSykWMh dk o.kZu dhft,A
m0- Lojksa ds Øfed mPpkj.k ;k oknu dks ^eSykWMh* dgk x;k gSA tc ,d&,d Loj dks bl izdkj j[kk
tk, fd Loj jpuk fpÙkkd’kZd cu tk, rks mls ^eSykWMh* dgsaxs vFkkZr~ ,d ds ckn ,d Loj ds mPpkj.k
dks ^eSykWMh* dgrs gSaA tSls lk] x] Ik vkfn ,d&nwljs ds ckn xk,&ctk, tk,¡A gekjk fgUnqLrkuh laxhr
eSykWMh iz/kku gS] D;ksfa d Øfed LojksPpkj.k bldh fo’ks”krk gSA ;fn dbZ O;fDr ;k oknd feydj Hkh
fdlh jpuk dks ,d Loj ls ,d lkFk xkrs&ctkrs gSa rks mu /ofu;ksa ls eSykWMh mRiUu gksxh] gkjekWuh
ughaA jkx Hkkjrh; laxhr dh izeq[k oLrq gS] blh dks ^eSykWMh* dgrs gSaA ikSokZR; ns’kksa esa blh dk cksy&ckyk
gSA
8-9 lanHkZ xzUFk lwph %&
1- Lkaxhr lkj] oh.kk ekudj.k] jkt ifCy’kj] tkyU/kjA
2- laxhr fo’kkjn] clar] laiknd&y{ehukjk;.k xxZ] izdk’kd&laxhr dk;kZy; gkFkjl] bykgkcknA

&%&%&%&%&%&%&

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 UNIT – IV
bdkbZ & 4

LESSON - 9
Research – Its Meaning, Scope and Types
‘kks/k & bldk vFkZ] lEHkkouk ,oa izdkj
Structure :
9-0 Hkwfedk
9-1 mns’;
9-2 ‘kks/k dh ifjHkk”kk
9-2-1 ifjHkk”kk,a
9-3 ‘kks/k dk egRo
9-4 ‘kks/k dk mns’;
9-5 ‘kks/k dh fn’kk,a rFkk laxhr esa ‘kks/k dh fn’kk,a (Scope)
9-6 laxhr esa ‘kks/k ds {ks=
9-6-1 /ofu foKku
9-6-2 Lkaxhr ‘kkL=
9-6-3 NUn ‘kkL=
9-6-4 ikBkuqla/kku
9-6-5 nk’kZfud ‘kks/k
9-6-6 lekt foKku
9-6-7 lkSUn;Z ‘kkL=
9-6-8 euksfoKkfud ‘kks/k
9-6-9 nSfgd foKku
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9-6-10 yksd rkfRod ‘kks/k
9-6-11 laxhr f’k{k.k
9-7 ‘kks/k ds izdkj
9-7-1 fo’kq) vFkok ewy vuqla/kku (Fundamental Research)
9-7-2 ,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku (Historical Research)
9-7-3 o.kkZRed vuqla/kku (Descriptive Research)
9-7-4 iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku (Experimental Research)
9-8 egRoiw.kZ iz’u
9-9 lkjka’k
9-10 ‘kCndks”k
9-11 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj
9-12 lUnHkZ xzaFk lwph

9-0 Hkwfedk
ubZ pht+ksa dh [kkst vkSj iqjkuh oLrqvksa ,oa fl)karksa dk iqu% ijh{k.k djuk] ftlls fd u, rF;
izkIr gks ldsa] mls ‘kks/k] vuqla/kku ;k Research dgrs gSaA
tc ge dksbZ ubZ [kkst djrs gSa ;k fdlh iqjkuh [kkst dk iqu%voyksdu vkSj fo’ys”k.k djds u,
fl)karksa dh mRifÙk djrs gS]a rc mls fjlpZ] vuqla/kku ;k ‘kks/k dgrs gSaA
vuqla/kku esa ;g ps”Vk gksrh gS fd og oLrqfu”B o rdZ laxr gksA vuqla/kku esa vulqy>h leL;kvksa
ds fujkdj.k gsrq mÙkj [kkstus dk iz;Ru gksrk gSA
fdlh Hkh lR; dh [kkst vkSj mldh iq”Vh ds fy, ‘kks/k dk gksuk vfuok;Z gksrk gSA ekuo dh
ftKklq izo`fr us gh ‘kks/k dh izfØ;k dks tUe fn;k gSA fdlh Hkh lR;rk dks fudVrk ls tkuus ds fy,
‘kks/k ,d egRoiw.kZ izfØ;k gksrh gSA le;&le; ij fofHkUu fo”k;ksa dh [kkst vkSj muds v/;;u vkSj
fu”d”kksaZ dh fo’oLuh;rk vkSj izekf.kdrk Hkh ‘kks/k dh enn ls gh lEHko gks ikrh gSA tSls&tSls le;
ifjofrZr gks jgk gS oSls&oSls ekuo dh leL;k,a Hkh fodV gksrh tk jgh gSaA gj fnu euq”; dks ubZ leL;k
ls nks&pkj gksuk iM+rk gSA ,sls esa ‘kks/k dh egÙkk vkSj c<+ tkrh gSA bu leL;kvksa ds funku ds fy,
euq”; ‘kks/k dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gS vkSj ,d fuf’pr lek/kku [kkstus dh dksf’k’k djrk gSA nwljs ‘kCnksa
112
esa ge ;s dg ldrs gSa fd lR; dh [kkst ds fy, O;ofLFkr iz;Ru djuk vkSj izkIr tkudkjh dk fo’ys”k.k
djds fdlh fuf’pr Kku vkSj lR;rk dks izkIr djuk gh ‘kks/k] vuqla/kku ;k fjlpZ gSA

9-1 mns’; %&

bl ikB ds v/;;u ls ge ;g tku ik,axs fd ‘kks/k ;k vuqla/kku D;k gksrk gSA ‘kks/k dh D;k
ifjHkk”kk gS rFkk ‘kks/k fdrus izdkj dk gksrk gSA blds vfrfjDr laxhr esa ‘kks/k fdl&fdl fn’kk esa dj
ldrs gSaA

9-2 ‘kks/k dh ifjHkk”kk

^‘kks/k* ‘kCn vaxzts +h ds ^ jhlpZ * ‘kCn dk fgUnh vuqokn gSA fjlpZ ‘kCn nks ‘kCnksa ^ jh * vkSj ^lpZ*
ls feydj cuk gSA ftlesa ^ jh * dk vFkZ gS ^iqu%* vFkkZr~ nksckjk rFkk ^lpZ* dk vFkZ gS ^[kkst*A bl rjg
bl ‘kCn dk vFkZ gqvk ^ iqu% [kkst *A ;fn ge bl ‘kCn ds vFkZ dks Li”V djsa rks bldk rkRi;Z gqvk iqu%
;k ckj&ckj gksus okyh [kkstA vr% fdlh Hkh fo”k; ;k leL;k dh izekf.kdrk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, gh
ckj&ckj [kkst dh tkrh gSA blh rjg dqN ,sls fo”k; Hkh gksrs gSa ftudh [kkst ;k lR;rk igyh ckj
izekf.kr dh tkrh gSA vr% ,slh leL;k,a ftudh [kkst] funku rFkk lR;rk izekf.kr djus ds fy, tks
izfØ;k viukbZ tkrh gS mls vuqla/kku] ‘kks/k vFkok jhlpZ dgrs gSaA
vuqla/kku esa ;g ps”Vk gksrh gS fd og oLrqfu”B o rdZ laxr gksA vuqla/kku esa vulqy>h leL;kvksa
ds fujkdj.k gsrq mÙkj [kkstus dk iz;Ru gksrk gSA

9-2-1 ifjHkk”kk %&

jSMeSu vkSj eksjh us viuh fdrkc ^^ nh jkseSUl vkWQ jhlpZ ** esa ‘kks/k dk vFkZ Li”V djrs gq, fy[kk gS]
fd uohu Kku dh izkfIr ds O;ofLFkr Kku dks ge ‘kks/k dgrs gSaA
,Mok¡LM yuZj fMD’kujh vkWQ djaV baxfy’k ds vuqlkj & ^^ fdlh Hkh Kku dh ‘kk[kk esa uohu rF;ksa dh
[kkst ds fy, lko/kkuhiwoZd fd, x, vUos”k.k ;k tk¡p iM+rky dks ‘kks/k dh laKk nh tkrh gSA
Jh nsodh uUnu JhokLro ds vuqlkj ^^ vuqla/kku ewyr% ,d fof’k”V n`f”Vdks.k ls fdlh fo”k;&lkexzh
dk p;u djds mldh lw{e Nkuchu ds mijkUr miyC/k fu”d”kksaZ ds lgkjs lR; dh rF;iwjd LFkkiuk
gSA**
Mk0 lqjsUnz pUnz xqIrk ds vuqlkj ^^ Kku dh fdlh fof’k”V ‘kk[kk esa ftKklk j[krs gq, &ml fn’kk esa
[kkst }kjk miyC/k gksus okyh lkexzh dk Øe’k% ijh{k.k vkSj leh{kk gh vuqla/kku gSA**
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Jh vks- ih- oekZ dk dguk gS fd ^^ lR; dh [kkst ds fy, vFkok izkIr Kku dh ijh{kk djus ds mns’;
ls fd;k tkus okyk O;ofLFkr iz;Ru gh vuqla/kku gSA**
John W. Greswell, who states that , “Research is a process of
steps used to collect and analyse information to increase our
understanding of a topic or issue. It consists of three steps;
Pose a question, collect data to answer the question and
present an answer to the question.”
‘kks/k dks vaxzts +h esa ^^Research** dgrs gSaA bl ‘kCn ds gj ,d v{kj dk vyx&vyx vFkZ
Hkh gSA tks fd bl izdkj gS %&
R – Stands for Rational way of thinking.
¼ rkfdZd <ax ls fpUru djuk ½
E – Stands for Expert and Exhaustive treatment.
¼ vuqHko ,oa ifjJe ds lkFk dk;Z djuk ½
S – Stands for Search for Solutions.¼Lkek/kku dh [kkst djuk ½

E – Stands for Exactness¼ fuf’prrk ½

A – Stands for Analytical Analysis of Adequate Data
¼ mi;qDr iznÙkksa dk mfpr fo’ys”k.k ½
R – Stands for Recognition of Data.¼ rF;ksa dk lEcU/k ½
C- Stands for :-
Careful Recording¼ lko/kkuh iwoZd ladyu ½
Critical Observation¼ ;FkkFkZ fufj{k.k ½
Constructive Attitude¼ jpukRed euksof` r ½
Constructive and Compactly Stated Generalization.

114
¼ mfpr ,oa laf{kIr lkekU;hdj.k ½
H – Stands for Honesty and Hardwork.
¼bekunkjh vkSj esgur ls dk;Z djuk½

9-3 ‘kks/k dk egRo

‘kks/k ;k vuqla/kku ekuo Kku dks fn’kk iznku djrk gS] Kku dks c<+krk gS rFkk Kku Hk.Mkj dks
fodflr djrk gSA blds egRo fuEufyf[kr gSa %&
& ‘kks/k ls O;fDrRo dk ckSf/kd fodkl gksrk gSA
& ‘kks/k lekftd fodkl ds fy, lgk;d fl) gksrk gSA
& ‘kks/k fdlh Hkh ftKklk dh izof` r dks lar”q V djrk gSA
& ‘kks/k iwokZxzgksa ds funku vkSj fuokj.k esa lgk;d fl) gksrk gSA
& ‘kks/k vusd ubZ dk;Z fof/k;ksa o mRiknksa dks fodflr djrk gSA
& ‘kks/k Kku ds fofo/k i{kksa esa xgurk vkSj lw{kerk iznku djrk gSA
bl izdkj ‘kks/k gekjs thou esa cgqr vf/kd egRo j[krk gSA

9-4 ‘kks/k dk mns’; %&

‘kks/k dk mns’; vKkurk dks nwj djuk rFkk fl)karksa dk fuekZ.k djuk gksrk gSA euq”; ds thou
esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk funku djuk Hkh ‘kks/k dk eq[; mns’; gksrk gSA
mijksDr ifjHkk”kkvksa vkSj ‘kks/k ds egRo rFkk mns’; ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd uohu Kku
dh [kkst dh fn’kk esa fd, x, O;ofLFkr ,oa Øec) iz;kl gh ‘kks/k gS vkSj vuqla/kku eas ekSfydrk ,d
vPNs ‘kks/k dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk gksrh gSA ‘kks/k foKku vkSj oSKkfud i)fr ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS blfy, bl
ij vk/kkfjr Kku Hkh oLrqiwjd gksrk gSA

9-5 ‘kks/k dh fn’kk,a rFkk laxhr esa ‘kks/k dh fn’kk,a (Scope)

Ekuq”; cqf) lEiUu izk.kh gksus ds dkj.k viuh lpsrkoLFkk ls gh ftKklq jgk gSA mldh Kku dh
fiiklk dHkh ‘kkUr ugha gksrhA vusd HkkSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed jgL;ksa dks rF; :Ik iznku dj ekuo us
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viuh Kku lEink esa yxkrkj vfHko`f) dh gSA ekuo dh blh Kku fiiklk dks ‘kkUr djus esa ‘kks/k dh gh
eq[; Hkwfedk gSA
vuqla/kku ds egRo dk vkdyu ge blh rF; ds vk/kkj ij dj ldrs gSa fd vkt u dsoy f’k{kk
‘kkL=h vfirq euksoSKkfud] d`f”k fo’ks”kK] ekuo ‘kkL=h] lekt ‘kkL=h] vFkZ ‘kkL=h] iqjkrRo osrk lHkh
vius&vius {ks=ksa esa ‘kks/k dk;ksaZ esa layXu gSaA vuqla/kku fdlh Hkh fo”k; ij gks ldrk gSA lS)kfUrd Lrj
ij ‘kks/k dk;Z dh iz.kkyh esa fo’ks”k vUrj ugha jgrkA pkgs foKku gks ;k dyk ;k Kku dh dksbZ Hkh ‘kk[kk
gks] lHkh fo”k;ksa esa vuqla/kku dh lEHkkouk,a gSAa
vkt laxhr dk {ks= Hkh ,d ,slk {ks= cu x;k gS tgk¡ fHkUu&fHkUu fo”k;ksa esa vuqla/kku dk;Z gksus
vkjEHk gks x, gSaAlaxhr esa vuqla/kku ds vR;Ur O;kid {ks= gSaA laxhr esa lgh <ax ls ‘kks/k djus ds fy,
;g cks/k gksuk t+:jh gS fd ‘kks/k dh i)fr dSlh gks vkSj ‘kks/k dh D;k lhek,a gSaA ‘kkL=h; laxhr] yksd
laxhr] tutkrh; laxhr] vUrfoZ/kk;h ‘kks/k] iz;ksx/kehZ dykvksa ij vk/kkfjr ‘kks/k] ikB la’kks/ku ds fl)kar
vkSj leL;k,a dqN ,sls i{k gSa ftu ij fopkj djuk laxhr vkSj lEc) dykvksa esa vuqla/kku dh nqf”V ls
vR;Ur vko’;d gSA
9-6 laxhr esa ‘kks/k ds dbZ {ks= gSa ftudk laf{kIr o.kZu bl izdkj gS %&
9-6-1 /ofu foKku %& /ofu foKku dk foospu laxhr ls dHkh vNwrk ugha jg ldrk D;ksfa d laxhr /ofu
esa fufgr ‘kfDr;ksa ds ;ksx dk ,d cgqr lcy {ks= gSA vr% laxhr esa /ofu ls lEcfU/kr ftrus Hkh {ks= gSa
mu lc ij ‘kks/k dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA
9-6-2 Lkaxhr ‘kkL= %& ;g Hkh laxhr dk ,d O;kid {ks= gSA ftlesa laxhr dk ‘kkL=h; foospu] laxhr
dk lekt ‘kkL=h; v/;;u] laxhr ds ewy rRo vkfn ,sls vusd fo”k; gSa ftu ij ‘kks/k dk;Z fd, tk
ldrs gSaA
9-6-3 NUn ‘kkL= %& Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa NUnksa dk vR;Ur fodflr ‘kkL= gS ftlesa vU; ‘kkL=ksa dh HkkfUr
foLr``r vkSj lw{e foospu gS tks laxhr ds rky vkSj in nksuksa gh n`f”V ls vR;Ur mi;ksxh gSA laxhr ls
NUn dk vVwV lEcU/k gS vr% laxhr ‘kkL= ds vUrxZr~ NUn ‘kkL= dk v?;;u gks ldrk gSA
9-6-4 ikBkuqla/kku %& gekjs ns’k dk vf/kdka’k lkfgR; vfyf[kr gh FkkA Lej.k ‘kfDr ds vk/kkj ij vkxs
ls vkxs ih<+h&nj&ih<+h ;s lkfgR; vkxs c<+rk jgk gSA vr% ,sls ekSf[kd lkfgR; ij vuqla/kku djuk Hkh
,d cM+k {ks= gSA blh ds lkFk izkphu le; ls fy[ks x, xzUFkksa ij Hkh vuqla/kku djuk ,d cM+k fo”k;
gSA D;ksfa d ml le; ds xzUFkksa dh ewy izfr;ka gesa de miyC/k gksrh gSaA mudh izfrfyfi;ka gh vf/kdrj
ikbZ tkrh gSaA vr% bl fo”k; dks ysdj Hkh ‘kks/k dk;Z fd, tk ldrs gSAa ;g Hkh ,d O;kid {ks= gSA
9-6-5 nk’kZfud ‘kks/k %& n’kZu thou ds ewY;ksa rFkk y{;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA fdlh Hkh Kku dh izkfIr
dk mns’; bUgha ewY;ksa rFkk y{;ksa dh izkfIr gksrk gSA gj jk”nz dh laLd`fr dh dksbZ fo’ks”krk gksrh gS rFkk
ogh mldh ‘kfDr gksrh gSA n’kZu ds fl|karksa dh vk/kkjHkwr leL;kvksa rFkk laxhr ds nk’kZfud igyqvksa
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vkSj thou ds lkFk muds lkeUtL; ij vuqla/kku lkaxhfrd vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa vR;Ur mi;ksxh fo”k;
rFkk {ks= gSA
9-6-6 lekt foKku lEcU/kh ‘kks/k %& euq”; lkekftd izk.kh gS vkSj blds lkekftd thou ds gj igyq
dk laxhr ls vVwV lEcU/k gSA laxhr ds lkekftd v/;;u dk lPpk Lo:Ik ;g gS fd fdlh fo’ks”k izdkj
dh O;oLFkk ls ;qDr lekt esa laxhr dh D;k fLFkfr jgh vkSj lekt esa ifjorZu ds lkFk laxhr esa D;k
ifjorZu gq,] Hkkjrh; laxhr ‘kkL= esa bl izdkj ds v/;;u ugha gq, gSaA lekt esa laxhr ds LFkku ds ckjs
esa dbZ mYys[k feyrs gSa fdUrq laxhr ds lkekftd v/;;u dk lh/kk iz;kl u gksdj NksV&s NksVs mYYks[k
feyrs gSaA blfy, vkt ds lekt esa laxhr ds fodkl ds fy, rFkk lekt esa laxhr ds mi;qDr LFkku
ds fy, bl izdkj ds ‘kks/k vk/kkjf’kyk fl) gks ldrs gSaA
9-6-7 lkSUn;Z ‘kkL= %& lkSUn;Z ‘kkL= ,d vR;Ur fodflr ‘kkL= gSA fiNys yxHkx 160&170 lkyksa ls
ik’pkR; ns’kksa esa ^^E;wft+dy ,sLFkSfVdl** dk laxhr ‘kkL= ds :Ik esa v/;;u fd;k tkus yxk gSA ik’pkR;
ijEijk esa nzqFk] xqM vkSj C;wVh bu rhuksa xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij vk/;kReokn] uhfr foKku vkSj lkSUn;Z ‘kkL=
ij v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; n’kZu’kkL= esa fdlh Hkh lÙkk ds rhu rRo ekus x, gSa & lr~]~ fpr~~
vkSj vkuUnA vr% lkSUn;Z dk lekos’k vkuUn ds vUrxZr~ ekuk tkrk gSA vkuUn dk uke gh jl gSA
dykvksa ls izkIr gksus okys vkuUn ds fy, jl dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k ysfdu mu rRoksa dk laxhr ds vUrxZr~
v/;;u ugha fd;k x;kA vr% laxhr ds lkSUn;Z cks/k ds {ks= esa vuqla/kku ds O;kid {ks= gSaA
9-6-8 euksoSKkfud ‘kks/k %& laxhr dk izHkko ekufld fodkl ds lHkh {ks=ksa ij gksrk gSA bl fo”k; ds
xEHkhj v/;;u ls vuqla/kku ds u, {ks= fu/kkZfjr fd, tk ldrs gSaA lkFk gh laxhr }kjk ekufld fodkl]
ckSf)d fodkl ,oa O;fDrxr fodkl tSls {ks=ksa esa Hkh v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA euksfoKku ds vUrxZr~
eu dh izfØ;k dk ;k eu ds O;ogkj dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS vkSj laxhr dk rks eu ls ?kfu”B lEcU/k
gS] vr% euksfoKku dk laxhr ls lEcU/k tksM+dj mldk v/;;u djuk ,d vR;Ur jkspd fo”k; gSA
9-6-9 nSfgd foKku %& eu vkSj ‘kkjhj ds nks vax Jo.k ;U= ¼dku½ rFkk /ofu ;U= ¼daB½] budk v/;;u
laxhr dh n`f”V ls vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ rFkk vko’;d gSA daB esa /ofu dh mRifÙk dSls gksrh gS vkSj dku
}kjk /ofu fdl izdkj xzg.k gksrh gS bl ij foLr`r v/;;u dh vko’;drk gSA /ofu;ksa dh fo’ks”krk]
lkaxhfrd /ofu;ksa dk eu ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS ;g ,d vR;Ur mi;ksxh {ks= gSA
9-6-10 yksd rkfRod ‘kks/k %& fdlh ns’k dh lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr dk ifjp; ml ns’k ds yksd lkfgR;
ls Ik;kZIr ek=k esa fey ldrk gSA yksd lkfgR; ds fof’k”V vax yksd xhr] yksd u`R;] yksd ok| rFkk
yksd ukV~; laxhr dh n`f”V ls v/;;u ds vR;Ur le`) {ks= gSaA
9-6-11 laxhr f’k{k.k %& laxhr dks f’k{kk ds ikB;Øe esa ‘kkfey fd, cgqr vf/kd le; ugha gqvk gSA
blls igys laxhr f’k{kk dsoy xq:&f’k”; ijEijk ds vk/kkj ij gh gksrh FkhA ysfdu vk/kqfud dky esa ia0
fo”.kq fnxEcj iyqLdj rFkk ia0 fo”.kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms ds vFkd iz;klksa ls laxhr dks Ldwyksa o dkWystksa

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esa fo”k; ds :i esa i<+k;k tkus yxkA ikB;Øe esa laxhr ,d u;k fo”k; gksus ds dkj.k ;g vuqla/kku dk
,d u;k fo”k; gSA blds vUrxZr~ laxhr f’k{k.k dh ubZ fof/k;ka vkSj rduhdsa [kkstus dh vko’;drk gSA
bl izdkj laxhr fo”k; ds vUrxZr~ ’kks/k dh dbZ fn’kk,a gSa ftudh vksj pydj dbZ fo”k;ksa ij
vuqla/kku dk;Z fd, tk ldrs gSaA

9-7 ‘kks/k ds izdkj %&

9-7-1 fo’kq) vFkok ewy vuqla/kku (Fundamental Research)
9-7-2 ,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku (Historical Research)
9-7-3 o.kkZRed vuqla/kku(Descriptive Research)
9-7-4 iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku(Experimental Research)
9-7-1 fo’kq) vFkok ewy vuqla/kku %&
vuqla/kku vFkok ‘kks/k fo’kq) rFkk ewy :Ik fy, gq, gksuk pkfg,A ‘kks/k esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh udy ;k
nwljs fdlh ‘kks/k dh pksjh ugha gksuh pkfg,A dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd vuqla/kku iw.kZ :Ik ls ekSfyd
gksuk pkfg,A
9-7-2 ,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku %&
,sfrgkfld ‘kks/k ;g n’kkZrs gSa fd ^^D;k Fkk**A bl izfØ;k }kjk Hkwrdky esa gqbZ ?kVukvksa dk fooj.k]
[kkst] foospuk] O;k[;k] fo’ys”k.k rFkk fu”d”kZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tks Hkwrdky dks le>us rFkk orZeku
esa izLrqfrdj.k djus rFkk dqN lhek rd Hkfo”; ds vuqeku ds fy, lgk;d fl) gksA
9-7-3 o.kkZRed vuqla/kku %&
o.kkZRed vuqla/kku ls rkRi;Z gS fd ^^orZeku esa D;k gS**A bl izfØ;k ds vUrxZr~ orZeku esa mifLFkr
?kVukvksa dk fooj.k] [kkst] foospuk] fo’ys”k.k] O;k[;k rFkk fu”d”kksaZ dk lkekU;hdj.k izLrqr fd;k tkrk
gS ftlls budk vifjorZuh; ?kVdksa ds ek/;e ls rqYukRed v/;;u fd;k tk lds vkSj orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ls mudk lEcU/k LFkkfir fd;k tk ldsA
9-7-4 iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku %&
iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku] vuqla/kku dh ,d izeq[k fof/k gSA iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku esa dk;Z&dkj.k lEcU/k
LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA dk;Z&dkj.k lEcU/k LFkkfir djus ds fy, nks fLFkfr;kas dks lUrq”V djuk gksrk
gSA igys rks ;g fl) djuk gksrk gS fd ;fn dkj.k gS rks mldk izHkko gksxkA ;g fLFkfr vko’;d gS

118
ysfdu Ik;kZIr ugh gSA nwljk gesa ;g Hkh fl) djuk gksrk gS fd ;fn dkj.k ugh gS rks izHkko Hkh ugh
gksxkA ;fn ogh dkj.k u gks vkSj fQj Hkh izHkko gks rks bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd izHkko dk og dkj.k ugh
gS tks ge vis{kk dj jgs FksA iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku esa dkj.k dh mifLFkfr] izHkko dks fn[kkrh gS rFkk dkj.k
dh vuqifLFkfr izHkko dks ugh fn[kkrh gSA bUgha nks fLFkfr;ksa dks lUrq”V djus ds ckn ge lgh dk;Z&dkj.k
lEcU/k LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA
9-8 egRoiw.kZ iz’u %&
iz0- 1- ‘kks/k fdls dgrs gSa \
iz0- 2- laxhr esa ‘kkks/k ds fdUgha nks {ks=ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
iz0- 3- ‘kks/k ds fdrus izdkj gSaA uke crkb,A

9-9 lkjka’k %&

ubZ pht+kas dh [kkst vkSj iqjkuh oLrqvksa ,oa fl)karksa dk iqu% ijh{k.k djuk] ftlls fd u, rF; izkIr gks
ldsa] mls ‘kks/k] vuqla/kku ;k Research dgrs gSaA blds fo”k; esa vyx&vyx fopkjdksa us ‘kks/k dh
vyx&vyx ifjHkk”kk,a O;Dr dh gSaA ‘kks/k dk gekjs thou esa cgqr egRo gS D;ksa fd ;s gesa fn’kk iznku
djrk gS vkSj gekjs Kku dsk c<+krk gSA bldk mns’; Hkh euq”; dh leL;kvksa dk funku djuk o vKkurk
dks nsj djuk gSA ‘kks/k ds fy, cgqr lh fn’kk,a crkbZ xbZ gSa] pkgs og dksbZ Hkh fo”k; D;ksa u gksA laxhr
esa Hkh ,sls vusd {ks= gSa ftuesa ‘kks/k dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj mu {ks=ksa ls lEcfU/kr vKkurk dks nwj
dj euq”; thou dks ljy cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ‘kks/k djus ds vyx&vyx izdkj crk, x, gSa tSls &
ewy vuqla/kku] ,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku] o.kkZRed vuqla/kku rFkk iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kkuA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g
gS fd ‘kks/k euq”; dks vU/ksjs ls izdk’k dh vksj ys tkrk gSA

9-10 ‘kCndks”k %&

rkfdZd& rdZiw.kZ
fiiklk &I;kl
?kVd& vk/kkj rRo

9-11 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj %&

iz0- 1- ‘kks/k fdls dgrs gSa \
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m0- ^‘kks/k* ‘kCn vaxzts +h ds ^ jhlpZ * ‘kCn dk fgUnh vuqokn gSA fjlpZ ‘kCn nks ‘kCnksa ^ jh * vkSj ^lpZ*
ls feydj cuk gSA ftlesa ^ jh * dk vFkZ gS ^iqu%* vFkkZr~ nksckjk rFkk ^lpZ* dk vFkZ gS ^[kkst*A bl rjg
bl ‘kCn dk vFkZ gqvk ^ iqu% [kkst *A ;fn ge bl ‘kCn ds vFkZ dks Li”V djsa rks bldk rkRi;Z gqvk iqu%
;k ckj&ckj gksus okyh [kkstA vr% fdlh Hkh fo”k; ;k leL;k dh izekf.kdrk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, gh
ckj&ckj [kkst dh tkrh gSA blh rjg dqN ,sls fo”k; Hkh gksrs gSa ftudh [kkst ;k lR;rk igyh ckj
izekf.kr dh tkrh gSA vr% ,slh leL;k,a ftudh [kkst] funku rFkk lR;rk izekf.kr djus ds fy, tks
izfØ;k viukbZ tkrh gS mls vuqla/kku] ‘kks/k vFkok jhlpZ dgrs gSaA
vuqla/kku esa ;g ps”Vk gksrh gS fd og oLrqfu”B o rdZ laxr gksA vuqla/kku esa vulqy>h leL;kvksa
ds fujkdj.k gsrq mÙkj [kkstus dk iz;Ru gksrk gSA
iz0- 2- laxhr esa ‘kkks/k ds fdUgha nks {ks=ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
m0-
1- /ofu foKku %& /ofu foKku dk foospu laxhr ls dHkh vNwrk ugha jg ldrk D;ksfa d laxhr /ofu esa
fufgr ‘kfDr;ksa ds ;ksx dk ,d cgqr lcy {ks= gSA vr% laxhr esa /ofu ls lEcfU/kr ftrus Hkh {ks= gSa
mu lc ij ‘kks/k dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- Lkaxhr ‘kkL= %& ;g Hkh laxhr dk ,d O;kid {ks= gSA ftlesa laxhr dk ‘kkL=h; foospu] laxhr dk
lekt ‘kkL=h; v/;;u] laxhr ds ewy rRo vkfn ,sls vusd fo”k; gSa ftu ij ‘kks/k dk;Z fd, tk ldrs
gSaA
iz0- 3- ‘kks/k ds fdrus izdkj gSaA uke crkb,A
m0- ‘kks/k ds izdkj %&
1- fo’kq) vFkok ewy vuqla/kku (Fundamental Research)
2- ,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku (Historical Research)
3- o.kkZRed vuqla/kku(Descriptive Research)
4- iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku(Experimental Research)
9-12 lanHkZ xzUFk lwph %&
1- ‘kks/k izo`f/k] fou; eksgu ‘kekZ] biqLrdky;-dkWeA
2- fjlpZ eSFksMkWyksth] lh-vkj- dksBkjh] 1985A

&%&%&%&%&%&%&

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 LESSON – 10

Role Of Information and Communication Technologies in

Music

Structure :
10-0 Hkwfedk
10-1 mns’;
10-2 lwpuk vkSj lEiz”s k.k rduhd ds midj.k
10-3 lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd dk egRo ,oa iz;ksx
10-4 egRoiw.kZ iz’u
10-5 lkjka’k
10-6 ‘kCndks”k
10-7 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj
10-8 lanHkZxFza k lwph

10-0 Hkwfedk
Lkaxhr ,d yfyr dyk gSA ftldk LFkku lHkh yfyr dykvksa esa loksZijh ekuk tkrk gSA laxhr
gesa v/;kRe dh vksj ys tkdj bZ’oj ls rks tksM+rk gh gS lkFk gh gekjs euksjatu dk ,d cM+k lk/ku Hkh
gSA ;g gesa vkuUn vkSj ‘kkfUr dh vuqHkwfr djokrk gSA bruk gh ugh laxhr gekjs vUnj laLdkjksa dk
l`tu djus dk Hkh ,d ek/;e gSA;gh dkj.k gS fd laxhr dk euq”; ds HkkSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed fodkl
esa fo’ks”k ;ksxnku ekuk tkrk gSA
oSfnd dky ls gekjk laxhr pyk vk jgk gSA vkjEHk ls gh gekjk laxhr xq:&f’k”; ijEijk ds
:Ik esa lh[kk vkSj fl[kk;k tkrk jgk gSA Hkkjrh; laxhr esa le;kuqlkj cgqr vf/kd ifjorZu vkSj fodkl
gqvk gSA laxhr ds vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa dbZ rjg ds fodkl vkSj ifjorZu gq, gSaA lcls igys rks gekjh
izkphu ijEijk xq: f’k”; ijEijk Fkh ftlesa ifjorZu vk;kA tks laxhr igys dsoy dqN yksxksa rd gh

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lhfer Fkk og /khjs&/khjs fo|ky;] egkfo|ky; vkSj fo’ofo|ky; Lrj ij gksus ls vke yksxksa rd laxhr
vklkuh ls igq¡pus yxkA
igys gekjs lekt esa laxhr dks vPNh n`f”V ls ugh ns[kk tkrk Fkk ;k ;w¡ dgsa fd vf/kdrj yksx
laxhr ls iwjh rjg ifjfpr ugha FksA blfy, lekt dk ,d cM+k i{k blls vNwrk jg tkrk FkkA ysfdu
/khjs&/khjs le; ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd(Information and
Communication Tecnology) ds vk tkus ls gekjh laxhr dyk ;k laxhr fo”k; dks
T;knk ls T;knk yksx le>us vkSj ilan djus yxsA
laxhr dyk dks tu&tu rd igq¡pkus dk igyk Js; fefM;k pSuYl dks tkrk gSA ftlesa
vkdk’kok.kh] nwjn’kZu] Mh-Mh- Hkkjrh] izlkj Hkkjrh vkfn dh eq[; Hkwfedk jgh gSA buds }kjk le;&le;
ij laxhr ds dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu vkSj izlkj.k fd;k tkrk FkkA ftlls laxhr dqN vkSj vf/kd yksxksa
rd igq¡pus yxkA ysfdu gekjs laxhrKksa dh ;g ,d cM+h d``ik gS fd mUgksaus laxhr dks ekSf[kd :Ik ls
ge rd igq¡pkus dk egku dk;Z fd;kA blds Ik’pkr~ ia0 fo”.kq fnxEcj iyqLdj vkSj ia0 fo”.kqukjk;.k
Hkkr[k.Ms ds egku ;ksxnku ls vkt gekjk laxhr tu&tu rd igq¡pk gSA gekjs cM+&s cM+s laxhrKksa dh
dyk ge rd igq¡pkus dk ,d cM+k Js; bUgsa tkrk gSA
10-1 mns’; %&
bl ikB ds v/;;u ls ge ;g tku ik,axs fd lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd D;k gSA lwpuk ,oa
lEizs”k.k rduhd dk laxhr ds {ks= esa D;k ;ksxnku gS] blds D;k&D;k midj.k gSa vkSj mudk iz;ksx ge
fdl izdkj dj ldrs gSaA
10-2 lwpuk vkSj lEiz”s k.k rduhd ds midj.k
le; ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk laxhr ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, /khjs&/khjs dbZ pht+kas dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ tSls
&&&
1- jsfM;ks uSVodZ
2- Vh0 oh0 uSVodZ
3- laxhr ukVd vdkneh dh LFkkiuk
4- Cultural Exchange Programme between various regions
of Country.
5- Cultural Exchange Programme between Foreign
Countries.
6- fHkUu&fHkUu fo’ofo|ky;ksa }kjk fufeZr laxhr lEesyu desfV;k¡
7- yksd laxhr c<+kus gsrq desfV;k¡

122
 8- lSfeukj vkSj laxksf”B;ksa dk vk;kstu
9- laxhr esa vuqla/kku bR;kfnA
lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd ds vk tkus ls laxhr ds {ks= esa ,d cM+k ifjorZu vk;kA blds dqN ,sls
midj.k Hkh gSa tks laxhr esa :fp j[kus vkSj mls lh[kus ds fy, vko’;d gSA tSls &&&&
1- fMftVy ohfM;ks dSejk
2- eYVh&ehfM;k dEI;wVj] ySiVkSi] uksV cqd bR;kfn
3- ,sIyhds’ku lkS¶Vos;j
4- fMftVy yk;czfs jt+
5- oYMZ okbM oSc
6- baVjuSV
7- LekVZ Dykl:e
bu lHkh mijksDr lwpuk ,oa lEiz”s k.k rduhd dh pht+kas dks laxhr f’k{k.k ds fy, midj.kksa ds :Ik
esa iz;ksxdj ldrs gSaA budh lgk;rk ls laxhr lkexzh dks bdB~Bk djuk] lqjf{kr j[kuk] f’k{kk nsus ds
fy, iz;ksx djuk] vPNk laxhr lquuk] viuh bPNkuqlkj laxhr lquuk] laxhr ls lEcfU/kr gj igyw dh
tkudkjh j[kuk bR;kfn dj ldrs gSaA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd bu lHkh midj.kksa dk iz;ksx laxhr ds
fodkl vkSj izpkj&izlkj gsrq dj ldrs gSa vkSj dj Hkh jgs gSaA
lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd ,d ,slk O;kid {ks= gS ftlesa lwpuk ds lapkj ds fy, bl rjg dh
izkS|ksfxdh lekfgr gSA ;g og izkS|ksfxdh gStks lwpuk ds lapkyu] jpuk] HkaMkj.k vkSj mi;ksx dh ;ksX;rk
j[krk gS rFkk lapkj ds fofHkUu ek/;eksa tSls jsfM;ks] Vh0oh0] lSy Qksu] dEI;wVj] gkMZo;s j vkSj lkW¶Vos;j
ls lwpuk ds izlkj.k dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA
lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd vkt laxhr txr dh ,d ØkfUrdkjh vk/kkj’khyk cu pqdh gSA blds }kjk
laxhr ds izpkj&izlkj vkSj f’k{k.k dks jkspd] vR;f/kd lfØ;] ftKklqvkSj vPNs rjhds ls djok;k tk
ldrk gSA laxhr ds lEcU/k esa lwpuk ,oa lEiz”s k.k rduhd dk cgqr vf/kd egRo gS D;ksafd laxhr ,d
,slk fo”k; gS tgk¡ lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd dk gksuk vR;f/kd vko’;d gSA blds }kjk laxhr f’k{kk
,oa laxhr ds Kku vkSj fodkl dks vkSj vf/kd vklku ,oa ljy cuk ldrs gSaA

10-3 lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd dk egRo ,oa iz;ksx

laxhr ds {ks= esa lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd dk cgqr egRo gSA budk iz;ksx laxhr f’k{kk] n{krk] laxhr
‘kkL=] mldh xq.koÙkk] vuqla/kku vkSj uokpkj vkfn ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
bldk iz;ksx ge fuEufyf[kr :Ik esa djrs ;k dj jgs gSa tSls &&&
123
& blls ge vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa rd laxhr dks igq¡pk ldrs gSaA
& laxhr dh f’k{kk vklkuh ls iznku dj ldrs gSaA
& laxhr ftKklq fdlh Hkh izdkj ds laxhr dks lqu vkSj lh[k ldrs gSAa
& laxhr dh ubZ&ubZ vkSj vyx&vyx fo/kk dk Kku lqudj vkSj ns[k dj dj ldrs gSaA
&laLFkkuksa ;k xq: ds ek/;e ls laxhr f’k{kk ds fy, le; ikcUnh jgrh gS] blesa le; dh dksbZ ikcUnh
ugh jgrhA dHkh Hkh dgha Hkh ge lqfo/kkuqlkj bldk iz;ksx tc pkgs dj ldrs gSaA
& igys gesa laxhr ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh latksdj vkSj lko/kkuh iwoZd j[kuh iM+rh Fkh] vc ,slk vko’;d
ugha gS] tc th pkgslaxhr lEcU/kh tkudkjh izkIr djuh gks rks ge bUVjuSV ds ek/;e ls >V ls izkIr
dj ldrs gSaA
& bruk gh ugh lwpuk vkSj lEizs”k.k rduhd ds }kjk ge nwljksa ds gh ugh vius laxhr ls tqM+s dk;ZØe
vkSj fopkj vkil esa ;k vU; yksxksa ls Hkh lk>k dj ldrs gSaA
& ;s ,d ,slk ek/;e gS ftlls ge laxhr ls lEcfU/kr NksVh ls NksVh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSa vkSj
vius Kku dks c<+k ldrs gSaA
& igys yksx vius gh laxhr dks iw.kZ :ils cgqr de tku ikrs Fks fdUrq vkt lwpuk&lEizs”k.k rduhd
ds }kjk iwjs lalkj ds laxhr dks Hkh xgjkbZ ls tku vkSj le> ldrs gSaA bldk urhtk vkt lkeus ns[kus
dks Hkh fey jgk gS fd gekjh ;qok ih<+h ds dbZ yksx vkt bl ek/;e ds }kjk dbZ u, ok|] u`R; vkSj
xk;u dh fo/kkvksa dks lh[k jgs gSa vkSj mlls ifjfpr gks jgs gSaA
& vkt vxj ns[kk tk, rks cgqr ls laxhr lEcU/kh yksx pkgs os xk;d gksa] oknd gksa ;k urZd lHkh viuh
dyk esa bu ek/;eksa dk iz;ksx djds viuh dyk esa fu[kkj vkSj u;kiu yk jgs gSa vkSj bUgha midj.kksa ds
ek/;e ls viuh dyk ds }kjk ns’k&fons’k esa uke dek jgsa gSaA
vr% lwpuk vkSj lEizs”k.k rduhd dh laxhr ds {ks= esa cgqr cM+h Hkwfedk vFkok ;ksxnku rFkk
LFkku gSA

10-4 egRoiw.kZ iz’u %&

iz0 1- lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
iz0 2- lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd ds dkSu&dkSu ls midj.k gSa \

124
10-5 lkjka’k %&
vkjEHk ls gh gekjk laxhr xq:&f’k”; ijEijk ds :Ik esa lh[kk vkSj fl[kk;k tkrk jgk gSA tks
laxhr igys dsoy dqN yksxksa rd gh lhfer Fkk og /khjs&/khjs fo|ky;] egkfo|ky; vkSj fo’ofo|ky;
Lrj ij gksus ls vke yksxksa rd laxhr vklkuh ls igq¡pus yxkA /khjs&/khjs le; ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk
lwpuk ,oa lEiz”s k.k rduhd (Information and Communication Tecnology)
ds vk tkus ls gekjh laxhr dyk ;k laxhr fo”k; dks T;knk ls T;knk yksx le>us vkSj ilan djus yxsA
le; ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk laxhr ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, vkbZ- lh- Vh- ds vUrxZr /khjs&/khjs dbZ pht+ksa
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ~gS ftlls vkt laxhr vke tuekul rd vklkuh ls igq¡p jgk gSA

10-6 ‘kCndks”k %&

Ukokpkj & uohurk ykuk ;k ifjorZu ykuk
10-7 Lo;a ijh{k.k iz’u&mÙkj %&
iz0 1- lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
m0- oSfnd dky ls gekjk laxhr pyk vk jgk gSA vkjEHk ls gh gekjk laxhr xq:&f’k”; ijEijk ds :Ik
esa lh[kk vkSj fl[kk;k tkrk jgk gSA Hkkjrh; laxhr esa le;kuqlkj cgqr vf/kd ifjorZu vkSj fodkl gqvk
gSA laxhr ds vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa dbZ rjg ds fodkl vkSj ifjorZu gq, gSaA lcls igys rks gekjh izkphu
ijEijk xq: f’k”; ijEijk Fkh ftlesa ifjorZu vk;kA tks laxhr igys dsoy dqN yksxksa rd gh lhfer Fkk
og /khjs&/khjs fo|ky;] egkfo|ky; vkSj fo’ofo|ky; Lrj ij gksus ls vke yksxksa rd laxhr vklkuh ls
igq¡pus yxkA
igys gekjs lekt esa laxhr dks vPNh n`f”V ls ugh ns[kk tkrk Fkk ;k ;w¡ dgsa fd vf/kdrj yksx
laxhr ls iwjh rjg ifjfpr ugha FksA blfy, lekt dk ,d cM+k i{k blls vNwrk jg tkrk FkkA ysfdu
/khjs&/khjs le; ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd(Information and
Communication Tecnology) ds vk tkus ls gekjh laxhr dyk ;k laxhr fo”k; dks
T;knk ls T;knk yksx le>us vkSj ilan djus yxsA
laxhr dyk dks tu&tu rd igq¡pkus dk igyk Js; fefM;k pSuYl dks tkrk gSA ftlesa
vkdk’kok.kh] nwjn’kZu] Mh-Mh- Hkkjrh] izlkj Hkkjrh vkfn dh eq[; Hkwfedk jgh gSA buds }kjk le;&le;
ij laxhr ds dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu vkSj izlkj.k fd;k tkrk FkkA ftlls laxhr dqN vkSj vf/kd yksxksa
rd igq¡pus yxkA
iz0 2- lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd ds dkSu&dkSu ls midj.k gSa \

125
m0- lwpuk vkSj lEizs”k.k rduhd ds midj.k
le; ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk laxhr ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, /khjs&/khjs dbZ pht+kas dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ tSls
&&&
1- jsfM;ks uSVodZ
2- Vh0 oh0 uSVodZ
3- laxhr ukVd vdkneh dh LFkkiuk
4- Cultural Exchange Programme between various regions
of Country.
5- Cultural Exchange Programme between Foreign
Countries.
6- fHkUu&fHkUu fo’ofo|ky;ksa }kjk fufeZr laxhr lEesyu desfV;k¡
7- yksd laxhr c<+kus gsrq desfV;k¡
8- lSfeukj vkSj laxksf”B;ksa dk vk;kstu
9- laxhr esa vuqla/kku bR;kfnA
lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd ds vk tkus ls laxhr ds {ks= esa ,d cM+k ifjorZu vk;kA blds dqN ,sls
midj.k Hkh gSa tks laxhr esa :fp j[kus vkSj mls lh[kus ds fy, vko’;d gSA tSls &&&&
1- fMftVy ohfM;ks dSejk
2- eYVh&ehfM;k dEI;wVj] ySiVkSi] uksV cqd bR;kfn
3- ,sIyhds’ku lkS¶Vos;j
4- fMftVy yk;czfs jt+
5- oYMZ okbM oSc
6- baVjuSV
7- LekVZ Dykl:e
bu lHkh mijksDr lwpuk ,oa lEiz”s k.k rduhd dh pht+kas dks laxhr f’k{k.k ds fy, midj.kksa ds :Ik
esa iz;ksxdj ldrs gSaA
10-8 laUnHkZ xzUFk lwph %&
1- shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in

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126
 Lkaf{kIr oLrqfu”B iz’u&mÙkj
Ikz0-1 ladh.kZ jkxksa dks jkekekR;k us D;k dgk gS \
m0- R;kT;kA
iz0-2 Loj ds fy, e`nq ‘kCn dk iz;ksx fdl xzUFkdkj us fd;k \
m0- lkseukFkA
iz0-3 ^^gs’kk’kh** D;k gS \
m0- ,d esy ¼FkkV½ dk ukeA
iz0-4 ^^cjkM+h e/;e** D;k gS \
m0- O;adVeq[kh dk ,d fod`r LojA
iz0-5 O;adVeq[kh ds xq: dkSu Fks \
m0- rkuIikA
iz0-6 laxhr ikfjtkr esa fdrus Lojksa dk mYys[k gS \
m0- 29
iz0-7 ^^jkt/kkuh** jkx dh ppkZ fdlus dh \
m0- vgkscy usA
iz0-8 ^^laxhr ikfjtkr** esa fdrus ‘yksd gSa \
m0- ik¡p lkSA
iz0-9 ^^jkx rRo focks/k** fdlds }kjk fy[kk x;k \
m0- ia0 Jh fuoklA
iz0-10- ykspu us dqy fdrus Loj ekus gSa \
m0- 16 ¼7 ‘kq) 9 fod`r½A
iz0-11 nf{k.k ds Loj lIrd dks D;k dgrs gSa \
m0- dudkaxhA

127
iz0-12 ^^ukV~; ‘kkL=** ds fdl v/;k; esa xk;d&oknd ds xq.k&nks”kksa dk o.kZu feyrk gS \
m0- 33osa v/;k; esa
iz0-13 rkuiwjs ls ,d le; esa ,d rkj ls vf/kd ls vf/kd fdrus Lo;aHkw Loj mRiUu gksrs gSa \
m0- 5 ;k 6
iz0-14 ^^ekudkSrgq y** iqLrd dk Qkjlh vuqokn fdl nwljs uke ls gqvk \
m0- ^^laxhr niZ.k**A
iz0-15 ^^fgUnq E;wft+d** fdlds }kjk fy[kh iqLrd gS \
m0- ,l- ,e- VSxksjA
iz0-16 fnxEcj th dh ekfld if=dk dk D;k uke Fkk \
m0- ^^laxhrke`r izokg**A
iz0-17 jfoUnz ukFk VSxksj us ^^fo’oHkkjrh ;wfuoflZVh** dh LFkkiuk dc dh \
m0- 1920 esaA
iz0-18 ^^f’koiq= fl)jeS;k dksedyh** fdldk iwjk uke gS \
m0- dqekj xU/koZA
iz0-19 ia0 Hkkr[k.Ms fdl ok| ds dykdkj Fks \
m0- flrkj ok| dsA
iz0-20 ia0 vksedkj ukFk Bkdqj dk miuke D;k gS \
m0- iz.koA

&%&%&%&%&%&

128
 Important Questions

Ikz0-1 laxhr jRukdj ds vuqlkj xk;d ds nks”kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Ikz0-2 vkpk;Z ds-lh-Mh- c`gLifr dk laxhr esa ;ksxnku dk o.kZu dhft,A
Ikz0-3 ^^jkx focks/k** fdlds }kjk fyf[kr xzUFk gS vkSj blesa ys[kd us laxhr dh D;k ppkZ dh gS \
iz0-4 lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ laxhr esa bldk D;k ;ksxnku gSA
iz0-5 lwpuk ,oa lEizs”k.k rduhd ds dkSu&dkSu ls midj.k gSa \ o.kZu dhft,A
iz0-6 gkjeuh vkSj eSykWMh esa vUrj Li”V dhft,A
iz0-7 D;k vkidh n`f"V esa jkxksa dk le; foHkktu lgh gS ;k xyr] izdk’k Mkfy,A
iz0-8 oSKkfud fof/k }kjk daB lk/kuk dk mYys[k dhft,A
iz0-9 eUnz e/;e dh ra=h ls mRiUu lgk;d uknksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
iz0-10 nksuksa i)fr;ksa ds Loj] FkkV] jkx vkSj xhr ‘kSyh fHkUurk ij izdk’k Mkfy,A

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129
130