19ECE 214 / Communication Theory

Latha
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ECE
 Subject / Code: Communication Theory /19ECE 214
 Credits : 4
 Pre-requisite : Digital Signal Processing
 Text book : John G Proakis and Massoud Salehi,
“Fundamentals of Communication Systems”
Second Edition, Pearson Education, 2005
 References : 1. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”,
John Wiley and sons ,4th edition 2001.
 2. Breuce Carlson, Paul B. Crilly, Janet.C.Ruteledge,
“Communication Systems”, McGraw -Hill,4th edition 1993
 3. Rodger.E.Ziemer,William. H.Tranter, “Principle of
Communication”, Fifth edition, John Wiley,1998.
Modern era started by telegraph.
First Binary digital communications system.

Morse code invented by Samuel Morse in 1837 (dot

and dash code ).
Variable length code

In 1875, Emile Baudot developed the Baudot code

for telegraphy.
Fixed length code
Telephone was the next breakthrough
Driven so many great inventions
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in
1876
Development of fax machine, modem etc.
Computer-telephony integration (CTI)
James C. Maxwell in 1864 predicted the existence of
electromagnetic radiation and formulated the basic
theory (Maxwell's equations).
On December 12, 1901, Guglielmo Marconi successfully
received a radio signal at Signal Hill in Newfoundland,
North America, which was transmitted from Cornwall,
England-a distance of about 1700 miles.
Marconi is credited with the development of wireless
telegraphy
 Amplitude modulation (AM) broadcast was started
in 1920.
In 1933, Edwin Armstrong built and demonstrated the
first frequency modulation (FM) communication
system.
First television system was built in the United States
by Vladimir Zworykin and demonstrated in 1929
Commercial television broadcasting began in London
in 1936 by the British Broadcasting Corporation
(BBC).
Colour TV in late 1960
Mobile cellular systems developed since 1980’s
Satellite named Telstar 1 was launched in 1962 and used to
relay TV signal between Europe and the United States
Commercial satellite communication services began in 1965
with the launching of the Early Bird satellite

First global mobile satellite communication system was

(Iridium) in operation in 1999.

Digital TV, high-definition TV

 To introduce the concepts of amplitude modulations and
their spectral characteristics
 To provide the concepts of angle modulations and their
spectral characteristics
 To enable comprehension of the effect of noise on
communication systems
 Transmitter: Transmitter translates (modulates) the
electrical signal in to a form where the
characteristics of the signal to be transmitted is
matching with the characteristics of the
communication channel.

 Channel: It is the physical medium used to send the

signal from the transmitter to the receiver.

 Receiver: This will recover the message signal

contained in the received signal.
 Analog or Continuous Signal
 Digital Signal

Analog or Continuous Signal: If the amplitude of

signal continuously varies with respect to time or if
the signal contains infinite number of amplitudes, it is
called Analog.

Digital Signal: If the signal contains only two discrete

amplitudes, then it is called digital signal.
 Analog communication: Information carrying signal is
analog.
 Digital communication: Information carrying signal is
digital.
 With respect to communication, signals are classified into,
 Baseband signal OR Lowpass signal
 Bandpass signal

Baseband signal: If the signal contains zero frequency or

near to zero frequency, it is called baseband signal. Ex:
Voice, Audio, Video, Bio-medical signals etc.

Bandpass signal: If the signal contains band of frequencies

far away from base or zero, it is called bandpass signal. Ex:
AM, FM signals.
 Frequency Spectrum
 Band width of signal / systems
 Base band and Band pass signals / systems
 Broadcasting
 Point-to-point communications
 Signal Power
 Hilbert transform
 Frequency Spectrum :

The frequency spectrum of a time-domain signal is

a representation of that signal in the frequency
domain. The frequency spectrum can be obtained by
taking Fourier transform of the signal. The resulting
values are usually presented as magnitude and phase,
as Fourier transform is a complex quantity and both
are plotted versus frequency.
00 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 400

0 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 45

 Band width of signal / system:

❑ The bandwidth of a signal represents the range of

frequencies present in the signal
❑ The band width of a system represents the range of
frequencies that can be passed through the system.
❑ Higher the bandwidth the signal, larger the variations in the
frequencies present.
❑ For a real signal the band width is the range of positive
frequencies present in the signal.
The process of changing some characteristic (e.g
amplitude, frequency, phase) of a sinusoidal carrier
wave in accordance with the intensity of the message
signal is known as modulation
 To simplify the structure of transmitter (antenna
length).
For effective radiation, the length of the antenna should be
equal to the wavelength of the wave.

h= λ/4 for effective transmission

Using the equation c=f λ

For f=30 Hz → h=2500 km

f=3 kHz → h=25 km
f=3 MHz → h=25 m
 To translate the low pass signal to the band pass.
The practical channels are band pass channels
whereas the message signals are low pass in nature.

 To accommodate for simultaneous transmission of

signals from different message sources through
frequency division multiplexing.

 To expand the bandwidth of the signal to increase

its immunity to noise and interference.
Only with angle modulation
Message signal is m(t)
Carrier signal is c(t)=A cos(2πfct)

 Amplitude Modulation: Amplitude of the carrier is varied in

accordance with the instantaneous values of modulating
signal.

 Frequency Modulation: Frequency of the carrier is varied in

accordance with the instantaneous values of modulating
signal.

 Phase Modulation: Phase of the carrier is varied in

accordance with the instantaneous values of modulating
signal.