A Novel Hybrid Modulation For Photovoltaic Three-
Level T-type Inverter To Simultaneously Eliminate
Neutral-Point Voltage Ripple And Interact With
Maximum Power Point Tracking Process
Mohammadreza lak Bing-Rong Chuang
Department of Electrical Department of Electrical
Engineering Engineering
National Sun Yat-sen University National Sun Yat-sen University
Kaohsiung Taiwan Kaohsiung Taiwan
mrlak72@yahoo.com wxes925218@gmail.com
Abstract—Nowadays, the three-level T-type inverters are
extensively applied for photovoltaic (PV) generation systems. The
neutral-point voltage of the T-type inverter may is subjected to
low-frequency oscillation which causes output current distortion
and disrupts the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) process
of PV panels. In this paper, a new hybrid modulation is proposed
to suppress the neutral-point voltage oscillation and control the
average neutral-point voltage simultaneously. Consequently, the
dc-side capacitors of the inverter are selected smaller and film
capacitors can be replaced with electrolytic capacitors to increase
the lifetime of the inverter. Moreover, the average neutral-point
voltage is controlled to interact with the MPPT process. The
experimental tests have been accomplished to prove the
effectiveness of proposed modulation.
Keywords—Three-level T-type inverter, maximum power point
tracking, photovoltaic generation, neutral-point oscillation
I. INTRODUCTION
As compared to the two-level inverter, the multi-level
inverter can effectively reduce the voltage stress on inverter
switches and increase the power quality. Therefore, multi-level
inverters are gradually used in the applications of AC motor
drives, energy storage systems, and renewable power generation
[1]-[2]. Among different topologies of multi-level inverters,
neutral-point clamped (NPC) inverter and T-type inverter have
attracted much attention. The T-type inverter is more
appropriate to medium frequency (4-30 kHz) applications [3]
since it has been applied widely to renewable energy
applications [4]. Likewise, the topology of the three-level T-type
inverter is considered in this paper to implement PV systems.
In a three-level inverter, the current which flows into or out of
the neutral point causes the variation of the neutral point voltage.
The neutral point voltage oscillation leads to distortion of the
output voltage and current and disruption of MPPT in the
application of the PV system [5]. In [6]-[8], methods based on
zero-sequence injection were proposed to reduce neutral point
current oscillation. However, the zero-sequence injection
methods require larger DC-side capacitors in the case of a low
power factor since small capacitors may cause the over-
This work was supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of TAIWAN
under grant MOST 109-2221 -E- 110-027 - .
978-1-7281-5826-6/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
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Ting-Lien Wu Tzung-Lin Lee
Department of Electrical Department of Electrical
Engineering Engineering
National Sun Yat-sen University National Sun Yat-sen University
Kaohsiung Taiwan Kaohsiung Taiwan
k307happytree@yahoo.com.tw tllee@mail.ee.nsysu.edu.tw
modulation. Over-modulation causes the triple-frequency
oscillation of the neutral point current cannot be effectively
reduced. In [9], a novel modulation based on dipolar switching
regulation was presented to eliminate neutral point voltage
oscillations. Nevertheless, it is unable to control the neutral point
voltage average.
In this paper, a new hybrid modulation method based on
dipolar carrier-based regulation and zero-sequence voltage
injection is proposed to simultaneously suppress low-frequency
oscillation of the neutral point voltage and control the average
neutral point voltage for the grid-connected photovoltaic Three-
Level T-type Inverter. By using the proposed hybrid method, the
dc-side capacitors of the inverter are selected smaller. As a
result, film capacitors can be replaced with electrolytic
capacitors to increase the lifetime of the inverter. Moreover, the
average neutral-point voltage is controlled to interact with the
MPPT process by applying the proposed method.
II. NEUTRAL-POINT VOLTAGE ANALYSIS
Fig. 1 shows the topology of the three-phase T-type inverter
which is used to implement a PV power system in this paper.
recently, the neutral point voltage balance which is originated
from neutral point current has attracted much attention in the
three-level T-type inverter research field. the neutral point
current is injected such that the neutral voltage varies when any
phase of inverter output is clamped to the neutral point [10].
Accordingly, the average neutral current during a modulation
period is derived as follows.
in = (1 − da ) ia + (1 − db ) ib + (1 − dc ) ic (1)
where the is the duty cycle of the phase.
The switches state of the inverter affects the neutral point current
which, in turn, changes the neutral point voltage. The flowing of
neutral point current can be expressed as Fig. 3. As shown in
Fig. 2(a) and (b), the switches state of zero and large vectors
cannot make a connection to the neutral point. therefore, there is
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 Where is the neutral point voltage, which can be defined
P Sa1 Sb1 Sc1
as (4) equation.
iup
Sa3 ia La ea v0 = Vdn − Vup (4)
PV Vup Cup a
Sa2
Sb3 ib Lb eb is the total DC side voltage, which can be defined as
g
O
b
equation (5).
in Sb2
Sc3 ic Lc ec
Vdc = Vup + Vdn (5)
Vdn Cdn c
PV Sc2
idn Sa4 Sb4 Sc4
N

Fig. 1. T-type inverter for solar energy systems Vup

Cup
iCup in
PV Cup
L
PV Cup
L PV Cup
L Vdc v0
O
A
O
A
O
A
iCdn
PV Cdn
D
PV Cdn
D
PV Cdn
D
Cdn
Vdn
[ P P P] [P N N ] [ P O O]
(a) (b ) (c) Fig. 3. The flowing of neutral point current

PV Cup PV Cup
III. PROPOSED HYBRID MODULATION METHOD
L L
O O
A A A. Normalization
D D
Cdn Cdn
PV PV
In the proposed method, the voltage command must be
[O N N ] [P O N ] separately normalized for positive and negative half-cycle to
(d ) (e) avoid the output voltage distortion when the neutral point
voltage is unbalanced. Fig. 4(a) shows the normalization
Fig. 2. The relationship of output state and the capacitor voltage (a) zero vector
(b) large vector (c) P-type small vector (d) N-type small vector (e) medium process when the upper capacitor voltage is higher than the
vector lower capacitor voltage. It can be seen that the negative peak
no flow of neutral point current and the neutral point voltage is larger than the positive peak. Accordingly, The duty cycle
doesn't change.Fig. 2(c) shows the switches state of the P-type of three-phase ( ) can be expressed as follow.
small vector. in this state, three phases of the inverter are  + vref
*
,x *
d x = , if vref ,x ≥ 0
respectively connected to the positive and neutral point of DC-  Vup
link and the neutral point current flows from the inverter to the d x = d x+ + d x− , where  *
, x = a , b, c (6)
neutral point. as a result, the lower capacitor voltage is increased  − vref , x *
d
 x = , if vref , x < 0
and the upper capacitor voltage is decreased. on the other hand,  Vdn
∗
Fig. 2(d) shows the switches state of the N-type small vector, Where , is the output voltage command.
and three phases of the inverter are respectively connected to the
neutral point and negative voltage. in this state, the neutral point voltage duty cycle
current flows from the neutral point to the inverter. therefore, the v*
dx
lower capacitor voltage is decreased and the upper capacitor ref , x
voltage is increased. Fig. 2(e) shows the inverter switches state 0 0
of the medium vector. In this state, the neutral point current time time

depends on the balance or unbalance condition of the AC grid.

The relationship between the neutral point current and the (a) (b)
neutral point voltage can be expressed as (2) and (3) equations Fig. 4. The normalization of voltage command
[11].
B. Neutral point current low frequency oscillation suppression

i = C
d v0 − 1 Vdc
2 ( ( )) = C dv0 in the proposed method, An adjusted signal is used as a
 Cup up up dipolar modifier to regulate the duration of P, O, N states
dt dt
 (2) considering the voltage-second balance principle. moreover, the

iC = Cdn
d v0 + 1 Vdc
2 ( ( )) = C dv0 should also be normalized for positive and negative half-
cycle as follow.
 dn dt
dn
dt
 + Vup
dv0  vγ x = vγ x * , if it is injected into the positive signal
in = iCup + iCdn = 2Cdc (3)  VDC
dt  , x = a, b, c (7)
v− = v * VP , if it is injected into the negative signal
 γ x γ x Vdn

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 The adjusted signal should consider the boundaries 0 ≤ C. simultaneous control of Neutral point voltage and
<1− and 0 ≤ <1+ to prevent becoming T- eliminate its low-frequency oscillation
type inverter to two-level inverter. Considering the dipolar the neutral current should be adjusted according to the
modulation, the modulation signals can be represented as command voltages of PV batteries since their desired voltage for
expressed in equation (8). the maximum power point tracking may are different from
actual upper and lower capacitors. This paper proposes a new
 d x + vγ x if vref , x ≥ 0
+ + *
variable z for dipolar modulation to control the average neutral
vox+ =  +
point voltage.

*
vγ x if vref ,x < 0
 (8)
 − −vγ x
− *
if vref , x ≥ 0 When the upper PV battery voltage is greater than its desired
vox =  − − *
voltage for maximum power point tracking, a neutral point
 d x − vγ x if vref , x < 0 current is required so that it decreases the upper PV battery
voltage. In another word, the duration of O state should be
Fig. 5 shows the effect of ϒ on dipolar modulation when
enlarged during the negative half-cycle of three-phase voltage.
v ∗ , ≥ o, and the upper PV battery voltage is greater than the In this situation, the neutral current should be expressed as
lower of that. the dipolar modulation modification with ϒ is equation (12).
shown in Fig. 6 when v ∗ , < 0 , and the upper PV battery
voltage is greater than the lower one. the neutral current can be  0 *
v ref ,x ≥ 0
in = ( z a ) ia + ( z b ) ib + ( z c ) ic where z x =  (12)
derived as equation (9) based on the adjusted signal ϒ .  z
*
v ref ,x < 0

It should be noted that z is bounded by 0 ≤ z ≤ ϒ . For

Cup Cup enlarging the operation range of z , a positive zero-sequence
should be added to the command signals of three-phase voltage.
v ox+ v ox+ vγ+x Similarly, when the capacitor voltages are different, z in the
positive and negative half-cycle should also be separately
vox− vγ−x normalized to avoid the volt-seconds unbalance. and can
vox−
obtain as expressed in equation (13).
Cdn Cdn
 + Vdn
 zx = zx * V if it is injected into the positive signal ( vo+ )
 dc
vout , x P O P vout , x P O N O P  x = a, b, c (13)
 z − = z * Vup if it is injected into the negative signal ( vo− )
 x x
Vdc
Fig. 5. operation of dipolar modulation when v ∗ , ≥0
Finally, the modulation signal for the proposed modulation
Cup Cup strategy can be expressed as (14) and (15) When the upper PV
battery voltage is greater than its desired voltage for maximum
power point tracking.
+
+
v ox v ox vγ+x
 d x+ + vγ+x *
if vref ,x ≥ 0
−
v − v− vox+ =  + (14)
ox
Cdn v ox
γx +
 vγ x − z x
*
if vref ,x < 0
Cdn
−vγ x
− *
vout , x O N O vout , x P O N O P if vref ,x ≥ 0
vox− =  − − − *
(15)
d x − vγ x + z x if vref ,x < 0
Fig. 6. operation of dipolar modulation when v ∗ , <0

in = (1 − da ) − vγ a  ia + (1 − db ) − vγ b  ib + (1 − dc ) − vγ c  ic (9)

When the upper PV battery voltage is less than its desired
For a zero neutral current, ϒ can be derived as (10). voltage for maximum power point tracking, a neutral point
current is required so that it increases the upper solar battery
vγ x = dmax − dx , where dmax = max ( da , db , dc ) (10) voltage. In another word, the duration of O state should be
enlarged during the positive half-cycle of three-phase voltage.
So the neutral point current formula can be simplified to (11). In this situation, the neutral current should be expressed as
in = (1 − dmax equation (16).
) (i
a + ib + ic ) ≈ 0 (11)
 z
*
v ref ,x ≥ 0
Since the summation of , and is zero, the neutral current in = ( z a ) ia + ( z b ) ib + ( z c ) ic where z x =  *
(16)
is almost zero. However, the voltage control of PV batteries is  0 v ref ,x < 0

not considered in the above-mentioned equation yet. in the next

At this situation, the modulation signal for the proposed
part, the required variables for the voltage control of PV
modulation strategy can be expressed as (17) and (18).
batteries are defined and the hybrid proposed modulation is
completed.

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  d x+ + vγ+x − z x+ * normalized output voltage commands compared with the high-
if vref ,x ≥ 0
v +
ox = + (17) frequency carrier to obtain the switch signal.
*
 vγ x if vref ,x < 0

− −
 vγ x + z x
−
− *
if vref ,x ≥ 0
v = −
ox − *
(18)
d x − vγ x if vref ,x < 0

Finally, the new neutral current can be expressed as follow

considering two dipolar adjustments.
in , new = (1 − d a − γ a + za ) ia + (1 − d b − γ b + zb ) ib + (1 − d c − γ c + zc ) ic (19)

When the voltage of upper and lower capacitors is

unbalanced, the ϒ which is a dipolar modulation modifier is
affected. Fig. 7 shows the ϒ variation under the condition in
which the upper capacitor voltage is greater than the lower Fig. 7. in unbalanced case( > )
capacitor voltage. Fig. 8 shows the ϒ variation under the
condition in which the upper capacitor voltage is less than the
lower capacitor voltage. In these conditions, although z can be
injected to control the average neutral point voltage, this z is
not necessarily the required value to achieve desired upper and
lower capacitor voltage. Therefore, the proposed hybrid
modulation utilizes ) zero-sequence voltage injection to
turn ϒ into equilibrium. The effect of zero-sequence
voltage injection can be seen after t1 in Fig. 7 and Fig 8. The
is expressed by equation (20) as follows.
(V − Vdn ) * v peak
( 20 )
up
v z1 = Fig. 8. in unbalanced case( < )
vdc

The conditions in which the neutral point voltage control must

be performed is considered as follows. First, the neutral point
voltage is balanced. Second, although the neutral point voltage
is unbalanced, the injection changes the situation as shown
in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 after t1. In both the above-mentioned
conditions, the z cannot be injected at the time near the peak to
control the average neutral point voltage as shown in Fig. 9. To
solve this problem, the proposed modulation utilizes an
additional zero-sequence voltage as expressed in (21)
equation.
Vup ∗ Vdn
vz 2 = z * ( 21) Fig. 9. in balance case without DC zero sequence voltage
Vdc
When positive DC zero-sequence voltage is injected, the z
can be applied in the negative cycle as shown in Fig. 10. When
negative DC zero-sequence voltage is injected, the z can be
applied in the positive cycle as shown in Fig. 11. Therefore, the
zero-sequence voltage proposed in this paper can be defined as
equation (22).
v z = v z1 + v z 2 ( 22 )
Fig. 12 shows the control block diagram of the proposed
hybrid modulation method. the proposed method controls the
upper and lower capacitor voltages and suppresses the low- Fig. 10. with positive DC zero sequence voltage
frequency oscillation of the neutral point by using zero-sequence
voltage and dipolar modulation. Considering that the desired
voltage of the upper and lower PV battery for maximum power
point tracking may be different, the three-phase output voltage
command must be separately normalized. Finally, these

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 DC
source Three-level T-type inverter
iup P Sa1 Sb1 Sc1 Filter Grid
Sa3 ia La ea
Vup Cup a
Sa2
Sb3 ib Lb eb
O g

in Sb2 b ec
Sc3 ic Lc
Vdn Cdn c
Sc2
idn Sa4 Sb4 Sc4
N

Fig. 11. with negative DC zero sequence voltage Fig. 13. experiments circuit

d (+a ,b ,c )
TABLE I. PARAMETER OF CIRCUIT
v(*a ,b ,c ) *
vref ,x Separate
vo+( a ,b ,c ) S1( a ,b ,c )
normalization d (−a,b,c ) Tri +
v0 (6)
Positive and negative
output signal calculation
1
0
S3( a ,b ,c ) Parameter Value
SVPWM
injecting
SVM
d ( a ,b ,c ) (14)(15)(17)(18) vo−( a ,b ,c ) S2( a ,b,c )
Tri −
Fundamental frequency 60Hz
0
vz Eliminate the -1 S4( a ,b ,c )
Vup Neutral point
neutral current vγ+( a,b ,c ) vγ−( a ,b, c ) z(+a ,b ,c ) z(−a ,b ,c )
oscillation(10)
Vdn
v peak
voltage
control Line to line voltage( ) 220V
(22) vγ ( a,b ,c ) Assign to positive and
*
Vdiff negative signals consider
z zx
calculation
z ( a ,b , c ) voltage unbalance
(7)(13)
DC-link capacitor( 、 ) 100uF
(12)(16)

Fig. 12. Control diagram presented in this paper Filter inductor( 、 、 ) 5mH
Carrier frequency 10kHz
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Constant current source 5A
In this part, the experimental result is investigated to validate
the effectiveness of the proposed method on neutral current low-
frequency oscillation suppression and capacitor voltage control positive, the voltage level is between the positive potential
of the grid-connected three-level T-type inverter. The and the zero potential. When the output voltage is negative, it is
experimental results of proposed dipolar hybrid modulation are switched between zero potential and negative potential. The
compared with the experimental results of unipolar SVPWM total harmonic distortion (THD) of the three-phase current is less
modulation [12]-[13] in terms of neutral current low-frequency than 2.5% under conventional method implementation.
oscillation suppression. The experiments have been performed Fig. 15 shows the AC component voltage of the upper
assuming that the desired voltage for the MPPT process is capacitor and the neutral point current when the conventional
known for DC capacitor voltage control. modulation was applied. It can be seen that the capacitor voltage
Fig. 13 shows the circuit which has been used for contains triple frequency components and high-frequency
experiments and the TABLE I lists the circuit parameters. A switching harmonics. The low-frequency harmonic of the upper
current source was considered as the equivalent model of the PV capacitor voltage is mainly the triple frequency component (180
cell array. Accordingly, two sets of Chroma 62024P 600-8 DC Hz) and the RMS value of the triple frequency component is
power supply were paralleled to the upper and lower capacitors 0.751 V. The low-frequency component of the neutral point
to operate in constant current mode for accomplishing current is mainly the triple frequency component and the RMS
experiments. The DC side of the inverter is composed of two value of the triple frequency component of neutral point current
thin-film capacitors which were connected in series. The bipolar is 0.61 A.
IGBT switches of the K40T1202 model were used in the circuit Fig. 16 shows the output waveform of the phase voltage
of the three-level T-type inverter. The digital signal processor 、 、 ) and output current waveform of the C phase is
(DSP) of the TM320F28335 model was used to perform the ( ) for the proposed hybrid method. The output voltage
switching signal calculation. The power quality analyzer model waveform of each phase includes three voltage levels in a half
HIOKI3196 was used to perform Fourier analysis on the output carrier cycle. Considering the phase A voltage ( ) as an
three-phase current. Moreover, the TEKTRONIX chip model example, the includes positive potential and zero potential
DPO3PWR is used to analyze the low-frequency harmonic of during the interval a which is shown in Fig. 16. The includes
the capacitor voltage and the neutral point current. negative potential and positive and zero potential during the
Fig. 14 shows the output waveform of the phase voltage interval b. The results of Fourier analysis of the three-phase
、 、 ) and output current waveform of A phase ( ) current by the power quality analyzer indicates that the THD of
for conventional modulation implementation. The output the three-phase current is less than 2% under proposed method
voltage waveform of each phase includes two voltage levels in implementation.
a half carrier cycle as follows. When the output voltage is Fig. 17 shows the AC component voltage of the upper
capacitor and the neutral point current when the proposed

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 modulation was applied. It can be seen that the upper capacitor
voltage and the neutral point current contain almost no triple
frequency component, however, they are subjected to low
frequency through the instrument. The triple frequency
component RMS value of the upper capacitor voltage is
suppressed from 0.751 V for conventional modulation to 0.088V
Fig. 14. Output waveform of the conventional method in PF=1
Fig. 15. Upper capacitor voltage and neutral point current of the conventional
method
Fig. 16. Output waveform of the proposed method in PF=1
Fig. 17. Upper capacitor voltage and neutral point current of the
method
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by implementing the proposed method. Meanwhile, the triple
frequency component RMS value of the neutral point current is
suppressed from 0.61 A to 0.0536 A by applying the proposed
method. As a result, it can be proved that the proposed hybrid
modulation is effective in suppressing the low-frequency
oscillation of the neutral point current.
In order to verify the effect of the proposed hybrid
modulation on the average neutral point voltage control, it is
assumed that the desired voltage for MPPT of the upper and
lower PV cell array is 230 V and 210 V respectively. Fig. 18
shows the experimental results of the neutral point voltage
control using the proposed hybrid modulation. The initial upper
and lower capacitor voltage of the three-level T-type inverter is
220 V. After the time point T1, the capacitor voltage of the three-
level T-type inverter was changed and started to track the
assumed desired voltage. It can be seen from the experimental
results that desired voltage tracking by the proposed method
implementing takes about 10 ms.
Fig. 18. The waveform of capacitor voltage control
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new hybrid modulation method is proposed
to control the operation of a grid-connected three-level T-type
inverter. The proposed hybrid modulation uses an axillary
variable as a dipolar modulation modifier and zero-sequence
voltage injection to control the neutral point voltage and
suppress the low-frequency oscillation of the neutral point
current of the inverter. Moreover, this method is a carrier-based
modulation which benefits easy hardware implementation.
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