LONG TEST 4.
1
SCIENCE REVIEWER 8
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T4.1: Understanding Ecology
Defining Ecology
Eco = house
Logy = study of
➔ It is the study of organisms, the
environment and how the
organisms interact with each
other and their environment.
Key Areas Covered:
● Biodiversity
● Ecosystem
BIODIVERSITY
➔ It refers to the number and variety
of plants, animals, and other
organisms that exist in an
ecosystem.
➔ It is a measure of the variety of
organisms present in different
ecosystems.
THREE TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
1. Genetic Diversity
➔ It refers to variety of genetic
information contained in all plants,
animals, and microorganisms
2. Ecological Diversity
➔ It refers to the diversity of different
types of communities formed by
living things, the relationship
between them and ecological
processes.
3. Species Diversity
➔ It refers to the variety of living
organisms on earth.
WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM?
➔ It refers to an area containing an
interaction of living and non-living
factors in an area or region.
Examples:
● Grassland
● Freshwater
● Marine
● Desert
● Tropical Rainforest
COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM
BIOTIC
➔ It refers to any living components
that have a direct or indirect
influence on other organisms in an
environment.
● Living things
● Once living things
● Parts of living things
● Carry out of all characteristics of life
ABIOTIC
➔ It refers to all chemical and physical
elements or non-living
components.
● Non-living things
● Have never lived
● Not parts of living things
● Do not carry out all characteristics of
life
T4.2: Population Growth and
Carrying Capacity
POPULATION
➔ It refers to a group of organisms of
the same species living in the
same place at the same time.
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POPULATION GROWTH TYPES OF LIMITING FACTORS

➔ It shows how the population size in
a particular environment changes Density - INDEPENDENT
over time. ➔ It affects populations regardless of
their population size.
It can be affected by:
● Birth rate or Natality Examples:
● Death rate or Mortality ● Natural Disaster
● Immigration ● Pollution
● Emigration ● Seasonal Cycles

Density - DEPENDENT
➔ It influences population growth
depending on population density.

Examples:
● Availability of water
● Predation
● Competition
POPULATION SIZE ● Disease
➔ It refers to the total number of
members of a population. TYPES OF POPULATION GROWTH

POPULATION DENSITY
➔ It refers to the average number of
individuals in a population per unit
of area or volume.

CARRYING CAPACITY
➔ It is the maximum number of
organisms that the environment can
sustain.
➔ It is determined by limiting factors.
➔ Limiting factors refers to the
environmental factors that
constrains a population’s size and
slows or stops it from growing.
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
➔ It is when there are unlimited
resources in the environment.
➔ J -shaped curve
LOGISTIC GROWTH
➔ It happens when the available
resources needed to support the
population are limited.
➔ S -shaped curve

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T4.3: Taxonomic Classification Modern Classification

Carolus Linnaeus
TAXONOMY
➔ He came up with a way of
➔ It is a science of describing,
categorizing living things based
naming, and classifying
on their shared characteristics.
organisms.
➔ He developed a system of grouping
➔ It is known as the system of
organisms into hierarchical
scientific classification.
categories.
➔ He devised a two-part naming
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
system known as binomial
➔ It is the arrangement of organisms into
nomenclature.
groups and subgroups (taxonomic
levels or taxa) on the basis of
➔ He is called the “father of
meaningful similarities and taxonomy”
differences.
TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
➔ The taxonomic levels are arranged
in hierarchical order (taxonomic
hierarchy) from the least specific
to the most specific.

A SHORT HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION

Early Classification

Aristotle EXAMPLES OF HOW ORGANISMS ARE

➔ He first classified organisms as
either plants or animals.
➔ He classified animals based on how
they moved.
➔ But many organisms did not fit
into Aristotle’s system of
grouping.
● Scientists devised other
classification systems which gave
common names to organisms
based on their similarities in
appearance. But this is proved
unworkable.
CLASSIFIED
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
➔ It is a two-word naming system for
organisms.
➔ It is often in a Latinized form.
➔ It comprised of the generic name
and the specific name.
Example:
Common Name: Tiger
Scientific Name: Panthera tigris
Genus species

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THE RULES FOR WRITING SCIENTIFIC
NAMES:
➔ The first letter of genus is always
capitalized.
➔ The first letter of the species is
never capitalized.
➔ Both names must be underlined or
italicized.
T4.4: The Six Kingdoms of Life
THE TWO FORMS OF LIFE
➔ For many years, scientists believed
that organisms belong to only two
forms of life - prokaryotic and
eukaryotic, based on the types of
cells the organisms possess.
THE DOMAINS OF LIFE
➔ Before, organisms are classified
into five kingdoms of life.
➔ Kingdom Monera includes all
prokaryotic organisms.
THE THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE
CARL WOESE
➔ In 1977, he proposed a system of
classification that divides all
organisms into three domains of
life.
➔ In this system of classification, the
category ‘domain’ becomes the
highest taxonomic group.
WHY HAVE THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE?
➔ It highlights that none of the three
groups is ancestral or primitive
that the other.
➔ Each domain shares features with
the others, as well as having
unique characteristics of their own.
➔ The three domains share a
common prokaryotic ancestor that
existed three billion years ago.
THE NEW SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE
➔ The proposed three domains of life
led to the new six kingdoms of life.
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
➔ Single-celled bacteria living in
extreme environments
➔ Extremophiles
➔ Believed to be the oldest life-forms
on Earth
DOMAIN EUBACTERIA
➔ Single-celled prokaryotic
microorganisms, also known as
true bacteria.
➔ They consist of a range of
characteristics and are present in
various conditions throughout the
world.
➔ Eubacteria are a complex domain
of the kingdom Monera.
DOMAIN BACTERIA
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
➔ Contains all single-celled
prokaryotes except archaebacteria
➔ Three basic forms:
● coccus - spherical
● bacillus - rod-shaped
● spirillum - spiral
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Domain Bacterias:
PLANTS WITH SEEDS - ANGIOSPERMS
➔ Angiosperms have seeds enclosed
in the ovary (fruit); with flowers
Examples:
● Class Liliopsida (also called
monocots)
● Class Magnoliopsida (also called
dicots)

PLANTS WITH SEEDS - GYMNOSPERMS

DOMAIN EUKARYA ➔ Gymnosperms - seeds exposed (no
fruit); no flowers
KINGDOM PROTISTA Examples:
➔ The most diverse among unicellular ● Pine Tree | Pinophyta
eukaryotic organisms ● Cycads | Cycadophyta
➔ Mostly unicellular, few are colonial ● Ginkgo | Ginkgophyta
and multicellular
➔ Some are autotrophs, others are PLANTS WITHOUT SEEDS BUT WITH
heterotrophs SPORES
Examples: ● Club Moss (Lycophyta)
● Animal-like: Giardia sp. ● Fern (Pterophyta)
● Plant-like: Volvox sp. ● Horsetails (Equisetophyta)
● Fungi-like: Slime mold.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
KINGDOM FUNGI ➔ Multicellular without cell walls or
➔ Heterotrophic, mostly multicellular chlorophyll
except for yeast ➔ All heterotrophs
➔ Well-adapted to absorptive ➔ Can usually move and quickly
nutrition respond to the environment
➔ Breakdown substances in their
surrounding T4.5: Phyla of Animal Kingdom

KINGDOM PLANTAE PHYLUM PORIFERA

➔ Multicellular eukaryotes that are all
autotrophic
➔ Naturally green, have cell walls,
cannot move, and use the sun’s
energy to make sugar
Examples:
➔ Simplest creature and the most
primitive animal
➔ Animals with saclike bodies that
have pores.
➔ Filter feeders – they filter
suspended particles from the water
➔ Reproduce asexually by
fragmentation and budding
● Sponges

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PHYLUM CNIDARIA PHYLUM ANNELIDA

➔ Known for having stinging cells ➔ Segmented, mobile worms.
called nematocysts. ➔ Their bodies are bilaterally
➔ Their bodies have radial symmetry. symmetrical
➔ Aquatic, sessile or slow- moving ➔ Has a complete digestive and
animals closed circulatory system
➔ Coral reefs are skeletal remains of ➔ There are terrestrial, marine, and
cnidarians. freshwater
Examples: Examples:
● Corals ● Leeches
● Jellyfish ● Earthworm
● Sea Anemones ● Bobbit Worm

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

(Flatworms) ➔ Soft-bodied animals with a
➔ Flattened, unsegmented, mobile calcium-containing shell
worms. ➔ Consists of the foot (muscular
➔ Their bodies are bilaterally portion for locomotion), visceral
symmetrical. mass (the soft bodied-portion), and
➔ Has a single opening in the body mantle (the envelope of the visceral
that serves as a mouth and anus mass).
➔ Most are free-living carnivores, but ➔ 3 types: gastropods, bivalves,
some are parasitic. cephalopods
Examples: Examples:
● Planaria ● Snail (Gastropods)
● Tapeworms ● Clam (Bivalve)
● Liver Flukes ● Octopus (Cephalopods)

PHYLUM NEMATODA PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

➔ Unsegmented roundworms ➔ Terrestrial and aquatic
➔ Decomposers, free-living and ➔ Segmented body with jointed
parasitic (hookworm, pinworms) appendage
➔ Have a body cavity and a ➔ Body covered with an exoskeleton
complete digestive tract. made of chitin
Examples: ➔ Most numerous and diverse
● Ascaris animals
● Trichinella Examples:
● Filaria Worm ● Crab (Crustacean)
● Spider (Arachnids)
● Lady Bug (Insects)
● Centipede
● Millipede

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PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
➔ Adult echinoderm bodies are
bilaterally symmetrical.
➔ Do not have heads, brains, or
segmentations.
➔ Have spines on the surface of its
body.
Examples:
● Sea Star
● Sea Urchin
● Sea Cucumber

PHYLUM CHORDATA
➔ Presence of notochord
➔ The dorsal nerve and postnatal
tail can be found during
embryonic development.
➔ The vertebral column replaces the
notochord as the organisms
mature.
Examples:
● Fishes
● Amphibians
● Reptiles
● Birds
● Mammals

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