S.N Parameters S.

I unit Relevance in CSP Equations for measurement

.

1. Solar Irradiance: W/m2 The Direct normal Two sets of equations:

The rate at which radiant energy arrives at a irradiance (DNI) is one of For Collector
specific area of surface during a specific time the most crucial aspects Q = Area*η*Iavg
interval. This is known as radiant flux density [1]. when assessing and Where, Iavg = ∫Ib dt
optimizing the technical For Irradiation
concept for a CSP plant Ib = 0.9662*Io*cos(θz) *TR**TUM*TW*TA
and modeling of heat where, TR= Rayleigh diffraction
generated by the receiver To = ozone absorption
[2] TUM = gas mixtures absorption (O2 and CO2)
TW = water absorption
TA = fine particles
Io = radiation received outside the earth’s
atmosphere and θz = zenith angle.
Io = ISC*[1+0.034*cos(360*N*r/365.25)]
where, ISC = solar constant (1367 W/m2)
N = number of the day from January first
and, r considers the effect of geographic
location and solar time according to the
implicit equation:
cos(z*r) =
sin(δ*r)*sin(φ*r)+cos(δ*r)*cos(ω*r)*cos(φ*r)
where, φ, δ, and ω, are azimuth, date, and
solar time,
respectively:
δ = 23.45*sin (0.0172*(284+N)) (6)
ω = 15*(ts – 12) (7)

2. Airmass coefficient:
The air mass coefficient defines the direct
optical path length through the Earth's
atmosphere, expressed as a ratio relative to
the path length vertically upwards, i.e. at the
zenith. The air mass coefficient can be used
to help characterize the solar spectrum after
solar radiation has traveled through the
atmosphere [4].
For a path length through the atmosphere,
and solar radiation incident at angle relative
to the normal to the Earth's surface, the air
L 1.6364]
mass coefficient is: AM =
Lo
where Lo is the path length at zenith (i.e.,
normal to the Earth's surface) at sea level.
where, ts is solar time.
Doesn’t significantly When the sun is directly above a sea-level
Unitless, impact the efficiency of location, the path length is defined as airmass
values CSP based plants. 1 (AM 1.0). AM 1.0 is not synonymous with
represented as However, STC of solar solar noon because the sun is usually not
“AM plants usually should have directly overhead at solar noon in most
<coefficient> a value of AM 1.5 seasons and locations. When the angle of the
” sun from zenith (directly overhead) increases,
the airmass increases approximately by the
secant of the zenith angle. A better calculation
[3] follows:
m = 1.0 / [ cos(Z) + 0.50572 * (96.07995 - Z)-
where Z is the solar zenith angle [1].
 Solar Positioning Angles

To specify the sun’s position, three specific co-ordinates are to be defined. If the distance from
the sun to the earth is to be assumed constant, then two co-ordinates will describe the position,
the solar Altitude & the Azimuth. Solar altitude, α is the angle between the horizon & the
incident solar beam in a plane determined by the zenith & the sun. The solar azimuth angle is
the angle, measured clockwise on the horizontal plane, from the north-pointing coordinate
axis to the projection of the sun’s central ray.

Figure 1Solar Positioning Angles

The angle of deviation of the sun from directly above the equator is called the declination, δ.
If angles north of the equator are considered as positive and angles south of the equator are
considered negative, then at any given day of the year, n, the declination can be found from

360
δ=23.5 ° sin( ×(284+ n))
365

Another advantageous angle in describing the position of the sun is the angular displacement
of the sun from solar noon in the plane of apparent travel of the sun. The hour angle is the
difference between noon and the desired time of day in terms of a 360° rotation in 24 hours.
To compute that

12−T
ω= ×360 °
24

Where T is the time of that day with respect to solar midnight, on a 24-hour clock.

Note that if δ, Ф and ω are known, then the position of the sun, in terms of α and ψ at this
location at this date and time, can be determined from

α =asin (sin δ sin ϕ+ cos δ cos ϕ)

−sin ω cos δ
Ψ =180° + a sin( )
cos α

where, α & ψ are in degrees.

[1] https://www.nrel.gov/grid/solar-resource/solar-glossary.html#i (accessed Apr. 13,
2024).
[2] “Advanced Modeling of CSP Plants with Sensible Heat Storage: Instantaneous
Effects of Solar Irradiance,” International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, no.
v7i3, 2017, doi: 10.20508/ijrer.v7i3.5822.g7175.
[3] F. Kasten and A. T. Young, “Revised optical air mass tables and approximation
formula,” Applied Optics, vol. 28, no. 22, p. 4735, Nov. 1989, doi:
10.1364/ao.28.004735.

[4] Contributors to Wikimedia projects, “Air mass (solar energy),” Wikipedia, Sep.
05, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_mass_(solar_energy) (accessed Apr. 14,
2024).
[5] S. Berger, “Peter Bigler. NMR spectroscopy: Processing strategies. 2nd edn.
Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000, pp. 253. Price DM 268. ISBN 3-527-29990-4,”
Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 54–54, Jan. 2001, doi:
10.1002/1097-458x(200101)39:1<54::aid-mrc774>3.0.co;2-j.