Regulation-2019 Academic Year 2023-24

IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
19UMEPC603-HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

UNIT-4- RADIATION
PART-A
3. How the wavelength distribution of radiation is differ from surface at the same temperature?
All objects actually emit radiation if their temperature is greater than absolute zero. The Stefan-
Boltzmann law, a fundamental law of physics, explains the relationship between an object's temperature
and the amount of radiation that it emits. Black body at room temperature appears black, as most of the
energy it radiates is in the infrared spectrum and cannot be perceived by the human eye. Since the human
eye cannot perceive light waves below the visible frequency, a black body, viewed in the dark at the
lowest just faintly visible temperature.

5. Assume the sun to be black body emitting radiation with maximum intensity at 0.52 m , calculate the
surface temperature of the sun.
Given Data:
max = 0.52  = 0.52  10 −6 m
Solution:
From Wien’s law,
max T = 2.9  10 −3 mK
2.9  10 −3
T=
max
2.9 10 −3
T=
0.52 10 −6
T=5576 K

6. Find the temperature of the sun assume the sun to be block body, if the intensity of radiation is
maximum at the wave length of 0.5 m .
Given Data:
max = 0.5 = 0.5  10 −6 m
Solution:
From Wien’s law,
max T = 2.9  10 −3 mK
2.9  10 −3
T=
max
2.9 10 −3
T=
0.5 10 −6
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T=5800 K

12 What is reradiating surface? What simplification does a reradiating surface offer in the radiation
analysis?
A reradiating surface is insulated on one side and all the heat transfer it receives through
radiation is emitted by radiation and convection. The net from a reradiating surface is zero.
Approximated by surfaces that are well insulated on one side and for which convection is negligible on
the opposite (radiating) side.
Radiation Analysis is the process of dividing a phenomenon into parts that appear to be separate. As a
part of theoretical astronomy, an analysis allows the investigator to determine which parts are already
understood by previous observations and applicable models.

14 What is meant by radiation surface? How they expressed? For what kind of surfaces in the radiation
surface resistance is zero?
• Radiation differs from Conduction and Convection heat t transfer mechanisms, in the sense that
it does not require the presence of a material medium to occur.
• Heat transfer through radiation takes place in form of electromagnetic waves mainly in the
infrared region. Radiation emitted by a body is a consequence of thermal agitation of its
composing molecules. Radiation heat transfer can be described by reference to the black body.
15 How does radiosity for a surface differ from the emitted energy? For what kind of surfaces are these
two quantities identical?
• Radiosity is defined as the total radiation energy leaving a surface per unit time per unit area.
It is denoted by J. Radiosity includes the emitted radiation energy as well as the
reflected energy. Radiosity of a blackbody is equal to its emissive power since a
blackbody does not reflect any radiation.
• Radiosity of a blackbody is equal to its emissive power since a blackbody does not reflect any
radiation. Therefore, radiosity and emitted energy are identical for black bodies.
17 Two parallel radiating planes 100  50 cm are separated by a distance of 50 cm. What is the radiation
23.
shape factor between the planes?
Given Data:
L= 100 cm; B=50 cm; D=50 cm
[From HMT data book, page no.92]
L 100
X = = =2
D 50
B 50
Y= = =1
D 50
From table, for X=2 and Y=1
F12 = F21 = 0.28588

19 What does the view factor represent? When is the view factor from a surface to itself not 0?
The view factor is the degree to which heat carried by radiation can be passed between two
surfaces. The view factor is the fraction of radiation leaving one surface which is intercepted by a second
 Regulation-2019 Academic Year 2023-24

surface. The view factor is the degree to which heat carried by radiation can be passed between two
surfaces.
• The view factor from a surface to itself is non-zerodirectly. The view factor from a surface to
itself is non-zero for concave surfaces.
• The analysis of radiation exchange between black surfaces is relatively easy because of the
absence of reflection

20 Explain why surfaces usually have quite different absorptivities for solar radiation? Justify
Absorption: about 17% of incoming solar radiation is absorbed at various levels in the atmosphere.
While reading this refer to fig. Absorption is the process by which radiant energy is transferred to
matter. If the matter is a gas, radiation can effect it in a number of ways.

26 What is the purpose of radiation shield used in nuclear reactor?

• Shielding is necessary in order to protect the walls of the reactor vessel from radiation damage,
and also to protect operating personnel from exposure to radiation.
• The first known as the internal or thermal shield is provided through steel lining, while the other
called external or biological shield, is generally made of thick concrete (about 1.8 to 2.4m)
surrounding the reactor installation.
• The components of a nuclear emission alpha and beta particles, neutrons and gamma rays vary
in their energy and/or intensity and their ability to travel and penetrate material of these only the
fast neutrons and gamma rays present some serious difficulty in designing the reactor shielding,
28 What is meant by black body? Does a blackbody actually exist?
A black body in thermal equilibrium emits electromagnetic radiation called black-body radiation.
The radiation is emitted according to Planck's law, meaning that it has a spectrum that is determined by
the temperature alone not by the body's shape or composition.
Example: Some examples of blackbody radiators that emit visible light or whose radiation is used for
other processes include the electric heaters, incandescent light bulbs, stoves, the sun, the stars, night
vision equipment, burglar alarms, warm-blooded animals, etc.

PART-B

1. Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at 800oC and 300oC are 0.3 and 0.5 respectively.
Find the net radiant heat exchange per square metre for these plates. Find the percentage reduction
in heat transfer when a polished aluminum radiation shield (  = 0.05 ) is placed between them. Also
find the temperature of shield.
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Given Data:
First Plate temperature, T1=800oC =1073K
Second plate temperature, T2=300oC =573K
Emissivity, 1 = 0.3 ,  2 = 0.5
Shield emissivity,  3 = 0.05
To find:
a) Net radiant heat exchange per square metre
b) Percentage reduction in heat transfer when a polished aluminum radiation shield
c) Temperature of shield
Solution:
Heat exchange between two large parallel plates without radiation shield is given by

Q12 =   A T14 − T24 
Where,
1
=
1 1
+ −1
1 2
1
=
1 1
+ −1
0 .3 0 .5
 = 0.23
Q12 = 0.23  A T14 − T24  
Q12 = 0.23  5.67  10  A  (1073) − (573)
−8
 4 4

Q12
A
= 0.23  5.67  10 −8  (1073) − (573)
4

4

Q12
= 15880.7W / m 2
A
Q12
= 15.8807kW / m 2
A
Heat exchange between plate 1 and radiation shield 3 is given by
 Q13 =   A T14 − T34  
1
=
1 1
+ −1
1  3
 AT14 − T34 
Q13 =
1 1
+ −1
1  3
Heat exchange between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is given by
 Q32 = A T34 − T24  
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1
=
1 1
+ −1
3 2
AT34 − T24 
Q32 =
1 1
+ −1
3 2
We know that,
Q13 = Q32
AT14 − T34  AT34 − T24 
 =
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + −1
1  3 3 2


T
− T34
1
4
=

A T34 − T24  
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + −1
0.3 0.06 0.06 0.5


10734 − T34
= 3

T 4 − 5734  
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + −1
0.3 0.06 0.06 0.5
4 17.6(1073) − (T3 )
4 4

 T3 = + (573)
4

19
 T3 = 0.926 [(1073) − (T3 ) ] + (573)
4 4 4 4

 T3 = 0.926 (1073) − 0.926(T3 ) + (573)

4 4 4 4

1.926(T3 ) = 1.33  1012

4

(T3 )4 = 6.90  10 11

T3 = 911.5K
Radiation shield temperature, T3 = 911.5K
AT14 − T34  AT34 − T24 
Substituting T3 value in equation, Q13 = or Q32 = ,we get
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + −1
1 3 3 2

Q13 =

5.67  10 −8  A (1073) − (911.5)
4 4

1 1
+ −1
0.3 0.06
Q13
= 1895.76W / m 2
A
Heat transfer with radiation shield
Q13
= 1.89576kW / m 2
A
Reduction in heat transfer due to radiation shield
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𝑄𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 −𝑄𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

=
𝑄𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Q − Q13
= 12
Q12
15.88 − 1.89
=
15.88
= 0.88 = 0.88%
Result:
Q12
• Net radiant heat exchange per square metre, = 15.8807kW / m 2
A
• Percentage reduction in heat transfer when a polished aluminum radiation shield, =88%
• Temperature of shield, T3 = 911.5K

3. Consider double wall as two infinite parallel planes. The emissivity of the walls is 0.3 and 0.8
respectively. The space between the walls is evacuated. Find the heat transfer/unit area when inner
and outer surface temperatures are 300oC and 260oC. To reduce the heat flow, a shield of polished
aluminum with (  = 0.05 ) is inserted between the walls. Find the reduction in heat transfer.

Given Data:
Inner surface temperature, T1=300oC =573K
Outer surface temperature, T2=260oC =533K
Emissivity, 1 = 0.3
 2 = 0.8
Shield emissivity,  3 = 0.05
To find:
a) Heat transfer/unit area
b) Heat transfer reduction

Solution:
Heat exchange between two large parallel plates without radiation shield is given by

Q = A T14 − T24 
Where,
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1
=
1 1
+ −1
1 2
1
=
1 1
+ −1
0 .3 0 .8
 = 0.279
Q12 = 0.279  A T14 − T24  
Q12 = 0.279  5.67  10 −8  A  (573) − (233)  4 4

Q12
A
= 0.279  5.67  10 −8  (573) − (533)
4 4
 
Q12
= 428.59W / m 2
A
Heat exchange between plate 1 and radiation shield 3 is given by
 Q13 = A T14 − T34  
1
=
1 1
+ −1
1  3
AT14 − T34 
Q13 =
1 1
+ −1
1  3
Heat exchange between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is given by
 Q32 = A T34 − T24  
1
=
1 1
+ −1
3 2
AT34 − T24 
Q32 =
1 1
+ −1
3 2
We know that,
Q13 = Q32
AT14 − T34  AT34 − T24 
 =
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + −1
1  3 3 2


T− T34
1
4
=

A T34 − T24  
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + −1
0.3 0.05 0.05 0.8
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
573
− T34 4
= 3

T 4 − 5334  
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + −1
0.3 0.05 0.05 0.8
 T3 = 9.433  10
4 10

T3 = 554.19K
Radiation shield temperature, T3 = 554.19K
AT14 − T34  AT34 − T24 
Substituting T3 value in equation, Q13 = or Q32 = ,we get
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + −1
1 3 3 2

Q13 =
−8

5.67  10  A (573) − (554.19 )
4 4

1 1
+ −1
0.3 0.05
Q13
= 34.205W / m 2
A
Heat transfer with radiation shield
Q13
= 34.205W / m 2
A
Reduction in heat transfer due to radiation shield
𝑄𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 −𝑄𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
=
𝑄𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Q12 − Q13
=
Q12
428.59 − 34.205
=
428.59
= 0.92 = 92%
Result:
Q12 Q
• Heat transfer/unit area = 428.59 W / m 2 , 13 = 34.205W / m 2
A A
• Heat transfer reduction, 92%
6. Calculate the following for an industrial furnace in the form of a black body and emitting
radiation at 3000oC:
a) Monochromatic emitting power 1 m length
b) Wavelength at which the emissive is maximum
c) Maximum emissive power
d) Total emissive power
Given Data:
Surface temperature, T=3000K
To find:
a) Monochromatic emitting power Eb ,at  = 1 m = 1  10−6 m
b) Wavelength at which the emissive is maximum, max
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c) Maximum emissive power,( Eb )max

d) Total emissive power, Eb
Solution:
To find Monochromatic emitting power, Eb :
Fromplanck’s distribution law, we know that,
c1−5
( E )b =
c 
exp  2  − 1
 T 
[From HMT data book, page no.81]
Where
c1 = 0.374  10−15Wm 2
c2 = 14.4  10−3Wm 2
 = 1  10−6 m
c1−5
( E )b =
c 
exp  2  − 1
 T 
0.374  10−15[1  10− 6 ]− 5
=
 14.4  10− 3 
exp  −6
 − 1
 1  10  3000 
( E )b = 3.10  1012W / m 2

To find maximum Wavelength, max :

From Wien’s displacement law
max T = 2.9 10 −3 mK
2.9  10 −3
max =
3000
max = 0.966  10 − 6 m

To find Maximum emissive power, ( Eb )max:

( E b ) max = 1.307 10 −5 T 5
= 1.307 10 −5  3000 5
( E b ) max = 3.17 1012W / m 2
To find Total emissive power,Eb:
From Stefan Boltmann law,
E b = T 4
[From HMT data book, page no.81]
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Eb = T 4 = 5.67 10 −8  (3000) 4

Eb = 4.59 10 6 W / m 2
Result:
Monochromatic emitting power ( E )b = 3.10  10 W / m
12 2
•
Wavelength at which the emissive is maximum, max = 0.966 10 m
−6
•
Maximum emissive power, ( E b ) max = 3.17 10 W / m
12 2
•
Total emissive power, Eb = 4.59 10 W / m
6 2
•

10. A cylindrical shaped furnace is 1 m dia and 1 m high. The top surface having an emissivity of 0.7
emit a uniform heat flux of 7 kW/m2. The bottom surface with an emissivity of 0.4 is maintained at
350 K. The sides are insulated and function as reradiating surfaces. Determine the heat transfer to
bottom surface and also the temperatures of the top and sides.

In this case the heat flux at the top is given and not it’s emissive power. So the flux is to be taken
as radiosity of the surface. The equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig.

Solution: Designating top as 1 bottom as 2 and sides as 3. The shape factor between the base and
top
F1–2 = 0.18 = F2–1 (parallel disks)
F1–3 = 1 – 0.18 = 0.82 F1–3 = F2–3 as A1 = A2
1 − 1 (1 − 0.7)4
= = 0.5457
A1 1   11 0.7
1− 2 (1 − 0.4)4
= = 1.91
A2 2   1  1  0.4
1 1 4
= = 7.074
A2 F1−2  11 0.18
1 1 4 1
= = 1.5527 =
A1 F1−3  11 0.82 A2 F2−3
Considering node J1
Eb1 − 7000 J 3 − 7000 J 3 − 7000
+ + =0
0.5457 1.5527 7.074
1.8325 Eb1 + 0.644 J3 + 0.1414 J2 – 18325 = 0 ………………….....(1)
Considering node J2
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7000 − J 2 J 3 − J 2 Eb 2 − J 2
+ + =0
7.074 1.5527 1.91
989.54 + 0.644 J3 – 1.309 J2 + 0.5236 × 5.67 × 3.54 = 0
0.644 J3 – 1.309 J2 + 1435.05 = 0 ……………………………...(2)
Considering node J3
7000 − J 3 J 2 − J 3
+ =0
1.5527 1.5527
∴0.644 J2 – 1.288 J3 + 4508.3 = 0
Solving Eb1 = 7825 W/m2, ∴T1 = 609.5 K
J2 = 3738 W/m2
J3 = 5389 W/m2T3 = 554.7 K
To determine the heat flow :
From surface 1:
E −J 7825 − 7000
Q1 = b1 1 = = 1512 W
1 − 1 0.5457
A1 1
From surface 2:
5369 − 5.67  3.54
Q2 = = 1512 W
191
Check:
7000 − 5369
Through J1 – J3 = 1051 W
15527
7000 − 3738
Through J1 – J2 = 461 W
7.074

The sum of these two = 1512 W.

Also through J3 – J2, (5369 – 3738)/1.5527 = 1050.4 so checks.

15. Consider a cylindrical furnace with outer radius = 1 m and height = 1m. The top (surface 1) and
the base (surface2) of the furnace have emissivities 0.8 & 0.4 and are maintained at uniform
temperatures of 700 K and 500K respectively. The side surface closely approximates a black body
and is maintained at a temperature of 400 K. Find the net rate of radiation heat transfer at each
surface during steady state operation.
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Given Data:
Outer radius=height =1 m
Room temperature, T3==400 K
Top surface temperature, T1=700K
Base surface temperature, T2=500K
Emissivity of Top surface, 1 = 0.8
Emissivity of Base surface,  2 = 0.4

SOLUTION:-The surfaces of a cylindrical furnace are maintained at uniform

temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer at each surface during
steady operation is to be determined.
Assumptions:-1 Steady operating condition exists. 2 The surfaces are opaque,
diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Analysis:-We will solve this problem systematically using the direct method to demonstrate its
use. The cylindrical furnace can be considered to be a three surface enclosure with surface areas
of
A1 = A2 = ro2 =  (1) = 3.14m 2
2

A3 = 2ro H =  (11) = 6.28m 2

The view factor from the base to the top surface is, from Figure, F12=0.38. Then the view
factor from the base to the side surface is determined by applying the summation rule to be
F11+F12+F13= 1 → F13=1-F11-F12=1-0-0.38= 0.62
Since the base surface is flat and thus F11= 0. Noting that the top and bottom surfaces are
symmetric about the side surface, F21=F12= 0.38 and F23= F13= 0.62. The view factor F31
is determined from the reciprocity relation,
A1F13=A3F31 → F31=F13(A1/A3)=(0.62)(0.314/0.628)= 0.31
Also, F32=F31= 0.31 because of symmetry. Now that all the view factors are available, we
apply Eq. to each surface to determine the radiosities:
1 − 1
Top surface (i =1): T1 = J 1 +
4
F1→2 (J1 − J 2 ) + F1→3 (J1 − J 3 )
1
1− 2
Bottom surface (i =2): T2 = J 2 +
4
F2→1 (J 2 − J1 ) + F2→3 (J 2 − J 3 )
2
Side surface (i= 3): T3 = J 3 + 0
4
[since surface 3 is black and thus
3 = 1]
Substituting the known quantities,
1 − 0.8
( )
5.67  10 −8 (700) = J1 +
4

0.8
0.38(J1 − J 2 ) + 0.68(J1 − J 3 )
1 − 0.4
( )
5.67 10 −8 (500) = J 2 +
4

0.4
0.28(J 2 − J1 ) + 0.68(J 2 − J 3 )
( )
5.67  10 −8 (400) = J 3
4

Solving the equations above for J1, J2, and J3 gives

J1=11,418W/m2,J2=4562W/m2and J3=1452W/m2
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Then the net rates of radiation heat transfer at the three surfaces are determined from Eq.
to be
Q1 = A1 F1→2 (J1 − J 2 ) + F1→3 (J1 − J 3 )
Q1 = 3.140.38(11418 − 4562) + 0.62(11418 −1452)
Q1 = 27.6 103W = 27.6kW
Q2 = A2 F2→1 (J 2 − J1 ) + F2→3 (J 2 − J 3 )
Q2 = 3.120.38(4562 −11418) + 0.62(4562 −1452)
Q2 = −2.13  103W = −2.13kW
Q3 = A3 F3→1 (J 3 − J1 ) + F3→2 (J 3 − J 2 )
Q3 = 6.280.31(1452 − 11418) + 0.31(1452 − 4562)
Q3 = −25.5  103W = −25.5kW
Note that the direction of net radiation heat transfer is from the top surface to the base and
side surfaces, and the algebraic sum of these three quantities must be equal to zero. That
is,
Q1+Q2+Q3= 27.6+ (-2.13) + (-25.5)  0
Discussion To maintain the surfaces at the specified temperatures, we must supply heat to the top
surface continuously at a rate of 27.6 kW while removing2.13 kW from the base and 25.5 kW
from the side surfaces. The direct method presented here is straightforward, and it does not require
the evaluation of radiation resistances. Also, it can be applied to enclosures with any number of
surfaces in the same manner.