HYBRID ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM FROM

WATER USING IOT

A PROJECT REPORT
is
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
by
Project Batch

Vepada Jhansi 20981A0238

Siriki Vinay 20981A0232
Rayi Rojamani 21985A0211

Under the Guidance of

Dr. G. JOGARAO
Associate Professor

RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous)

((Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NBA (CIV, MECH, ECE, CSE), NAAC with ‘A+’ grade
& Permanently Affiliated to JNTU-GV Vizianagaram)
Dakamarri, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam Dist. – 531 162 (A.P.)
Ph: +91-8922-248001, 248002 Fax: + 91-8922-248011

i
 e-mail: principal@raghuenggcollege.com website: www.raghuenggcollege.com
May – 2024

RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the work contained in the project report titled

“Hybrid Energy Harvesting System From Water Using IOT” by

Vepada Jhansi 20981A0238

Siriki Vinay 20981A0232

Rayi Rojamani 21985A0211

has been carried out under my/our supervision and that this work has not been
submitted elsewhere for a degree.

Signature of the Project Guide Signature of HOD

Dr. G. JOGA RAO Dr. S. SATYANARAYANA
Associate Professor Professor

ii
Signature of the External Examiner Date:
DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled “Hybrid Energy Harvesting System

From Water Using IOT” submitted for the fulfilment of B. Tech. (EEE) the degree is our

original work and the project report has not formed the basis for the award of any other

degree, diploma, fellowship or any other similar titles. I also declare that the ideas/sources

used in the preparation of the document are adequately cited and referenced the sources.

Student Signatures

Vepada Jhansi 20981A0238

Siriki Vinay 20981A0232

Rayi Rojamani 21985A0211

Date:

iii
 ABSTRACT

IoT-based Hybrid Renewable Energy

Harvesting System from Water Flow

A prototype of smart hybrid renewable energy harvesting from water flow

and storage system with Internet of Things (IoT)-based energy monitoring
system was developed. The energy harvested from the water flow was
stored in an energy storage system and could be utilized for low-voltage
applications. The possible maximum energy that can be harvested from
this prototype is around 100Wh per day. The IoT-based energy monitoring
system was used to monitor the amount of energy harvested and utilized
in real time mode and remotely. The energy harvesting part was evaluated
under different parameters to identify the conditions that can yield the
possible maximum energy harvested. It was found that the distance
between the energy harvester and the source of water flow, the rate of
water flow, the orientation of the harvester sensors and the number of
sensors strongly influence the amount of energy harvested.

iv
 CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter Name Page No.

Chapter-1: Introduction 1-4

1.1 Overview 1-2
1.2 Literature Survey 2-4
1.3 Objective Of The Work 4
Chapter-2: Literature Review 5-14
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Communication Over Internet 5
2.2.1 How Internet Works 5-7
2.3 Wireless Communication Devices 7-10
2.4 Applications of The Internet Of Things (Iot) 10-11
2.4.1 Wearables 10

2.4.2 Health 11

2.4.3 Traffic Monitoring 11

2.4.4 Fleet Management 11-12

2.4.5 Agriculture 12

2.4.6 Hospitality 12-13

2.4.7 Maintenance Management 13

13-14
2.5 Scope Of Iot

v
 15- 20
CHAPTER-3: Modelling And Hardware
Designing

3.1. Esp32 (Esp32) Module Interaction 15-16

3.2. Features 16-18

18
3.3. Powering Up Esp32
19
3.4. Esp32-Architecture
3.5. Esp32 Architecture-Pin Diagram 20

Chapter 4 : Arduino Integration 21-35

4.1 Introduction To Arduino 21-22

4.2 Connect And Detect An Arduino 22-23

4.3 Finding The Device Manager 24-26

4.4 Configure The Ide 26-27

4.5 Structure Of Arduino Programming 28-32

4.6 Arduino Library’s 32-35

Chapter 5: Blynk App 36-49

5.1 What Is Blynk 36

5.2 How Blynk Works 36

5.3 Blynk App 36

5.4 Blynk Server 36

5.5 Blynk Libraries 36-37

5.6 Blynk App Set Up 37-39

5.7 How To Create A Blynk Project 39-47

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 5.7.1 Create A Blynk Account 39-40

5.7.2 Create New Project 40

5.7.3 Choose Your Hardware 40-41

5.7.4 auth Token 41-43

43-46
5.7.5 Add A Widget
5.7.6 Run The Project 46-49

Chapter -6: Proposed Topology 50-

6.1. Overall Methodology 50

6.2 Energy Harvesting System 50-51

6.3 . Boost Converter And Energy Storage System 52

6.4. Iot-Based Monitoring System 52-53

6.5 Hardware Implementation 53

6.6 Programme
53-56
6.7 Results 56

Chapter-7: Conclusion 57
References 58-61

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NUMBER PAGE NO.

FIGURE 2.1 INTERNET OF THINGS 5

8
FIGURE 3.1 ESP32- ARCHITECTURE
9
FIGURE 3.2 ESP32– PIN DIAGRAM

FIG.6.1. FLOW CHART OF THE PROJECT 50

FIGURE 5: HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION 53

viii
 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Over view:

Renewable energy is energy that can be harvested from natural phenomena, such as
wind, sunlight, ocean, biomass, geothermal heat and bio fuels [1, 2]. It usually provides
energy for electricity generation, transportation and heating or cooling. The advantages of
renewable energy are environmentally-friendly, clean and is constantly replenished. The
systems related to renewable energy are getting cheaper and more efficient. Its market is
expected to grow strongly in the future. Rapid application of renewable energy is
causing significant mitigation of climate change, energy security and economic benefit.
Renewable energy is suitable for rural and remote areas and large-scale projects [3-6].
Renewable energy harvesting derives energy from renewable sources, captures and stores
the energy for small applications, such as wearable electronics, wireless devices [7-11]
and lowenergy electronics [12, 13].

One of the emerging energy harvesting technologies is piezo energy harvesting [14].
Using piezoelectric effect, the mechanical strain is converted into electrical energy. The
sources of the strain include motion, acoustic noise, low-frequency seismic vibrations,
etc. Many of the piezoelectric sources produce power in mW that are enough for hand-
held devices but too small for system application. One of the sources that can harvest
energy via piezoelectric is the energy from water flow. Several works have been
performed on renewable energy harvesting from water flow.

These include a hybrid silicon solar cell and tribo electric nano generator to collect solar
energy or convert the mechanical energy of raindrops into electricity [15], utilization of
water tanks in a water supply network to harvest the energy from an electricity grid [16]
and energy harvesting in water distribution systems [17]. A new energy harvesting system
using vortex-induced vibration was proposed to harvest vibrations of a bluff body due to
interaction from the alternating vortices created by the unsteady separation [18]. The
kinetic energy of the water flow can be converted into mechanical and electrical energy.
For utilization of energy harvested at later time, energy storage systems are commonly
utilized. Energy can be stored in capacitors [19-21], super capacitors or batteries [22].

1
Energy storage devices have been widely applied in various applications from renewable
energy harvesting systems [1, 23-27]. However, several factors need to be considered
when installing energy storage systems for specific applications. They include cost, size,
safety, reliability, life cycle, charging/discharging and overall management [28, 29].
Optimized energy storage systems can result in the development of cost-effective and
efficient system models with a prolonged life cycle [21]. Although many hybrid
renewable energy harvesting and storage systems are already widely available, such
commercial systems for energy harvesting via natural water flow are still less likely to be
found. Since natural water flow is widely available everywhere, it is useful to develop a
renewable energy harvesting system from water flow. In this work, a prototype of smart
hybrid renewable energy harvesting from water flow and storage system with Internet of
Things (IoT)-based energy monitoring system was developed. The energy harvested from
the water flow was stored in an energy storage system and could be utilized for low-
voltage applications. IoT was used to monitor the energy harvested and utilized in real
time mode and remotely.

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY:

G. Giaconi, D. Gündüz, and H. V. Poor, "Smart Meter Privacy With Renewable Energy
and an Energy Storage Device," A smart meter (SM) measures a consumer's electricity
consumption and reports it automatically to a utility provider (UP) in almost real time.
Despite many advantages of SMs, their use also leads to serious concerns about
consumer privacy. In this paper, SM privacy is studied by considering the presence of a
renewable energy source (RES) and a rechargeable battery (RB), which can be used to
partially hide the consumer's energy consumption behavior. Privacy is measured by the
information leakage rate, which denotes the average mutual information between the
user's real energy consumption and the energy requested from the grid, which the SM
reads and reports to the UP. The impact of the knowledge of the amount of energy
generated by the RES at the UP is also considered.

D. Benda, X. Chu, S. Sun, T. Q. S. Quek, and A. Buckley, "Renewable Energy Sharing

Among Base Stations as a Min-Cost-Max-Flow Optimization Problem," Limited work
has been done to optimize the power sharing among base stations (BSs) while
considering the topology of the cellular network and the distance-dependent power loss

2
(DDPL) in the transmission lines. In this paper, we propose two power sharing
optimization algorithms for energy-harvesting BSs: the max-flow (MF) algorithm and the
min-cost-max-flow (MCMF) algorithm. The two proposed algorithms minimize the
power drawn from the main grid by letting BSs with power surpluses transmit harvested
power to BSs with deficits. The MCMF algorithm has an additional DDPL cost
associated with each transmission line. Hence, the MCMF algorithm shares the harvested
power over shorter distances and loses less power during the transmission than the MF
algorithm.

L. Huang, Z. Chen, Q. Cui, J. Zhang, H. Wang, and J. Shu, "Optimal planning of

renewable energy source and energy storage in a medium and low-voltage distributed
AC/DC system in China," As the quantity of DC load and distributed generation system
increases in China, AC/DC distribution system is arousing more and more research
interest for its highefficiency distribution ability. In this study, the optimal size and
location of renewable energy source (RES) and energy storage in a medium- and low-
voltage distributed AC/DC system is studied. A modelling method for the optimization of
such hybrid AC/DC system is developed. The objective of the proposed optimization
method is to minimize the life cycle cost of the system with consideration of the life span
of RES. The planning method is based on energy balances and constraints of system
operation.

The utility requirements and subsidy in China for such system are also considered in the
planning process. The method is demonstrated in a 10 kV and low-voltage distributed
AC/DC system considering installing photovoltaic system, wind turbines, and electric
storage system. The provided results indicate that the method is effective and applicable
for the optimization of the size and location of RES in distributed AC/DC system. The
life cycle cost of such system is significantly reduced with the subsidy of the Chinese
government compared with the system without RES.

3
 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK:

Many hybrid renewable energy harvesting and storage systems are already widely
available, such commercial systems for energy harvesting via natural water flow are still
less likely to be found. Since natural water flow is widely available everywhere, it is
useful to develop a renewable energy harvesting system from water flow. In this work, a
prototype of smart hybrid renewable energy harvesting from water flow and storage
system with Internet of Things (IoT)-based energy monitoring system was developed.
The energy harvested from the water flow was stored in an energy storage system and
could be utilized for low-voltage applications. IoT was used to monitor the energy
harvested and utilized in real time mode and remotely.

4
 CHAPTER-2 INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

2.1 INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things, or IoT for its acronym in English (Internet of Things), is a term
that refers to the connection of objects to each other and to humans through the Internet.
The applications of IoT technologies are multiple, because it is adjustable to almost any
technology that is capable of providing relevant information about its own operation,
about the performance of an activity and even about the environmental conditions that we
need to monitor and control at a distance. Nowadays, many companies from different
sectors or sectors are adopting this technology to simplify, improve, automate and control
different processes. Next, we show some of the surprising practical applications of the
IoT.

Figure 2.1 Internet of Things

2.2 Communication over Internet:

2.2.1 How internet works:
The internet is a worldwide computer network that transmits a variety of data and media
across interconnected devices. It works by using a packet routing network that follows

5
Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP).TCP and IP work together to
ensure that data transmission across the internet is consistent and reliable, no matter
which device you’re using or where you’re using it.

When data is transferred over the internet, it’s delivered in messages and packets. Data
sent over the internet is called a message, but before messages get sent, they’re broken up
into tinier parts called packets. These messages and packets travel from one source to the
next using Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP). IP is a system of
rules that govern how information is sent from one computer to another computer over an
internet connection.

Using a numerical address (IP Address) the IP system receives further instructions on
how the data should be transferred. The Transport Control Protocol (TCP) works with IP
to ensure transfer of data is dependable and reliable. This helps to make sure that no
packets are lost, packets are reassembled in proper sequence, and there’s no delay
negatively affecting the data quality. Wondering how the internet works from browser
launch to search results? Let’s go over the process step-by-step.

When you type in a web address into your browser:

Step 1: Your PC or device is connected to the web through a modem or router. Together,
these devices allow you to connect to other networks around the globe. Your router
enables multiple computers to join the same network while a modem connects to your
ISP (Internet Service Provider) which provides you with either cable or DSL internet.

Step 2: Type in a web address, known as a URL (Uniform Resource Locator). Each
website has its own unique URL that signals to your ISP where you want to go.

Step 3: Your query is pushed to your ISP which connects to several servers which store
and send data like a NAP Server (Network Access Protection) and a DNS (Domain Name
Server).

Next, your browser looks up the IP address for the domain name you typed into your
search engine through DNS. DNS then translates the text-based domain name you type
into the browser into the number-based IP address.

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Step 4: Your browser sends a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request to the target
server to send a copy of the website to the client using TCP/IP.

Step 5: The server then approves request and sends a “200 OK” message to your
computer. Then, the server sends website files to the browser in the form of data packets.

Step 6: As your browser reassembles the data packets, the website loads allowing you to
learn, shop, browse, and engage.

Step 7: Enjoy your search results!

2.3 Wireless communication devices:

Communication Systems can be Wired or Wireless and the medium used for
communication can be Guided or Unguided. In Wired Communication, the medium is a
physical path like Co-axial Cables, Twisted Pair Cables and Optical Fiber Links etc.
which guides the signal to propagate from one point to other.

Such type of medium is called Guided Medium. On the other hand, Wireless
Communication doesn’t require any physical medium but propagates the signal through
space. Since, space only allows for signal transmission without any guidance, the
medium used in Wireless Communication is called Unguided Medium.

If there is no physical medium, then how does wireless communication transmit signals?
Even though there are no cables used in wireless communication, the transmission and
reception of signals is accomplished with Antennas. Antennas are electrical devices that
transform the electrical signals to radio signals in the form of Electromagnetic (EM)
Waves and vice versa. These Electromagnetic Waves propagates through space. Hence,
both transmitter and receiver consists of an antenna.

What is Electromagnetic Wave?

Electromagnetic Waves carry the electromagnetic energy of electromagnetic field through

space. Electromagnetic Waves include Gamma Rays (γ – Rays), X – Rays, Ultraviolet
Rays, Visible Light, Infrared Rays, Microwave Rays and Radio Waves. Electromagnetic
Waves (usually Radio Waves) are used in wireless communication to carry the signals.

7
An Electromagnetic Wave consists of both electric and magnetic fields in the form of
time varying sinusoidal waves. Both these fields are oscillating perpendicular to each
other and the direction of propagation of the Electromagnetic Wave is again
perpendicular to both these fields.

Mathematically, an Electromagnetic Wave can be described using Maxwell’s equations.

Pictorial representation of an Electromagnetic Wave is shown below where the Electric

Field is acting in the Y – axis, magnetic field is acting in the Z – axis and the
Electromagnetic Wave propagates in X – axis.

Advantages of Wireless Communication:

There are numerous advantages of Wireless Communication Technology, Wireless

Networking and Wireless Systems over Wired Communication

• Cost.
• Mobility.
• Ease of Installation.
• Reliability.
• Disaster Recovery

Disadvantages of Wireless Communication:

• Interference.
• Security.
• Health Concerns.

Types of Wireless Communication Systems:

Today, people need Mobile Phones for many things like talking, internet, multimedia etc.
All these services must be made available to the user on the go i.e. while the user is
mobile. With the help of these wireless communication services, we can transfer voice,
data, videos, images etc.

Wireless Communication Systems also provide different services like video conferencing,
cellular telephone, paging, TV, Radio etc. Due to the need for variety of

8
communication services, different types of Wireless Communication Systems are
developed. Some of the important Wireless Communication Systems available today are:

• Television and Radio Broadcasting

• Satellite Communication
• Radar
• Mobile Telephone System (Cellular Communication)
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Infrared Communication
• WLAN (Wi-Fi)
• Bluetooth
• Paging
• Cordless Phones
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

There are many other system with each being useful for different applications. Wireless
Communication systems can be again classified as Simplex, Half Duplex and Full
Duplex. Simplex communication is one way communication. An example is Radio
broadcast system.

Half Duplex is two way communication but not simultaneous one. An example is walkie
– talkie (civilian band radio). Full Duplex is also two way communication and it is a
simultaneous one. Best example for full duplex is mobile phones.

The devices used for Wireless Communication may vary from one service to other and
they may have different size, shape, data throughput and cost. The area covered by a
Wireless Communication system is also an important factor. The wireless networks may
be limited to a building, an office campus, a city, a small regional area (greater than a
city) or might have global coverage.

2.4 Applications of the Internet of Things (IoT):

2.4.1 Wearables.

Virtual glasses, fitness bands to monitor for example calorie expenditure and heart beats,
or GPS tracking belts, are just some examples of wearable devices that we have been

9
 using for some time now. Companies such as Google, Apple, Samsung and others have
developed and introduced the Internet of Things and the application thereof into our daily
lives.These are small and energy efficient devices, which are equipped with sensors, with
the necessary hardware for measurements and readings, and with software to collect and
organize data and information about users.

2.4.2 Health.

The use of wearables or sensors connected to patients, allows doctors to monitor a

patient's condition outside the hospital and in real-time. Through continuously monitoring
certain metrics and automatic alerts on their vital signs, the Internet of Things helps to
improve the care for patients and the prevention of lethal events in high-risk patients.

Another use is the integration of IoT technology into hospital beds, giving way to smart
beds, equipped with special sensors to observe vital signs, blood pressure, oximeter and
body temperature, among others.

2.4.3 Traffic monitoring.

The Internet of things can be very useful in the management of vehicular traffic in
large cities, contributing to the concept of smart cities.When we use our mobile phones as
sensors, which collect and share data from our vehicles through applications such as
Waze or Google Maps, we are using the Internet of Things to inform us and at the same
time contribute to traffic monitoring, showing the conditions of the different routes, and
feeding and improving the information on the different routes to the same destination,
distance, estimated time of arrival.

2.4.4 Fleet management.

The installation of sensors in fleet vehicles helps to establish an effective

interconnectivity between the vehicles and their managers as well as between the vehicles

10
 and their drivers. Both driver and manager/ owner can know all kinds of details about the
status, operation and needs of the vehicle, just by accessing the software in charge of

collecting, processing and organizing the data. Even, receive alarms in real time of
maintenance incidents without having been detected by the driver. The application of the
Internet of Things to fleet management assists with geolocation (and with it the
monitoring of routes and identification of the most efficient routes), performance
analysis, telemetry control and fuel savings , the reduction of polluting emissions to the
environment and can even provide valuable information to improve the driving of
vehicles.

2.4.5 Agriculture.

Smart farms are a fact. The quality of soil is crucial to produce good crops, and the
Internet of Things offers farmers the possibility to access detailed knowledge and
valuable information of their soil condition.

Through the implementation of IoT sensors, a significant amount of data can be

obtained on the state and stages of the soil. Information such as soil moisture, level of
acidity, the presence of certain nutrients, temperature and many other chemical
characteristics, helps farmers control irrigation, make water use more efficient, specify
the best times to start sowing, and even discover the presence of diseases in plants and
soil.

2.4.6 Hospitality.
The application of the IoT to the hotel industry brings with it interesting improvements
in the quality of the service. With the implementation of electronic keys, which are sent
directly to the mobile devices of each guest, it is possible to automate various
interactions.

Thus, the location of the guests, the sending of offers or information on activities of
interest, the realization of orders to the room or room service , the automatic charge of
accounts to the room or the request of personal hygiene supplies, are activities that can be
easily managed through integrated applications using the Internet of Things technology.

11
 With the use of electronic keys, the check-out process is automated, disabling the
operation of doors, offering information about the rooms immediately available, and even
assigning housekeeping tasks to maintenance personnel.

Smart grid and energy saving.

The progressive use of intelligent energy meters, or meters equipped with sensors, and
the installation of sensors in different strategic points that go from the production plants
to the different distribution points, allows better monitoring and control of the electrical
network. By establishing a bidirectional communication between the service provider
company and the end user, information of enormous value can be obtained for the
detection of faults, decision making and repair thereof.It also allows offering valuable
information to the end user about their consumption patterns and about the best ways to
reduce or adjust their energy expenditure.

Water supply.

A sensor, either incorporated or adjusted externally to water meters, connected to the

Internet and accompanied by the necessary software, helps to collect, process and analyze
data, which allows understanding the behavior of consumers, detecting faults in the
supply service, report results and offer courses of action to the company that provides the
service. Likewise, it offers final consumers the possibility of tracking their own
consumption information, through a web page and in real time, even receiving automatic
alerts in case of detecting consumption out of range to their average consumption record,
which could indicate the presence of a leak.

2.4.6 Maintenance management.

One of the areas where the application of IoT technology is most extensive is precisely
maintenance management. Through the combination of sensors and software specialized
in CMMS/ EAM maintenance management, a multifunctional tool is obtained whose use
can be applied to a multiplicity of disciplines and practices, with the purpose of extending
the useful life of physical assets, while guaranteeing asset reliability and
availability.When the characteristics of the software in charge of processing and

12
arranging the data collected by the sensors are designed to specifically address the
maintenance management needs of physical assets, their application is almost unlimited.

The real-time monitoring of physical assets allows determining when a measurement is

out of range and it is necessary to perform condition-based maintenance (CBM), or even
applying Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms such as Machine Learning or Deep
Learning to predict the failure before it happens.

2.5 Scope of IoT

According to Fortune Business Insights, the global internet of things market was
valued at US$190 billion in 2018 and is projected to reach US$1,102.6 billion by 2026,
growing at a CAGR of 24.7 percent in the forecast period. Advanced principal
technologies and a proliferation of devices have helped fuel the growth of IoT
technologies. In fact, investments in IoT technology are projected to grow at 13.6 percent
per year through 2022.

Further growth in the coming years will be possible thanks to new sensors, more
computing power, and reliable mobile connectivity.

Finally, the IoT market will grow because existing IT devices will need to be linked to
the IoT. Growth in traditional connected IT devices is admittedly moderate-about 2
percent per year. However, the installed base of more than five billion smart phones, two
billion personal computers, and one billion tablets indicate a massive market for device
integration. The future of IoT is virtually unlimited due to advances in technology and
consumers desire to integrate devices such as smart phones with household machines. A
Networking and connectivity protocol has made it possible to connect people and
machines on all platforms. Also, there is so much data travelling from device to device.
Security is another key concern will need to be addressed to keep up with demands. From
an individual’s perspective IoT offers excellent career opportunities which need to be
harnessed. However, it requires you to have the necessary skill which is going to be the
key differentiator.

13
 CHAPTER-3

MODELLING AND HARDWARE DESIGNING

3.1. ESP32 (esp32) Module Interaction:

Today, people need Mobile Phones for many things like talking, internet, multimedia etc.
All these services must be made available to the user on the go i.e. while the user is
mobile. With the help of these wireless communication services, we can transfer voice,
data, videos, images etc.

Wireless Communication Systems also provide different services like video conferencing,
cellular telephone, paging, TV, Radio etc. Due to the need for variety of communication
services, different types of Wireless Communication Systems are developed. Some of the
important Wireless Communication Systems available today are:

• Television and Radio Broadcasting

• Satellite Communication
• Radar
• Mobile Telephone System (Cellular Communication)
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Infrared Communication
• WLAN (Wi-Fi)
• Bluetooth
• Paging
• Cordless Phones
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

There are many other system with each being useful for different applications. Wireless
Communication systems can be again classified as Simplex, Half Duplex and Full
Duplex. Simplex communication is one way communication. An example is Radio
broadcast system.

Half Duplex is two way communication but not simultaneous one. An example is walkie
– talkie (civilian band radio). Full Duplex is also two way communication and it is a
simultaneous one. Best example for full duplex is mobile phones.

14
 The devices used for Wireless Communication may vary from one service to other and
they may have different size, shape, data throughput and cost. The area covered by a
Wireless Communication system is also an important factor. The wireless networks may
be limited to a building, an office campus, a city, a small regional area (greater than a
city) or might have global coverage.

3.2. Features:

Features of the ESP32 include the following:

• Processors:
• CPU: Xtensa dual-core (or single-core) 32-bit LX6 microprocessor, operating at 160 or
240 MHz and performing at up to 600 DMIPS
• Ultra low power (ULP) co-processor
• Memory: 520 KiB SRAM&Wireless connectivity:
• Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n
• Bluetooth: v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE (shares the radio with Wi-Fi)
• Peripheral interfaces:
• 12-bit SAR ADC up to 18 channels
• 2 × 8-bit DACs
• 10 × touch sensors (capacitive sensing GPIOs)
• 4 × SPI
• 2 × I²S interfaces
• 2 × I²C interfaces
• 3 × UART
• SD/SDIO/CE-ATA/MMC/eMMC host controller
• SDIO/SPI slave controller
• Ethernet MAC interface with dedicated DMA and IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol
support
• CAN bus 2.0
• Infrared remote controller (TX/RX, up to 8 channels)
• Motor PWM

15
• LED PWM (up to 16 channels)
• Hall effect sensor
• Ultra low power analog pre-amplifier
• Security:
• IEEE 802.11 standard security features all supported, including WFA, WPA/WPA2 and
WAPI
• Secure boot
• Flash encryption
• 1024-bit OTP, up to 768-bit for customers
• Cryptographic hardware acceleration: AES, SHA-2, RSA,elliptic curve
cryptography(ECC), random number generator (RNG)
• Power management:
• Internal low-dropout regulator
• Individual power domain for RTC

• 5 μA deep sleep current

• Wake up from GPIO interrupt, timer, ADC measurements, capacitive touch sensor
interrupt
The ESP32 (Node Microcontroller Unit) is an open-source software and hardware
development environment built around an inexpensive System-on-a-Chip (SoC) called
the ESP32. The ESP32, designed and manufactured by Espressif Systems, contains the
crucial elements of a computer: CPU, RAM, networking (WIFI), and even a modern
operating system and SDK. That makes it an excellent choice for the Internet of Things
(IoT) projects of all kinds.

However, as a chip, the ESP32 is also hard to access and use. You must solder wires, with
the appropriate analog voltage, to its pins for the simplest tasks such as powering it on or
sending a keystroke to the “computer” on the chip. You also have to program it in
lowlevel machine instructions that can be interpreted by the chip hardware. This level of
integration is not a problem using the ESP32 as an embedded controller chip in
massproduced electronics. It is a huge burden for hobbyists, hackers, or students who
want to experiment with it in their own IoT projects.

16
The ESP32ESP32 has total 17 GPIO pins broken out to the pin headers on both sides of
the development board. These pins can be assigned to all sorts of peripheral duties,
including:

3.3. Powering up esp32:

As the operating voltage range of ESP32 is 3V to 3.6V, the board comes with a LDO
voltage regulator to keep the voltage steady at 3.3V. It can reliably supply up to 600mA,
which should be more than enough when esp32 pulls as much as 80mA during RF
transmissions. The output of the regulator is also broken out to one of the sides of the
board and labeled as 3V3. This pin can be used to supply power to external components.
Power to the esp32ESP32 is supplied via the on-board Micro USB connector.
Alternatively, if you have a regulated 5V voltage source, the VIN pin can be used to
directly supply the ESP32 and its peripherals.

Warning:

The esp32 requires a 3.3V power supply and 3.3V logic levels for communication. The
GPIO pins are not 5V-tolerant! If you want to interface the board with 5V (or higher)
components, you’ll need to do some level shifting.

17
3.4. ESP32-Architecture:

Figure 3.1 ESP32- Architecture

18
3.5. ESP32 Architecture-Pin Diagram:

Figure 3.2 ESP32– Pin Diagram

19
 CHAPTER-4
ARDUINO
INTEGRATION
4.1.Introduction to Arduino:
Download and Install the IDE: You can download the IDE from the official
Arduino website. Since the Arduino uses a USB to serial converter (which
allow it to communicate with the host computer), the Arduino board is
compatible with most computers that have a USB port. Of course, you will
need the IDE first. Luckily, the Arduino designers have released multiple
versions of the IDE for different operating systems, including Windows, Mac,
and Linux. In this tutorial, we will use Window 10, so ensure that you
download the correct version of the IDE if you do not have Windows 10.

Once downloaded, install the IDE and ensure that you enable most (if not all)
of the options, INCLUDING the drivers.

Get the Arduino COM Port Number:

Next, you’ll need to connect the Arduino Uno board to the computer. This is
done via a USB B connection. Thanks to the wonderful world of USB, we do
not need to provide power to the Arduino, as the USB provides 5V up to 2A.
When the Arduino is connected, the operating system should recognize the
board as a generic COM port (for example, my

20
 Arduino Uno uses a CH340G, which is an RS-232 serial to USB converter).
Once it’s recognized, we will need to find out what port number it has been
assigned. The easiest way to do this is to type “device manager” into Windows
Search and select Device Manager when it shows.

4.2. Connect And Detect an Arduino:

➔ Download Arduino IDE using below References URL.

https://www.arduino.cc/en/software

➔ Once you Download the Arduino IDE and install using below References
URL.
➔ https://www.arduino.cc/en/guide/windows

How to write Connect the port and board the Arduino IDE:

You'll need to select the entry in the Tools > Board menu that corresponds to
your Arduino board.

Select the serial device of the board from the Tools | Serial Port menu. This is
likely to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for
hardware serial ports). To find out, you can disconnect your board and re-open
the menu; the entry that disappears should be the Arduino board. Reconnect the
board and select that serial port.

21
Upload the program:
Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds
- you should see the RX and TX leds on the board flashing. If the upload is
successful, the message "Done uploading." will appear in the status bar.

A few seconds after the upload finishes.

4.3.Finding The Device Manager:

22
In the Device Manager window, look for a device under “Ports (COM &
LPT)”, and chances are the Arduino will be the only device on the list. In my
Device Manager, the Arduino shows up as COM7 (I know this because CH340
is in the device name).

The Arduino in my case is a CH340, and it shows on COM7 (port 7).

Be warned, the Arduino won’t always be recognized automatically. If your

Arduino is not recognized. then uninstall the driver, remove the Arduino,
reinsert the Arduino, find the

23
unrecognized device, right click “Update driver”, and then click “Search
automatically”. This should fix 99 out of 100 problems.

If the Arduino is not recognized, update the driver.

In the window that appears, click “Search automatically”.

Windows can be a real pain sometimes with COM ports, as it can magically
change their numbers between connections. In other words, one day, your
Arduino may be on port 7 (as shown here), but then on other days, Windows
may shift it to a different port number. As I understand it, this happens when
you connect other COM ports to your system (which I do frequently).

So, if you can’t find your Arduino on the port that you usually use, just go to
your Device Manager and check what port it’s actually on and, if necessary,
update your driver.

4.4. Configure The IDE:

24
Now that we have determined the COM port that the Arduino is on, it’s time to
load the Arduino IDE and configure it to use the same device and port. Start by
loading the IDE.
Once it’s loaded, navigate to Tools > Board > Arduino Uno. However, if you

are using a different board (i.e., not the Arduino Uno), you must select the

proper board! Tell the IDE which board you are using

Next, you must tell the IDE which COM port the Arduino is on. To do this,
navigate to Tools > Port > COM7. Obviously, if your Arduino is on a different
port, select that port instead.

25
 4.5. Structure of Arduino Programming:

Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: Structure, Values

(variables and constants), and Functions. In this tutorial, we will learn about
the Arduino software program, step by step, and how we can write the program
without any syntax or compilation error.

Let us start with the Structure. Software structure consist of two main
functions −

• Setup( ) function

• Loop( ) function

Void setup() {

26
 }

• PURPOSE − The setup() function is called when a sketch starts. Use it to

initialize the variables, pin modes, start using libraries, etc. The setup function
will only run once, after each power up or reset of the Arduino board.

• INPUT

• OUTPUT

• RETURN

Void loop() {

• PURPOSE − After creating a setup() function, which initializes and sets the
initial values, the loop() function does precisely what its name suggests, and
loops consecutively, allowing your program to change and respond. Use it to
actively control the Arduino board.

• INPUT − - • OUTPUT − -

• RETURN − -

Loading a Basic Example:

For the sake of simplicity, we will load an example project that the Arduino
IDE comes with. This example will make the onboard LED blink for a second
continuously. To load this example, click File > Examples > 01.Basics > Blink.

Load the blink example

27
With the example loaded, it’s time to verify and upload the code. The verify
stage checks the code for errors, then compiles the ready-for-uploading code to
the Arduino. The upload stage actually takes the binary data, which was created
from the code, and uploads it to the Arduino via the serial port.

To verify and compile the code, press the check mark button in the upper left
window.

The “Verify” button will compile the Arduino code.

28
If the compilation stage was successful, you should see the following message
in the output window at the bottom of the IDE. You might also see a similar
message—just it’s one that does not have words like “ERROR” and
“WARNING”.

This is a successful compilation.

With the code compiled, you must now upload it the Arduino Uno. To do this,
click the arrow next to the check mark.

29
The “Upload” button will program the Arduino with your code.

The Arduino is a powerful prototyping tool for many reasons, including its lack
of a dedicated programmer, its wide range of available libraries, and the
simplicity of its IDE. While we only got a light to blink in this project, you can
expect much more in the future. Try your hand at interfacing with displays,
taking measurements, talking over the internet, and possibly even working with
AI!

4.6. Arduino Library’s:

How to Install nodeMCU board in Arduino IDE

To install the ESP8266 board in your Arduino IDE, follow these next

instructions: →In your Arduino IDE, go to File> Preferences

30
→Enter http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json into
the
“Additional Boards Manager URLs” field as shown in the figure below. Then,
click the “OK” button:

Note: if you already have the ESP32 boards URL, you can separate the URLs
with a comma as follows:

https://dl.espressif.com/dl/package_esp32_index.json,
http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json

31
→Open the Boards Manager. Go to Tools > Board > Boards Manager…

→Search for ESP8266 and press install button for the “ESP8266 by ESP8266
Community“:

→That’s it. It should be installed after a few seconds.

32
 CHAPTER-5 BLYNK APP
5.1. What Is Blynk:
Blynk is a platform with iOS and Android apps to control Arduino, ESP8266,
Raspberry

33
Pi and the likes over the Internet. You can easily build graphic interfaces for all
your projects by simply dragging and dropping widgets.

5.2. how Blynk Works:

Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware
remotely, it can display sensor data, it can store data, visualize it and do many
other cool things.

There are three major components in the platform:

5.3. Blynk App:

allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using various widgets
we provide.
5.4. Blynk Server:
responsible for all the communications between the smartphone and hardware.
You can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynk server locally. It’s
open-source, could easily handle thousands of devices and can even be
launched on a Raspberry Pi.

5.5. Blynk Libraries:

for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication with the server
and process all the incoming and outcoming commands.

Now imagine: every time you press a Button in the Blynk app, the message
travels to space the Blynk Cloud, where it magically finds its way to your
hardware. It works the same in the opposite direction and everything happens
in a blynk of an eye.

34
5.6. Blynk App Setup:

Create Blynk Project and Select which Board you want use

Click widget box and Select the Value Display widget.

35
Open value display settings and set display name and pin.

Finally the project page like this

36
5.7. How to Create a Blynk Project

5.7.1 Create a Blynk Account

After you download the Blynk App, you’ll need to create a New Blynk
account. This account is separate from the accounts used for the Blynk Forums,
in case you already have one.

We recommend using a real email address because it will simplify things later.

37
Why do I need to create an account?

An account is needed to save your projects and have access to them from
multiple devices from anywhere. It’s also a security measure.

You can always set up your own Private Blynk Server and have full control

5.7.2Create a New Project:

After you’ve successfully logged into your account, start by creating a new
project

5.7.3Choose Your Hardware

Select the hardware model you will use. Check out the list of supported
hardware!

38
5.7.4Auth Token:

Auth Token is a unique identifier which is needed to connect your hardware to

your smartphone. Every new project you create will have its own Auth Token.
You’ll get Auth Token automatically on your email after project creation. You
can also copy it manually.

Click on devices section and selected required device:

39
And you’ll see token :

NOTE: Don’t share your Auth Token with anyone, unless you want someone
to have access to your hardware.

It’s very convenient to send it over e-mail. Press the e-mail button and the token
will be sent to the e-mail address you used for registration. You can also tap on
the Token line and it will be copied to the clipboard

Now press the “Create” button.

40
5.7.5 Add a Widget

Your project canvas is empty, let’s add a Widget to control our Device.

Tap anywhere on the canvas to open the widget box. All the available widgets
are located here. Now pick a Your Required Component.

Widget Box

41
The most important parameter to set is PIN. The list of pins reflects physical
pins defined by your hardware. If your widget is connected to Digital Pin - then
select D8 (D - stands for Digital).

Gauge Used to Visual display of numeric values

Gauge Widget Settings

42
Set pin to input you can use Digital pins or Virtual pins.

Formatting options

For example: your sensor sends vaule of 12.6789 to Blynk application. Next
formatting options are supported:

/pin/ - displays the value without formatting (12.6789)

/pin./ - displays the rounded value without decimal part (13)

/pin.#/ - displays the value with 1 decimal digit (12.7)

/pin.##/ - displays the value with two decimal places (12.68)

5.7.6 Run The Project:

When you are done with the Settings - press the PLAY button. This will switch
you from EDIT mode to PLAY mode where you can interact with the

43
hardware. While in PLAY mode, you won’t be able to drag or set up new
widgets, press STOP and get back to EDIT mode.

Virtual Pins:

Virtual pins allow you to interface with any sensor, any library, any actuator.

Imagine that there are "virtual" pins that you can use

Think about Virtual Pins as a box where you can put any value, and everyone
who has access to this box can see this value.

It's a very powerful feature to display and send any data from your hardware to
Blynk app.

Remember, that virtual pins have no physical properties.

There are two fundamental commands you need to know to use Virtual Pins:

To read data from Blynk app widgets

Use this block of code:

BLYNK_WRITE(V5) // V5 is the number of Virtual Pin

{ int pin Value =

param.asInt();

44
Where param.asInt() is the value from V5.

5.8. How to Control Anything With Blynk:

To send data from your hardware to Blynk app

Use this command Blynk.virtualWrite(V5) where V5 is the Virtual Pin you are
using.

How to display any sensor data with Blynk

5.9. Install Blynk Library Using Built-in Library Manager in Arduino

IDE:

To install a new library into your Arduino IDE you can use the Library
Manager (available from IDE version 1.6.2). Open the IDE and click to the
"Sketch" menu and then Include Library > Manage Libraries.

45
Then the Library Manager will open and you will find a list of libraries that are
already installed or ready for installation. Search for Blynk library and in the
version selection choose the latest version to date

Finally click on Install and wait for the IDE to install the new library.
Downloading may take time depending on your connection speed. Once it has
finished, an Installed tag should appear next to the Bridge library. You can
close the library manager.

46
 CHAPTER-6

PROPOSED TOPOLOGY

6.1. Overall methodology

The work consists of 6 stages. Stage 1 is development of renewable energy
derivation system from water flow. Stage 2 is evaluation of different
parameters on the energy harvested to identify the conditions that can yield the
possible maximum energy harvested. These include the distance between the
harvester and the source of water flow, the rate of water flow, the orientation of
the harvester sensors, the number of sensors and the ambient temperature.
Stage 3 and 4 are development of energy storage system and IoT-based energy
monitoring system. Step 5 is improvement of the system to maximize the
energy harvested. Finally, the whole prototype is finalized.

47
 Fig.6.1. Flow chart of the project

6.2 Energy harvesting system

The energy harvesting system in this work consists of piezoelectric sensors,

rectifiers (conversion from AC to DC) and DC-DC converter. The main energy
harvesting device in the system is the piezoelectric sensor. A piezoelectric
sensor uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in acceleration,
temperature, pressure, force or strain by converting them into an electrical
charge. The piezoelectric effect can be seen as an electrical potential that
appears across the sides of a crystal when a mechanical stress is applied onto it,
which is the force from water flow. The piezoelectric sensor used in this work
is made of brass with a diameter of 50 mm. The maximum rms output voltage
of each of the sensors is 1V and the current is 100mA. To produce the desired
output voltage and current, 12 sensors are connected in series to each other.
Four of these series connections are connected in parallel with each other. The
connection of piezoelectric sensors used in this work. To avoid the
piezoelectric sensors from damage due to the water force, all sensors are placed
on a piece of glass and the edge of all sensors is covered with a glass.

Since the output from the piezoelectric

sensors is in AC form, it needs to be converted into DC to charge a

48
rechargeable battery. Thus, the output AC voltage and current from the
piezoelectric sensors are fed into a full wave bridge rectifier circuit. The
advantage of this rectifier circuit is that a special Centre tapped transformer is
not required, hence reducing its cost and size. The connection of piezoelectric
sensors and rectifier circuit used in this work, which creates the energy
harvesting system. Four diodes and a capacitor are used as a rectifier. The
maximum output voltage from the rectifier circuit is 7.5V. Since the output
from the rectifier contains ripple, a regulator IC unit LM7805 is connected to
remove the ripple and to maintain the output DC voltage at +5V although the
input DC voltage varies.

6.3 . Boost converter and energy storage system

The output DC voltage from the energy harvesting system is fed into the
energy storage system, which consists of a 12V, 50Ah rechargeable battery.
Since the voltage level between the energy harvesting and storage systems is
different, a DC-DC boost converter is connected between them. The converter
steps up the voltage from 5V to 12V. Fig. 4 shows a circuit diagram of the DC-
DC boost converter used in this work. The converter consists of capacitors,
resistors, switcher IC LM2577, Schottky Barrier Rectifier diode

(1N5821) and a potentiometer. The output voltage Vout in Fig. 4 is connected

to the rechargeable battery terminal.

6.4. IoT-based monitoring system

The main purpose of utilizing IoT in the system is to monitor the usage of the
energy harvested from this system. Through monitoring, the usefulness of the
system to the society can be observed. If the rate of energy usage is low,

49
publicity related to the system needs to be enhanced so that the awareness
towards renewable energy usage among society can be increased. The IoT-
based monitoring system is established by using a microcontroller, voltage
sensors, current sensors, a temperature and humidity sensor, a passive infrared
(PIR) motion sensor and a Wi-Fi module. The sensors and module are
connected to the microcontroller, which acts as a heart of the IoT-based
monitoring system. The voltage and current sensors are used to record the
energy stored in the battery and energy utilized from the battery. A temperature
and humidity sensor is used to monitor the ambient temperature and humidity
surrounding the system. A PIR motion sensor is used to sense any movement
of the system and surrounding the system. Data collected from all of the
sensors are sent to the microcontroller. Then, the data are sent to the WiFi
module.

The data are transmitted to an online database called Firebase via Wi-Fi
connection. The data sent to Firebase are accessed and displayed on a web
application. The data are displayed in different graphs for real-time view and in
a table for historical view. The Firebase Real time Database is a cloud storage
database powered by Google. It stores data in JSON file and it has real-time
synchronization to the client. It is responsive to any updates instantly if the
hardware has stable Internet connection. It stores the received data in a tree and
node topology with dependent on the user’s setting and customization. In this
project, Firebase Real time Database acts as a backend online storage, which
connects the hardware electronic device and front-end websites. The database
will store real-time sensor’s readings while the function in the JavaScript will
retrieve the data associated with timestamp from the database.

6.5 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION:

50
6.6 PROGRAME

#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial

#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_ID "TMPL3cHCYMF3D"

#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_NAME "waterharvestingsystem"

#define BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN
"GQW6qf4DBOqMNyoKFzDiKH_nHudapgNX"

#define VOLTAGE_REF 3.3

#include <WiFi.h>

#include <WiFiClient.h>

#include <BlynkSimpleEsp32.h>
#include<DHT.h>

#define DHTPIN 15

51
#define DHTTYPE DHT11

DHT

dht(DHTPIN,DHTTYPE);

char auth[] =

BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN;

char ssid[] =

"Jhansi"; char

pass[] =

"123456789";

void setup() {

// put your setup code here,

to run once:

Serial.begin(115200);

dht.begin();

Blynk.begin(auth,

ssid, pass);

pinMode(34,INPUT

); pinMode(35,

INPUT);

vo

52
id

lo

op

()

// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

int

x=digitalRead(34);

float

t=dht.readTemperat

ure(); float

h=dht.readHumidit

y();

Serial.print("Tempe

rature: ");

Serial.println(t);

Serial.print("Humidity: ");

Serial.println(h);

Serial.println(x); int sensorValue = analogRead(35); // Read analog

voltage from ACS712 sensor

float voltage = sensorValue * (VOLTAGE_REF / 4095.0); // Convert ADC

value to voltage

53
 float current = (voltage - (VOLTAGE_REF / 2)) / 0.185; // Convert voltage to
current (185mV/A for ACS712)

Serial.print("Raw ADC Value: ");

Serial.print(sensorValue);

Serial.print(", Voltage: ");

Serial.print(voltage, 3); // Print voltage with 3 decimal places

Serial.print("V, Current: ");

Serial.print(current, 3); // Print current with 3

decimal places Serial.println("A"); if (x==1)

Serial.println("motion detected");
}

Blynk.virtualWrite(V1,t);

54
Blynk.virtualWrite(V2,h);

Blynk.virtualWrite(V3,x);

Blynk.virtualWrite(V4,voltage);

Blynk.virtualWrite(V

5,current);

Blynk.run();

delay(1000);

6.7 RESULTS

CHAPTER-VII CONCLUSION

In this work, a prototype of smart hybrid renewable energy harvesting from

water flow and storage system with Internet of Things (IoT)-based energy
monitoring system has been successfully developed. The possible maximum
energy that can be harvested from one unit of the prototype is around 100Wh
per day. From the evaluation of the output voltage of the piezo sensor under
various parameters, it was found that the distance between the energy harvester
and the source of water flow, the rate of water flow, the orientation of the
harvester sensors and the number of sensors strongly influence the amount of
energy harvested. From the comparison between the actual measurement and
the recorded values of the energy harvested by the finalized prototype, the
average error between the readings is only 1%, which is considerably small.
The efficiency of the system was not determined due to the input energy was
not calculated. From the prototype developed in this work, the harvested

55
energy from water flow that is stored in the storage system can be utilized for
low-voltage applications. Future work will be on the installation of the
prototype at the actual site with suitable water flow rate.

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