Chapter 3: Tut 3

Thermodynamics 1
(3.82/3.89) A new refrigerant R-125 is stored as a
liquid at -20oC with a small amount of vapor. For a
total of 1.5 kg R-125 find the pressure and volume.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 2
(3.82/3.89) A new refrigerant R-125 is stored as a
liquid at -20oC with a small amount of vapor. For a
total of 1.5 kg R-125 find the pressure and volume.

From Table A.2 for R-125

 Pc  3620 kPa and Tc  339.2 K

T 253.15 K
Tr  
Tc 339.2 K
 0.746

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 3
Z g  0.86 Tr  0.746

Z f  0.03
Pr  0.16

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 4
From Fig. D.1 for Tr  0.746
 Pr  0.16, Z g  0.86, Z f  0.03
P  Pr  Pc  0.16  3620 kPa
 579 kPa

Z f mliq RT
Vliq 
P
0.03  1.5 kg  0.06927 kJ/kg.K  253.15 K

579 kPa
3
 0.00136 m

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 5
(3.99/Q) A 1 m3 rigid tank has air at 1500 kPa and
ambient 300 K connected by a valve to a
piston/cylinder. The piston of area 0.1 m2 requires 250
kPa below it to float it. The valve is opened and the
piston moves slowly 2 m up and the valve is closed.
During the process, air temperature remains at 300 K.
What is the final Pressure in the tank?

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 6
Solution:
Mass of Air in Tank A (Assuming Ideal gas):
State A1
VA1  1 m3 , PA1  1500 kPa, TA1  300 K
PA1VA1 1500 kPa  1 m3
mA1  
RTA1 0.287 kJ/kgK  300 K
 17.422 kg
State B2
VB 2  0.1m 2  2 m  0.2 m3 , PB 2  250 kPa, TB 2  300 K
PB 2VB 2 250 kPa  0.2 m3
mB 2  
RTB 2 0.287 kJ/kgK  300 K
 0.581 kg
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 7
mA 2  mA1  mB 2
 17.422 kg  0.581 kg
 16.841 kg

mA 2 RT
PA2 
VA
16.841 kg  0.287 kJ/kgK  300 K

1 m3
 1450 kPa

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 8
(3.101/Q) A piston/cylinder arrangement is loaded with
a linear spring and the outside atmosphere. It contains
water at 5 MPa, 4000C with the volume being 0.1 m3. If
the piston is at the bottom, the spring exerts a force such
that Plift = 200 kPa. The system now cools until the P
reaches 1200 kPa. Find the mass of water, the final state
(T2,V2) and plot the P-v diagram for the process.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 9
State 1
V1  0.1 m3 , P1  5000 kPa, T1  400o C  it is superheated
Table B.1.3  v1  0.05781 m3 /kg
V1 0.1 m3
m  3
 1.73 kg
v1 0.05781 m /kg

P-v relation for Linear spring attached to a piston/cylinder system:

P  Pa  C v where Pa  Plift when va  0

v1  va v2  va  P2  Pa 
  v2  v1  
P1  Pa P2  Pa P 
 1 a P
3  1200 kPa  200 kPa  3
v2  0.05781 m /kg     0.01204 m /kg
 5000 kPa  200 kPa 

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 10
State 2
P2  1200 kPa, v2  0.01204 m3 / kg
Table B.1.2  v f  0.001139 m3 / kg, vg  0.16333 m3 / kg
v f  v2  vg  it is saturated mixture

0
 T2  Tsat@1200 kPa  188 C

3 3
0.01204 m /kg  0.001139 m /kg
x2  3
0.1622 m /kg

 0.0672

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 11
 P-v Diagram

5000

P (kPa)
1200

Plift = 200

v2 v1
v (m3/kg)

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 12
(3.103/Q) A container with liquid nitrogen at 100 K has
a cross sectional area of 0.5 m2. Due to heat transfer,
some of the liquid evaporates and in one hour the liquid
level drops 30 mm. The vapor leaving the container
passes through a valve and a heater and exits at 500 kPa,
260 K. Calculate the volume rate of flow of nitrogen gas
exiting the heater.

From Table B1.2  Tsat  100 K (Psat  779.2 kPa )

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 13
From Table B1.2  Tsat  100 K (Psat  779.2 kPa)
v f  0.001452 m3 /kg, vg  0.0312 m3 /kg

Volume change per hour

V  A  h  0.5 m 2  0.03 m/hr  0.015 m3 /hr

V 0.015
mliq     10.3306 kg/hr
vf 0.001452
V 0.015
mvap    0.4808 kg/hr
vg 0.0312
mout  10.3306  0.4808  9.85 kg/hr

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 14
Exit State
Pexit  500 kPa, Texit  260 K
From Table B 6.2 (superheated)  by interpolation
 P  Pa 
vexit  va     vb  va 
 Pb  Pa 
 500  400 
vexit  0.19243     0.12813  0.19243 
 600  400 
3
 0.1602 m /kg
Vexit  mvexit
 9.85 kg/hr  0.1602 m3 /kg  1.58 m3 /hr
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 15
(3.105/Q) A cylinder/piston arrangement contains water
at 105°C, 85% quality with a volume of 1 L. The system
is heated, causing the piston to rise and encounter a
linear spring as shown in Fig. At this point the volume
is 1.5 L, piston diameter is 150 mm, and the spring
constant is 100 N/mm. The heating continues, so the
piston compresses the spring. What is the cylinder
temperature when the pressure reaches 200 kPa?

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 16
State 1 :
T1  105o C, x1  0.85,V1  1 L  0.001 m3
From B.1.1  P1  120.8 kPa, v f  0.001047 m3 /kg, v fg  1.41831 m3 /kg
v1  0.001047 m3 /kg  0.85  1.41831  1.20661 m3 /kg
V1 0.001 m3
m  3
 8.288  10 -4
kg
v1 1.20661 m /kg

State 2: P2  P1  120.8 kPa, V2  1.5 L  0.0015 m3

V2 0.0015 m3
v2   4
 1.81 m 3
/kg
m 8.288  10 kg

v2  1.81 m3 /kg > vg @ P2  it is superheated

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 17
  ks 
For Linear spring: P3  P2   2  m (v3  v2 )
A 
 p 
 
AP     0.152  0.01767 m 2 , k s  100 N/mm  100 kN/m
4

State 3 :
P3  200 kPa
 
100 kN/m
200 kPa  120.8 kPa     8.288  10-4 kg
  0.01767 m 2 2 
 
  v3  1.8099  m3 /kg
v3  2.1084 m3 /kg

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 18
State 3 :
P3  200 kPa, v3  2.1084 m3 /kg
From Table B1.3  it is superheated
600o C < T3  700o C
 2.1084 m 3
/kg  2.013 m 3
/kg 
T3  600o C  (700  600)   
 2.244 m 3
/kg  2.013 m 3
/kg 
 641.3o C
200

P (kPa)
3
120.8
1 2

v (m3/kg)

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 19
(3.111/Q) A piston cylinder arrangement contains air at
250 kPa, 3000C. The 50 kg piston has a diameter of
0.1 m and initially pushes against the stops. The
atmosphere is at 100 kPa, 200C. The cylinder now cools
and heat is transferred to the ambient. a) At what
temperature does the piston begin to move down? b)
How far the piston has dropped when temperature
reaches ambient?

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 20
State 1:
P1  250 kPa, T1  300o C, m p  50 kg

AP   (0.1 m) 2  0.00785 m 2
4
V1  AP  H  0.00785 m 2  0.25 m  0.001962 m3
Force Balance Equation:
mp g 50 kg  9.807 m/s 2
Pfloat  P0   100 kPa 
AP 0.00785 m 1000
2

 162.5 kPa  P2  P3

1  2 Let us assume v  c process

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 21
V2  V1  0.00196 m3  1.96 L
To find T2 , assume ideal gas:
P2 162.5 kPa
T2  T1   573.15 K   372.5 K
P1 250 kPa
2  3: At constant Pressure as piston floats to T3  Tambient
T3
Ideal gas and P2  P3  V3  V2 
T2
293.15 K
 1.96 L   1.54 L
372.5 K
V2  V3 (1.96  1.54)  0.001
H   2
 0.053 m  5.3 cm
Ap 0.00785 m

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 22
 P 1

P2 2
3

Vstop

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 23