Chapter 3: Tut 2

Thermodynamics 1
2
3
4
(3.56/3.49)A glass jar is filled with saturated water
at 500 kPa of quality 25%, and a tight lid is put
o
on. Now it is cooled to -10 C. What is the mass
fraction of solid at this temperature?

State 1: P1@ sat  500 kPa, x1  0.25

o
From table B.1.2  T1@sat  151.86 C
1  0.001093  0.25 (0.37489 - 0.001093)
 0.09454 m /kg > Critical  0.003155 m /kg
3 3

V
Process: constant volume  1   2 
m
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 5
Process: constant volume 1  2

o 3
State 2: T2  -10 C, v2  0.09454 m /kg

From table B 1.5 for T2  -10 C  vi   2  vg

o

P2@sat  0.2601 kPa

 2  0.0010891  x2  466.756  0.09454 m /kg

3

 x2  0.0002 mass fraction of vapor

xsolid  1 - x2  0.9998 or 99.98%

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 6
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 7
(3.57/?) Saturated (liquid + vapor) ammonia is
contained in a rigid steel tank at 60oC . It is used
in an experiment, where it should pass through
the critical point when the system is heated.
What should the initial mass fraction of liquid
be ? o
State 1: T1@sat  60 C from Table B.2.1 
3 3
v f  0.001834 m /kg, v fg  0.04697 m /kg
Process: contant mass and volume  V  c
3
From table B.2.1  v2  vc  0.00426 m /kg

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 8
 3
v1  0.001834  x1  0.04697  v2  0.00426m /kg
 x1  0.0516
Liquid mass fraction  1  x1  0.948

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 9
(3.60/3.55)A sealed rigid vessel of 2 m3 contains a
saturated mixture of liquid and vapor R-134a at
o o
10 C. If it is heated to 50 C, the liquid phase
o
disappears. Find the pressure at 50 C and the
initial mass of the liquid.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 10
State 2 is saturated vapor, from table B.5.1
0
P2  Psat (50 C)  1318 kPa
 2   g  0.01512 m /kg   critical  0.001969 m /kg
3 3

Process: constant volume and constant mass

0
State 1 is saturated mixture T1  10 C
 2  1  0.000794  x1  0.04866  x1  0.2944
V 2
m   132.27 kg
1 0.01512
mliq  (1  x1 ) m  93.3 kg

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 11
(3.62/3.61) A pressure cooker has the lid screwed on
tight. A small opening with A = 5 mm2 is covered with a
petcock that can be lifted to let steam escape. How
much mass should the petcock have to allow boiling at
120oC with an outside atmosphere at 101.3 kPa?

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 12
 Tinside  Tsat  120o C from Table B.1.1 
Pinside  Psat  198.54 kPa

Force balance on the petcock F  F 

Pinside A  Po A  mg
mg   Pinside  Po  A

m
 Pinside  Po  A

198.54  101.3 kPa  5 10-6 m 2
g 9.81 m/s 2
 0.049 kg  50 g

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 13
(3.63/?) Ammonia at 10oC with a mass of 10 kg is in a
piston/cylinder assembly with an initial volume of 1 m3.
The piston initially resting on the stops has a mass such
that a pressure of 900 kPa will float it. Now ammonia is
slowly heated to 50oC. Find the final pressure and
volume.

NH3

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 14
State 1: T1  10°C, m  10 kg, V1  1m3
V1 1m3
v1    0.1m3 /kg
m 10 kg

From Table B.2.1 v f  v  vg and P1  615.2 kPa

v  vf 0.1  0.0016
x1    0.4828
v fg 0.20381

State 1a: Let us assume P1a = 900 kPa, then

v1a  v1  0.1m / kg
3

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 15
 v f @ 900 kPa  v1a  0.1m3 /kg  vg @ 900 kPa
 20o C < T1a  25o C

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 16
 v1a  v1  0.1m3 / kg  vg at 900 kPa

This state is two phase T1a  21.52o C

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 17
Since T2  50o C  T1a  21.52o C  v2  v1a

State 2: P2  900kPa, T2  50 C o

Psat @50o C  2033.1kPa  P2  900 kPa

 This is superheated vapor

800 kPa@50o C  va  0.18465 m3 /kg

Table B.2.2(696 / 724) 
1000 kPa@50 o
C  vb
 0.4499 m 3
/kg

v2  0.16263m3 /kg
By interpolation
V2  mv2  1.6263m3

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 18