B RGE

G BEL

SECTION
Classical Mathematics
mechanics
LECTURE
Derivatives
Linear functions

General linear function

Secant line
through two points
Calculate the slope
Derivatives
Secant line becomes a
• Slope of the tangent tangent line

𝛼
• Alternative (but equivalent) definition

• Angle of the tangent

Derivatives

• Not only for a single point x0

Let’s calculate some

derivatives!
Quadratic function
Important rules
• Derivatives Every function can be differentiated
Full mathematics course:
Power rule 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑛 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1

Product rule 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ(𝑥) 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑔′ 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ′(𝑥)

Chain rule 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔(ℎ 𝑥 ) 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑔′ ℎ ⋅ ℎ′(𝑥)

Exponential rule 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

• Integrals More difficult. Try to solve the opposite problem (Find a function that you differentiate).

Example: Integration by parts න 𝑔′ 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 d𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 − න 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ′ 𝑥 d𝑥

 B RGE
G BEL

SECTION
Classical Mathematics
mechanics
LECTURE
Integrals
Area under a curve
Area under a curve
Area under a curve
Definite integral
Definite integral

+ +
-
Definite vs. indefinite integral

+ +
-
 B RGE
G BEL

SECTION
Classical Mathematics
mechanics
LECTURE
Vectors
Cartesian coordinates

• Points
Cartesian coordinates

• Points

• Position vector
Cartesian coordinates

• Points

• Position vector
Cartesian coordinates

• Points

• Position vector

• Unit vectors
Cartesian coordinates
Vectors indicate a direction
(can be shifted)
• Points

• Position vector

• Unit vectors
Cartesian coordinates

• Points

• Position vector

• Unit vectors

There exist many other coordinate systems

Typical vector operations

Addition Subtraction

b b a
a
Typical vector operations

Addition Subtraction

b b a
a
Typical vector operations

Rescale

2a

a
Typical vector operations

Norm (Length)

Corresponding unit vector

Dot product

b a
Perpendicular and parallel vectors

Parallel vectors d

c
a

Perpendicular vectors
Cross product

b a

Example
y
x
Cross product

Right-hand rule
z

b a

y
x
CC: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Kreuzprodukt#/media/Datei:RHR.svg
 B RGE
G BEL

SECTION
Classical Mathematics
mechanics
LECTURE
Polar coordinates
Polar coordinates
y

• Position vector 𝒆𝜑 𝒆𝑟

• Unit vectors
r
𝜑
x
… perpendicular
• Transformation
Cylindrical coordinates

z
• Position vector
𝒆𝑧
• Unit vectors
𝒆𝜑

r
𝒆𝜌
… perpendicular 𝜑
• Transformation

x y

Not uniform