Nano Energy 89 (2021) 106466

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Nano Energy
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Enhanced piezoelectric wind-induced vibration energy harvester via the

interplay between cylindrical shell and diamond-shaped baffle
Junwu Kan a, c, 1, Weilin Liao b, 1, Jin Wang a, Shuyun Wang a, c, Mengjia Yan a, Yonghua Jiang a,
Zhonghua Zhang a, c, *
a
Institute of Precision Machinery and Smart Structure, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
b
School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
c
Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua
321004, PR China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Energy harvesting from wind-induced vibrations is considered to be a promising solution for the power re­
Wind energy harvester quirements of wireless sensor nodes. This paper proposes an enhanced piezoelectric wind-induced vibration
Piezoelectric transduction energy harvester (EPWEH) via the interplay between the cylindrical shell and diamond-shaped baffle to improve
Vortex-induced vibration
reliability, environmental adaptability, and power generation performance. Different from the most existing
Galloping
Diamond-shaped baffle
hybrid piezoelectric wind energy harvesters where the interaction of vortex-induced vibration and galloping was
Power generation performance mainly implemented by altering the cylinder geometry, this EPWEH realized the coupling between vortex-
induced vibration and galloping through introducing a downstream diamond-shaped baffle to change the
aeroelastic instability of the cylinder. Besides, the pre-bending vibrator only subjected to the unidirectional
compressive stress was employed and embedded inside the hollow cylinder, thus avoiding the drawbacks of
bidirectional deformation of the traditional piezoelectric vibrator and direct contact between piezoelectric
element and fluid. The feasibility of the structure and principle of the EPWEH was proved through a series of
experiments. The experimental results demonstrated that the compound-embedded structure led to a coupling
phenomenon of VIV and galloping on the cylindrical shell. Besides, it exhibited that the structural parameters
brought a significant impact on the vibration characteristics, power generation performance, and wind speed
bandwidth of EPWEH as well. Thanks to the performance improvement effect of the baffle, the EPWEH could
reach a maximum voltage output enhancement of 910.1% and provide a maximum output power density of
5.493 mW/cm3 at an optimal load resistance of 200 kΩ. It is expected that this compound-embedded structure
can provide a reference for performance improvement of the existing PWEHs.

1. Introduction
Energy harvesting from wind-induced vibrations has gained
increasing attention as a promising alternative for powering low-power
electronic devices and wireless sensor nodes to eliminate their depen­
dence on conventional electrochemical batteries or power grids over the
last two decades [1,2]. Up to now, various energy conversion technol­
ogies have been developed to harness wind-induced vibration energy,
such as electromagnetic [3], piezoelectric [4,5], and triboelectric
mechanisms [6,7]. Among them, piezoelectric energy harvesters have
attracted the most interest due to its simple structure, high power
density, high energy conversion efficiency, and ease of fabrication and
implementation [8,9]. So, the growing interests in piezoelectric wind
energy harvesting have produced considerable research outcomes [10].
Piezoelectric energy harvesting from wind-induced vibrations is
mainly based on the aerodynamic instability phenomena, such as
vortex-induced vibration (VIV) [11,12], galloping (transverse galloping
and wake galloping) [13], flutter [14], and turbulence [15]. In practical
scenarios, there might exist more than one kind of phenomenon simul­
taneously, where it depends on the structural geometry and the airflow
properties [16]. Among them, both VIV and galloping are the common
wind-induced vibration phenomena in low wind speed [17]. The VIV is

* Correspondence to: Institute of Precision Machinery and Smart Structure, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province 321004, PR China.
E-mail address: zhangzhh@zjnu.edu.cn (Z. Zhang).
1
These authors contributed equally to this work

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106466
Received 9 July 2021; Received in revised form 20 August 2021; Accepted 23 August 2021
Available online 27 August 2021
2211-2855/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
J. Kan et al.
caused by periodical vortex shedding from a non-streamlined bluff body
like a circular cylinder when the incoming wind flows over the bluff
body. VIV is the most common wind-induced vibration phenomenon,
whereas it exhibits a large amplitude only when the vortex-shedding
frequency is close to the structure’s resonance frequency, i.e., the
lock-in or synchronization region [18]. Galloping is another typical
aerodynamic instability phenomenon of lightweight and lightly damped
structures, whereas galloping occurs above a critical wind speed [19].
Galloping has a much larger vibration amplitude and is more vigorous
and destructive than VIV [20]. To date, considerable efforts have been
made to overcome their respective drawbacks and improve the perfor­
mance of VIV-based and galloping-based piezoelectric wind-induced
vibration energy harvesters (PWEHs). Typically, VIV occurs firstly,
and then galloping is induced as wind speed increases. Meanwhile, VIV
and galloping may occur at close wind speed [21]. Moreover, a vigorous
vibration will be induced when the two phenomena interfere with each
other [22]. Therefore, recently quite a few researchers presented hybrid
PWEHs by coupling VIV and galloping to effectively harvest
wind-induced vibration energy and enhance energy scavenging perfor­
mance. Petrini and Gkoumas took advantage of an appropriate cus­
tomizable aerodynamic T-section fin to harvest the airflow by using the
superposition of vortex shedding and galloping [23]. He et al. developed
a wind energy harvester by attaching a rectangular bluff body to the free
end of a piezoelectric cantilever to implement the interaction between
VIV and galloping. Experimental results demonstrated either separate or
interactive VIV and galloping could be realized, depending on the ge­
ometries of the bluff body [24]. Sun et al. demonstrated a synergetic
effect of the coupled VIV and galloping phenomena by adopting a 15 ×
10 bulb bluff body, leading to an average power enhancement of 75%
over the entire wind speed range of concern. Meanwhile, it showed that
the afterbody length of the bluff body determined whether the VIV and
galloping phenomena could be combined [25]. Yang et al. derived a
distributed parameter electromechanical coupling mathematical model
of a VIV-galloping interactive PWEH. Meanwhile, it was verified by
experiments that the mathematical model could successfully predict the
merging regions of the VIV and galloping [26]. Qin et al. presented a
bi-stable PWEH by introducing the multi-stability technique and
combining the VIV and galloping in order to enhance the efficiency of
wind energy scavenging. VIV and galloping occurred and underwent
snap-through under low and high wind speeds, respectively. It was
proved that the proposed PWEH could reach coherence resonance and
produce a large electrical output over a wide range of wind speed [27].
Wang et al. reported a hybrid VIV-galloping PWEH by using a bluff body
with the combinations of the circular and cuboid foams, leading to a
significant performance improvement in terms of wind speed range and
voltage output. It demonstrated that the cross-section of the bluff body
and the attack angles played an important role in performance
enhancement [28]. Yang et al. built a mathematical model of the PWEH
subjected to the coupled VIV and galloping. It showed that a unique
hump phenomenon occurred due to the conjunction of VIV and
galloping and a relatively large Strouhal number could activate the
hump area in low wind speed, resulting in a significant enhancement of
the voltage output [29]. Wang et al. proposed a new PWEH by adding
Y-shaped attachments on the bluff body to realize the transition from
VIV into galloping. It proved that the energy harvesting performance
was improved by comparing the harvester with or without Y-shaped
attachments [30]. Liu et al. proposed a PWEH placing a double-plate
structure upstream of the bluff body to improve the performance. The
vibration response could be changed from VIV to galloping by placing
the double plates upstream of a PWEH with a cylinder. Meanwhile, the
upstream plates brought obvious energy-harvesting performance
enhancement on VIV and galloping [31].
These studies mainly focused on establishing a distributed parameter
electromechanical coupling mathematical model of a VIV-galloping
interactive PWEH [26,29], introducing the multi-stability technique
[27], innovating new shapes of bluff bodies [23–25,28,30], and
2
Nano Energy 89 (2021) 106466
exploring the novel combined effects of different bluff bodies [31]. It
demonstrated that the combination of VIV and galloping was a partic­
ularly promising technique to enhance energy scavenging performance
for wind-induced vibration piezoelectric energy harvesters. Neverthe­
less, it is worth noting that there could still exist some challenges in
terms of structural design, reliability, and environmental adaptability,
which might hinder the future implementation of most PWEHs in the
realistic application. For example, piezoelectric cantilever beams were
subjected to both the compressive stress and tensile stress simulta­
neously, piezoelectric vibrators interacted directly with the wind to
generate electricity. Because the galloping involved an aeroelastic
instability with a large-amplitude divergent oscillation as well as it was
easy to cause damage to elastomeric structures by the unstable oscilla­
tion [32], piezoelectric beams were vulnerable to fatigue breakdown
under the long-term large bidirectional deformation. Meanwhile, since
the piezoelectric vibrators were directly exposed outside, the harvesters
were difficult to effectively operate in harsh environments. Therefore,
the harsh service environment of a PWEH, including raindrop, snow,
wind erosion, and so on, has a significant impact on the durability and
reliability of piezoelectric vibrators, which may result in their failure.
Besides, because the interaction of VIV and galloping was mostly real­
ized by changing the geometries of the bluff body, more stringent re­
quirements need to be satisfied with respect to the geometry and
fabrication of bluff bodies. Considering the possible destructive oscil­
lation from the coupled VIV and galloping, it is necessary to design a
novel structure scheme that can ensure high output characteristics while
improving the reliability and environmental adaptability for further
potential applications.
Unlike the previous most hybrid PWEHs where the coupled VIV and
galloping was mainly implemented by altering the bluff-body geometry,
this paper realizes the coupling between VIV and galloping by intro­
ducing a downstream diamond-shaped baffle to change the aeroelastic
instability of the cylindrical bluff body (i.e., cylindrical shell). Also, the
indirect interaction between piezoelectric vibrators and the wind was
employed to construct the EPWEH by embedding the piezoelectric
transducer inside the cylindrical shell. Then it is likely to offer an
alternative solution for the failure problem of piezoelectric beams under
harsh environments like a raindrop, snow, wind erosion, etc. In addition,
the pre-bending piezoelectric vibrators only subjected to the unidirec­
tional compressive stress are adopted to form the piezoelectric trans­
ducer, where the possibility of piezoelectric transducer breakdown is
greatly reduced in comparison with traditional bidirectional-
deformation vibrators. More importantly, the critical wind speeds and
output performance of the EPWEH can be easily changed by adjusting
the structural parameters to adapt to a wide range of environmental
conditions. The structural characteristics of EPWEH determined that it
could harvest not only the wide-range wind energy, but also water-flow
energy as well as meanwhile available ambient vibration energy.
Therefore, it is expected to improve the reliability, environmental
adaptability, and output performance of the PWEHs through the above
measures. Firstly, the configuration and principle of the EPWEH were
introduced. Then, the mathematical modeling of the EPWEH was
established, and the performance in terms of the vibration characteris­
tics as well as power generation characteristics for the EPWEH was
experimentally investigated and discussed.
2. Structure and working principle of the EPWEH
Fig. 1(a) presents a structure schematic of the EPWEH in different
views. It consists of two supports, four springs, an elastic sheet, a proof
mass, and a compound-embedded structure (diamond-shaped baffle &
cylindrical shell & pre-bending piezoelectric vibrator). Among them, the
pre-bending piezoelectric vibrator is composed of two (upper and lower)
piezoelectric cantilever beams consisting of a piezoelectric plate and a
metal substrate plate with a certain bending curvature. Besides, the
combination of two pre-bending piezoelectric vibrators, the elastic
J. Kan et al. Nano Energy 89 (2021) 106466

Fig. 1. The schematic graph and working principle of the EPWEH. (a) Schematic graph. (b–d) Working principle.

sheet, and the attached proof mass is defined as the piezoelectric the compressive stress and tensile stress simultaneously and are prone to
transducer. fatigue damage. The reduction in tensile stress will extend the lifetime of
As shown in Fig. 1, as the wind flows over the cylindrical shell, the the piezoelectric plates, reduce material replacement costs and improve
periodic vortex shedding from the edge of the cylindrical shell is in a application potential. In addition, as shown in Fig. 1(c), because of the
wide range of Reynolds numbers [33]. For the cylindrical shell, the interference effect of the diamond-shaped baffle, the shear layer,
Reynolds numbers (Re) at different wind speeds can be calculated by vortices, and vortex streets around the cylindrical shell will change a lot,
[25,31]. resulting in significant changes in vortex frequency, lift coefficient, and
lift force. Therefore, we expect that the introduction of the diamond-
ρνD
Re = (1) shaped baffle can transform the cylindrical shell from a traditional sin­
μ
gle vortex-induced vibration to a complex coupling vibration. The force
where ρ is the wind density; D is the shell diameter; v is the wind speed; μ acting on the bluff body in interactive VIV and galloping state can be
is the viscosity coefficient. The Strouhal dimensionless number (St) of expressed as [35,36].
the cylindrical shell can be calculated by [34]. 1
[ ( ) ]
y1 2 ẏ1
FL− viv = ρν2 S Y1 (K) 1 − ε 2 (3)
fϖ D 2 S v
St = (2)
v ( )
1 2 dCL ẏ
FL− = − ρν S + CD ⋅ 1 (4)
where fɷ is the vortex-shedding frequency of the bluff body. If the vortex
galloping
2 dα v
shedding frequency matches with the natural frequency of the cylin­
drical shell, the cylindrical shell will resonate in response to the exci­ where S is the cross-flow dimension of the bluff body; Y1 and ε are the
tation and the vibration amplitude will be greatly increased. parameters related to the converted frequency function K=S⋅fω/v, which
As shown in Fig. 1(a), the cylindrical shell will be subjected to a are determined by experiments; the amplitude of the cylindrical shell is
longitudinal vibration owing to the driving lift force. Then the attached defined as y1; CD is the drag coefficient, and CL is the aerodynamic lift
proof mass will be forced to vibrate upwards and downwards, causing coefficient measured through experiments, which is a function of the
the elastic sheet to produce a swinging motion along the moving di­ attack angle α. Thus, it can be seen that when the lift FL is used as the
rection of the proof mass. Thus, the pre-bending piezoelectric vibrator exciting force, the dynamic response of the EPWEH can be written as
further bends and generates electric energy under the excitation of the [37,38].
elastic sheet. Fig. 1(d) demonstrates that the piezoelectric plates only
FL − K1 y1 − C1 ẏ1 − K2 (y1 − y2 ) − C2 (ẏ1 − ẏ2 ) = M1 ÿ1 (5)
undergo the unidirectional compressive stress during the whole working
process of the EPWEH. It is very different from the most existing- ( ) ( )
K2 y1 − y2 + C2 ẏ1 − ẏ2 + ΘVg (t) = M2 ÿ2 (6)
working modes of piezoelectric vibrators that are subjected to both

3
J. Kan et al. Nano Energy 89 (2021) 106466

/ √̅̅̅̅̅̅
Vg (t) R + Cf V̇ g (t) − Θẏ2 (t) = 0 (7) fn =
ωn
=
1 K1
(11)
2π 2π M1
where M2, K2, and C2 are the equivalent mass, equivalent stiffnesses, and √̅̅̅̅̅̅
equivalent damping coefficient of the piezoelectric transducer, respec­ fϖ D fn D D K1
vlow = ≈ = (12)
tively; M1 and K1 are the equivalent mass and linear stiffness of the St St 2π St M1
cylindrical shell, respectively; C1 is the equivalent damping coefficient
where fn is the natural frequency of the cylindrical shell.
of the cylindrical shell structure; Cf is the free capacitance of the
As mentioned above, if EPWEH works in a single vibration mode, we
piezoelectric element, which is related to Young’s modulus, length,
can identify the vibration mode of EPWEH by observing the variation
width and thickness of the PZT; the amplitude of the piezoelectric
curve of amplitude or voltage with wind speed. However, the EPWEH
transducer is defined as y2; Θ is the corresponding electromechanical
proposed in this paper is likely to experience a complex coupling vi­
coupling coefficient; R is the load resistance; Vg is the generated voltage
bration or transformation vibration due to the interplay between the
of the pre-bending piezoelectric vibrator that can be given as [39].
cylindrical shell and diamond-shaped baffle. To illustrate this particular
Vg = ηK2 y2 (t) (8) vibration characteristic, the vibration equation of the cylindrical shell
can be rewritten as follows [36].
where η is a coefficient relative to the structural dimension and material { ( ) [
1 dCL 1 1 1
property of the piezoelectric plate. Besides, for the piezoelectric trans­ M1 ÿ1 + C1 + λ1 ρν2 S + CD ⋅ − λ2 ρν2 S ⋅
ducer, the output power (Pg) from once deformation can be given as 2 dα v 2 v
( )]} ( ) ( ) (13)
[40]. y1 2
Y1 (K) 1 − ε 2 ẏ1 + K1 y1 + K2 y1 − y2 + C2 ẏ1 − ẏ2 = 0
/ ( ) S
Pg = V 2g ω2 Cf 2 R2 2R ω2 Cf 2 R2 + 1 (9)
where λ1 and λ2 are the linear correlation coefficients between galloping
where ω is the vibration frequency of the piezoelectric transducer. and VIV. It can be seen from the dynamic equation that the EPWEH
Through the lift force formula as well as the equations of motion experiences both one negative aerodynamic damping caused by the
above, it can be found that the introduction of the diamond-shaped galloping and another negative aerodynamic damping provided by the
baffle will cause the change of the aerodynamic lift acting on the VIV resonance due to the coupling effect of the shell and the diamond-
shell, thereby altering the dynamic characteristics of EPWEH. It can fully shaped baffle. In theory, the two aerodynamic dampings can be super­
reflect that the performance improvement method of this paper is imposed on each other to resist the structural damping, thus increasing
completely different from that of the most traditional PWEHs, where the the amplitude and broadening the corresponding amplitude range. On
performance improvement is generally realized by changing the stiffness the other hand, due to the attenuation of the mechanical damping effect
and mass of the system. It should be noted that there exists a very sig­ of the structure, the critical wind speed of galloping under the coupling
nificant difference in the vibration characteristics of EPWEH under VIV vibration will become lower than that of the pure galloping vibration.
and galloping due to the different lift forces. As mentioned in references Note that the critical wind speed of galloping is usually higher than that
[41,42], the bluff body will produce a single degree of freedom diver­ of VIV. Also, for a single bluff body of circular cylinder without inter­
gent vibration because of linear aerodynamic negative damping or ference, only VIV occurs. Thus, to further present the possible evolution
limiting motion owing to nonlinear aerodynamic negative damping of vibration modes of EPWEH under the interaction of the shell and the
when the wind speed exceeds a certain threshold (cut-in wind speed vgc), diamond-shaped baffle, a prediction is made based on the ratio of the
which is the typical characteristic of the galloping response caused by cut-in wind speed vgc of galloping to the critical wind speed value vlow in
the diamond-shaped baffle. In this vibration mode, when the wind speed VIV, as shown in Fig. 2(b–c). The ratio vgc/vlow is closely related to the
is higher than vhigh, the growth rate of the output of the energy harvester shell diameter, the baffle height as well as the vertical distance (or the
becomes gradually flat. It is completely different from that of the VIV minimum distance) between the baffle and cylinder shell, which can be
mode where the large amplitude is only exhibited in the corresponding defined as
lock-in region [43,44], as shown in Fig. 2(a). According to previous
vgc − 8πM1 ξ1 ω1 St
studies, the high critical wind speed (cut-in wind speed) vgc of galloping, = ( ) (14)
vlow ρDS ĊL + CD fϖ
and the low critical wind speed (vlow) of the resonance in VIV can be
expressed as [45].
As shown in Fig. 2(b–c), according to this ratio above, EPWEH’s
− 2C1 − 4M ξ ω vibration model can be predicted as follows: (1) strong coupling be­
vgc = ( ) = ( 1 1 1) (10)
ρS ĊL + CD ρS ĊL + CD tween VIV and galloping, (2) weak coupling between VIV and galloping,
and (3) independent transition between VIV and galloping. In Fig. 2(b),

Fig. 2. Output response characteristics under different vibration modes. (a) Output response characteristics of VIV and galloping. (b) Output response characteristics
of the coupling between VIV and galloping. (c) Output response characteristics of the independent transition between VIV and galloping.

4
J. Kan et al.
when the ratio vgc/vlow is very close to 1 or even equal to 1 (i.e., vlow’ ≈
vgc’), the VIV and galloping are completely coupled. At this moment,
there is only a unique starting wind speed (usually near the critical wind
speed of VIV) for the bluff body, and the VIV vibration as well as
galloping vibration cannot be distinguished separately [46,47]. As the
ratio vgc/vlow increases, the degree of coupling between VIV and
galloping decreases, and EPWEH will exhibit a weakly coupled vibration
characteristic. In this case, the critical wind speed of VIV and galloping
can be distinguished, and there is a vibration/voltage peak between the
two critical wind speeds. Once the ratio vgc/vlow is further increased to
over 2.7 [41], the resonance interval of the VIV won’t overlap with the
galloping interval, and there exists an obvious low-amplitude range
between them, as shown in Fig. 2(c). Therefore, in the case of a large
ratio vgc/vlow, EPWEH will experience a transition from VIV to galloping.
As can be seen, if the ratio can be reduced via the interplay between the
cylindrical shell and diamond-shaped baffle, a coupling or transition of
the VIV and galloping will occur. Overall, the vibration mode of the
EPWEH can be determined by the vibration amplitude or output voltage
curve, and examine the influence of the interplay between the
diamond-shaped baffle and the cylindrical shell on the power generation
performance.
So far, it can be seen from the above equation that wind speed, shell
diameter, baffle height, and the vertical distance between the baffle and
cylinder shell bring a strong impact on the wind speed ratio vgc/vlow and
the lift force acting on the shell, leading to the changes of the output
characteristics of EPWEH. Apparently, this paper introduces the
diamond-shaped baffle to enhance the PWEH performance, which is
considerably different from the most existing PWEHs. However, even
though the governing equations have been simplified, it also involves
strong geometric and aerodynamic nonlinearities, which prompts us to
carry out some experiments to prove the performance enhancement on
the piezoelectric wind-induced vibration energy harvester via the
interplay between the cylindrical shell and diamond-shaped baffle.
Therefore, the experimental studies are performed to find the optimal
shell diameter (D), the baffle height (H), and the vertical distance (L) in
subsequent sections.
3. Experimental validation
In subsequent experiments, two commercial piezoelectric beams
were adopted to construct the pre-bending piezoelectric vibrator, and
the pre-bending value of the end was fixed at 10 mm. The piezoelectric
layer was made of PZT-4 and the brass was used for the substrate layer
with the size of 70 × 30 × 0.3 mm3. The Young’s modulus, density, and
Poisson’s ratio of the used PZT were 8.2 × 1010 Pa, 7500 kg/m3, and
0.33, respectively. Besides, the electromechanical coupling coefficient,
piezoelectric constant (d33/d31), and capacitance of PZT were 0.58, 289/
− 123 pC/N, and 15.72 nF, respectively. A copper thin plate with the size
of 90 × 30 × 0.5 mm3 was used as the elastic sheet. The cylindrical shell
was made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) due to the advantages of
easy processing, lightweight, insulation as well as easy observation, with
an outer diameter of D mm, a thickness of 3 mm, and a body length of
160 mm. Besides, the baffle with a height of H mm (i.e. diagonal length)
and a thickness of 6 mm was also made of PMMA, and the supports were
made of steel. The vertical distance L is defined as the minimum distance
from the shell surface to the baffle. The spring with a length of 65 mm,
an outer diameter of 8 mm, a wire diameter of 1 mm, and stiffness of
260 N/m was chosen and utilized in the experiments. Note that the
stiffness of the spring used in the experiments is relatively high. On one
hand, because high-stiffness springs could tolerate the impact of high
wind speed, it could ensure the good reliability of the structure under
unexpected high wind speeds (such as hurricanes, typhoons, etc.). On
the other hand, it could fully demonstrate the performance improve­
ment of the diamond-shaped baffle on the VIV-PWEH. Undoubtedly,
excellent reliability and high power-generating performance are two key
factors in the PWEH’s practical application. In this work, the reliability
5
Nano Energy 89 (2021) 106466
of the structure was mainly demonstrated through testing whether
EPWEH could work normally in harsh wind-speed environments. In
addition, because high-stiffness springs would inevitably lead to
EPWEH’s weak vibration characteristics in low wind speed environ­
ments, it might be more convincing to prove that the diamond-shaped
baffle was able to improve power generation performance under rela­
tively low wind speed. Therefore, high-stiffness springs were fairly
appropriate to verify the reliability under high wind speed as well as
power generation performance under relatively low wind speed.
Fig. 3 presents the schematic diagram of the experimental setup. In
the present experiments, different wind speeds can be produced by
controlling the rotating speed of an air blower. A scanning laser vibr­
ometer (PSV-500) was employed as the data acquisition instrument to
record the amplitude of the cylindrical shell. The peak-to-peak value of
the open-circuit voltage and generated by the pre-bending piezoelectric
vibrator was measured by a digital oscilloscope (DS2202A, RIGOL). For
characterization of the output power, the generated RMS voltage across
the load resistance using a variable resistor connected to the EPWEH was
also recorded. Note that, for convenience of test and analysis, only the
voltage generated by the single piezoelectric plate was extracted.
To further evaluate the influence of the interaction between VIV and
galloping, a prototype EPWEH with a diamond-shaped baffle was tested
to verify its feasibility experimentally. Experimental results show that an
obvious jump phenomenon can be generated in the amplitude and
voltage curves only when vertical distances are equal to 40 mm and
70 mm, respectively, as depicted in Fig. 4(a) and (c). Comparing Fig. 4
with Fig. 2, it can be determined that EPWEH presents a weak VIV and
galloping interaction due to the interference effect of the diamond-
shaped baffle at this time. Thus, the interaction phenomena of VIV
and galloping was observed in the test, thus improving the output per­
formance of the EPWEH. Specifically, the voltage and vibration ampli­
tude increased gently at first when the wind speed was lower than the
VIV critical wind speed (vlow). After that, they increased dramatically
with the increasing wind speed, accompanied by a VIV lock-in phe­
nomenon [44]. Meanwhile, they became up to an output burst when the
wind speed exceeded a cut-in wind speed vgc (hereinafter referred to as
the critical wind speed of galloping) [41]. The voltage continued to
increase quickly from vgc until a higher wind speed vhigh. At last, both
voltage and amplitude remained at relatively large steady-state values
thanks to the non-linear characteristics of galloping as the wind speed
continued increasing after vhigh. Moreover, it indicates that the effects of
the vertical distance on vibration behaviors and power generation
characteristics are similar by observing Fig. 4(d). Specifically, both the
vibration amplitude and generated voltage increased as the vertical
distance decreased initially and increased afterward. Under the optimal
vertical distance of 40 mm, the maximum values of amplitude and
voltage reached 49 mm and 200 V, respectively. It was found that only
when the vertical distance was 10 mm, the maximum amplitude of
2.3 mm and the maximum voltage of 14.8 V were lower than the
maximum values of 3.8 mm and 19.8 V produced by the EPWEH
without a baffle, respectively. This is because the narrow distance will
inhibit the evolution of the vortices, resulting in the static component of
the lift coefficient that was close to zero. Thus, it was difficult to produce
the galloping and weaken the vibration of the EPWEH. As the vertical
distance increased, it is manifested as a decrease in the cut-in wind speed
of galloping, which leads to an occurrence of the coupled VIV and
galloping, so the output performance of the EPWEH was improved. A
possible explanation for this might be that the interference effect of the
diamond-shaped baffle on the airflow leads to comprehensive differ­
ences in the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, Strouhal dimensionless
number, and coupled characteristic size. As shown in Fig. 4(b), while the
EPWEH was equipped with a baffle, voltage waveforms would take on
apparent periodical characteristics with the increasing vertical distance
from 10 mm to 40 mm. Nonetheless, the periodicity of the voltage
waveform gradually became disordered as the vertical distance was
further increased to 70 mm. In addition, three separate wind speed areas
J. Kan et al. Nano Energy 89 (2021) 106466

Fig. 3. The schematic diagram of the experimental setup.

Fig. 4. The performance of EPWEH at different vertical distances. (a) The shell amplitude versus wind speed. (b) The waveforms of generated voltage. (c) The
generated voltage versus wind speed. (d) The maximum amplitude and maximum voltage. (e) Distribution of three separate wind speed areas.

were divided according to the voltage change, i.e., slow-growing area
(Weak area), rapid-increasing area (Burst area), and steady-area (Stable
area) corresponding to totally different electrical outputs. Thus, it can be
revealed that the distributions of three separate wind speed areas under
different vertical distances are totally different (see Fig. 4(e)). In the
abscissa of Fig. 4(d) and (e), the beginning of 0 represents the EPWEH
without the diamond-shaped baffle. Compared to the cases without the
diamond-shaped baffle and with the 10-mm-distance baffle, the EPWEH
with the 40-mm and 70-mm-distance baffle could significantly increase
the proportion of both the burst area and stable area where the high
voltage output was generated. Herein, the wind speed ranges corre­
sponding to these two areas were referred to as the wind speed band­
width. As mentioned above, it demonstrates that the power generation
performance can be enhanced by adjusting the distance between the
baffle and shell of the EPWEH.
Under different baffle heights, the performances of EPWEH are
depicted in Fig. 5. These results demonstrated that the baffle height had
a great influence on the vibration amplitude and generated voltage in
the stable area, whereas it only brought a very weak impact on the
performance of the EPWEH in the remaining two areas. Specifically, the
maximum amplitude and voltage varied gradually from 44 mm and
178 V mm to 49 mm and 200 V respectively as the baffle height
increased from 110 mm to 160 mm. And then the maximum amplitude
and voltage reduce rapidly to 35 mm and 112 V respectively when the
baffle height further is increased to 240 mm, as shown in Fig. 5(d). This
means that both the peak voltage and amplitude gradually increase first
and then decrease as the baffle height increased. Moreover, it is
observed from Fig. 5(a) and (c) that the three critical wind speeds in the
burst area are kept at vlow = 27.2 m/s, vgc = 30 m/s, and vhigh = 32 m/s,
respectively, regardless of the baffle height. The reason is that there exist
quite small numerical differences in the degree of coupling between VIV
and galloping for three baffle heights. On the contrary, the values of the
lift coefficient are greatly changed at different baffle heights, resulting in
differences in maximum amplitude and voltage. Besides, it can be found
that the voltage waveforms corresponding to the three baffle heights are
relatively stable and present fairly good periodicity by observing the
enlarged view (see Fig. 5(b)). Since the three critical wind speeds are
basically consistent, the proportions of the corresponding three areas at
different baffle heights are undoubtedly the same, as shown in Fig. 5(e).
On the other hand, combining with Figs. 5(a), (c) and 2(b) imply that
there may be a very weak influence of the baffle height on the degree of
the coupling between VIV and galloping for EPWEH.

6
J. Kan et al. Nano Energy 89 (2021) 106466

Fig. 5. The performance of EPWEH at different baffle heights. (a) The shell amplitude versus wind speed. (b) The waveforms of generated voltage. (c) The generated
voltage versus wind speed. (d) The maximum amplitude and maximum voltage. (e) Distribution of three separate wind speed areas.

Under different shell diameters, the performances of EPWEH are
demonstrated in Fig. 6. These curves were selected based on the crite­
rion of the maximum voltage, which represented the maximum power
supply capacity of EPWEH under different diameters. Specifically, for
the curves at the shell diameter of 50 mm, 70 mm, and 90 mm, the
corresponding optimal vertical distance was 30 mm, 40 mm, and
50 mm, respectively. To present the relationship between the shell
diameter and vertical distance, we introduced the ratio α of optimal
distance L* to the shell diameter D, namely α = L*/D or L* = αD. It was
found that when the diameter was 50 mm, 70 mm, and 90 mm, the
corresponding ratio α was 0.6, 0.57, and 0.56, respectively. The ratio α
was approximately equivalent and remained at a constant value of
around 0.6. From another perspective, the optimal distance could be
roughly inferred according to the shell diameter, namely L* = 0.6D,

Fig. 6. The performance of EPWEH at different shell diameters. (a) The shell amplitude versus wind speed. (b) The waveforms of generated voltage. (c) The
generated voltage versus wind speed. (d) The maximum amplitude and maximum voltage. (e) Distribution of three separate wind speed areas.

7
J. Kan et al.
when the baffle dimension was kept unchanged. It meant the output
voltage could reach the maximum value when the ratio of distance to the
shell diameter was equal to about 0.6 in this work. On the other hand, in
Fig. 6(a), the maximum shell amplitude decreases with the increasing
shell diameter. The maximum peak amplitude of 55 mm was recorded at
v = 36 m/s and D = 50 mm. However, a maximum output voltage of
200 V is achieved when the shell diameter is increased to 70 mm, where
it is higher than the generated voltage of 124 V at D = 50 mm, as shown
in Fig. 6(c). It means that the maximum output voltage increases first
(from 124 V to 200 V) and then decreases (from 200 V to 46 V) as the
shell diameter is increased from 50 mm to 90 mm. Therefore, there is a
slightly different variation of the maximum voltage and maximum
amplitude while changing the shell diameter (see Fig. 6(d)). Herein, the
possible reason for the inconsistent variation was that the piezoelectric
vibrator contacted the inner wall of the shell owing to the limited shell
diameter, thus limiting its amplitude and causing a frequency deviation
between the vibrator oscillation and the shell vibration. Fig. 6(b) illus­
trates that the periodicity of the output voltage waveform will become
worse if the shell diameter increased to a certain degree, such as 90 mm.
Furthermore, the vlow increases from 17.6 m/s to 30.4 m/s and the vhigh
increases from 27.2 m/s to 36.8 m/s as shell diameter rises from 50 mm
to 90 mm (see Fig. 6(c)). The different critical wind speeds are deter­
mined by the differences in lift coefficients under the different shell
diameters. Therefore, the proportion of weak area increased, while the
proportion of stable area decreased. Differently, the proportion of the
burst area did not demonstrate an obvious change with the varying shell
diameter. Overall, the EPWEH with a shell diameter of 70 mm would
have a relatively large electric output capability. Nonetheless, it is worth
noting that the output characteristic shows the strong coupling of VIV
and galloping under the shell diameter of 50 mm, which greatly
broadens the wind-speed bandwidth and the environmental adapt­
ability. In view of this, we further explored the performance of the
EPWEH at D = 50 mm to reveal the performance improvement effect of
the diamond-shaped baffle.
Fig. 7 displays the performance of EPWEH at different vertical dis­
tances under D = 50 mm. It is observed from Fig. 7(a) and (c) that the
critical wind speeds (vlow and vhigh) decrease initially with the increasing
vertical distance and increase afterwards. Specifically, the vlow were
32 m/s, 17.6 m/s, 14.4 m/s, 9.6 m/s and 12.8 m/s were measured at the
vertical distance of 20 mm, 30 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm and 60 mm, and the
corresponding vhigh were 38.4 m/s, 27.2 m/s, 22.4 m/s, 17.6 m/s and
22.4 m/s, respectively. Consequently, the proportions change of the
weak areas were decreased first and then increased with the increasing
vertical distance, and the corresponding stable areas were at first
increased but decreased late. On the other hand, it indicated that the
effects of the varying vertical distance on vibration behaviors and power
generation characteristics were similar by observing Fig. 7(b). Specif­
ically, the output voltage and shell amplitude increased initially, fol­
lowed by stability, but then progressively decreased with the increase of
Fig. 7. The performance of EPWEH at different vertical distances. (a) Distribution of three separate wind speed areas. (b) The maximum voltage and maximum
amplitude. (c) The voltages versus wind speed.
8
Nano Energy 89 (2021) 106466
vertical distance. The maximum voltage and maximum shell amplitude
all stabilized around 122 V and 55 mm as the vertical distance increased
from 20 mm to 40 mm, respectively. Also, it can be clearly found from
Fig. 7(c) that except for the vertical distance of 10 mm, the coupling
phenomenon of VIV and galloping occurs at the remaining distances.
Considering the maximum output voltage and bandwidth of wind speed,
it can be deduced that there is an optimum vertical distance of 40 mm
that can maximize the performance of EPWEH. To further present the
voltage improvement of the EPWEH via the above structural parameters,
a maximum output voltage of 19.8 V generated by the EPWEH without a
baffle is adopted as the reference criterion to make a comparison, as
shown in Fig. 8.
As shown in Fig. 8 depict the performance improvement with various
structural parameters. It can be found that there is the optimal vertical
distance, shell diameter, and baffle height to obtain a higher output
voltage for the EPWEH. Specifically, in Fig. 8(a), the peak output volt­
ages of 14.8 V, 200 V, and 26.8 V were achieved at the vertical distance
of 10 mm, 40 mm, and 70 mm, respectively. Compared with the refer­
ence voltage of 19.8 V, the voltages generated by the EPWEH at the
vertical distance of 10 mm, 40 mm, and 70 mm were reduced by 25.3%
and increased by 910.1% and 35.4%, respectively. It showed that a too
narrow distance between the baffle and shell would not be favorable to
the performance improvement of PWEH, which should be avoided in
practical applications. Up to now, it is impressive that adjusting the
vertical distance between the baffle and shell can not only enhance the
output voltage, but also suppress the amplitude of the cylinder shell to
ensure the safety of the structure. Meanwhile, it can be also speculated
from the experimental results that the proposed novel structure may
provide an inspiration and reference for the anti-vibration design of
bridges and buildings in the field of civil engineering. On the contrary,
the output voltages of the EPWEH equipped with a baffle under all the
different shell diameters and baffle heights were significantly enhanced
compared to the EPWEH without a baffle, as shown in Fig. 8(b) and (c).
A minimum enhancement of 132.3% was obtained at the shell diameter
of 90 mm, and the maximum voltage could approximatively be
increased by ten times at a distance of 40 mm. On the other hand, the
introduction of the diamond-shaped baffle also greatly reduced the
critical wind speed, thereby improving the power generation perfor­
mance of EPWEH at low wind speeds effectively. It is worth noting that
because a high-stiffness spring was used to ensure the structural reli­
ability in the experiments, it was hard to achieve a high electric output
for the proposed EPWEH in a relatively weak wind environment.
Obviously, according to the dynamic characteristics, the EPWEH could
easily adapt to the low wind speed by reducing the spring stiffness. Since
this study mainly focused on the introduction of the diamond-shaped
baffle to enhance the performance of EPWEH, the effect of spring stiff­
ness was not further discussed. Overall, it proved that the presented
compound-embedded structure can not only improve the reliability and
environmental adaptability, but also present good energy harvesting
J. Kan et al. Nano Energy 89 (2021) 106466

Fig. 8. The performance improvement via various structural parameters. (a) The performance improvement at different vertical distances. (b) The performance
improvement at different baffle heights. (c) The performance improvement at different shell diameters.

characteristics for the EPWEH via the interplay between the cylindrical
shell and diamond-shaped baffle. Moreover, various EPWEHs with
different configurations (D, H, L) and performance can be designed to
meet different application requirements.
To directly present the output characteristics of the proposed
EPWEH, a performance comparison between different wind-induced
vibration piezoelectric energy harvesters is summarized in Table 1.
Note that the indirect excitation means that the PZT is not in contact
with the wind in Table 1. A large and growing number of literatures
demonstrated that the researches on PWEHs have experienced a trans­
formation from the conversion mechanism of the kinetic energy and
electric energy to the comprehensive performance improvement to
implement their realistic applications. The PWEHs proposed by Akaydin
et al. and Abdelkefi et al. were based on a single aerodynamic instability
phenomenon, which could output the maximum voltages of 44 V and
15.3 V, respectively [38,44]. Zhang et al. took use of nonlinear magnetic
forces to enhance the power generation performance of VIV-based
PWEH [12]. Furthermore, to further improve the performance of
PWEHs, a series of novel structures with different improvement mea­
sures were proposed to induce the coupling of VIV and galloping [24,28,
30,48]. Among these findings, the Y-shaped attachments developed by
Wang et al. was particularly interesting, which effectively increased the
voltage output capability by nearly 3 times [30]. Meanwhile, it should
be noted that almost all piezoelectric cantilever beams used in the
above-mentioned PWEHs were directly coupled with the wind to
generate electricity. The direct excitation method brought great ad­
vantages of simple configuration and high energy conversion efficiency.
However, some deficiencies were also accompanied by the
direct-excitation mode, such as low reliability and low structural
strength, and poor environmental adaptability. Therefore,
indirect-excitation PWEHs became gradually popular to improve the
direct excitation shortcomings over the past two years [39,49]. Zhang
et al. investigated a PWEH comprising a piezoelectric beam installed
inside a hollow circular cylinder, which would vibrate indirectly and
generate electricity under the excitation of the cylinder. It could produce
a maximum output voltage of about 7 V in the wind speed range of
2–12 m/s, which preliminarily proved the feasibility of the
indirect-excitation method for constructing PWEHs [49]. Because of the
advantages of the indirect-excitation method, this paper proposes the
EPWEH with a compound embedded structure, which can not only
improve the power generation performance, but also ensure high reli­
ability and good environmental adaptability. The compound structure
realized the coupling between vortex-induced vibration and galloping
via a downstream diamond-shaped baffle. Thanks to the performance
improvement of the baffle, the maximum voltage of the EPWEH could be
increased from 19.8 V up to 200 V with an improvement of 910.1%.
Besides, the pre-bending vibrator of the embedded structure was only
subjected to the unidirectional compressive stress, thus avoiding the
drawbacks of bidirectional deformation of the traditional piezoelectric
vibrators and direct contact between piezoelectric elements and fluid. In
comparison, the proposed improvement method of introducing the
diamond-shaped baffle was more beneficial to enhance the compre­
hensive properties like the power generation performance, environ­
mental adaptability, and reliability of the EPWEH. Moreover, the

Table 1
Comparison of wind-induced vibration piezoelectric energy harvesters.
Reference Working Maximum Percentage of Employed methods Excitation The stress on PZT
principle voltage improvement mode

Akaydin [44], 2012 VIV 44 V / / Direct Tensile and

compressive
Abdelkefi [38], Galloping ~15.3 V / / Direct Tensile and
2013 compressive
Zhang [12], 2017 VIV ~20 V 29% (power) Nonlinear magnetic forces Direct Tensile and
compressive
He [24], 2018 VIV and ~33 V / A rigid rectangular cylinder Direct Tensile and
galloping compressive
Sun [48], 2019 VIV and ~5.5 V 75% (power) Nested bluff-body structure Direct Tensile and
galloping compressive
Wang [30], 2019 VIV and ~150 V 200% (voltage) Y-shaped attachments Direct Tensile and
galloping compressive
Zhang [49], 2019 VIV ~7 V / A hollow circular cylinder Indirect Tensile and
compressive
Wang [28], 2020 VIV and 14.1 V 79.62% (voltage) Appropriate cross-sectioned bluff Direct Tensile and
galloping body compressive
Wang [39], 2021 VIV 42.2 V 113.13% (voltage) A cylindrical shell Indirect Compressive
This work VIV and 200 V 910.1% (voltage) Diamond-shaped baffle Indirect Compressive
galloping

9
J. Kan et al.
structural characteristics of EPWEH determined that it could scavenge
not only wind energy, but also water-flow energy and available vibra­
tion energy.
Through the experiments above, there has been a general overview
of the vibration characteristics of the shell and the voltage output
characteristics for the EPWEH. Besides, it is worth noting that the power
output performance is undoubtedly one of the most critical character­
istics as well, which represents the wind energy harvesting capability
and power supply ability of EPWEH. Next, the relationships between the
output power density of EPWEH and the load resistance under different
wind speeds and different vertical distances were further analyzed.
Combined with the previous test results, the parameters of a prototype of
the EPWEH that was selected for studying the output power density of
EPWEH were as follows: L = 20–60 mm, H = 160 mm, D = 70 mm.
Also, the test wind speeds were 20 m/s, 24 m/s, and 32 m/s, respec­
tively. Fig. 9 depicts the relationship between the output power density
and load resistance under different wind speeds and different vertical
distances. It should be noted that the volume related to the calculation of
power density only involved the piezoelectric layer in this work. As
shown in Fig. 9(b–e), there was an optimal load resistance of 200 kΩ at
all cases for the EPWEH to obtain a maximum power density, and the
optimal load resistance was only determined by the structure size and
material characteristics of the PZT. In Fig. 9(b), the peak power density
of 0.289 mW/cm3, 1.103 mW/cm3, and 5.493 mW/cm3 were recorded
at 20 m/s, 24 m/s, and 32 m/s, respectively. Also, the peak output
power density of 0.391 mW/cm3, 5.493 mW/cm3, and 1.051 mW/cm3
were recorded at the vertical distances of 20 mm, 40 mm, and 60 mm,
respectively (see Fig. 9(c–e)). In brief, the power output performance of
the EPWEH can be improved by matching the suitable load resistance
and structural parameters when the wind speed is determined.
4. Conclusions
In this study, a novel piezoelectric wind-induced vibration energy
harvester via the interplay between the cylindrical shell and diamond-
shaped baffle was proposed. By introducing a downstream diamond-
Fig. 9. The power test of EPWEH. (a) Circuit of power test. (b) The output power density versus load resistance under different wind speeds. (c–e) The output power
density versus load resistance under different vertical distances.
10
Nano Energy 89 (2021) 106466
shaped baffle to change the aeroelastic instability of the cylindrical
bluff body, the transition from VIV to galloping was realized without
requiring alterations to the bluff body. Thus, it offered a promising so­
lution for the performance enhancement of the traditional VIV-based
PEHs. To avoid the unexpected damage of piezoelectric vibrator due
to the introduction of galloping which was more destructive than VIV,
the pre-bending vibrator was utilized and embedded inside the bluff
body to overcome the shortcomings of bidirectional deformation of
classical cantilevered piezoelectric vibrators and direct interaction be­
tween the piezoelectric element and the wind. In a word, the presented
compound-embedded structure of the EPWEH could not only bring a
power-generation performance improvement, but also ensure high
reliability and good environmental adaptability.
To verify the feasibility of the proposed structure, a prototype
EPWEH was fabricated and tested in terms of vibration behaviors and
electricity output characteristics. The experimental results showed that
the influence of these above structural parameters on the vibration
characteristics was almost consistent with that of voltage output per­
formance. Both the voltage and vibration amplitude increased dramat­
ically when the wind flow exceeded a low critical wind speed,
accompanied by a coupling phenomenon of VIV and galloping. After
that, the EPWEH would maintain relatively stable values as the wind
speed continued increasing from a high critical speed. Besides, the
proportions of the weak area increased with the increasing shell diam­
eter and decreasing vertical distance. Meanwhile, the corresponding
stable areas presented an opposite changing trend. Compared with the
EPWEH without a diamond-shaped baffle, the maximum output voltage
was increased from 19.8 V to 200 V, increased by over 900%. Another
interesting phenomenon was that the optimum ratio of the vertical
distance to shell diameter was kept at about 0.6 no matter what EPWEH
shell diameter became. Moreover, there was an optimal load resistance
of 200 kΩ for the EPWEH to obtain a maximum power density of
5.493 mW/cm3 at the vertical distances of 40 mm. Thus, this study
demonstrated a comprehensive performance improvement on the
piezoelectric wind-induced vibration energy harvesters and it was ex­
pected to accelerate their application due to the improved power-
J. Kan et al.
generation performance, high reliability, and good environmental
adaptability. Furthermore, the introduction of the diamond-shaped
baffle can suppress the amplitude of the cylinder as well, which may
provide an inspiration and reference for the anti-vibration design of the
engineering structure.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Junwu Kan: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original
draft, Writing – review & editing, Validation, Visualization. Weilin
Liao: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Writing – original
draft, Writing – review & editing, Validation, Supervision. Jin Wang:
Conceptualization, Software, Formal analysis, Validation. Shuyun
Wang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis.
Mengjia Yan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Proj­
ect administration. Yonghua Jiang: Software, Investigation, Formal
analysis, Writing – review. Zhonghua Zhang: Conceptualization,
Investigation, Writing – review &editing, Resources, Validation,
Supervision.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation
of China (51877199 and 52077201), Zhejiang Provincial Key Research
and Development Project of China (2021C01181), and the Zhejiang
Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LY20F010006).
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Junwu Kan received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical
engineering from the College of Mechanical Science and En­
gineering, Jilin University, in 2000 and 2003, respectively. In
2000, he was with the Piezoelectric Actuator Group of Prof.
Suzuki, Yamagata University, Japan. After returning from
Japan, he continued to work on the research and development
of the piezoelectric energy harvesting and piezoelectric actu­
ators, particularly the piezoelectric energy harvesting. He is
currently a Professor with Zhejiang Normal University.
Weilin Liao is a graduate student at the School of Aerospace
Engineering of Xiamen University and a member of the Aircraft
Health Management Technology Research Center, Xiamen
University. His research includes the structural innovation and
principle design of piezoelectric energy harvesters for har­
vesting fluid, vibration, rotation and other mechanical energy,
as well as the optical fiber sensing technology and piezoelectric
sensor technology for aircraft structural health monitoring.
Jin Wang is a graduate student at the College of Engineering of
Zhejiang Normal University and a member of the Institute of
Precision Machinery and Smart Structure, Zhejiang Normal
University. His current research focuses on the development of
piezoelectric wind energy harvester, piezoelectric vibration
energy generator and piezoelectric rotation energy harvester,
as well as their utilization in self-powered wireless sensing
systems for IoT applications.
12
Nano Energy 89 (2021) 106466
Shuyun Wang received the B.S. degree from Jilin University,
China, in 1988, and the M.S. degree in applied mathematics
and the Ph.D. degree in computational mathematics from the
Mathematics School of Jilin University, in 2001 and 2008,
respectively. She is currently a Professor with Zhejiang Normal
University. Her research fields are system modeling and
structural optimization in the fields of piezoelectric actuation/
control, such as piezoelectric micro-pump, piezo-hydraulic/
pneumatic actuator/isolator, and piezoelectric energy har­
vesting and self-powered technology.
Mengjia Yan received a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering
and an M.S. degree in computer Intelligent Control and Me­
chanical and Electrical Engineering from Zhejiang Normal
University, China, in 2015 and 2019, respectively. Currently,
he is a Graduate Research Assistant at the Institute of Precision
Machinery and Smart Structure, Zhejiang Normal University.
His topics of interest involve the design of piezoelectric energy
harvesters and the environmental applications of these novel
piezoelectric energy harvesters to wireless communication
systems.
Yonghua Jiang received the B.E. degree in automation from
the Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, in 2004 and the
Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from Chongqing Uni­
versity, Chongqing, in 2010. He is currently working as a
professor with the Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal Univer­
sity. He is the author of more than 40 articles, and more than 20
inventions. His research interests include condition monitoring
and fault diagnosis of mechanical Equipment, signal analysis,
and processing.
Zhonghua Zhang received a Ph.D. degree in mechanical and
electrical engineering from the Dalian University of Technol­
ogy, China, in 2009. He is currently a Professor with Zhejiang
Normal University, China. He is also with the University of
Southampton, U.K., as an Academic Visitor, where he is
devoting himself to the research work of piezoelectric energy
harvesting. His main research interests are piezoelectric energy
harvesting, piezoelectric pumps, and integration technology of
sensors and actuators.