Review Article

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems

and Structures
1–15
A review on modeling techniques of Ó The Author(s) 2019
Article reuse guidelines:
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DOI: 10.1177/1045389X19836169

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Shun-Qi Zhang1,2 , Guo-Zhong Zhao2, Mekala Narasimha Rao3,

Rüdiger Schmidt3 and Ying-Jie Yu1

Abstract
Piezoelectric materials embedded into plates and shells make the structures being capable of sensing and actuation, usu-
ally called smart structures, which are frequently used for shape and vibration control, noise control, health monitoring,
and energy harvesting. To give a precise prediction of static and dynamic behavior of smart structures, the linear/non-
linear multi-physics coupled modeling technique is of great importance. The article attempts to present the available
research on modeling of piezoelectric integrated plates and shells, including (1) through thickness hypotheses for beams,
plates, and shells; (2) geometrically nonlinear theories for plates and shells; (3) electroelastic material linear/nonlinear
modeling; (4) multi-physics coupled modeling; and (5) modeling of advanced piezo-fiber composite bonded structures.

Keywords
Smart structures, piezoelectric, nonlinear analysis, laminated structures, plates and shells

1. Introduction material, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), but with

In the few past decades, the study of thin-walled struc-
tures integrated with smart materials, for example,
piezoelectrics, electrostrictives, and magnetostrictives,
has attracted many researchers, in the application of
vibration control (Li and Bainum, 1994; Sheta et al.,
2006), shape control (Agrawal et al., 1997; Baier, 1996),
noise and acoustic control (Choi, 2006; Ray and Balaji,
2007), energy harvesting (Feenstra et al., 2008; Ly
et al., 2011), and health monitoring (Mayer et al., 2008;
Wu et al., 2009) among many others. These kinds of
multi-physics coupled structures with a feedback loop
are usually called smart structures, in which static or
dynamic behavior of structures can be sensed and actu-
ated, leading to various beneficial properties. Among
various smart materials, piezoelectric materials are the
most widely used in both research and industrial appli-
cations for a number of reasons. Piezoceramics have a
high structural stiffness and possess strong actuation
effects. In addition, piezoceramics are capable of inter-
acting with dynamic systems at a broad range of fre-
quencies spanning from about 1 Hz to MHz (Williams
et al., 2002a). However, the brittle nature of ceramics
makes them vulnerable to damage during the bonding
process, as well as difficult to conform with curved sur-
faces. Manufacturing the piezoelectrics in a polymer
style leads to a very popular and flexible piezoelectric
weak actuation effects.
The idea of integrating of piezoceramic fibrous phase
into epoxy matrix phase, resulting in piezo-fiber-based
composites, will avoid the aforementioned disadvan-
tages. Four industrial leading types of piezo composite
actuators, which are referred to as 1–3 composites,
active fiber composite (AFC) actuators, macro-fiber
composites (MFC), and active composites fabricated
with hollow cross-section fibers, will be discussed in the
later sections. The piezo-fiber-based composites behave
not only with flexibility but also with a high actuation
force.
Before implementing into experiments or applica-
tions, one usually starts with modeling and simulation
of piezo material integrated structures, in order to
reduce the large amount of experimental costs and
1
School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University,
Shanghai, P.R. China
2
State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment,
Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
3
Institute of Structural Mechanics and Lightweight Design, RWTH
Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Corresponding author:
Shun-Qi Zhang, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation,
Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China.
Email: zhangsq@shu.edu.cn; shunqi.zhang@hotmail.com
2 Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 00(0)
shorten the design period. One challenge may arise,
that is precise prediction of the structural response for
smart structures undergoing small/large displacement,
under weak/strong electric field, or for various piezo-
electric materials. For general information, the books
concerning smart structures (Carrera et al., 2011;
Chopra and Sirohi, 2013; Wang and Tang, 2008) and
nonlinear mechanics of plates and shells (Amabili,
2008, 2018a) are quite good for reference. However, the
best way to achieve an overview of the most recent
studies may through literature review. In the field of
composite plates and shells, Amabili and Paı̈doussis
(2003) and Alijani and Amabili (2014c) carried out the
literature surveys mainly on geometrically nonlinear
modeling techniques, where part studies of the piezo
structures were included. In addition, some piezo struc-
ture modeling studies were presented in the review
work of mechanical analysis of functionally graded car-
bon nanotube (CNT) reinforced composites by Liew
et al. (2015). Concerning piezoelectric smart structures,
Irschik (2002) and Chopra (2002) presented review
papers in 2002, in which the former one is focusing on
the shape and dynamic control, while the latter one is
on the structural design with various smart materials.
To give an overview of the recent development of
modeling techniques for smart structures, the article is
investigated focusing on piezo smart structures, which
is mainly comprised of the following four parts: (1)
introduction of through thickness displacement hypoth-
eses in plates and shells, (2) analysis of various geome-
trically nonlinear plate/shell theories, (3) discussion of
electroelastic material linear and nonlinear modeling,
(4) multi-physics coupled modeling techniques for piezo
structures, and (5) modeling techniques of piezoelectric
fiber composite bonded structures.
2. Beam, plate, and shell hypotheses and
applications in geometrically linear
theories
In the applications of vibration suppression, shape con-
trol, noise control, or health monitoring, piezoelectric
materials are usually formed as thin-walled patches,
which are bonded or embedded into beam, plate, or
shell structures. Concerning the modeling techniques of
such thin-walled structures, one direct way is to use
exact solid elements in the framework of finite element
(FE) analysis. Exact solid elements can represent struc-
tures in an accurate way, but with a large number of
degrees of freedom (DOFs) or nodal displacements in
the FE analysis, resulting in high computational costs.
For example, Dube et al. (1996), Ha et al. (1992), He
(2000), Kapuria and Dube (1997), Ray et al. (1998),
Sze et al. (2000), Sze and Yao (2000a, 2000b), and
Tzou and Tseng (1990) among many others developed
linear FE models of piezoelectric structures using exact
Figure 1. Various hypotheses for plates and shells.
solid elements. Kapuria and Kumari (2010) implemen-
ted solid elements into FE analysis for free vibration
and steady-state forced response of simply supported
smart cross-ply circular cylindrical shells integrated
with monolithic piezoelectric or piezoelectric fiber rein-
forced composite (PFRC) layers. In addition, Yi et al.
(2000) and Klinkel and Wagner (2006, 2008) developed
geometrically nonlinear FE models by solid elements
both for static and dynamic analysis of piezoelectric
smart structures.
Due to the small ratio of thickness to in-plane
dimensions, thin-walled structures, like plates and
shells, can be treated as a two-dimensional (2D) surface
using various hypotheses, as shown in Figure 1, result-
ing in 2D FE methods. These hypotheses refer to plate/
shell theories, describing the displacement distribution
scheme through the thickness direction. Compared to
solid FE methods, 2D FE methods based on various
hypotheses are most frequently used in smart plate and
shell structures, due to relatively high accuracy and less
computational time. For thin-walled structures, the
change of thickness is negligibly small. Therefore, the
transverse normal strain is assumed to be zero. Further
reducing one of the two in-plane dimensions, plate and
shell structures are shrunk to beam structures, which
can be treated as a one-dimensional (1D) line using the
Bernoulli or Timoshenko beam hypothesis.
2.1. Kirchhoff–Love hypothesis
The Kirchhoff–Love hypothesis, also called classical
plate/shell theory (CT), describes that the vector nor-
mal to the mid-surface in the undeformed configura-
tion remains normal in the deformed configuration.
This hypothesis is the simplest one for plate and shell
structures, numerous papers can be found in the litera-
ture that developed 2D piezoelectric coupled FE mod-
els. Based on Love’s equation, Tzou and Gadre (1989)
and Lee (1990) developed numerical models for mm2
symmetry PVDF-bonded multilayered thin plates and
shells. Implementing the Kirchhoff–Love hypothesis
into FE method, Kioua and Mirza (2000) built a linear
FE model for bending and twisting analysis of piezo-
electric laminated composite shallow shells. Various FE
models based on the Kirchhoff–Love hypothesis were
Zhang et al.
developed for static and dynamic analysis of piezoelec-
tric smart structures, see, for example, Lam et al.
(1997), Saravanos (1997), and Liu et al. (1999), among
many others. Furthermore, FE formulations with clas-
sical plate theory were obtained and applied to active
vibration suppression using proportional feedback con-
trol (Moita et al., 2004) and optimal control (Moita
et al., 2006) schemes.
According to the CT, the displacement distribution
through the thickness is assumed as follows
∂w0
u = u0  z ð1Þ
∂x
∂w0
v = v0  z ð2Þ
∂y
w = w0 ð3Þ
where u, v, w denote the translational displacements of
an arbitrary point in the shell space, u0 , v0 , w0 are the
translational displacements for the corresponding point
at the mid-surface, and z is the distance to the mid-
surface in the thickness direction. Due to the
Kirchhoff–Love hypothesis, the resulting numerical
models neglect transverse shear strains. The error com-
ing from the neglect of transverse shear strains is very
small when the ratio of thickness to in-plane dimen-
sions is small enough. Therefore, this theory is valid for
very thin structures, in which the transverse shear
strains can be neglected. Using the displacement distri-
bution assumption in equations (1) to (3), the resulting
strain–displacement relations contain second derivative
terms. Thus, it requires at least quadratic shape func-
tions or higher order elements in FE analysis.
In addition, a model of two variable refined plate
theory (RPT), similar to the classical plate theory, was
proposed by Shimpi and Patel (2006). The theory
assumed that the lateral displacement w comprises two
components, the bending part wb and the shear part ws ,
both of which are functions of the in-plane coordinate
axis. The displacements in the shell space along the in-
plane axes can be expressed as follows (Shimpi and
Patel 2006)
    et al. (2007), and dynamic analysis or vibration control
∂wb 1 z 5  z 3 ∂ws
u=  z +h  ð4Þ
∂x 4 h 3 h ∂x
     
∂wb 1 z 5 z 3 ∂ws
v=  z +h  ð5Þ
∂y 4 h 3 h ∂y
w = wb + ws ð6Þ
Under this assumption, the bending part does not
contribute toward transverse shear strains. The result-
ing transverse strains in this case are not equal to zero
or constant, but a second-order function of the distance
z from the mid-surface, which are given as follows
3
  z 2  ∂w
5 s
gxz = 5 ð7Þ
4 h ∂x
  z 2  ∂w
5 s
gyz = 5 ð8Þ
4 h ∂y
It shows that the transverse shear strains reach the
peak values at the mid-surface and disappear at outer
surfaces.
2.2. Reissner–Mindlin hypothesis
The CT neglects the transverse shear strains and is
valid for thin structures. For moderately thick struc-
tures, the transverse shear strains are not negligible.
Taking into account constant transverse shear strains
yields the Reissner–Mindlin hypothesis, which is more
precise than the classical theory for moderately thick
plates and shells. Reissner–Mindlin hypothesis is also
called first-order shear deformation (FOSD) hypoth-
esis, which assumes that the straight lines normal to the
mid-surface remain straight after deformation, but not
necessarily normal to the mid-surface. Now the displa-
cement distribution along the thickness in the curvi-
linear coordinate system assumes
u = u0 + zu1 ð9Þ
v = v0 + zu2 ð10Þ
w = w0 ð11Þ
Here u1 and u2 represent the rotations about the y- and
x-axis, respectively, which are independent parameters.
The details of FOSD hypothesis for cylindrical and
spherical shells are referred to Zhang (2014). The FOSD
hypothesis assumes constant transverse shear strains
through the thickness. A large number of papers devel-
oped geometrically linear models for smart structures
based on the FOSD hypothesis. The first analytical
solution of piezoelectric bonded plates was proposed by
Mindlin (1952) for frequency analysis. Afterwards, the
FOSD hypothesis was applied to static analysis or shape
control of piezoelectric plates by Lin et al. (1996), Cen
et al. (2002), Kapuria and Dumir (2002), Marinković
by Chen et al. (1996), Balamurugan and Narayanan
(2001), Wang et al. (2001, 2004), and Krommer (2003).
Moreover, Wang (2004) developed an FOSD FE model
for both static and dynamic analysis of piezoelectric
bimorph structures, and Liu et al. (2004) proposed a
meshfree model based on the FOSD hypothesis for
shape and vibration control of laminated composite
plates. However, the assumption of constant transverse
shear strains through the thickness is not always accu-
rate enough. In real structures, the transverse shear
strains vary through the thickness and vanish at the out-
side surfaces.
4 Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 00(0)
2.3. Third- or higher order shear deformation
hypothesis
With the assumption of linear displacement distribution
through the thickness, Kirchhoff–Love and FOSD
hypothesis is applicable for thin to moderately thick
plates and shells. In order to deal with thick structures
and present strain distribution more precisely, third-
order shear deformation (TOSD) or higher order shear
deformation (HOSD) hypothesis was first proposed by
Reddy (1984a, 1984b) for composite structures. Later,
the theory was extended and developed by Hanna and
Leissa (1994) for composite structures, by Correia et al.
(2000, 2002), Moita et al. (2008), Selim et al. (2016) for
smart structures. Furthermore, Loja et al. (2001) and
Soares et al. (2001) proposed higher order B-spline FE
strip models for laminated composite structures bonded
with piezoelectric patches. The displacement distribu-
tion of Reddy’s TOSD theory can be expressed as
follows
 
4z3 ∂w0
u = u0 + zu1  2 u1 + ð12Þ
3h ∂x
 
4z3 ∂w0
v = v0 + zu2  2 u2 + ð13Þ
3h ∂y
w = w0 ð14Þ
where h denotes the thickness of the structure.
2.4. First- or higher order zigzag hypothesis
The aforementioned plate or shell hypotheses consider
structures as single layers; however for sandwiched or
laminated structures, due to different material proper-
ties of each substrate layer, the resulting inter-layer
shear stresses are discontinuous. Zigzag hypothesis
assumes that the displacement distribution function is
different for each substrate layer, such that it can sat-
isfy the inter-layer shear stress continuity. Due to dif-
ferent order of displacement distribution functions
through the thickness, zigzag hypothesis can be imple-
mented with first-, third- or higher order functions.
Ray and Reddy (2005) and Vasques and Rodrigues
(2005) applied a first-order zigzag shear deformation
(or layerwise FOSD) theory, and Kapuria (2001) and
Kapuria et al. (2003) applied a third-order zigzag shear
deformation theory, for piezolaminated structures. In
addition, Polit et al. (2016) applied Murakami’s zigzag
functions for accurately modeling of multilayered piezo
structures, while Carrera and Demasi (2002) applied
for composite structures.
2.5. Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam hypotheses
In beam or arch-shaped structures, two dimensions are
relatively much smaller than the three dimensions. For
simplicity, the structures can be shrunk to a line for
consideration using 1D elements or beam elements,
based on the most frequently used hypotheses,
Bernoulli or Timoshenko beam hypothesis. Bernoulli
beam hypothesis is a special case of Kirchhoff–Love
plate/shell hypothesis with neglect of one of the two in-
plane dimensions. An early beam-like analytical model
was proposed by Crawley and Luis (1987) with further
neglecting the transverse shear strains. Later, Tzou and
Chai (2007) and Kucuk et al. (2011) established linear
mathematical models using Bernoulli beam hypothesis
for active control problems for smart structures.
Analogously, Timoshenko beam hypothesis is equiva-
lent to Reissner–Mindlin plate/shell hypothesis. Linear
Timoshenko beam FE models were developed by
Narayanan and Balamurugan (2003), and Marinaki
et al. (2011) for active control simulation, and by Zhu
and Zu (2011) for energy harvesting.
3. Geometrically nonlinear modeling
Thin-walled structures are often exposed to elastic
deformation involving large displacements.
Geometrically linear theories are only valid for struc-
tures undergoing small displacements. Otherwise geo-
metrically nonlinear theories have to be considered for
structures undergoing large displacements and/or large
rotations. Including different nonlinear terms leads to
various nonlinear shell theories, for example, von
Kármán–type nonlinear theory, moderate rotation
nonlinear shell theory, fully geometrically nonlinear
theory with moderate rotations, and large rotation
nonlinear theory. There are much fewer papers dealing
with geometrically nonlinear FE analysis compared
with those dealing with linear analysis.
3.1. Von Kármán–type nonlinear theory
Among all the mentioned nonlinear theories, von
Kármán–type nonlinear theory is the simplest and most
frequently used one, which considers only the squares
and products of derivatives of the transverse deflection
in the in-plane longitudinal and shear strain compo-
nents. The first implementation of von Kármán–type
nonlinear theory into analysis of piezoelectric inte-
grated structures was done by Im and Atluri (1989).
Afterwards, von Kármán–type nonlinear FE models
were developed by Kapuria and Dumir (2005) based on
the classical plate theory and by Varelis and Saravanos
(2004a) based on the FOSD hypothesis for buckling
analysis of piezoelectric laminated plates. Panda and
Ray (2008) and Varelis and Saravanos (2004b) devel-
oped von Kármán nonlinear FE models based on the
FOSD hypothesis for static analysis. In addition, more
advanced hypotheses were implemented into von
Kármán nonlinear FE models by many researchers.
Schmidt and Vu (2009) developed nonlinear FE models
Zhang et al.
based on both the FOSD and TOSD hypotheses for
plates and shells, and Shen and Yang (2015) and Singh
et al. (2016) developed nonlinear model using higher
order hypothesis. Carrera (1997) proposed a nonlinear
FE model based on the first-order zigzag hypothesis,
Kapuria and Alam (2004) applied a first-order zigzag
hypothesis with a global third-order variation, and
Icardi and Sciuva (1996) implemented a third-order zig-
zag hypothesis into geometrically nonlinear analysis of
piezoelectric structures. For dynamic analysis, von
Kármán–type nonlinear theories are mostly used in
modeling of smart structures as well, based on FOSD
(Mukherjee and Chaudhuri, 2005), TOSD (Cheng
et al., 2005; Schmidt and Vu 2009), and first-order zig-
zag (Ray and Shivakumar, 2009; Sarangi and Ray,
2011) hypotheses.
3.2. Moderate rotation nonlinear theory
Including more geometrically nonlinear effects, but
using simplified strain–displacement relations and
under the assumption of moderate rotations, Librescu
and Schmidt (1988) and Schmidt and Reddy (1988)
proposed moderate rotation nonlinear shell theories.
Afterwards, the theory was further extended to piezo-
electric plates and shells by Lentzen and Schmidt
(2005), Lentzen et al. (2007), and Lentzen (2009) based
on the FOSD hypothesis for both static and dynamic
analysis of smart structures. Recently, the theory was
reimplemented by Zhang and Schmidt, (2013a, 2014a,
2014b) based on the FOSD hypothesis for static and
dynamic analysis.
3.3. Fully geometrically nonlinear theory with
moderate rotations
Employing fully geometrically nonlinear strain–
displacement terms with the assumption of moderate
rotations, fully geometrically nonlinear FE models were
developed by Moita et al. (2002) based on the
Kirchhoff-Love theory for static analysis, by Kundu
et al. (2007) based on the FOSD hypothesis for buck-
ling and postbuckling analysis, by Gao and Shen
(2003) based on the FOSD hypothesis for dynamic
analysis, and by Dash and Singh (2009) based on the
TOSD hypothesis for dynamic analysis. With the effect
of geometrical imperfection in the thickness direction,
Amabili (2018b) developed fully geometrically non-
linear FE model based on the refined FOSD hypoth-
esis. Moreover, based on the HOSD hypothesis, fully
geometrically nonlinear FE models were developed for
composite plates and shells with additional consider-
ation of geometrical imperfections (Amabili, 2015),
thickness stretching (Alijani and Amabili, 2014a,
2014b), or both effects (Amabili, 2014; Amabili and
Reddy, 2010). However, the fully geometrically non-
linear FE models presented in this subsection are
5
restricted to moderate rotations due to the kinematic
hypothesis, which does not account for real large rota-
tions. Therefore, the results obtained by fully geometri-
cally nonlinear theory with moderate rotations is
similar to those obtained by moderate rotation non-
linear theory.
3.4. Large rotation nonlinear theory
It can be seen that the above-mentioned nonlinear shell
theories, including von Kármán–type nonlinear theory,
moderate rotation nonlinear theory, and fully geome-
trically nonlinear theory with moderate rotations, are
restricted to large displacements but with moderate
rotations. These nonlinear theories are usually classi-
fied as simplified nonlinear theories, due to simplified
nonlinear strain–displacement relations and restricted
rotations considered. Therefore, these simplified non-
linear theories will fail to predict the behavior of struc-
tures undergoing large displacements and rotations. In
order to simulate structures with large displacements
and rotations, Chróścielewski et al. (1997, 1998, 2019)
developed a 1D FE model using fully geometrically
nonlinear large rotation theory for shape and vibration
control of curved beams. For plates and shells, Zhang
and Schmidt (2013a, 2013b, 2014a, 2014b) developed
large rotation nonlinear FE model based on the FOSD
hypothesis using Euler rotation formulation for static
and dynamic analysis of piezolaminated structures. A
similar nonlinear FE model was proposed by Rao and
Schmidt (2014) and Rao et al. (2015) for plates and
shells, but using Rodrigues rotation formulation. The
above-mentioned large rotation FE models include
fully geometrically nonlinear strain–displacement rela-
tions with consideration of large rotations. Therefore,
the large rotation nonlinear FE model is the most pre-
cise one among all other nonlinear models.
4. Electroelastic materially nonlinear
modeling
4.1. Linear piezoelectric coupled constitutive
equations
Linear constitutive laws are the most widely used in the
analysis of smart structures, which include the first-
order and higher-order variation of electric potential
through thickness. The frequently used assumption of
first-order electric potential variation through the thick-
ness of sensors or actuators, yielding constant electric
field, is only valid for structures where the thickness of
the piezoelectric patches is very thin compared to the
thickness of the elastic structure (Yang, 1997, 1999),
which is most widely used in the literature. For the case
that the thickness of the piezoelectric patches is not
very thin, the bending effect of the piezoelectric actua-
tors also needs to be considered, which is related to
6 Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 00(0)
terms up to the order of the cube of the actuator to
plate thickness ratio (Yang, 1997, 1999). Moreover,
quadratic electric potential variation through the thick-
ness was also included in the linear models developed
by Gopinathan et al. (2000) and Marinković et al.
(2007) based on the FOSD hypothesis, by Cotoni et al.
(2006) based on the zigzag hypothesis, and by Kögl and
Bucalem (2005) using the MITC elements (proposed by
Bathe (1986) and Dvorkin and Bather (1984)). In addi-
tion, Marinković et al. (2008, 2009) and Carrera (1997)
developed geometrically nonlinear FE models for static
and dynamic analysis considering electric potential
quadratically distributed.
4.2. Strong electric field models
The linear piezoelectric constitutive equations are only
valid for structures with small strains and weak electric
potential. Due to the brittle nature of piezoceramics,
only small strains occur in structure before its damage.
However, strong electric field can be applied on piezo-
electric layers, which may yield an electroelastic mate-
rial nonlinear effect. Therefore, the nonlinear
constitutive law for piezo materials is only including
the electroelastic part. The nonlinear electroelastic con-
stitutive equations were earlier developed by Nelson
(1978) and Joshi (1992). Later, the nonlinear constitu-
tive equations were extended by Yang and Batra (1995)
for transversely isotropic material-like piezoelectric
ceramics and for the class of mm2 symmetry like
PVDF materials. A lot of numerical studies of irreversi-
ble piezoelectric nonlinearities, usually related to hys-
teresis, can be found, for example, in Kamlah and
Böhle (2001), Zhou and Chattopadhyay (2002), Landis
(2004), Elhadrouz et al. (2006), and Ma et al. (2016),
among many others. In addition, to validate the analy-
tical models of irreversible piezoelectric nonlinearities,
many experimental investigations have been conducted
by Li et al. (1991) and Masys et al. (2003), for example.
Furthermore, Klinkel (2006) and Linnemann et al.
(2009) implemented the irreversible phenomenological
constitutive model into the numerical analysis of piezo
actuators using solid elements.
For piezo-bonded plates and shells, the electroelastic
material nonlinear modeling techniques has attracted a
lot of researchers. Tan and Tong (2002) developed a
1D analytical model incorporating the nonlinear beha-
vior of piezoelectric and PFRC materials using the
curve-fitting method based on experimental data.
Wang et al. (1999) investigated both analytically and
experimentally cantilevered piezoelectric ceramic
bimorph and unimorph beams under large electric
field. Analogously, a very similar beam model with
strong driving electric field was proposed by Yao
et al. (2004a) using the asymptotic theory of nonsta-
tionary vibrations and validated by experimental data
of piezoelectric bimorph and unimorph beams.
Furthermore, a 2D Reissner–Mindlin plate model
with electroelastic material nonlinearity has been
developed by Sun et al. (2004) for static shape control
of structures and by Kusculuoglu and Royston (2008)
for dynamic analysis. Kapuria and Yasin (2013, 2015)
implemented efficient layerwise into nonlinear FE
model for the static analysis and active vibration con-
trol of piezoelectric laminated composites under strong
electric field. Recently, Rao et al. (2016) proposed an
FE model with electroelastic material nonlinearity for
piezoelectric laminated composite plates and shells with
the assumption of quadratic electric potential distribu-
tion through the thickness. The above references in this
paragraph focused mainly on geometrically linear mod-
els with electroelastic material nonlinearity. Including
both geometric and electroelastic material nonlineari-
ties, Yao et al. (2004b) proposed a von Kármán–type
nonlinear FE model based on the classical plate theory
in the consideration of strong applied electric field.
More precisely, Zhang et al. (2017c) developed a fully
nonlinear model with both geometrically nonlinear and
electroelastic materially nonlinear.
5. Multi-physics coupled modeling
5.1. Functionally graded structures
The electro-mechanical phenomenon is the basic cou-
pling effect for piezoelectric structures which is
included in the most related publications. Many studies
can be found in the literature dealing with piezoelectric
materials embedded into composite, steel, and alumi-
num. With the development of functionally graded
materials, especially the CNT reinforced functionally
graded composites, the topic of piezo-CNT structures
has attracted many researchers. Alibeigloo (2014)
developed a linear model for free vibration analysis of
functionally graded CNT reinforced composite cylind-
rical panel embedded with piezoelectric layers. Based
on Reddy’s HOSD theory, a novel element-free model
was developed by Selim et al. (2017) for CNT rein-
forced composite plate with piezoelectric layers.
Regarding large deformation, Rafiee et al. (2013) devel-
oped a von Kármán–type geometrically nonlinear
model based on the classical plate theory for CNT rein-
forced functionally graded composite beams with
piezoelectric materials. Including additionally the ther-
mal effect, Ansari et al. (2016) developed a von
Kármán–type nonlinear analytical model for postbuck-
ling analysis of piezoelectric functionally graded CNT
reinforced composite cylindrical shells subjected to
combined electro-thermal loadings.
The functionally graded concept can also be applied
to piezoelectric materials. Concerning the modeling of
functionally graded piezo structures, Loja et al. (2013)
developed B-spline finite strip element models for static
and free vibration analysis of functionally graded
Zhang et al.
sandwich plates. The three-dimensional element-free
Galerkin method was used by Mikaeeli and Behjat
(2016) for static analysis of thick functionally graded
piezoelectric plates with an exponential distribution
through thickness. Based on the FOSD hypothesis, Su
et al. (2018) developed a numerical model for free
vibration and transient response of functionally graded
piezoelectric plates. Considering structures undergoing
large displacement, von Kármán–type geometrically
nonlinear models were developed by Derayatifar et al.
(2017) and Wang (2018).
5.2. Electro-thermo-mechanically coupled structures
Both metal and piezoelectric materials are very sensi-
tive to the environmental factor of thermal field. In
case of piezo structures exposed to large thermal gradi-
ents, electro-thermo-mechanical coupling should be
considered. The early work of numerical modeling for
electro-thermo-mechanically coupled problems was
presented by Krommer and Irschik (2000) using the
Reissner–Mindlin theory. Including the thermal effect,
Dehghan et al. (2016) developed three-dimensional
multi-field equations of functionally graded piezoelec-
tric shells under thermo-mechanical loading. Based on
the classical plate theory, Zhang et al. (2017a) and Li
et al. (2017) developed thermo-electro-mechanically
coupled models for analysis of piezoelectric nanoplates
with viscoelastics. Using trigonometric plate theory,
Arefi and Zenkour (2017) studied thermo-electro-
mechanical bending behavior of sandwich nanoplates
integrated with piezoelectric face-sheets. For thermo-
elastic analysis of functionally graded CNT reinforced
composite, Alibeigloo (2016) proposed an analytical
solution, and Song et al. (2016) proposed a linear model
based on the advanced Reddy’s HOSD theory.
Considering piezoelectric plasticity, Tang and Felicelli
(2013) developed an electro-thermo-elasto-plastic model
using an incremental formulation based on the
variational-asymptotic method. For geometrically non-
linear problems, von Kármán–type nonlinear models
with thermal effect were developed by Komijani et al.
(2014) based on Timoshenko beam theory and by Shen
and Yang (2015) based on Reddy’s higher-order theory.
Moreover, Boroujerdy and Eslami (2014) developed
Sanders nonlinear model based on classical shell theory
for thermo-electro-mechanically coupled analysis.
5.3. Magneto-electroelastic composite
Magneto-electroelastic (MEE) composite structures are
another type of piezo structure, with coupling of elec-
tric, magnetic, and elastic fields. MEE structures have
the ability to convert energy among the magnetic, elec-
tric, and elastic phases. Regarding the modeling tech-
niques of MEE structures, 3D FE models of MEE
plates were developed by Vinyas and Kattimani (2017)
7
for hygrothermal analysis and by Yang et al. (2018) for
natural characteristic analysis. In addition, numerical
models were developed for vibration analysis of MEE
plates based on Donnell theory (Razavi and
Shooshtari, 2014) and a four-variable shear deforma-
tion RPT (Ebrahimi et al., 2017). Considering a gra-
dual change of the mechanical and electromagnetic
properties in piezoelectric-piezomagnetic functionally
graded materials, a dynamic solution is proposed by
Ezzin et al. (2017) for the propagation of waves on a
structure covered with a functionally graded piezoelec-
tric material layer. For geometrically nonlinear analy-
sis, von Kármán–type nonlinear models were
developed for large deflection analysis of MEE lami-
nated plates based on FOSD hypothesis (Milazzo,
2014) and first-order zigzag hypothesis (Kattimani and
Ray, 2014). Furthermore, Sahmani and Aghdam
(2018) developed a nonlocal strain gradient shell model
for buckling and postbuckling analysis of MEE compo-
site nanoshells.
5.4. Aero-electroelastic coupled modeling
Piezo structures are frequently used in aerocraft tech-
nology, in which the numerical models should take into
account coupled fluid, electric, and mechanical fields.
Many researchers developed linear aero-electroelastic
models of piezoelectric plates for active flutter suppres-
sion under supersonic air flows using classical plate the-
ory, for example, Wang et al. (2012), Song and Li
(2012), and Li (2012), among others. With consider-
ation of additional thermal effects, Mohammadimehr
and Mehrabi (2018) and Song et al. (2018) developed
aero-electro-thermo-elastic models for vibration and
flutter analysis of supersonic composite plate.
6. Modeling of piezo-fiber composite
bonded structures
6.1. Types of piezo-fiber composite materials
In order to overcome the brittle feature of PZT and
enhance the actuation forces of PVDF, a hybrid mate-
rial made of piezoceramic fibrous phase embedded in
epoxy matrix phase was proposed and developed in the
last two decades. The first type of this piezo-fiber-based
composite material is referred to as 1–3 composite, pro-
posed by Skinner et al. (1978), in which the piezo-fiber
with rectangular or circular cross section is aligned
along the thickness direction. The second type is an
AFC, initially developed by MIT (Bent and Hagood,
1997; Hagood et al., 1993), in which piezo fibers with
circular cross section are placed along the in-plane
direction. The last one is an MFC, invented by NASA
Langley Research Center (Wilkie et al., 2000), in which
the piezo fibers are also placed along the in-plane direc-
tion, but with square cross section. For more detailed
8 Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 00(0)
information of active piezoelectric fiber composites, we
refer to Williams et al. (2002b), Sodano et al. (2006),
and Bowen et al. (2006). Because of many beneficial
properties of piezoelectric fiber composites, consider-
able efforts have been made to integrate this material
into metal structures for vibration control (Choi et al.,
2007; Zhang and Shen, 2007) and health monitoring
(Konka et al., 2013; Kovalovs et al., 2007; Sodano
et al., 2004).
6.2. Homogenization of piezo-fiber composite
Due to the complexity of piezo-fiber composite materi-
als, many researchers focused on the homogenization
of material properties for piezo composite based on
experimental or numerical investigations, especially for
MFC patches. Williams et al. (2004) and Williams
(2004) first studied experimentally the basic elasticity
constants of MFC patches in both the linear elastic
region and the nonlinear constitutive behavior. For
numerical prediction of linear piezo composite material
properties, Park and Kim (2005) used classical lamina-
tion theory and uniform fields model (proposed by Tan
and Tong (2001)), Deraemaeker et al. (2007, 2009) and
Deraemaeker and Nasser (2010) proposed a representa-
tive volume element (RVE) technique and mixing rules,
and Biscani et al. (2011) developed an asymptotic
expansion homogenization (AEH) method. In addition,
Williams et al. (2006) developed electroelastic nonlinear
material constitutive equations for MFC patches.
Analogously, Schröck et al. (2011) investigated experi-
mentally the hysteresis and creep effects in structural
dynamics of MFC bonded plates. Moreover, the homo-
genization of elastic constants including the transverse
shear moduli and the piezoelectric constants for overall
MFC patches have been studied by Li et al. (2016) and
Trindade and Benjeddou (2016).
6.3. Modeling of piezo composite laminated plates
and shells
In order to get the structural response of piezo compo-
site laminated plates and shells, the earlier studies of
simulation techniques are mainly using commercial
software, for example, ANSYS (Bowen et al., 2011;
Dano et al., 2008), ABAQUS (Binette et al., 2009; Ren,
2008), with the results compared to those from experi-
ments. Furthermore, the investigations of cured shape
and snap-through of asymmetric bistable laminates
actuated by MFC has been carried out by Bowen et al.
(2011) and Giddings et al. (2011). Besides the usage of
commercial software, a linear distributed parameter
electro-mechanical model was developed by Bilgen
et al. (2010) for frequency response analysis of MFC
actuated clamped-free thin beams. Moreover, a linear
FE model for MFC bonded plates and shells consider-
ing arbitrary piezo-fiber orientation was proposed by
Zhang et al. (2015, 2017b) based on the Reissner–
Mindlin hypothesis.
To predict piezo composite laminated plates and
shells undergoing large displacements or rotations,
Azzouz and Hall (2010) developed a von Kármán non-
linear FE model based on the FOSD hypothesis for fre-
quency response of a rotating MFC actuator. Zhang
et al. (2016) implemented various geometrically non-
linear theories into FE models for MFC bonded thin-
walled smart structures based on the Reissner–Mindlin
hypothesis.
7. Summary
In the last few decades, much progress has been made
regarding piezoelectric integrated smart structures. This
article deals with a literature survey on modeling tech-
niques of piezoelectric bonded plates and shells, includ-
ing various plate/shell hypotheses, geometrically
nonlinear theories, electroelastic piezoelectric material
linear/nonlinear constitutive models, multi-physics
coupled modeling for various smart structures, and
modeling of piezoelectric fiber composite bonded struc-
tures. Due to limited presentation pages and specified
research concentration, the article does not include all
published papers available in the literature. Moreover,
the meso, micro, and molecular scales modeling tech-
niques of piezoelectric structures, as well as the calcula-
tion of experimental determined parameters like
damping are excluded.
In the near future, multi-physics (aero-electro-
thermo-elastic) coupled modeling for smart structures
with consideration of both geometrical and multi-
physics coupled material nonlinearities will attract
many researchers. Because of the development of new
concept materials, much effort can be carried out for
multi-functional materials, including not only piezoelec-
trics but also viscoelastics, magnetostrictives, CNTs,
and so on.
Declaration of conflicting interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial sup-
port for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article: This work was supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11602193); the
Opening Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Structural
Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of
Technology—China (Grant No. GZ1709); the Nature Science
Foundation of Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 2017JQ1027);
and the Opening Fund of the State Key Laboratory of
Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing
University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China (Grant
No. MCMS-0517G01).
Zhang et al.
ORCID iD
Shun-Qi Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0633-0564
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