n of

Sig 𝑓! ----- 0 ++++++

2
𝑓! 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
 n of
Sig 𝑓!
𝑓! 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 +++++ 0 +++++++

𝑓 ! 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 1, −2
 o f
i gn !
S 𝑓 - - - - - -2 + + + + + 0 - - - - - 1 + + + +

𝑓 ! 𝑥 < 0 on (−∞, −2) and (0,1) ⇒ 𝑓 is Decreasing on (−∞, −2] ∪ [0,1]

𝑓 ! 𝑥 > 0 on (−2,0) and (1, ∞) ⇒ 𝑓 is Increasing on [−2,0] ∪ [1, ∞)
CONCAVITY
 of
n
Sig 𝑓!!
++++++++++++++++++

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 is concave up on (−∞, ∞)
INFLECTION POINTS
 n of
Sig 𝑓!
+++ 0 --- 2 +++
𝑓 ! 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 2
𝑓 ! 𝑥 < 0 on (0,2) ⇒ 𝑓 is Decreasing on [0,2].
𝑓 ! 𝑥 > 0 on (−∞, 0) and (2, ∞) ⇒ 𝑓 is Increasing on (−∞, 0] ∪ [2, ∞).
of
n
Sig 𝑓!!
𝑓 !! 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 -------- 1 ++++++

𝑓 !! 𝑥 < 0 on (−∞, 1) ⇒ 𝑓 is Concave down on (−∞, 1).

𝑓 !! 𝑥 > 0 on (1, ∞) ⇒ 𝑓 is Concave up on (1, ∞)
 n of
Sig 𝑓!
++++++ 1 -------
𝑓! 𝑥 =0 ⇒ 𝑥=1
𝑓 ! 𝑥 < 0 on (1, ∞) ⇒ 𝑓 is Decreasing on [1, ∞)
𝑓 ! 𝑥 > 0 on (−∞, 1) ⇒ 𝑓 is Increasing on (−∞, 1]
of
n
Sig 𝑓!!
𝑓 !! 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 -------- 2 ++++++

𝑓 !! 𝑥 < 0 on (−∞, 2) ⇒ 𝑓 is Concave down on (−∞, 2).

𝑓 !! 𝑥 > 0 on (2, ∞) ⇒ 𝑓 is Concave up on (2, ∞)
2
2, 𝑓 2 = (2, " )
𝑒
2
(2, " )
𝑒
 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2𝜋]

of
n
Sig 𝑓! 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅
0++++ ---- ++++ 𝟐𝝅
𝟑 𝟑
#$ "% '%
𝑓 ! 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ cos𝑥 = ⇒𝑥 = ,
" & &
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅
𝑓! 𝑥 < 0 on ( , ) ⇒ 𝑓 is Decreasing on [ 𝟑 , ]
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅
𝑓 ! 𝑥 > 0 on (0, ) and ( , 2𝜋) ⇒ 𝑓 is Increasing on 0, ∪[ , 2𝜋]
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
n of
Sig 𝑓!!
𝑓 !! 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝜋 on (0, 2𝜋)
0 ---- 𝝅 ++++ 𝟐𝝅

𝑓 !! 𝑥 < 0 on (0, 𝜋) ⇒ 𝑓 is Concave down on (0, 𝜋).

𝑓 !! 𝑥 > 0 on (𝜋, 2𝜋) ⇒ 𝑓 is Concave up on 𝜋, 2𝜋
𝑓 has an inflection point 𝜋, 𝑓 𝜋 = (𝜋, 𝜋).
1)

2)

3)
 Theorem If a function 𝑓 has a relative extremum at 𝑎, then either
𝑓 ! 𝑎 = 0 or 𝑓 ! 𝑎 D.N.E.

Suppose that 𝑓 is a continuous function at a critical point 𝑥, .

1) If 𝑓 ! 𝑥 changes its sign from positive to negative at 𝑥, , then 𝑓 𝑥, is
a relative maximum of 𝑓.
2) If 𝑓 ! 𝑥 changes its sign from negative to positive at 𝑥, , then 𝑓 𝑥, is
a relative minimum of 𝑓.
3) If 𝑓 ! 𝑥 does not change its sign at 𝑥, , then 𝑓 has no relative extremum at 𝑥,

n of
Sig 𝑓! ++++ 𝟎 ---- 𝟐 ++++
Critical numbers are: 2 and 0
𝑓 has a relative maximum at 0 which is 𝑓 0 = 0.
𝑓 has a relative minimum at 2 which is 𝑓 2 .
Example
-.&
Find the critical points and the relative extreme values of 𝑓 𝑥 = .
-#"
Solution.
!
𝑥 − 2 1 − (1)(𝑥 + 3) −5
𝑓 𝑥 = "
= "
.
(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 2)
𝑓 ! 𝑥 ≠ 0 for all 𝑥 and 𝑓 ! 2 D.N.E.
Critical numbers: None (2 ∉ 𝐷𝑜𝑚 (𝑓))
𝑓 has no relative extreme values.

Example
Find the critical points and the relative extreme values of 𝑓 𝑥 = ln(2 + 𝑥 " )
Solution. 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = ℝ
"-
𝑓! 𝑥 = % . 𝑓! 𝑥 = 0 𝑥=0 -------- 𝟎 ++++++
".-
Critical numbers: 0
𝑓 has a relative minimum at 0 which is 𝑓 0 = ln 2.
𝑓 !! 1 = 30 > 0 ⇒ 𝑓 has a relative minimum at 1.
𝑓 !! −1 = −30 < 0 ⇒ 𝑓 has a relative maximum at −1.
𝑓 !! 0 = 0 ⇒ We can not use second derivative test.
 (2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 1
𝑓! 𝑥 = "
= "
.
(2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) (2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
$ % /%
𝑓 ! 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = ⇒𝑥 = ,
" & &
!
Note that 𝑓 𝑥 exists for all 𝑥 (2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ≠ 0 for all 𝑥).
% /%
Critical numbers are: ,
& &

𝝅 𝟓𝝅
0 ++++ 𝟑
----- 𝟑
++++ 𝟐𝝅

% %
𝑓 has a relative maximum at which is 𝑓 .
& &
/% /%
𝑓 has a relative minimum at which is 𝑓 .
& &
 =𝑓 𝑥

Dom (𝑓) = ℝ
1)
−2,0 , (1,0)
2) (0,2)
3)

4)
 of
n
𝑓 ! 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1, 1 Sig 𝑓! + + + + −𝟏 - - - - - 𝟏 ++++

𝑓 ! 𝑥 < 0 on (−1,1) ⇒ 𝑓 is Decreasing on [−1,1].

𝑓 ! 𝑥 > 0 on (−∞, −1) and (1, ∞) ⇒ 𝑓 is Increasing on (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞).
𝑓 has a relative maximum at −1 which is 𝑓 −1 = 4 −1,4
𝑓 has a relative minimum at 1 which is 𝑓 1 = 0 (1,0)
𝑓 !! 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0
𝑓 !! 𝑥 < 0 on (−∞, 0) ⇒ 𝑓 is Concave down on (−∞, 0).
𝑓 !! 𝑥 > 0 on (0, ∞) ⇒ 𝑓 is Concave up on (0, ∞)
0,2 is an inflection point

n of
Sig 𝑓!! -------- 0 ++++++
 =𝑓 𝑥

Dom (𝑓) = ℝ − −4,4

2 𝑥−2 𝑥+2 =0 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 2 −2,0 , (2,0)

1
0,
2

2𝑥 + − 8 2𝑥 + − 8
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim ! = −∞ lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim " = +∞
'→)* ! '→)* (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4) '→)* " '→)* (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4)

2𝑥 + − 8 2𝑥 + − 8
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim! = +∞ lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim" = −∞
'→* ! '→* (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4) '→* " '→* (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4)
 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑥 = −4 are vertical asymptotes for 𝑓 and 𝑦 = 2
is a horizontal asymptote

𝑓 ! 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑓 ! 4 , 𝑓 ! −4 are not defined

⇒ Critical numbers : 0 (Note that 4, −4 ∉ 𝐷𝑜𝑚(𝑓)).
of
n
Sig 𝑓! + + + -4 + + + 0 - - - 4 - - - -

𝑓 ! 𝑥 < 0 on (0, ∞) ⇒ 𝑓 is Decreasing on [0, ∞).

𝑓 ! 𝑥 > 0 on (−∞, 0) ⇒ 𝑓 is Increasing on (−∞, 0]. 1
6 0,
𝑓 has a relative maximum at 0 which is 𝑓 0 = 2
7
𝑓 !! 𝑥 ≠ 0 for all 𝑥 and 𝑓 !! 4 , 𝑓 !! −4 are not defined.
𝑓 !! 𝑥 < 0 on (−4,4) ⇒ 𝑓 is Concave down on (−4,4).
𝑓 !! 𝑥 > 0 on (−∞, −4) ∪ (4, ∞) ⇒ 𝑓 is Concave up on (−∞, −4) ∪ (4, ∞)
𝑓 has no inflection point (𝑓 is discontinuous at −4 and 4)

n of
Sig 𝑓!!
+ + + + + -4 - - - - - - 4 + ++ + +
Slant asymptotes
A line 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is called a slant asymptote for a function 𝑓 𝑥 if
lim [𝑓 𝑥 − (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)] = 0.
&→(
)(&)
Usually slants asymptotes can occur for rational functions 𝑓 𝑥 = where
,(&)
deg 𝑃 𝑥 − deg 𝑄 𝑥 =1
Example.
- % .$
Find the slant asymptote for 𝑓 𝑥 = .
-
Solution.
$
By long division, we get 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + .
-
$
Hence, lim [𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑥] = lim = 0.
-→1 -→1 -
⇒ The line 𝑦 = 𝑥 is a slant asymptote for 𝑓.
1) Functions in (a) and (b) have vertical tangents with inflection points
at (𝑥, , 𝑓(𝑥, )).
2) Functions in (c) and (d) have vertical tangents with Cusps at 𝑥, .
% " -.⁄
Example. Consider 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 4) ⁄, ⇒ 𝑓 ! 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 4) , .
&
How to find the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum of 𝑓 on [𝑎, 𝑏].

(Critical points)

The absolute maximum is 𝑓 5 = 55 and the absolute minimum is 𝑓 1 = 23

 1)
2)
3)

Example
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 " − 5𝑥 + 4 , 𝑥 ∈ 1,4 . Verify that 𝑓
Satisfies Rolle’s Theorem and find 𝑐 ∈ (1,4) such that 𝑓 ! 𝑐 = 0
Solution
𝑓 is continuous on 1,4 and differentiable on (1,4) since it is a polynomial.
Also, 𝑓 1 = 0 = 𝑓(4).
Thus, 𝑓 satisfies Rolle’s Theorem and there is 𝑐 ∈ (1,4) such that 𝑓 ! 𝑐 = 0.
⇒ 2𝑐 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 = /⁄".
1)
2)

that satisfy the conclusion of the theorem.

3 4 #3(6) 3 " #3(,) &#$

Thus, there is 𝑐 ∈ 0,2 such that 𝑓 ! 𝑐 = = = =1
4#6 " "
& " ' " #" #" "
⇒ 𝑐 =1 ⇒ 𝑐" = ⇒𝑐 = or 𝑐 = . But ∉ (0,2) and so 𝑐 = .
' & & & & &
 ( )

= 𝑐 (constant on [−1,1].)

𝜋
𝑐=
2
Homework: Solve problems : 4, 8, 24(b) pages 308 and 309