PERIODIC NOISE REDUCTION BY FREQUENCY DOMAINFILTERING

Periodic Noise
OPeriodic Noise is sinusoidal at multiples of a specific frequency and periodic n
nature

OThe occurrence of uniformbars over an image is a manfestation of periodic nise

U ypically arises from electical or electromechanical interterence durng mage
acquisition, and is spatal dependent

Estimation of Periodic Noise Parameters

the
OThe parameters of periodic noise are typically estimated by inspection of
Fourier spectrum. The frequency spikes can often be detected by visual analysis.
Automatic analysis is possible if the noise spikes are either exceptionally
O
pronounced or a priori knowledge about their location is known.
Notch Filter
Noise can be removed by Band-pass, Band-reject and
PERIODIC NOISE REDUCTION BY FREQUENCY DOMAIN FILTERING

Band-Pass Filters

Band-pass Filters allowfrequencies within aparticular range

to pass through and attenuate allother frequencies
OThis filter allows the frequencies if they fall in the range D, - D,
OThis range is known as Band

1D Transfer Function is given by:

H(D) = 1 for D,s DsD,
0 for D> D,
PERIODIC NOISE REDUCTIONBY FREQUENCY DOMAIN FILTERING
Band-Pass Filters
The transfer function for 2D band-pass AButterworth band-pass filter of order
filter is given as follows: n is given as

D(4)
0 f Du, v)<D,
Buttetwith
Hu.v)I fD <D(u,v)<D .
bp De)
0 f Du, v) > D,

Ideal Band-pass Filter ButterworthBand-pass Filter

PERIODICNOISE REDUCTIONBY FREQUENCY DOMAIN FILTERING

Band-Pass Filters
AGaussian band-pass filter is given as follows:

I D(u,o) - De
2

HassLan 2
D(ui)w
(u=e
bþ

Gaussian Band-pass Filte

PERIODIC NOISE REDUCTION BY FREQUENCY DOMAIN FILTERING

Band-Reject Filters
The objective of Band-reject Filter is to attenuate imtedrarge
Freguancies whle leaving the other frequences

Band-reject Filter is the These filters are very effective in

complement of a removing periodic noise and ringing
bandpass filter effect is normaly smal

H, (u,v) =1- H,, (u,v)

This filter rejects the frequenciesif they fall in the range D, - D,

H(D) = 0 for D,s DsD,

1D Transfer Function is given by: 11 for D>D,
 DOMAINFILTERING
PERIODICNOISE REDUCTION BY FREQUENCY
Band-Reject Filters
AButterworth band reject filter of order ns
An ideal band reject filter is given as
follows: given as:

fDu,) < D, Ilu.r)=

lu,v)0 if D, <Du,)sD,

fDu, r)» D,

Butterworth Band Reject Filter

ldeal Band Reject Filter (of order 1)
PERIODICNOISE REDUCTION BY FREQUENCY DOMAIN FILTERING

Band-Reject Filters
A
Gaussian band reject filter is given as follows:

Dn,t1
|H(u,r) =1l-e

Gaussian Band Reject Filter

PERIODIC NOISE REDUCTION BY FREQUENCY DOMAINFILTERING
Notch Filters

It is a specialform of band-reject filter.

Instead of removing the entire range of frequer:cies
it removes only selective frequency componends.

It is useful in removing a periodic signal of a clearty

defined frequency like the interference patterns
caused by electrical disturbances.

Assumingan ideal filter of radius D, with center (uo.Vo), the filter that
rejects the frequencies is given as follows:
PERIODIC NOISE REDUCTION BY FREQUENCY DOMAIN FILTERING
Notch Filters
An ideal Notch filter is given as follows:

0 D(u.r sD, ot D¡(u.r1s D

| otherwise

)-4o +

272
)
PERIODICNOISE REDUCTION BY FREQUENCY DOMAIN FILTERING
Notch Filters
Similar to the band-pass/band-reject filters, the Notch reject
filters can be turned into Notch pass filters with the relation

|Hpu. r) =l- H,,(u.r)

If u, = Vo =0 then,
ONotch reject flter becomes a high pass filter
ONotch pass filter becomes a low pass fiter
 MINIMUM MEAN SQUARE ERROR (WIENERFILTERINIG

-itis better than the inverse filter.

It not only restores the image, but also remo
noise by image smoothing.
Gray levels in the estimate are linear function: (

the degraded image.

So, to design a wiener filter, an estimation of t
originalimage andadditive noise is required.
 MINIMUM MEAN SQUARE ERROR (WIENER) FILTERING
approach incorporates both the degradation
rThis
function and statistical characteristics of noise into the
restoration process.
Objective is to find an estimate of the uncorrupted
mean square error between them is
image such that
minimized.
additive noise and inverts the blurring
I t removes the
simultaneously.
it minimizes the overall mean squar
rIn other words, nois
process of inverse filtering and
error in the
smoothing.
linear estimation of the origina
The wiener filtering is a
 MINIMUM MEAN SQUARE ERROR (WIENER) FILTERING
The inverse filtering appronch discussed in the previous scetion mahes iloc
plicit provision for handling noise. In this section we discuss an app0ach that
incorporales both the degradation funcion and statistical chat.clettsits l
Il0isc intothe restoration process. The method is founded on coNdetme t1hl.t
and noise as random processes, nd the obËcctive is to fnd al estimate f ot tlh
uncorrupted image fsuch tbat the mean square error between them mm
nized. This error measure is given by
E{f- 0} (58-1)
where E{} is the expected value of the argument. It is assumcd that the nosC
the inmagc arc uncorrelated: that one or the other has zero nmean: and that
ray levels in the estimate are a lincar funcion of the levels in tlhe degrad
mage. Basedaon thesc conditions, the minimum of the error funcion i
5.8-1) is in the frequency domain by the expression
H*(u, )S, (u, e)
S,(u.v)]# (u, e)f + S,(u, v).
H*(u. v) (5.8-2)
LiHu. b)? - s,(u, v)/S, (u. )
|H(u. v)f
S u )/S, (u. v)
 MINIMUM MEAN SQUARE ERROR (WIENER) FILTERING
where wve used the fact that the product of a complex quantity with ils conjugate is
equalto the magnitude of thecomplex quantity squared.This result is known as the
Wicner filter. after N,Wicner [1942], whofirst proposed the concept in the year shown
The filter, which consists of thc terms inside the brackets, also is comnionly reteried
lo as the minimum mean squarc crror filter or the least square error filter. We includ:
references at the end of the chapter to sources containing detailed derivaions of
the Wiener filter. Note from the first line in Eg. (5.8-2))that the Wicner filter does hoi
have the same problem as the inverse filter with zeros in the degradation iunction
unless both H(u, v) and S,(u. v)are zero for the same valuc(s) of uand r.
The ternns in Eq. (S.8-2) are as follows:
H(u. v) = degradation function
11*(u, v) = complex conjugate of H(u, v)
H(u.e ) )H(u, v)
) =power spectrum of the noise (see Eq. (4.2-20))
F(u. v)l = power spcctrum of the undegraded image.
is the transfornn of the degradation function and G(u. v)
M(u, v) domaj
the degraded imagc. The restored image in the spatial
ASformof frequency-dom.ain estima
n by the inverse Fouricr transform of the
Notc tihat if the noise is Zero, then the noisepower spcctrum vanish