➢CLASS 11th

S.no Scientist name Contribution/Awards NCERT page no.

÷
Ernst Mayr a) called as Darwin of 20th NCERT page 2 Class 11th bio
1) century
b) awarded with triple crown
of biology
Carolus Linnaeus a) gave the system of NCERT page 6 Class 11th bio
2) binomial
nomenclature NCERT page 16 Class 11th bio
b) gave the system of two
NCERT page 29 Class 11th bio
kingdom classification
c) gave artificial system of
classification
Aristotle a) earliest to attempt a more NCERT page 16 Class 11th bio
3) scientific basis of
classification
R.H Whittaker a) gave 5 kingdom system of NCERT page 17 Class 11th bio
4) classification
in 1969
Carl Woese a) gave 6 kingdom Not in NCERT
5) classification
D.J.Iwanosky a) recognized certain NCERT page 26 Class 11th bio
6) microbes as causal
organisms of tobacco
mosaic disease
b) found that virus were
smaller
than bacteria and passed
through bacteria proof
filter
M.W.Beijerinek a) contagium vivum fluidum NCERT page 26 Class 11th bio
7) b) gave the name virus
W.M.Stanley a) viruses could be NCERT page 26 Class 11th
8) crystallised and these bio
crystals consisted largely of
proteins
T.O.Diener a) discovered viroids in 1971 NCERT page 27 Class 11th bio
9)
 a) gave natural system of NCERT page 30 Class 11th bio
10) Bentham and classification
Hooker
a) reported that curly top NCERT page 64 Class 11th bio
11) Katherine Esau virus spreads in a plant
through phloem
b) dominated the field of
plant biology even at the
age of 99
a) discovered triple helical NCERT page 124 Class 11th
12) G.N.Ramachandran structure of collagen bio
b) gave Ramachandran plot
for conformational analysis
of proteins
a) published models of α- NCERT page 124 Class 11th
13) Linus Pauling helix and β-sheet bio
structures of proteins
a) saw first live cell NCERT page 125 Class 11th
14) Leeuwenhoek bio
a) discovered nucleus NCERT page 125 Class 11th
15) Robert Brown bio
(1831)
a) observed that all plants are NCERT page 125 Class 11th
16) Matthias Schielden composed of different bio
(1838) kinds of cells
b) gave cell theory with
schwann
a) animal cells have plasma NCERT page 126 Class 11th
17) Thedore Schwann membrane bio
(1839) b) presence of cell wall is a
unique character to plane
cells
c) gave cell theory along with
schielden
a) explained the concept of NCERT page 126 Class 11th
18) Rudolf Virchow omnis cellula-e-cellula and bio
modified cell theory
a) fluid mosaic model of cell NCERT page 132 Class 11th
19) Singer and Nicolson membrane bio
(1972)
a) discovered golgi complex NCERT page 133 Class 11th
20) Camillo golgi bio
(1898)

a) discovered ribosomes NCERT page 136 Class 11th

21) George Palade (palade particles) bio
(1953)
 a) coined the term NCERT page 138 Class 11th
22) Flemming chromatin bio
a) put radioactivity to NCERT page 174 Class 11th
23) Melvin Calvin bio
beneficial use
b) proposed Calvin Cycle
a) discovered hydroponics NCERT page 194 Class 11th
24) Julius Von Sachs bio
(1860) b) provided evidence for
production of glucose by NCERT page 208 Class 11th
bio
growing plants
c) found that chlorophyll is
located in chloroplasts
d) glucose is formed in green
parts of the plant and is
stored as starch
a) revealed essential role of NCERT page 207 class 11th
25) Joseph Priestley air in growth of plants bio
b) discovered oxygen in 1774
c) said that plants restore
oxygen in air
a) showed that sunlight is NCERT page 207 Class 11th
26) Jan Ingenhousz essential for photosynthesis bio
b) green parts of plants
release oxygen during
photosynthesis
a) gave first action spectrum NCERT page 208 Class 11th
27) T.W.Engelmann of photosynthesis bio
a) showed that oxygen NCERT page 208 Class 11th
28) Cornelius Van Neil evolved in photosynthesis bio
comes from water and not
CO2
a) gave Blackmann’s law of NCERT page 222 Class 11th
29) Blackmann limiting factors bio
(1905)
a) gave mechanism of NCERT page 228 Class 11th
30) Embden, Meyerhof glycolysis (EMP pathway) bio
and Parnas
a) gave Krebs’ cycle NCERT page 231 Class 11th
31) Hans Krebs bio
a) observed that coleoptiles NCERT page 247 Class 11th
32) Charles Darwin and of canary grass bend bio
Francis Darwin towards the light source
a) isolated Auxin from tip of NCERT page 247 Class 11th
33) F.W.Went coleoptiles of oat seedlings bio
a) discovered gibberellic acid NCERT page 248 Class 11th
34) E.Kurosawa bio
a) discovered cytokinins NCERT page 248 Class 11th
35) Miller et.al bio
 a) discovered ethylene NCERT page 248 Class 11th
36) H.H.Cousins bio
a) discovered Organ of Corti NCERT page 256 Class 11th
37) Alfonso Corti bio

➢ Class 12th
S.no Scientist name Contribution/Awards NCERT page no.
Panchanan a) popularised use of NCERT page 2 Class 12th bio
1) embryological aspects in
Maheshwari taxonomy
Watson and Crick a) double helical model of B- NCERT page 68 Class 12th bio
2) DNA
Gregor Mendel a) performed experiments on NCERT page 70 Class 12th bio
3) garden peas and gave
(1856-1863) various laws
Reginald.C.Punnett a) british geneticist who NCERT page 71 Class 12th bio
4) developed punnett square
De Vries, Correns, a) rediscovered mendel’s NCERT page 81 Class 12th bio
5) results
Tschemark
Sutton and Boveri a) noted that behaviour of NCERT page 81 Class 12th bio
6) chromosomes is similar to
that of genes
b) gave chromosomal theory NCERT page 83 Class 12th bio
of inheritance
Thomas Morgan a) proved chromosomal NCERT page 83 Class 12th bio
7) theory of inheritance
b) called as Father of
Experimental Genetics
Alfred Sturtevant a) created the genetic map of NCERT page 83 Class 12th bio
8) drosophila
a) gave the name X-Body NCERT page 85 Class 12th bio
9) Henking
a) gave the name of acidic NCERT page 97 Class 12th bio
10) Fredrich Meischer substance found in the
nucleus as Nuclein

11) Maurice Wilkins & a) gave X-Ray diffraction data NCERT page 97 Class 12th bio
on the basis of which
Rosalind Franklin Watson and crick gave
double helix model
a) A+T/G+C=1 NCERT page 97 Class 12th bio
12) Erwin Chargaff
a) gave Central Dogma of NCERT page 98 Class 12th bio
13) Francis Crick Biology
 a) gave the transformation NCERT page 100 Class 12th
14) Fredrick Griffith principle bio
(1928)
a) proved for the first time NCERT page 101 Class 12th
15) Avery, McLeod, that DNA is the genetic bio
McCarty material
a) gave the unequivocal NCERT page 101 Class 12th
16) Alfred Hershey & proof that DNA is the bio
Martha Chase genetic material
a) proved that DNA NCERT page 101 Class 12th
17) Meselson & Stahl replication is semi bio
conservative in nature
a) argued that genetic code NCERT page 111 Class 12th
18) George Gamow should be made up of 3 bio
nucleotides
a) developed a method NCERT page 112 Class 12th
19) Hargobind Khorana useful to from RNA bio
molecules with defined
sequence of bases
a) developed a cell free NCERT page 112 Class 12th
20) Marshall Nirenberg system for protein bio
synthesis
a) explained Lac Operon NCERT page 116 Class 12th
21) Jacob & Monod bio
a) developed the technique NCERT page 122 Class 12th
22) Alec Jeffreys of DNA fingerprinting bio
a) Disproved the theory of NCERT page 127 Class 12th
23) Louis Pasteur bio
spontaneous generation
a) proposed that life NCERT page 127 Class 12th
24) Oparin & Haldane originated from non-living bio
organic molecules
a) proved the theory given by NCERT page 127 Class 12th
25) S.L.Miller Oparin & Haldane (in 1953) bio
a) Natural Selection NCERT page 134 Class 12th
26) Charles Darwin bio
b) Branching Descent
a) came to similar NCERT page 129 Class 12th
27) Alfred Wallace conclusions as Charles bio
Darwin while working in
Malay Archipelago islands
a) gave the theory of use and NCERT page 135 Class 12th
28) Lamarck disuse of organs bio
a) published his work on NCERT page 135 Class 12th
29) Thomas Malthus population studies which bio
inspired Darwin
a) gave the concept of NCERT page 135 Class 12th
30) Hugo De Vries Saltation which played role bio
in evolution
 a) gave a principle according
31) Hardy-Weinberg to which gene frequency
in a population remains
same across generations
a) Father of Green Revolution
32) M.S.Swaminathan in India
a) discovered blood
33) William Harvey circulation
b) disproved the concept of
Black Bile
a) was a cook and a carrier of
34) Mary Mallon typhoid infection
a)worked at International
35) Norman.E.Borlaug Centre for Wheat and
Maize Improvement in
Mexico and developed
semi dwarf variety of wheat
a) developed the first vaccine
36) Alexander Fleming Penicillin while working
on staphylococcus
a) used penicillin to its full
37) Ernst Chain & potential during WW2 to
Harvard Florey treat soldiers
a) studied restriction
38) Herbert Boyer enzymes on E.Coli
b) with Stanley Cohen
formed the first R-DNA
a) developed a method of
39) Stanley Cohen removing plasmids form a
cell and inserting them
into other cells
a) Father of Ecology in India
40) Ramdeo Misra
a) did elegant field
41) Cornell experiments on barnacle
Balanus and Chlamathus
a) gave the principle of
42) Gause competitive exclusion
a) did experiments on
43) MacArthur
warblers to prove the
principle of Resource
Partitioning
a) put price tags on nature’s
44) Robert Constanza life support services
and colleagues
a) popularised the term
45) Edward Wilson Biodiversity
NCERT page 136 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 144 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 145 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 147 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 173 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 182 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 182 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 192 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 194 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 192 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 218 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 235 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 235 Class 12th
NCERT page 235 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 255 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 258 Class 12th
bio
 a) gave an estimate of about
46) Robert May 7 million species present
on Earth
a) gave species area
47) Alexander Von relationship
Humboldt
a) said that the outdoor plots
48) David Tilman with mare species show
less year to year variation
in total biomass
a) gave the Rivet Popper
49) Paul Ehlrich Hypothesis
a) gave Embryological
50) Ernst Haeckel support for evolution
a) disproved the theory of
51) Karl Ernst Von Baer embryological support for
evolution
NCERT page 259 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 262 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 263 Class 12th
bio
NCERT page 263 Class 12th
bio
NCERT supplementary
material page 289 Class 12th
NCERT supplementary
Material page 289 Class 12th
Sr. No. Name NationalityProfession Book Discovery Speciality
UNIT 1
1 Carolus Linnaeus Swedish Naturalist Systema Binomial names, Two Kingdom Classification, Artificial Father of Taxonomy
Naturae, System - Herbs, Shrubs, Trees
Species
2 A. P. de Candole Termed Classification and Taxonomy
3 Aristotle Trees, Shrubs, Herbs FATHER OF BIOLOGY
Animals W/ and w/o red blood
4 H. J. Lam Termed Taxon
5 Ernst Haeckel German Biologist Protista
Monera
6 John Ray Historia Coined term 'species'
Generalis
Botanica
7 R. H. Whittaker America Taxonomist Five Kingdom Classification - 1969
n
8 Carl Woese Three Domain System - 1990
9 Adolf Mayer Tobacco Mosaic disease is infectious - 1886, Injection
infected into healthy
10 D. J. Ivanowski Confirmed Mayer's observation - 1892, virus Smaller than
bacteria
11 M. W. Beijerink Extract - Virus venom - contagium vivum fluidum - 1898
12 Louis Pasteur Termed Virus (venom)
13 W. M. Stanley TMV could be crystallised - 1935
14 Schelsinger, Hershey Virus study
and Chase
15 William Twort Discovered Bacteriophage - 1915
16 Felix d' Herille Named Bacteriophage
17 Theoder Diener Discovered and named Viriods - 1971
18 Theophrastus Enquiry into Used term Lichen, First used term Gymnosperms FATHER OF BOTANY
19 Alexopaulous and Categorized Lichens - 1979
Mims
20 George Bentham & Natural System
21 Hutchinson et Al and Phylogenetic System
Engler & Prantle
22 Julian Huxley Gave concept of new systematics

UNIT 2
 1 Bichat Father of Histology/
Microanatomy

UNIT 3
1 Robert Hooke Discovered cell (cell walls) - 1665
2 Anton von Dutch Businessma Introduced improved microscope
Leeuwenhoek n Observed Bacteria, RBC, spems
First saw and described live cells
3 Robert Brown Discovered and coined Nucleus - 1885
4 Mathias Schleiden German Botanist Cell theory/ doctrine
5 Theodore Schwann British Zoologist
(Schwann only →) Studied Animal tissues - bones and cartilage
Discovered plasma membrane
Presence of cell wall
Plants and Animals composed of cells and products of cells
6 J. E. Purkinje Protoplasm in Animal Embryo
7 Von Mohl Protoplasm in Plant Embryonic cells - 1846
8 Rudolf Virchow Cell Lineage Theory - Omnis cellula e cellula - 1855 FATHER OF MICROSCOPIC/
MODERN PATHOLOGY & F.
OF MODERN MEDICINE
9 Christian Gram Danish Bacteriolog Gram stain - 1884
ist
10 Jonathan Singer and Fluid Mosaic model - 1972
Nicolson Garth
11 Camillo Golgi Neurologist Discovered golgi bodies - 1898
12 Dalton and Felix Ultra-structure of Golgi app.
13 Duve Termed Lysosome - 1955
14 George Palade Discovered ribsosomes in animal cells - 1955
15 Hofmeister First seen Chromosomes - 1848
16 Waldayer Named Chromosomes - 1888
17 Balbiani Discovered Polytene chromosomes - 1881
18 Berzelius Coined term Protein
19 Fredrick Meischer Swiss Biochemist Discovered Nucleic acid - Named as Nuclein
20 Watson-Crick Double Helix structure B-DNA - 1953 Nobel Prize - 1962
21 H. Fraenkel Conrat RNA genetic material in TMV
22 William Kunhe Coined term Biochemistry, Coined Enzymes while working
on yeast fermentation - 1878
23 J. B. Sumner Isolated Urease in pure crystalline form from jack bean
extract - 1926
24 Leonar Michaelis and Michaelis-Menten constant (1913)
Mand Menten
25 Bloor Termed Lipid
26 Kari Nageli New cells from division of pre-existing
27 Strasburger New nuclei from division of pre-existing
28 Carl Alexander FATHER OF BIOCHEMISTRY
Neuberg

UNIT 4
1 E. Munch Movement of water pathway, Mass flow hypothesis
2 Joseph Priestley Root Pressure, Bell Jar experiment for Photosynthesis
3 Boehm Capillarity theory
4 Dixon and Jolly Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull theory
5 Renner and Bode Under normal conditions, no air bubbles in xylem even in
last stage of wilting
6 Levitt Proton transport theory
7 Steward Starch sugar hypothesis, transpiration - unavoidable evil
8 Curtis Transpiration - necessary evil
9 Stephen Hales Plants require Sunlight for nutrition
10 Gerick Named 'Hydroponics'(1860), Relation between
photosynthesis, chloroplast and starch
11 Jan Ingenhousz Bell jar experiment of Priestly - only during daytime in
green part of plant
12 Jan Senebier Green plants take CO2 and release O2
13 Nicolas de Saussure Water important for photosynthesis
14 Dutrochet Green pigment chlorophyll important for plants
15 Liebig CO2 is main source of carbon for plants
16 Julius von Sachs Hydroponics (1860), first visible product of photosynthesis
is starch (1854), term 'Grand Period of Growth'
17 Stokes Purified and separated chl-a and chl-b, demonstrated
18 Englemann Action spectrum of photosynthesis using prism and
Cladophora expt.
19 Van Neil Related with chemosynthesis and that O2 comes from
water (1930)
20 Robert Hill Hill's Photolysis of water (1937), Proposed z-scheme and
two photosystems (with Bandall)
21 Ruben, Hassid and Confirmed Hill's reaction (1941) using radioactive O18
Kamen
22 Dr. Arnon Found Hydrogen acceptor in plants NADP (1954), Existence
of light and dark reactions, said that two possible pathways
for light reactions - Cyclic and Non-cyclic
photophosphorylation
23 Emerson Existence of light and dark reactions
24 Bandall Proposed z-scheme and two photosystems
25 Dr. Peter Mitchell Chemiosmotic Hypothesis (1978) Nobel Prize Chemistry (1978)
26 Blackman Dark reaction of Photosynthesis, Law of limiting factors
27 H.P. Kortshak Reported alternative C4 pathway, demonstrated presence
of C4 dicarboxylic acid in sugarcane
28 M.D. Hatch Entire series of reactions of C4 pathway
29 C.R. Slack
30 Embden, Mayerhoff, Glycolytic Pathway
Parnas
31 Sir Hans Krebs Krebs/ Citric acid cycle (1937) Nobel Prize Biochemistry
(1953)
32 Charles Darwin Phototropism in canary grass - tip of coleoptiles site of
33 Francis Darwin transmittable influence
34 Cousins Release of volatile substance from ripened oranges
hastened ripening in bananas
35 F.W. Went Isolated auxins from oat seedling coleoptiles, Avena
curvature test
36 Kurosawa Discovered Gibberellins (Japan, 1928) in rice pl. infected by
Gibberella fujikoroi
37 Yabuta and Sumiki Isolated Gibberellin
38 Skoog Discovered kinetin, Gave name kinetin
39 Miller Discovered kinetin
40 Garner & Allard Photoperiodism in Maryland Mammoth (1920)
41 Cajlachjan Named Florigen (1935)
42 Klippart Discovered Vernalisation (1857)
43 Lysenko Russian Geneticist Gave term Vernalisation (1928)
44 Melchers Suggested hormone Vernalin
 UNIT 5
1 Dr. Casimir Funk Discovered and named Vitamins
2 Bohr Bohr's effect
3 Root Root effect
4 Hamburger Chloride Shift/ Hamburger's phenomenon
5 Haldane Haldane effect
6 William Harvey Discovered Closed circulatory system (1628)
7 Landsteiner ABO Blood Group System (1900), Rh factor discovery in
Rhesus monkey
8 Decastello & Sturli AB Blood Group System (1902)
9 Weiner Rh factor discovery in Rhesus monkey
10 Duffy Various blood systems
11 Kidd
12 Lewis
13 Macferlane Cascade theory for blood clotting
14 Lennec Invented stethoscope
15 Einthoven Invented ECG (1903) FATHER OF
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
16 Friedrich Gustav Jakob German Anatomist Discovered Henle's loop
Henle
17 Andrew Huxley, Sliding Filament theory
Niedergerke
18 Hodgkin and Huxley English Neurophysi Membrane or Ionic Theory of Nerve Impulse
o-logist
19 Sir Charles First time used the term 'synapse'
Sherrington
20 Pavlov First demonstrated conditioned reflex
21 Starling Coined term hormone, discovered Secretin (1902)
22 Bayliss discovered Secretin (1902)
23 Kimball and Murlin Discovered Glucagon
24 Frederick G. Banting Canadian Scientist Purified insulin from dog's pancreas, studied diabetes at Nobel Prize
University of Western Ontario, extracted insulin from islet
cells, injected in diabetes patient, successfully treated him
for diabetes
25 Charles H. Best Purified insulin from dog's pancreas, assisted Banting
26 A.F. Sanger Gave molecular structure of insulin (using cow's insulin),
Gave the term insulin
27 Tsan First crystallized human insulin
Sr. No. Name Nationality
Profession Book Discovery Speciality
UNIT 6
1 Camerarius Discovered Pollination
2 S.G. Nawaschin & Guignard Discovered double fertilization in Lilium and Fritilaria
3 Graffenberg Made Initial IUCD of Ag
4 Robert Edwards Physician 1st IVF-ET success - Louise Joy Brown (DOB: 25 July 19
5 Patrick Steptoe
6 Dr. Subhash Indian Physician 1st IVF in India - Kum Harsha (Durga)
Mukhopadhyay/

UNIT 7
1 William Bateson Coined term genetics (1906), alleles/allelomorphs,
complementary factor in sweet pea
2 Mendel (added in unit scientists)
3 Hugo de Vries Holland Botanist Rediscovered Mendel's findings, published in Flora
(Dutch) (1901), Theory of mutation (1901), experiments on
evening primrose
4 Karl Correns Germany Rediscovered Mendel's findings, postulated
Mendel's laws of inheritance
5 Erich Tschermak Austria Rediscovered Mendel's findings,
6 Donald Johannsen Coined term gene, Discovered Australopithecus
afariensis (Lucy)
7 Galton Polygenic inheritance
8 H. Nilsson-Ehle Swedish geneticist Polygenic inheritance in wheat kernel colour
9 Davenport & DavenportAmerican Polygenic inheritance in human skin colour (1910)
10 Reginald C. Punnett Britsh geneticist Punnett Square
11 Sutton and Boveri Chromosomal theory of inheritance, suggested linkage (1902)
12 Thomas Hunt Morgan Experiment verification of Chromosomal theory of
inheritance (expt. On Drosophila melanogaster),
proved linkage (1910)
13 Castle (with Morgan) Proposed chromosomal theory of linkage (1911)
14 Henking 1891 - discovered X body (X chromosome)
15 Nettie Stevens discovered Y chromosome (as sex determining)
16 Cooley Discovered Thalassaemia
17 Whipple and Bradford Coined term Thalassaemia
18 Friedrich Miescher Seperated Cellular substance from the nuclei of pus
cell and named nuclein
19 Altman Renamed nuclein as nucleic acid
20 Maurice Wilkins Provided X-ray crystallographic studies data to Nobel Prize (1962) along with
Watson-Crick Watson and Crick
21 Rosalind Franklin Provided X-ray crystallographic studies data to
Watson-Crick
22 Erwin Chargaff Chargaff's rule: Purine/Pyrimidine=A=G/T+C=1
23 Fredrick Griffith British Physician Experiment on mice using pneumonia bacteria,
transformation principle (1928)
24 Oswald Avery Biochemical nature of transforming principle using
25 Collin Macleod enzymes (1944)
26 Maclyn McCarty
27 Alfred Hershey Bacteriophage experiment (1952)
28 Martha Chase
29 Seymour Benzer Introduced terms Cistron, Muton, Recon
30 Holley Clover leaf model of t-RNA
31 Hoagland Hair pin model of t-RNA
32 Matthew Meselson Confirmed semi-conservative nature of DNA
33 Franklin Stahlin replication
34 Taylor & colleagues Experiments on DNA replication on Vicia faba using
radioactive thymidine (1958)
35 Beadle and Tatum Enzyme experiments with mutation on Neurospora
crassa (1941), One gene one enzyme hypothesis
36 Vernon Ingram One gene one polypeptide hypothesis (1957)
37 George Gamow Suggested Codon
38 Hargobind Khurana Chemical method in synthesizing RNA molecules Cracked genetic code, Nobel
with defined combinations (homo and co-polymers) Prize Prize (1968)
39 Marshall Nirenberg Cell-free system for protein synthesis
40 Heinrich Matthaei
41 Francis Jacob Geneticist Operons in E. coli
42 Jacque Monod Biochemist
43 Herbert Spencer Survival of fittest Terminology of 'Survival of fittest' and 'Evolution'
44 Charles Darwin Origin of Species, Defined evolution as 'Descent with modification',
Descent of Man reproductive fitness, theory of natural selection,
study on Galapagos islands and ship HMS Beagle,
Proposed his idea about origin of Man
45 Abbe Lemaitre Big Bang Theory
46 Father Suarez Mythological Theory of special creation)
47 Richter Theory of Panspermia/ Cosmozoic theory/ spore theory (1865)
48 Harvey & Huxley Theory of Biogenesis
49 Francesco Redi Experiments on theory of biogenesis (Louis Pasteur
50 Lazzaro Spallanzani - Swan neck flask experiment)
51 Louis Pasteur
52 Oparin Russia Origin of Life (1936 Modern theory/ chemical theory/ naturalistic
53 Haldane England theory … Haldane called mixture of prebiotic
chemicals as hot dilute/ pre-biotic soup… Oparin -
54 Harold Urey Experiment proving chemical evolution
55 Stanley Miller American Scientist
56 Orel, Crick, Woese RNA first hypothesis
57 Sidney fox Protein first hypothesis (produced proteinoid microspheres)
58 Alfred Wallace Naturalist Origin of species Worked in Malay Archipelago, theory of natural
by means of selection with Darwin, divided earth into 6
natural selection zoogeographic regions
59 Giovanni Avduina Geological time scale (1760)
60 Leonardo do Vinci FATHER OF PALEONTOLOGY
61 Andreas Wagner Discovered first fossil of connecting link
Archeopteryx from rocks from Jurrasic period in
Germany (1861)
62 Richard Owen Coined term Homologous organs
63 Von Bayer Proposed Recapitulation or Biogenetic theory:
64 Haeckel Ontogeny recap Phylogeny
65 Jean Baptiste de Lamarc French NaturalistPhilosophie Zooliqu Theory of use and disuse of organs (1809)
66 Thomas Malthus English Economist, History of human Influenced Darwin
Scholar,
Demographi population
st growth
67 Paul Wiessman Sheep experiment on artificial selection
68 Thomas Huxley Man's Place in Proposed term 'Modern synthesis', first attempt to Neo-Darwinism/ Modern
Nature (1863) explain origin of man synthetic theory
69 Gates
70 Dobzhansky Genetics and
Origin of species
71 Sewall Wright Sheep experiment on artificial selection, Proposed ge
72 Stebbins
73 Bernard Kettlewell Studied Industrial melanism in moth
74 Hardy & Wienberg Hardy-Wienberg Law of genetic equilibrium (1908)
75 Simpson Discovered Propliopithecus
76 Dr. LSB Leaky FATHER OF ANTHROPOLOGY, Discovered
Dryopithecus, Kenyapithecus, Homo Habilis
77 Edward Lewis Discovered Ramapithecus
78 Raymond Dart Discovered Austropithecus africanus
79 Mary Leaky Discovered Austropithecus boisei, Homo Habilis
80 Eugene Dubois Discovered Java man
81 W.C. Pei Discovered Peking man
82 C. Fuhlrott Discovered Neanderthal man
83 Macgregor Discovered Cro-Magnon Man

UNIT 8
1 Norman Borlaug Developed semi-dwarf varieties of wheat at Nobel laureate
International centre for wheat and maize
improvement in Mexico
2 Haberlandt First to demonstrate totipotency and introduce
plant tissue culture. Used Knop's salt solution and
sucrose
3 Dr. Alexander Fleming British Physician Discovered and named penicillin during Nobel Prize (1945)
experiments with Staphylococcus aureus
4 Ernest Chain Established the full potential of penicillin as antibiotic
5 Howard Florey

UNIT 9
1 Peter Lobann Graduate students, Proposed the technique of recombinant DNA
2 A. Dale Kaiser Dept. of
Biochemistry,
3 Stanley Cohen First rDNA made from plasmid of Salmonella
4 Herbert Boyer typhimurium, inserted into E. coli
5 Barbara McClintock Discovered first transposons in maize (Zea mays) (194Nobel Prize (1948)
6 Joshua Lederberg American Molecul Introduced the term plasmid (1952)
ar
biologist
7 Bolivar and Rodriguez Made plasmid pBR 322
8 Kary Mullis Developed gene amplification (PCR) (1983) Nobel Prize (1993)
9 Eli Lilly (Company) American Prepared Humulin by synthesizing A & B chains separately
10 Frederick G. Banting Canadian Scientist Purified insulin from dog's pancreas, studied Nobel Prize
diabetes at University of Western Ontario,
extracted insulin from islet cells, injected in
diabetes patient, successfully treated him for
diabetes
11 Charles H. Best Purified insulin from dog's pancreas, assisted Banting
12 Edward Jenner Small pox + Cow pox vaccine (1796) FATHER OF IMMUNOLOGY
13 Frederick Sanger Method of determination of amino acid sequences
in proteins, Method to sequence DNA fragments
14 A. Wyman VNTRs first isolated in 1980 at University of Utah
15 R. White
16 Alec Jeffreys British Geneticist Technique of DNA fingerprinting (1984) I Europe
and America using VNTRs as genetic markers,
Developed Scheme to measure length of DNA
fragments (RFLP)
17 Dr. Lalji Singh Indian DNA fingerprinting technique in India using
radioactive DNA probe from BKM
18 Paul Berg Started Genetic Engineering FATHER OF GENETIC
ENGINEERING
19 Kiran Mazumdar Shaw INDIAN FATHER OF BIOTECH.
20 W. Arber Isolated restriction endonuclease first time
21 Carlson et al Introduced somatic hybridization
22 Larkin and Scowcraft Coined term somaclonal variation
23 Cesar Meilstein Hybridoma technique, Production of monoclonal ant Nobel Prize in Medicine (along
24 Georges Kohler with Neils Jerne)
25 Leonard Herzenberg Coined term hybridoma

UNIT 10
1 Ernst Haeckel German Biologist Coined term Ecology
2 Grinnel Gace term Niche (ecological)
3 Verhulst-Pearl Logistic Growth Curve
4 Gloger Animals in warm humid climate - dark pigment
than races of same spp. In cold dry climates
5 Bergmann Temperature affects size of organism
6 Allen Cold climate animals have shorter ears, snout and
limbs
 7 Jordon Temperature affects morphology of some fishes
and has some relationships with number of
vertebrae
8 Gause Competitive Exclusion Principle
9 MacArthur Showed resource partitioning in 5 spp of warblers
10 A. G. Tansley Coined term ecosystem
11 Charles Elton Ecological (Eltonian) Pyramids
12 Robert Constanza Price tag to ecosystem services
13 Edward Wilson Socio-bio Popularised the term Biodiversity
logist
14 Robert May Conservative and sound estimate of 7 million spp
15 Alexander von HumboldGerman alist, geographer species richness-area relationship logS=logC+ZlogA
16 David Tilman Ecosystem experiments using outdoor plots, plots
with more spp show less year to year variation in
biomass (Productivity - stability hypothesis)
17 Johnson et al Areas with more diversity have higher ability to
recover in productivity from disturbance (Diversity
18 Paul Ehlrich Stanford ecologist Rivet-popper hypothesis
19 Odum Defined the term pollution
20 Ahmed Khan Bangalore Made Polyblend, mixed with bitumen to lay roads,
in collaboration with RV College of Eng. And
Bangalore city corporation
21 Ramesh Chandra Dagar Sonipat, Farmer Integrated organic farming = agriculture +
Haryana bee-keeping + dairy management +
water-harvesting + composting, Created Harayana
Kisan Welfare club
22 Amrita Devi Bishnoi (and other Bishnoi women) Sacrificed life for saving Govt. of India - Amrita Devi
trees from cutting by king's men, they cut tree Bishnoi Wildlife Protection
along with her Award fot rural individuals/
communities showing
extra-ordinary courage and
dedication in protecting wildlife
23 Sunderlal Bahuguna Uttarakhand Environmentalist Initiated Chipko movement
Unit Name Nationality Professio Book Speciality
n
1 Ernst Mayr Darwin of 20th Century', one of 100 greatest scientists of all time, Joined Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences
(1953), Retired in 1975 assuming title Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology Emeritus, Studied various fields like
ornithology, taxonomy, Zoogeography, evolution, systematics, and history and philosophy of biology;
single-handedly origin of species diversity the central question of evolutionary biology, gave modern definition of
spp., Won three prizes or triple crown of biology - Balzan prize (1983), International Prize of biology (1994),
Crafoord Prize (1999). Mayr died at age of 100 in 2004.
2 Katherine Esau Ukraine Plant Studied agriculture in Russia and Germany, received doctorate (1931) in US, Reported that curly top virus spreads
Anatomy, through phloem, 'Anatomy of seed plants' referred to as Webster's of plant biology - encyclopediac, 1957 - elected
The Anatomy to National Academy of Sciences (sixth woman to receive the honour), Received National medal of Science from
of Seed President George Bush (1989), When she died in 1997, Peter Raven (director of Anatomy and Morphology,
Plants Missouri Botanical Garden), remembered that she 'absolutely dominated' field of plant biology even at age of 99
3 G.N Ramachandran Indian Professor Born near Cochin on southwestern coast of India, His father was professor of mathematics at local college and had
influence on Ramachandran interest in maths, graduated in 1942 as top-ranker in B.Sc (Honors) Physics in
University of Madras, received Ph.D. from Cambridge university (1949), when he med Linus Pauling he was
influenced on Pauling's publications on α-helix and β-sheet structures- found Madras school of conformational
analysis of biopolymers, Discovery of triple helical structure of collagen published in "Nature" (1954),
'Ramachandran plot' (analysis of allowed conformations of proteins) rank among most outstanding contributions in
structural biology, passed away at age of 78 on April 7 2001
4 Melvin Calvin Minnesota Biochemis Ph.D. in Chemisty from University of Minnesota, Professpr of Chemistry at University of California, Berkeley, After
t WWII, Calvin put radioactivity to beneficial use, (along with J.A. Bassham and Dr. Benson) proposed C4 cycle
(1954), NOBEL PRIZE BIOCHEMISTRY (1961), his principles of photosynthesis are being used in studies on
renewable resource for energy and materials.
5 Alfonso Corti Italian Anatomist Studied cardiovascular system of reptiles, mammalian auditory system, discovered Organ of Corti, Died in 1888
6 Panchanan Indian Botanist Born in Jaipur, Moved to Allahabad to D.Sc., Inspired by Dr. W Dudgeon (American missionary) , developed
Maheshwari interest in morphology (botany), worked on and popularised embrological aspects in taxonomy, developed Dept.
of Botany in Uni. Of Delhi, emphasized need for initiation of work on artificial tissue culture of immature embryos,
work on test tube fertilisation and intra-ovarian pollination -worldwide acclaim, Fellowships - FRS London, Indian
7.1 James Dewey Chicago Zoologist B.Sc (Zoology) (1947), Interest in bird-watching ---> learn genetics, Fellowship for graduate study in Zoology at
Watson Indiana university, Bloomington ---> Ph.D (1950) on study of effect of hard X-rays on bacteriophage multiplication
7.2 Francis Harry Northampto studied Physics at University college, London, B.Sc (1937), Ph.D. (1954) on X-ray diffraction: Polypeptides and
Compton Crick n, England proteins, critical influence in career by frienship with Watson, Proposal of double-helical structure of DNA (1953)
and replication scheme, provided direct evidence about codon (1961), Wobble hypotheis (1966), FRS (1959),
Honours (Watson+Crick) = John Collins Warren Prize of Massachusetts Gen. Hospital (1959), Lasker award (1960),
7.3 Gregor Johann Austria Teacher, Experiments FATHER OF GENETICS, experiments on hybridisation on garden pea for 7 years (1856-1863), born on 22nd July
Mendel Priest in Plant 1822, parents = poor farmers, joined Augustinian Monastery of Brunn as priest, sent to University of Vienna for
Hybridisation higher studies in Physics, Maths, Gen. Sciences, returned & cont. as teacher & priest, Started expts in 1856,
Presented expts in paper (name alongside), at meeting of Natural History Society of Brunn ---> published in journal
Annual Proceedings of Natural History Society (1886), died (1884)
8 Monkambu Born in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, Graduation and PG in Botany from Madras University, worked in diff.
Sambasivan (M.S.) capacities in large no. of institutions in India, developed expertise in genetics and plant breeding. School of
Swaminathan Cytogenetics and Radiation research est. at IARI enabled him to develop short duration high yielding basmati.
Known for concept of crop caffeteria, crop scheduling and genetically improving yielf and quality. In collaboration
with Norman Borlaug, initiated Green Revolution, introduced Mexican semi-dwarf wheat varieties in India.
9 Herbert Boyer Brought up in a corner where roailroads and mines were destiny of most young men. Graduate from University of
Pittsburg (1963). PG at University of Yale. Asst. professorship at Univeristy of California (San Francisco). Performed
studies on couple of REN of E. Coli with useful properties. Found that 'sticky ends' are produced. Led to rich and
rewarding conversation with Stanford scientist Stanley Cohen. Cohen had developed method of removing
plasmids from bacterium. Both together made first rDNA and recombinant cell.
10 Ramdeo Misra FATHER OF ECOLOGY IN INDIA, Ph.D. in Ecology (1937) under Prof. W. H. Pearsall, FRS from Leeds University in
UK. Established teaching and research in ecology at Dept. of Botany of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.
Research led foundations for understanding of tropical communities and their succession, environmental
responses of plant populations and productivity. Over 50 scholars obtained Ph.D. under his supervision and moved
to other institutes to initiate ecology teaching and research. Fellowships of Indian National Science Academy and
World Academy of Arts and Science, and Sanjay Gandhi Award in Environment and Ecology. Due to his efforts,
GOI est. National Committee for Planning and Coordination (1972) which paved way to est. of Ministry of
Environment of Forests (1984)