Endocrine System

Hormones

Reproduction

AP Biology 2006-2007
 Hormones
■ Why are hormones needed?
 chemical messages from one body part
to cells in other parts of body
 communication needed

to coordinate whole body

 maintaining homeostasis

■ energy production
■ growth

■ development

■ maturation

■ reproduction

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growth hormones
 Endocrine System
■ Endocrine system releases hormones
 glands which secrete
chemical signals into blood
■ chemicals cause changes
in other parts of body
■ slow, long-lasting response

 growth hormones
 sex hormones
 response hormones
 metabolism hormones
 and more….
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 Regulation by chemical messengers
■ Hormones released by endocrine glands

endocrine gland
neurotransmitter

axon

hormone
carried by blood

receptor molecules Receptor sites

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target cell
 Glands
■ Pituitary
 many hormones:
master gland
■ Thyroid
 thyroxine
■ Pancreas
 Insulin
 glucagon
■ Ovary
 Estrogen
 Progesterone
■ Testes
 Testosterone

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 Body Regulation
■ Nervous system &
Endocrine system work
together
 hypothalamus
■ “master nerve control center”
■ receives information from
nerves around body about
internal conditions
 communicates with
pituitary gland
■ “master gland”
■ releases many hormones
 sexual development, growth,hormones hormones
milk production, pain-relief

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 Feedback
Maintaining homeostasis
hormone 1

gland lowers
body condition

high
specific body condition
low

raises gland
body condition

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 Negative Feedback
■ Response to changed body condition
 every time body is high or low from
normal level a signal tells the body to
make changes that will bring body back to
normal level
 once body is back
hormone 1
to normal level,
signal is lowers
gland
turned off body condition

high

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specific body condition
Nervous System Control Feedback
Controlling Body Temperature
nerve signals

brain
sweat dilates surface
blood vessels
high
body temperature
low

constricts surface shiver brain

blood vessels

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Endocrine System Control Feedback
Regulation of Blood Sugar
insulin
body
cells take
pancreas up sugar
from blood

high
blood sugar level
(90mg/100ml)
low

pancreas

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 Negative Feedback
■ Negative feedback
 every time body is
high or low from
normal level a signal
tells the body to
make changes that
will bring body back
■ body temperature
■ control of blood sugar

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 Sex & Growth Hormones
■ Large scale body
changes
 how do they work
■ turn genes on
■ start new processes
in the body by
turning genes on
that were lying
“dormant”

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 Pituitary gland hormones
■ Sex & reproductive hormones
 FSH
■ follicle stimulating hormone
■ stimulates egg & sperm production
 LH
■ luteinizing hormone
■ stimulates ovaries & testes
■ prepares uterus for fertilized egg

hormones hormones

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 Reproductive hormones
■ Testosterone
 from testes
 sperm
production &
secondary sexual
characteristics
■ Estrogen
 from ovaries
 egg production,
preparing uterus
for fertilized egg
& secondary
sexual
characteristics

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 Male
reproductive
system

■ Sperm production
 over 100 million produced per day!
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Biology
 seminiferous
tubule

sperm

spermatocytes

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 Male reproductive system

■ Testes & epididymis

 sperm production &
maturation
■ Glands
 seminal vesicles,
prostate,
bulbourethal
 produce seminal
fluid
■ nutrient-rich
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 Male reproductive system
■ Testicles (Testes)
 produces sperm & hormones
■ Scrotum
 sac that holds testicles outside of body
■ Vas deferens
 tubes for sperm to travel from testes to penis
■ Prostate
• Produces nutrient rich fluid to feed & protect
sperm

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 Female reproductive system

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 Female reproductive system
■ Ovaries
 produces eggs & hormones
■ Uterus
 nurtures fetus; lining builds up each month
■ Oviduct (Fallopian tubes)
 tubes for eggs to travel from ovaries to uterus
■ Cervix
 opening to uterus, dilates 10 cm for birthing baby
■ Vagina
 birth canal for birthing baby

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 Female reproductive system

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 Egg maturation in ovary

releases
progesterone

maintains
uterus
lining

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 LH
Menstrual cycle
■ Controlled by FSH

interaction of ovulation = egg release

4 hormones egg development
 FSH & LH corpus luteum
 estrogen

 progesterone
estrogen
progesterone

lining of uterus

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days 0 7 14 21 28
 Feedback
Female reproductive cycle
egg builds up
estrogen matures & uterus lining
is released
(ovulation)
corpus
ovary luteum

progesterone
FSH & LH fertilized egg
maintains (zygote)
uterus lining
HCG
pituitary yes corpus
gland luteum
pregnancy
GnRH no progesterone
corpus luteum breaks down
progesterone drops maintains
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hypothalamus menstruation
 Female hormones
■ FSH & LH
 released from pituitary
 stimulates egg development & hormone release
 peak release = release of egg (ovulation)
■ Estrogen
 released from ovary cells around developing egg
 stimulates growth of lining of uterus
 decreasing levels causes menstruation
■ Progesterone
 released from “corpus luteum” in ovaries
■ cells that used to take care of developing egg

 stimulates blood supply to lining of uterus

 decreasing levels causes menstruation
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 Fertilization

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 Any Questions??

AP Biology 2006-2007
 What do they do? Body Temperature
■ Maintain homeostasis
 blood sugar level
 temperature control

■ Start a new process

 growth
 fetal development

 sexual development

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