Chemistry WAZ

bond over
oppositely charged ions
Ionic Bonding -

strong
electrostatic fol to form a
-

Ions formed
giant OneCrystal lattestute e
- are :

loses
when metal
e and non metal
energy to break apart causing
mel ting and
it to have a
high
gainger
boiling point
:

It can be affected
- Ions are the by charge too * charge Move.

only particles energy needed

Por ionic
present

·!GGGO
- Giant iOnic crystal lattice
structure &

· Boaded by strong electrostatic

openergy
foresbetween oppositity
charged ions

Mm MP
.
p
&
to ask
-

s
. .

of energyneeded to
Higher amounts FOA
strong electrostatic
?
break -

occurs where
oppositely charged
rous
present ?
(

blu
-

>
good conductor of -particles
molten ag
structure ?
-

electricity
> bad
conductor -

solid -
-
soluble in water/organic -Bonding ?
solvents
tend to be
hard
M
P/B P ? Why ?
-

- .
.

eg
. metal oxides
metal hydroxides -electrical conductivity)
why ?
(

Basic oyide
oxide
Amphoteric -solubility in water
?
Covalent Bonding

occurs between
atoms of non-metals -

- Molecules are present

Simple molecular Giant Molecular structure

structure

- Strong covalent
bond blu atoms
-strong bonds blw atoms in a large
in a molecule and extensive network ofatoms and

weak intermolecular - FOA blu Weak FOA blu the hexagonal carbon
-

molecules layers-
conducts insoluble
graphite
P/B P M P/b P-only
-

-
M . .
-
. .

electricity
electricity
< - Does not conduct in any state
M Diamond iTc

i
I
-most insoluble in water
,
but soluble
Each (atom is covalently bonded to 3 other Catom in a
in
organic solvent tetrahedral arrangement .
Hence large amount of energy is needed to overcom

of energy needed to
and break the strong covalent boads blw (atoms in the Diamond structure.

slesser amounts
Overcome weak intermolecular Graphite
- -
i -
forces of attraction Each (atom is
covalently bonded to 3 other Catoms in a

hexagonal .
arrangement Large amt of energy is required to break apart
structure
.
the strong covalent bonds blu (atoms W/i the
layers of the
graphite n

Silicon Dioxide
Each Si atom is covalently bonded to 4 other Oatons while each O atom is
covalently bonded to

2 other siatoms. Large amts of energy needed to break

covalent bonds blu Si and O atoms
strong .
W W
.

~
MetallicBondineg tal
-

structures

Cations and 'sea of delocalized electrons (particles present)

-

Giant metallic structure

positive
Strong electrostatic forces of
-

attraction between themetal cation and the

negative"sa" of delocalized electrons

4 m P/B
.
. P
except mercury and Group /metals
~
conducts electricity in all
physical states -
>
-

Insoluble in water or organic solvents High amts of energy needed to overcome

malleable ductile
the
strong forces of attraction blu
-

and

Metal cations and sea of decocalized

free moving electrons

.

Explanations ~ ruxuruu
DBCCDABCCB
0 + 6 + 16
 Adds
- -

/
Physical chemical
-

- electrical -
MASH
conductivity
-

PHIT
metal + Acid & Salt
+Hydroge
- sour taste -
CASH C
-
to
dampere litmus paper red

Carbonate + Acid -> Salt + H O

N
universal indicator real orange ,
-green
which conduct
Carbon dioxide
in water to form solutions
dissolve
↓
-

electricity (due to freely moving ions)

+ Acid
-
BAWS
Metal
Base + Acid - Water Salt
Na , K too reactive
> explosive
-
Ca , Mg , Fe reactive
unreactive
Cu , Ag , Au Conisation 100 % strong <180 % >
weak
-

I
I
Strong acid Weak acid

A strong
-

acid is a substance that A weak acid

-

is a substrate that partially

I
completely ionises in aqueous ionises in aqueous solution / water to produce
efinition solution/water to produce High conc .
of low concentration of Ht ions
Ht ions

dilute hydrochloriz acid

·

dilute ethanoic acid (HCHBLOOM)

Cl(aq)
CHs (00H (aG)
+
HC((aq) > H cans
- +
>
- M (ag) +

Examples
-

dilute nitric acid

CHNOs) CH, (00-
·
CH2SO4)
dilute Hydrochloric acid (aq>
 suitable solvents magnetic attraction
using
A suitable solvent can be used to separate A magnet can be used to separate magnetic

solid-solid mixtures in which only one of solids from .

non-magnetic solids
the solids is soluble in the solvent -

Sieving filtration
separate insoluble
Filtration can be used
to

A sieve can be used to separate particles of

solids from liquids-
different sizes
.

Sublimation evaporation to dryness

be used to separate a substance Evaporation
to
dryness is used to separate a dissolved solid
sublimation can
untill all the
From its solvent by heating the mixture
that changes from the solid to gaseous state directly
.
solvent has .
vaporised

Crystallisation simple distillation

is
usedto separate a
pure
Crystallisation is used to obtain a
pure
solid simple distillation
(liquid) from a solution-
from its saturated . A
solution saturated solvent

in which no more can be

solution is one solute
-
dissolved

separating fonne) chromatography

funnel is
A separating is used to separate Chromatography used to separate a mixture

immiscible liquids
.
of substances which have different solubilities
in sowent
given
a
.

Rivalve-distancetravelledby Substanceevent
-

Fractional distillation

I
Ssolubility

3 Jall combe
Sodium chrovides
Potassium Bromides silver
lead all and
Aamorin Iodides
e
soluble

F thanoate
-

sulfate -
all soluble except
Barium lead (1) calcium

except
insoluble
-

Carbonate
-
all
Sodium potassium
ammonium

CHy + Oz - CO2 + 2 HO

I C -

1
c
-

H 4 -
0- M 4
O-2 H4

, Ho
C + 502 >
- 3 (02 + H2O

C-3 C -

3
7
H-8 O-

0-10 H-2