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OF FUEL CCI\4tsUSTION
AND RELATED PFIOCESS INDUSTRIES
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Freface
of Publicatioirr, i991
PA6F-
CHAPTER
2 GASEOUS FUEIJ
2.1 CLASSIFICATTON 6
3.1
5 SIJLFUR AT{E' TTS COMPOUNDS
\rii
rrl
PREFACE
Dedicoted lo the Memory of nny
Mentor:
Prof,'sduardo M. Igqacio Jr.
ireeded computer
s'{tware that have facilitated the p}epar:auo" *a-""*p"t.uon
of
grroblems; to the Iate prof. Bduaido ig';".,
vrrlurninous notes in stpichionlebDr, ;"roy of which
ro, rr.rra6;; ilil , .
have!.o*a*a
llre hasis foy the computational upprou."li pr.".oted in
uirJ"lx, I DEFINITION
rrls. to both these people ror'taung-time to^review
this manuscript 'COIv{tsUSTIONis a unit pro.*ui in which oxidalion reaction
rrrrl'.qrorriding usefuf suggesu"rr"" n',ully,
above ax, 1;t
wl,lehe?t.d grytttude to the Lard arrrgnty, and whose Light, Guid-
takes place. However not ait oxidation reactjons ar:e terrrjed as
,r(:e and lr:sp c.qmblstion, e.g., oxidation of toluene tt: benzaldehyde, oxlcla-
lauon helped me to pu*I,,r.le all trrr:oJgnout the tiorr of h;rdrogen chloride to chlonne, etc are not normally ternred
1rt elraration of this book. I feel wtthout Hirn, this bborr
iouta- not
^-":
Irirvt: treen a realit5r. ": :u.rybustion
whigh
processeq, Qqqlbustioq ]s a chbmical reiction in
gne- of t}e rg"q,c(ants ii o"yg*r, f.om tt e ait and the other
an:e] {gaseous, iiq.ria, soiiffi_g,pusuqn-1s,1g,gomp_q4ied by :
13
the evolution of ligh.t ana neat,6-d thus}und[smAa is g;";ra]Iy
t)velyn R. Laurito
:s:d in the generalion of heat to suppiy energltbtir-e"proeess-
industries.
h.-
2,, s-r-urr.ti i;CI\40.t.ii.,.
S +Or = SO, n IJ
-l
'r,4.t
Y"5 :do= 3 eO, + 4 HrO
f.t -ts',
complete combustio]r
t,,,,. of any organic fueJ is represented
p^o|.ro + t3/2 3, = 4 COz + 5 I{rO
(0.3)
( '''ll*(')vs, * r/2 [2w +x/2 +zz-;v] 02
= s7 coz + x/2Hro + z So,
*:o /2rc.05) + 5(0"5a n ru,,r(Q"so)
",'',: ?.Y#}fff":
T.3 THEORETICAL OXYGEN
'l'rreoreticai
o:rygen is the
o.lygen Method 2:
lrr r:'r r,rr' The.. *1il;,;;irr"o"ir requirecr for compiete
d.;;;i"ing corn_ Tg compo-nentsuto*"
: "llonorrairrg_ of the fuel are broken down
rnro
ll[Yl:('ll: Yv vr \r('Lcrirli rhe rheorerica,r of carb,o;:";"r#;;["-
gen and moles of o4ygen present.
' combustion, each For .odpi*t.
Met'rrod l: The indivirruaJ^!aranced c- i[uro** t more or;
"io-*- r
each atom sutfur requlres
tion of eac. comb,rsuul. equation for the oxida- mli. a",;;;.I,i*
car grygen is the sum
rlllntten. The rhdoreri- H requires r /4 mole 0* Th;
l;il
the fuer is subtracted frn* ur..o, *?i1., ,r A: ,;
ririi"the
each complete combur;;;: oxl,ger: used jn .."q"".LILq"
to give the theoretica-r o, from
air" The ralionare
behhd this is ti:at
!e{o!; ;, amount of O- is
tafren from the air, the fuel frr_, ,n."/r*,
together wlth it. Thus: "Oir?.,
GASEOUS FUELS ,r
:
ai nxjdauon tCrit Cas)
b<
IN'lR(ji-rl.jCil0N z 5
!i
Llt tl .ta
)
A?S
0.06
ATC ATH
4.12
:ry or parUal combustion a-re CO and H2 formation jn fire flue gas
and the presence of uhburrred eombustibles in the refuse fcrr
solid fuels. Excess air suppiy or eacess o2 supply is a r,ust ior
complete comblrstion" It js defined as follows:'- "
i!
0.1
Excess Oz = Actual O, $ufnly - Theo O-
r.71 4.56
%
E-rcess O^
0.02 0.02 7,0 Excess Ai-r = ;-.:- . -#-ua x l0ti
rneoreucal
():t0 - -7.
r.2a 9.00
!y_p1,:9 9z_ I:l_gz_ y , orr
I ()o o.06 oo,
L,JO '7.78 Theo 0,
4.02
-----
x5t (,z-- *. ,^n
ilr-r !r, ',, !l.J I O 06 + 7.78/4 _ Supplied 0, - Excess O, ^ '"
0.0? = 4.gI S Ansu;er
I I II II ()I\'I IICAL AIR FOR COMBUSTION The act,a-l Percentage Excess fur depe,crs on t.he fuer ,serr
irrr r'1r'(ir ;rrr" is air.that
for combustion. NormaJtygaseous fuels re qurre very rrt[le excess
ri" "* rr' r| ( l')'rlAir fr-rrcombustio.,contains the exact aniount of or; liquid fuels require s'rlewhatmore vo excess o, depending o.
alarroqi.nsis assumed to be their characteristics; solid fi:els requrle maxirnum excess o...
1 i. r'r | -' ttrtl i' l'l'i, NZbyvolume. IV2in
-, r ..r, .r ,lllrrr,rrl lo the O2in thJa:r. airlsnon-combustible a::d
Total
B
lqgVp=A* rvhere Ir =
C+T i-atent Heat of Cr.:ndensaUon
= 44.04 M.l/lqmot of flp**-.,
u,ll(jre \,? is in mm Hg: T js jn
"C _ Ca-ionfic Value i,r Si a,-e exf.1e;sed
l,irr.rvarcr A= 7.9668f B
=-iois.z, ci22g t basis"Tjf..
rku75-sMl']r Gooc-ieq=d 9l u ,JCr (MJi dry
roeB
'-::-t \.f,,ffient .i7
Lruiu tC i,a_lue jS
^al^.+tri^
[g',,0
,,
u,hether ir js rhe GCV or Hivg, a OrOblern WjthOUt SpeCrfung
r..I CALORI'r]C..V4IU-ES ti-ri XCri"lr ff"y n. assumed
_O.E G4SEOUS FUETS Valut to be rhe
ir) 'lhe balorific 3;'"":,.t"orific "irr.. ,t-,"'in,.'r*rue which is usua,rr
v;alue) o1'a rirer is rhe
given off bv the compJete ;*:S:::rT
oirnousii.;;
,rf the fuei &t sonre rcfa-o^^^ -rsUorr of ;;'::-',] hear
'j].'- "."t
a unjl quanUry
t.", p.r" r,l *"
Exaryle /: Calculate the gross
tclnperature *
":: ff
Ill.I."as". 2s"c
_
^
;l;;
;";;.;:::[T
h#f#.? and net
natural gas at- 25"C which calorific
has
value of a
;rrrrbient air lemperati.rre
ffiI.:,.,,:*en composition: the foiloio:ns
may be used). 89.40/o CH., S% C.,H^" ,.gri;;';'*
0.40/a i-CoHio, 0.60;6 n.C.,H
l,i 'l'y1.rcs
of Calorjfic Values llf : ,a" a Zrt io, .,0 Jdi,ii.
"' ,?l;?il
calo^fic v;;;
tGc\'1 or Higher r{calins-va,ue a) MJllorol
b) kcal/gmol
falo,nfic Va.lue measurecl when rvater formerl by MJ/ks
n'l
r'rrrbustion is,.r t1;jr#;tilnen
,,., Nct
(',')
d) MJrdry SCM
Nt't C;rln;t';^
caloririe \r-r..- -. ri?^i n e) MJ/SCM
Y;*:*:::..:;#:::L"
*
;" x:I;,.?tr
tins varue (LFrvl
;I.T# l'lis in.
.,rnbustjon r,r:tle *"lliq"
g.;.;;; ;;;., J:iY Solulion Basis: I igmoi of natur-al gas
r I ( |t:;(,ol:S Mt_XtUfeS
Hc,MJ/ inxr{c
kmol
CH, 0.894 .ROn o< 796.5I
u lrllr. ll(,j = Heat of u^I-t^ 0.05 l 560.92
CombusLjon cf qornp6nent 78.05
r
{Refer to ,Appendix l)
rrj = mole fracli ii ofgaseolts '*:l'
'8 0.019 )ni1 i. tt r)
con-ljlollerrt i
j-a ri 0.0c).{
L , , ,,* *-*
GASiOI rS Ftiir_-.I.S I I I
I
-) ji rl r ------T! n x. H" I .,rr-r
I Hc,MJi I
'2j l,ie( Cairirjfrc: Vialue
rr-C 4H l0 0.006 ToLal rnoles wat"er formed - atli/2 = 4:l2B12 = L.A64 kg rno)
0.06 I ss
( l()z Moles Water frorn Fuel Combustion
0.007 NC\'= GCV -
I
I
ni
*',* x Lc c,f Warr:r
Total Moles of Frrel
I!,, 0.02
t28 wtrere k = Latent Heat of Condensatinn
945.52 4.12s1 I8.088
= 44.04 MJ/i(,gmol af HZO
b-
..,s;ij()lis r
.. ..,.* urrrLrcrrLy
tlrr:nnal elficiency of uornouslron
combuslion rneasu:
.Itrirt {.rr measures % of the "?, \ frorn alr = 4.2 179121) = 15"8
from the fuel that can ta rsJ to por,..rt"
-,
CO, formed = lotal a[ C = 2
I{rO fornled = at H/2 = 612 = 3
r';rlcrrlatiorrs is rj:e DEW pAINTof
tlte flue gas. *I!r."ti Free O, = e-xcess A, = 0.7
I I u r-moistr:-re present jn
tJ.e gas, the nilne. is lts dew poJni
ll tlre flue gases are cooled below fie Oew point. H, al Orsat ,AnalSzsis of Cornbustjon Prociucts ,AJ\JS
,,1,1]:].:':1..:1d rnav ciissorve
l'lr.se acids *. .o..o=ir,* uoJ r?;;
Co, a.nd So, Lo i"; ;;; GA.S Moles Vo
, tlt ttrr,r r: Hasis: I kgnrole stia:ie or 30 kg ethane d) ToLa-l rnol:s of comhusUon products = 18"5 + 3 = 2.i".5
101325 273+404
AIR
Stack m3 stackgas
tnno kg etlnne :i0
100 KPa
P*, moles *'aler
RIlilFqiFF
EVtiitd_:\ 'Pt tota.l moles
--r,
qr.
i't,re !- -ll'
, tl,,
.j,i..
:i.. e) Ptv ., I 00 x (3/21.51 13 953 k-Pa ANS
+6.
#
{
-yt.
&i.
h- ft
l4 I ltr )tctitoMETi<l ilAstr()L;S i''i.;h.if, / l5
l'lrrrnple 3; Pure met-hane is bur:ie,J with 40% excess ajr al,rj aJ Orsat Analvsis ANS
25o/o of its carton conlent is converted to CO the
rest to COr. 9Or/o of ils hydrogen bums to rvater, GAS moles o/a
the rest remains as unbumed Hr. Air supplied is CO, 0.75 5"88
at 23oC; 758 mm Hg urith 800/o RH, Calculate: CO 0.25 1.96
a) Orsat analysis of the combustion products H2 0.20 1.57
b) m' of air suppited per kg.methane o2 i.0?5 8"03
c) ms of combustion products at 35OoC ald N2 to5_t8 82.56
riormal barometric prEssure per kg metftane. 12.758
.$olutton.' Basis: I Ig mole metharie at 23"C, log \rF = 7.9668i - 1668 2lll228+23): VP = 20'82
' )n or{n s)
moles water from air = (2,8+10.533) * - = 0'30I
AIR --"''-:"'"'
758 - 20.92(.8)
Stack Gas
230C
758 mm t-{g
3500C
40 o,/o x'ss 1 atm (z a*tos::+0.30i)x 22 4Y9,31lI
,r' ait
Bt.iRNER b)
l6
kg methane
' \ 273-35(r
;rtC=l ?^
m'Comb
''^
Gas 112758+210),)x224x
,.+
.lt
Iil
l1 --
A
a -27J__
kg metha-ne 16
'l'lreoOr=l+1/4=2
= 47 47 ANS
x'ss O, = 0.4(2) = 0.8
(), frorn anr = 2 + 0.8 = ?.8 '. ''
N., from ur = 2"8 x (79121) = 10.533
2.5 CALORIFIC VALUE LOSSE5
()t.) icL;neC = 0.25 x I + rJ.25
(l(t ion,-red = I - 0.25 = C 7i
al CaJori{lc Va-iue loss due to irlcomplelr combr-rst-ion
Th'epresenceofUnbumedComlrL:srib]esco]lsliLtltea
Ilnbumed H, = ().1 x (4/2) = 0.2 calonfic \/a,lue l,oss: had iJ.]ese sui:slalces bee;r comlllg't-e,iv
,l IrC fc:'inei = 0.! .t i'i,i2) = l.E
br:rned, t,irev would have ,{iven olf addiUonal heirt-
lit'c r), = 0.3 t" '\ii.2':i)-i +-{,lt:i2) = l.C)25 (1) due to CO = mr:lqs CO lr:rmed x 283 18 MJ/kgino)e
izj dr-re. lo Hu = rnoles H" forned x 286'03 M'likgmoi
u.
ll z:;'rc_rrcntoMETRr,
AIR
CV ]oss due to Sensible 300c Stack Gas
Heat = r: rx (Cpl1000) x (le_To) 762 mm Hg 2000c
where T^- = sat'd 750 mm Hg
of stack gas, .C
TX = femp€rafrrre
6affi-[*#,"re,assumed BURNER
+!vs ur
as au
2S,c
cp = specific heJt, rollrgmolK
Cp
Fuel
T.1y be esiimared by: Riast Furnace Gas
cp /g.sl4 = A * BL * i/ _ -rtT2 + D
s(sr^_T2 /(TiTr) (25"C, 98'trpa, srltd)
Refer to Appendix .D 27o/o CA
2 for A, B, C and I2o/o CO,
T, = & +273 : = to *zzi':L f (ir+7,)/2
1 2o/o H,
ll (';rlorific Value lost due to Uncondensed 570 CHo
(:V I,,ss due to Wrrter Vapor 54o/o N,
Uncondens;J;;;
rrroles water from cornbusuon
i-n+.On MJllanoj
l"rrrtrtple 4: A blast Gas mole at e ,nole O,
lyi"l.-. gas analyz ing 2Tok CO, t2o/o
CO, co 0.27 0"27 1t"
,oro ,r^:,.y. CfJ*,-and S+ilo N, at 2S"C alrd gg
and situratea .Lth ,rt.r rrupor kpa co, 0.12 a.tz
0:1 35
Gas moLe o/a i) % cv josr dr,re Lo co *0'044(283 l8) x 100 = 9.811% ANS
CO, 1.2613
0.396 18.72
CO 4.a44 2.CB
H2 0.o11 0.52 g?]Ii8lryl
o?. 0.06425 3.04
% CV iost due to H, = x 100 = 2.48% "ANS
N, l./.O. I )
t.r) 75.64
21 15% iJ) GAS mole Cp
nt 25,C logVP = 7.96683 - 1668.21iQ28+2$1 CO, 0.396 41.89 16.59
, VP 23.61
ll0"c log"v? = 7.96681 - 1668.21/(228+30) ; VP = CO 4.a44 29.6V 1.3
=31.687 H, 0.01I 28.85 ne,
o2 0.06425 30.54 1" 96
Mrrles water from fuei 23"6 i N2 1.6 20 2,1 +/ u5
= -nn?a HrO 0"2002
98 x 760 34.21 .6.86
101325 - 23.61
74.A8 kJlK,
o/o
CV loss dr"re to ser:sible heat
Mtrlc:s water from air = (1.06 + .28175) * -*:l',687-= (].05g2 _!+.osl iooo)(2oo - 2:)
7b2* 3t.68i x 100 = 7A.23o/o
1261'l
h. i
,lllMl:.lJ'R'iJ
clAst<.rrisl t'urus / 21
CHo, arld 6.670 Nr. ratro of CO, to CO
jn thegtack gasj: ]e.mofar
iO:i. Ail ttre H, jn the fuet is
bumed to water. The stackgas tea.res Moles of Dr1 Coa.l
1 '160 - 12/a4 2'73
at 4O0"C and
224 213 + 15
= 416.14
a) %o excess air
b) Olsat Analysis of the stack gas
c) ms qtack gat/m3 of coal gas- Moles water frorn coal Eas 416.14 x (12"64/76A) = 7.A4
d) Dew Point of the stack gL
=
GAS n atC atH mole 0,
10000 m3 of coal gas CO, J.6J C.O*)
C,H, 17"24 22.48
o2 2.91 2.9r
r'rt"ri'/1f coal gas CO 24.14 24"74 ]2"07
H, 221.39 442.78
AIR CHn 123.18 123.18 492"72
1 soc Stack Gas N, zt.+t -:,-_,
/(i0 torrs 4000c I75.63 957"98 20.81
fio % RH 100 kPa
BURhJER
theo 0, = 175.63 + (9tr7.98/4) - 20.81 = 394.32
Moles wet a:r = 57000 x (I/'22.4 x ZTB/ {2TB+LS) = 24tZ 1t
Fuel
( ]OAL GAS Moles dry air = 2412.1I x [760 t2 G4("6)ll16CI = 2388.04
(t s.c, 760 torrs, satd)
l.4o/o CO. Moies O, from air = 0.21 -x 2388.04 = 501.4g
2.7o/o crH, Moies \ from air = 0.79 x 2388.04 = 1886.55
O.7o/o O, Moles water from air = 2412"11 - 2388.04 = 24"A2
l;.8% co
53.2o/o I\
29.60/o CHo -s0t.49 * 394.32
ti.6olo \ 7o excess O, = --JX;;-*- * I00 = 27.19 ANS
L_
HIOMI!TilY
;A_sEous iunus z 23
Analys.is ANS
c) . An O" baiance will deterrnine the O, unaccounted tb.r" This
GAS ,n o/o
burn H, to water, and w.as not accotrnted sirrce
O, was r-rsed to
CO, 159.66 7.24 water js not included jn the orsat anaJysis.
co 15.97 0.72' d) lAtten losses of eombusUble matter such as sdot are small.
o3 I 15.16 5.23 a1i the Carbon in the fuel are accounted for in the stack gas.
N, 1914.02 86.81 e) The ADTIII{DROGENis t}re hl"drogen in the fuei that useJ O,
22A4:91 from airfor combustion. The net hydrogen is equai to the totai
hydrogen in the fuel if no Or. is present in the fuei.
water from combustion = 9:57.g2/2 47g.gg
=
Exarnpte 6. A pure saturated hydrocarbon (C"Hr"-) is bumed
,moles water = 478.gg + 24.A2 + 2.04 = 510.I with e.ycess air" Orsat anaiysis of'tiiiiproOucts of
combustjor.r shows 9.08% COr, I.630/o CO, S.2Bo/o
O, and no'ftee Hr. CaJcutate:-'
I rta.k
, l0li25 213 + 400
(2204.81+ 5I0.i,) x 2/.4 x
= 100 z't3 a) The fomrula of tfre hyclrocarbon
C08J gas 1000 b) o/o excess air
- c) ry dry atr/YS of hydroca-rbon
= I5.i9 AIttrS
Scrlufion-' Basis: 100 kg moles dry stack gas
Prebsure water in SG = I00x5l0.I ,z (2204.81+510.1)
= 18.79 kpa or 140.94 mm Hg
9.089/0 CO,
,lt Antolne Equalion: AIR
1.630/o CO
log t+o.s+ = 7.goo8r- 1668.21 /(228+1) 5.2gak 02
T = 58.74"C
58.74'C ANS BURNER
I
i
'!:
v
2;t
4y
r
t
b+y = 11.19
Cbalance: '2x
Orsat analysis of the stack gas from ttre combus- lIbalance: + 4y = 25.56
Uon of a gaseous mixture of acetlzlen. ,ort SoMng simultameously: k = 3.2 and y = 479
metlrane shows 9.82:(.Q9r,_i.SZ o/o CO, 0.69ohHr,,
5.43% 0, ai-rd 82.6g0/o lVri O.t.r*irr.,'
a) 7o excess
o/o CrHr= 13"2 I 8.2+4.79)j x i00 = 4O.OSa/o ANS
a:r o/o CH; -- [4.79 / (3.2+a.79) J x I00 = 59.957o
b) M^ole o/o composjtion of the gaseous fuei
c) m3 wet air supplied at 26"C, zls torrs Ai zovo At 26"C logVP = 7.9668i - t668.211(228+26) :
RH per kg_ of fuel Vp = 25.06 mm Hg
Jasis: j00 rnoles dry bumer gas
25.ad01)
Moies #ater from air = (2L98+82.69) x = 2.457
AIR 76s-2s"0q.1)
Stock Gos
I 28OC
torrs
9.82o/o CC, 273+26
%RH 7.37a/o CO n.r m-" wet air {eroerqooe\.,nnn76a
\-i'98 + 8296) x22'4;* " -ilr=-
BURNER o.69 H2
'
U,,
kg fuel 4.79(16) + 3./.2.6)
5.43o/o O,
= 16.335 ANS
Fuel 82.69% N,
qrr,
CHn
i_:;:ljili)lt< F'tii:)iS 7 !:..i
=
, f-,qlci"rlA]-ig}ru5 BASE# Snxl FAfiTIAL a) 0/s C, = il29.7Vi65Aj
€xcess (100) = 11.0ti94 ,A-liS
ANALITSIS CrF FLUE GAS {CASE $iU b) Orsat Anaiysls ,aNS
+l lr,,rrr iht: conrplere ana-lysis uI rhe fuei, rhe theoreUca-l O, carr
GAS n ttk
Irr ,llrcrrnirreC: O, ar-rd \ from air can be *pressecl ln tern:s
rrl llrr: Li-reoretic::J O, ald tire i,rnknown excess Cr. co, 400 "11.55
I't r ,rrlror) is used as a Lie subsLance to relrrte the fuel u,jth the 02 129.77 3"75
,rl ,rr'lt
N" 2933.43 84"70
ACIS
3463.2
I .,1111;,f1 ' 8: Ttie buming of pure butate wjlh excess air gjves
Exasr1r.te 9: A gaseous fuel at 22"i:, 763 terrs arttl saturzited
: stac!: ga-s';;hich anialvzes ii.55?o CO, on a dry :with watervapor is hurned witir txcess air. fu:"u'lttt
basi ::. Assu min g c ornplete cornbu stj on, calcu late :
60q/o RH is supplied at the same temperature and
a) 7o excess ajr pressure as the fuel" The cornpr:silion of the fuel
b) Cornptetc orsal aLta-lvs,: of the stack gas shows 9 "20"6 CA 0 "4a''A CzH +" 2A.9o/a CO, 1 5. 6% I{r'
",
1.970 CHo, and 527oNr. The stack gas leaves at
/\tR 40ffC and 735 mm Hg ard contalns 13.160/tr CO,
--->- Sfcck
^r Gcs
anC I .84o/o CO on a dry basis. Calculate:
r_\y_- L__r 1 1.550/o CO,
il a) o/c
txcess air
i EUR'{ER hi Complete analysis of the stack gas
--)'
Fuel I
I
--J
i
. c) Dew poinl of the stack gas
I rl .: -r'ss O,
---
Nj 52 GAS %a.
ca 40"4 CO, 28.77
r9.65 11"79
CO 4.423 1.65
l'lrrr r), = 112.8 + (4O.4/4) 19.65 = 23.25 o2 11.336 4.64
N, 174.54 1 r.q
I el y cxcess 02 HrO
"2
r rlr r rl. rle: t, CHn and 6.60/o Nr. if th:s gas is saturated wift HrO at 20"C,
. fr
,rl Mrrles stack gas/i00 moles fuej 742 torrs"and burned in 10"434 m3 air at 30"C, l0lkFa
I
(/:l t zmd 600/o RF{ per m3 fuel, caleulate:
!)5)
lr) 11.-;,1 a) 7o excess O,
andysis of stack gas (l B3o/o)
lo 38%cor, 1.04%ccl
t
b) Or:sat ana-lysis of Lhe st.ack gas (400"C,760 torrsJ iI 859/o
, ) ('orrrplete anaiysis cf sla,cl"; gt.;:
(r.r 1) l%c02' 0.Bg?6coj
of C bums to CO.r; all ll, hums to Hr0.
,ll rrr" rlry air aL 28 "C, 768 nm ligr{moje iuel Ans: (5.3370COr, 0.9a%,CO)
c) GCV in MJ/kgrnoi t3gl.68)
tl,:10.66)
d) % calorific value iost due Lo:
I rlrrl W;ricr Gas js oblalneci by passing stcatn over reci hot il co {6 s84j
r ,r lx rr r cnricheC coal (cokeJ. The gas is called -Blue'. water
ii) Uncor:densed water \r.rpor t7"79)
jii) ser-rsjble heat i33.661
1,,r,, lrr:cause of its blue liar::e] a characterjstic of the
r p115,1i66 of CO. A f.vpical composition sitows 4.Zo/o COr"
.[
r r1 11f
l"i, (]O,
7. Bottled Gas (L,iquefied Pebtrleun: Gasj is found to corri..ri;r
arid 4.50lo\. If biue water g*.
490/0 ts2,0.8% CH4
1.40./c ethane , 23 8a/r, propa.ne" 2A Tatb i-butane and 114.10/o
.rt ',llr"(1, 745 torrs ard 90olo RH is bumed in *,et -ax, 3Oo/o
rr (.xc(_^ss, supplied at ttre sarne condilions as BWG with n-bulane. It is available ;rt P )i.'lkl. l,ssr:ciate.C gas
a-nalyzing E3.6% methane, 9"S?io elh;uie, \ 2t)/o Dropale,
l:"" r. Iil i. CaJCuiaLe:
0"90./o n-bulane and 4.702b i br.:liane is, ava;}ah",ic atP2.5t/
,r) ( )rsat mab,sis of ihe stackgas if lhe rnoia-rrario of CO,
SCM. A fuel is ra be selecled betwee;t the lwo fcr curing
l,: (lJ l'8: I-1, tc CO is l:4 a refractory iined furnace tr\ihich i.q cheapef
/ir.er il l.5,lozo CO", .l 41o4CO) (An-s: Assr:cjated Gas)
t,l rn ir-ir/nr3 BWG
l'). i',t.\
t3 ', tr rl( I 1( )t4llTliy
I
I
i G.ASEoIJS t.unm u 33
A prrre saturated hydrocarbon !.
sack S;; ,h;;" Z.9o/o, CO2 t.tgo/o t/, ' A pure saturated hydr,cad;on is bumed in e*eess air. Air
{'(\, Q)4o70 H", S.2S% o,, is supplled at the rate of 2g4.14 mslki4mol of .*re
_ElS.eIv. w, Air js substan-
j I
ll, i"r;
:II
rtr 6 s tac k g*E r. u". ;;
"
;ff #;;;
r.*_#J
hydrocarbon. Alr enters at 3trC, i atrn and satorated o,ft}
BteI:rapoI" Partial orsat ana$rsls of tJre statffi-sEofrs
,r) (20 excess air 8.68% CO, and 1.3olo CCI" ealculate:
lr) lig airl}g fueI {24.s86vA
a) 7o ,excess alr {1Sols}
lJ l;crmula of the hydrocarbon 12r.58)
b) Fomnula of the hydrocarbon (CHrl
rl) I)cw point of the-stack gas {cHJ c) Cornplete orsat arraJysis of the staeligas
(54.29,c).
(3
"ffio/o Or, 86.37t26Nr)
llotrlcd gases are lhe
,liquefied petroleum gaseS lropane
,rrrrt.trutane. If a sa:-opl.
ormi"g*;;;. bumed jn excess
,rir, a bumer gas of the foilorfiog
I
ry. A mjxture of a saturated hydrocariron and N, js bumerj
-],i''ii.'?"'a"lu:i'"o' ,l,ruJy"i. is obtained:
I
in excess air suppli.ed at Zb,C" 240 torrs wjth g0%q RI_I.
I
orsat anatysis
6 45o/oo,. a,-'a si;u^1U &;;ffi, I
I
f1 :{,,,rh^g,:!ack
22.28o1a CO. L74o/o-Hr,
gas shows Z 60/o' CA,
6.037o Or:ana ge.g}o/o q wrm'a
t,) tror,po-Jr# of the botJed gas .. i dew point of 53.46"e. ihe stack gLes Ieare at 300"C, 765
E2??*propane) I
mm Hg wjth a volurne ratio of i"O+S ms wet sLack gas/
lil I'lrr: bumin8 of
I
rn3 wet air. Calculate:
frurl;rllryS with dry airgives a stackgas I
l'
u/lri(.lr aralyzes g.g2Vo a) Forrnula of . the hydrocari:on (C,H6)
CO, f'e-siffia".u t eave.at T4S I
, ,,1 ,,,, ,g. Assuming
] compi6te .o,rrf.r"ti?rr, de terrnine: I b] vol o/o- analysis of t],e fuel lzi.izVo Crnr)
,r) tzo e.\cess air t
c) 7o excess air (24.ggb)
I
1.1,9.97o/o) I
( t t2 96 NUlkgrnol)
rl) il.l C;liiniic uai_,,, Iost riire
('t, r''r- ,3.16i)
lo CO a:rcl ii.,
LJQIJ)l: i.Ut;r.S / 35
( )l lfrese,
only the most volatije ald clearest producLs,
pl,r.,rrliur or petrol (natural or 3.3 CANCUMTIONS BASED ON FUEL ANAJ-YSIS.
syndtetic), ben)ole and (risE
irlr ,lrrrl are suitable lor -.hb spart rl
ignriron a"g,".. :t; ,..O
lrtlllrr,r iiact_rons of peiroieuir: o:t,"il.ra;e ttumple J TJrr uctane numbcr
oi LiA s-r,ntheuc of gasol)ne js Lie
vo)ume0'r bv
tsc-ocrat-le jn an rso octane{CuH,.}.--r"t,e ptane
1:
(C?Hr6) rnixlure u,irh the s;l-me ktocktng lendency
--
as the luel. An ar_rtontobile uses al rrnieacied
gasoline wii-h an ocrane number Of 85. Air is O, from ziv = 10"97 + 3.29 = 14.26
supplied 30%o in excess such that the molal ratio N, from atr =14.26 (79/21) = 53.64
of_CO, to CO is 5:2 rnd H, to CO is i:I i"G.
orhaust gas. Ca_lculate the brsat anaiysis of the C converted to CO, = 7.0154 x (5/V) = 5.01
e,xhaust gases. C converted to CO = 2.0
of iso-octane is 0.60lg and n-heptane
-D-qnsiry
is 0.684 g,z Hz=2
free O, = 3.29 + (212) + (2/2) = 5.29
Assume thai
cornpositiori of gasoline car be Exonple 2 An ehglne bums fuel oil anaTyzing&so/o C and l2o/o
expressed as ax octane-hepiane- mlxture H with air supplied at 21'C, nomral balometric
presSure and B0% Rli" The air supplied js less than
the gasoline analysis from voiyo to wto/o
the theoreucal arnount required for complele
combusUon of the fuel oit; 25o/o of the C burns to
ugD vol, Densit5z wt wwo
CO, the remainder to COr; O, is aJI consumed and
the mola-l ralio of CO to H, in the exhaust gas is
C.H,, - 85 0,6918 58.803 85.144 3:2. The exhausl.gas ieaves at 480'C and 745 mm
,CrH,. 15 0.684 / .. l_Q?6 i4.856 Hg. Catculate:
69.063
ei) o/o of the theor:etical air that is supplied for
100 kg gaseline - combustion
b) m3 arr suppled/kg of oil
UgD wt n c) m3 exhaust gas/kg oii
Mw atC atH d) % of the ca]orfic value of oil (411.616 lv{J/kg)
crH], 95.r44 1t4 0.7469 5.9752 13.4442 -lost as
CrH,,, I4.tr56 iCo 0 i486 1.04c2 2.377,0 j) unbumt CO in the exhaust
? .i)t 54 I 5.82 I B
il) Sensible heat in the e>iraust ge$
ilt..
,l) Calorific value Losses
Fuel il % caloi:ific value l:lst due tcl C0 1t
( )ll.
- t1.833 x 28g"18/43'6161 x 100 = 90lo ANS
li8'/o C
l'.),t)/o H
iij GAS n ep nCP
CO, tr6 45"65 251"47
r't r,. Iormed = 0.25 x (88/ 12) = S.5 N, 33.1 25 30.01 994.08
('() li)nlred = 0.25 x(88/t2) = 1.833 H,O 5.6107 35 63 -L9g-92
15:16.42
ll, lorrned = 1.833 x (2/3) = 1.222
I l.,r ) lirrmed = I2/2 - 1.222 = 4.773
(1535 42l1ooo)' (+uo " zsJ
I 100
rr.ll,rl %o sensible herL ]oss =::::::i-i6 _ [0-----a
( l, lrorn air
= Oz for CO, + O, for CO + O, for HrO
= 5.5 + (1.E33/2) + {4.778/2) = 8.8054 = 16'03'X' Aj!S
10O nroles DSC At 25'C log\? = 7.96681 - 1668.21 /(228+25) i.VP = 23.6I mm
air = 81 .87 x (2L/79) = 21"76 \\i,r!r"'r in sLack gas = 8.67 + 3.4f5 = 12.085
- 6.34 - ('1.17/2) = 5.755 !
--- x --:=-
?- (100 +12.085),< 22.4x
O, = [5.755 / (21.76-5.755]) x 100 = 35.9670 ANS m" stack gas 765 273
lnaccounted for = 21.76 " [i0.62 + (t.tZ /2 + 6.34] = 4.218 dl
kg fuel i64.51
= 32.38
x Wt of fuel = {10.6Q+1.lV x t2
Wt of fuel = t64.bi hg 1"17 x 283"18
eJ o/o beaL loss due to CO = x 100 = 434%
46"4 x 164"51
H = (i6.86 /164.5U x 100 = tO.2ba/o
ned water = 100 - 86 - rc.25 - I - 0.t = 2.65o/a \
In Combined u'ate;' = 2-GS x (2/18) = 0.2g4 Example : 9slane-Lni.rmbers are u.sed to indjcate the qudi:ty
ln Combined water = 2.GS x (16/ IB) = 2.356 of a djesel fuei oil for compression igniUon engines.
It is delined as the % by volume of cehrre, Crfl;-
ntal.AnaJysis:of fuel oii ANS a meihyt naphtha.tene (9,,4,") m_tGre
ai
,= (}O ll ,cetale-
that Eas rhe@ rhe fuel. A hjgh
= L0.25+.294' = 70.544 'speed diesel engine bums djesel fuel to give an
= 2.356 ej<haust gas analyzing 7 )4 0/o COr. 421a/o CO..
-l
8.24o/o O, and 80.34% Nr, Calcdlate the ce[a]te
=0.i number of the fuel fired.
| , rl I ii \' ' I.lQLi,;r r:iiili .i'i / 4-J
rr, ,rr\ (,1 (reLane is 0.775 1 altd merh-yl naphttraJen-, is 3"5 CALCULATIONS BASED ON PAtrTIAt .A"I'{ALYSIS
irr',, ;'/tnl
oF FLUE GAS teASE III)
,rrrr r, rr r Assurnre diesel compositjon to correspo;d to cetane ExampLe 5: A lorv grade fuei oil iCV= 46.4 MJlkg) cont'alnjng
appro;mately B10lo C, Bqir 1L' 30la 0,4%,I'tr ar:rl 4
o/oS is burned in a funrace tllat IS weli ilesi$ned
a-rld rvell operat.ed glving a Cnmbustjor] gzis, the
partial orsat imaiysis of which shows \tr"2-Zohcoz
and 1.46% C0" The ilola-l ratio of I1. tc C0 in tlie
cornbus'Ucn gas js 1:S Calculaie"
ENGINE
a) o/o exC€SS O,
b) m3 air (30'f, 760 rnrr- Hgl/ )q fi:el oii
c) m3 stack gas (250.C, ?65 mm l-Ig)/kg r:il
d) %o calorific vadue lost due to CO a-nd H,
'i
Solutroru Basis: 100 l€ tuel oil
t..t , lr,,:111s1195 drv E:.hatrsl. Cas
AIR \.1.220/o CO,
i Stack Gas
tr, rr inr = 80.34 x {21/7gJ= 21.356 --+ nrrr O r 1 46% CO
,, ilr,r, (.rrritc-d [ot.= 2].356 - 7.14 - t4.28/2) - 8.24 3.835
= 765 mm t"{g
IIrr at , _0.21 -
x2i-4
27i
=_ '' - Exhaust o."'? l#
kg [u el 100 E3'
= i3.52 ANS
ll,O in the SG = (B/2) - 0.1554 = 3.8446
kg furi I 00
-765 273
'
l5% ciHs
i','
1,".
109/0 CsHro
= l+.iJ i-"
I- cv = 41.9 MJ/kg
li'
i
t;
H
T:'
I
t: *-
{A t,,t, tn,,n.IET]lY
GAS n o/o
excess 02.
QO, 6.9965 10t06 Anall'sis of 1}re bienci 5!16rvs 70% gasolirre'. 1[-r%o
co 0.697 1.01
benzole and 1Sclo a]cohol Calculate t'he compleLe ana]Ysis
o, 4.698 6.8 of ttre exharrst $as.
N" 52.738 /o.31 (9.77c/a CO2, 5. )Sa/o A,. 74:689'oN, io.a tgzo Hrcl)
H:O
' 4;0i 5.8
,/
c9.lc8 uses a high eracie iist-iilirte frie'l ojl v'al-h a c:r-lonl'jc
/4r/a'oort*
r'alue of 13 ljE Vrkg" Ar:eJvsis r-'f Llie st.ack gases at 31 llc
0,19J:-2s!.-1tl ()'37ati'\1"" 7 Ab'+'')
anc.l 765 rorrs sho..'s-9% L'0-, ) 21a/o CO
,r,i,
cV rosi, cr;c r"1.. co = 100 x 419
,1i,v =.-r.71 AI,is
I
I
.i'i
i\
, t rl
.82.37o/o N,. Assuming thaL the fuel oii consists
r rl lrydrocarbons.
Calculire:
rrl il,r 1..1gs55 2j1 (4O.A3o/o)
l,l Wt,t/o composiuon of rhe fuel ojl (g4.gs%C,
IS.OE% H) CI-{AFI t.R
,l ,,,, (.-'V lost
due to:
t) Llnburnt combustibles (Z.l7o/o)
r,) Uncondensed \4,ater iz igiri
Iri) Sensibte Heat
il g.5LVo)
SOLID TTUELS
h ,\ lrrnrace js fired-with fuel oil with a parlial
r' g and 2.8"/0 N:gjs1r
( i,!,i1
a:ralysis cf
anatysis th;;;r.k;;;r.;;*."
o';, "f
gj
-d;';;
'
1,,' !)',S Airl 13L,?:'
,.r.t..r'r:-,Nr. !,),1
.: if'j ?:' J
v" H,, a:8
suppiied is:at 23.i, i55 ;;r;; LirUt.i
(liilculate:e.
l.'l I (l;rlcrrlet
,r) rl4rexcess a_rr (3B.AS9A
4,I CIjSSIFICATION OF SOLID FUELS
l,) Arralysis of the fuej oil (ZS.Z4%;C,
lt. o/oH, 2.460/o61) Solid organic fuels are classified into naturirl aind ;u1ificial
, ) rrr3 arrlkg fusl (15.34) fu els.
aj Natrlral Solid Fuel.s
H I'o,rl lar fuels are l;quld fuels obla-ined
by b)erlding coal il Wood-May be bunied directly as a fueJ or maybe
t,rr riisIillaLion products.such as carbolic converled into charcoa or producer gas Sawdust is
,f,
orl, t.reosote bil, a,nthracene oil a:rd ,neairoi,pu.fr.
".plrUi=u-f"rr. sornetjtnes bumt at salrmills supplemented u/jth oil to
',,rrrrple etementa.l aralysis shows gS.go/o a ieduce fuel cost.
I i, i; b,lo O rutd l.I % N. If
C, 6.3%i{:-i'.2V,
this luel is frrr,r.a-ir_, ;;;;, 2.) Peat-Brown fibrous mass of partiaJly rler_:ayed plarrt
,rt ti(J,,C and 755 r.i' Hg wjUr g0% malerial that has accumulated" under waier logged
;;;-,;;;, " R*r, ;,
lrrrrrrergas containing 10.64%o CO", conditions:
3. lgo/a CO and 0.640/o
ll,. Oa]culate; 3) fuginiles-Immature cotls that are inlerrnediate in
,r) 'l'u excess air eL.l}otol composition between peat a;rd bitumipous coals and
,,) Compiete crsat alal-ysis of bumer gas I
are about 1 to 100 M years oid.
, 4) CoaLls-{ompact sfrafiJierJ mass of mummified planl I
02' 7s ]50luN,)
r ) rr3 srack gaslhg coar rar [lil(l debrjs thaL has acc'unulared dunng past geol;gical I
ages about(i00-300M years old) ard h:Ls been a_ltered
I 'l'hc principal motor fuej blerid jn German_v by processes involrrjrg bio ch emt c"al. ac Li c.rn, su brners j u n
)itjt)-rkr{skof made up of 50% has heerr
moto r lseraore(7soft in water and acUan of heat and pressure.
I rc I zerr e, I 5 7o tolucn
OUn .1.rvien e), 21c/o I etr:Jtn
t d ?.So/o i n d u sr riC 3, ! C,.H,. j (
b) Artificial Solld Fuets
c.oh ol (.qOyo e ti,a,r ZO.i ;; J;i?;;ii
; t
"l
Af t:r cort:i_iL:si.jln ir r i_.:r:tsS
aJr i1 "f g"s colL?i;i)ltg 1) Wood ClrarcoaL-Solid resitlr,ie {rom i]le carbcr:rzatjoi,r
l).,139h CC, a.nd t.E39a H, is obiain..f =lrck wood u,hich invoh,es healilg woocl strongl-v irr rhe
;ri 9,h excess ar.r (50S,il Coi"rf;;;,"'"""" of.
absence of oxl,gerr .
'.'l l'r:ai Chorcoal--Iviade by carbonizing peat at iow 4.3 EMPIRICAL REIATIONS CIN COAL rtr{ALYSIS
l(,rnperature.
',\l I ignite Biqt"ettes-hr dried lignites AhJD CALORIFIC VALUES
'l) lignite Coke--Air drjed and carbonized Jjgnite a) Itulong's Formulo-
i,) (loke-Carbonized coal
CV = 0.338 C+ 1.44 (H - Ol8) + 0'094 S
N2 44.245 76.24
AIR Stack Gas HrO 2'595- 4"47
s8.CI275
280C 3000c
100 kPa
740 torrs ...* 101325 2'73 + 28
60 o/o x'ss Lt' d!
-3 - x "--nra-
BIJRNER \
=(+a.tgi +l1.7a7)x224**;^
luu at\)
lOOkgcoal
= 1399'83 ANS
Fuel
Coal
c) Cv = 0.338,t 5.r1 + t'4":' 15'19 - lt""?2/Bll + 0'094(1 6)
75.2o/oC
5.190,r0H = 31 .472lvIJ/kE ,LhlS
8.72o/cO
d) o/o calorilic va]ue lost due tcl'
1.5%oN
7.Bo/o ash
1.6% S 0.933x28318
'u'u x I00 ^6^n, ANS
il't '*Co" = = 13970
I00 x 3i.472 '
Qi.dbnuood- EqtLaltiorc
DSG baf'
ToC = 5 88 + 2.2}6rc2.3 53.3797=5.22 + 1.308 + y + (1.308/2) + (Y+7.524)
- 0.094(.95)J x 79/21
l- o?iall.55 Y = 3:7576
+ o.oos3f 80
I - too'1rr I
62.52J a) 0/o Excess Oz= 13,7576/7.5241x 100 =5Oo/o
= 78.34
b) OrsaL AnalYsis
'Bg hnongs Farmulcr
3.7576 + (i.SOSlZ)
o/- _ 32.3 _ 0.33g(7g 34) _ 0e4( e5)
o/o Oz - x 100 = 8.26
r\Trr
/.Ji\i-L=% 53.3797
7.44 = 3.98
7.524 + 3.7576
%Nz :i 100 = 79.5I%
9.6 ICW & M) = 100 - 78.34 - 3.98 _
1.28 - 7.11 53.3797
,' -.95-3.24=5.1
F H = 3.98 + s.t(z/til) =
%O=5.1 x(16/t8)=7.41
+.gi' at 30'C
'logVP
= 7.96681 : [1666'21/(228+30)l ;VP = 31'687
rt,ff {Jt,Eilds
d) C\r lost due tr.r
.\ sirn:ple of ]ignite
Unburrit eornbustiblcs (9.5270)
Uncondensed wa.ter (4.71olsl
:
fI? i:"#;{*$i iilf i,:,f 'Sensible
i
fi .1,',r rs=ixi,: Heat l\9.24a/a)
;t),ftrxrmate Ana]isis
1r5.43%vcM)
,, Modrfied
Ir)
L+. A boiier is fired wjth eoa-l containing 72'$3a6e ' I4Vo ;rsij'
Arialysis L6.o/oN and l.2olo S bumt under eonditions that the
(46. IATo/rtC,'
.i2olnrlu cr o: ar. ^,. *
9'913cracw) elimination of comirustibies frorn the refuse is cotnplete
t:/ I
_Ulurnare
b.46o/oH, ^r,"t
*lIH' The air enters t}.e fumace at 25"C, 760 mrn i{g with 80yo
_ r\
rli
Sg.5loloo) IlH. The flue gases g,les to ihte stack at 280"C arrri 'i 10 I
AnaJysis of VCM
kPa. The al errge flue gas o:sat anaiysis is 8 41% COr'
65.26o709, t.47ot Or. Calcu lale ttre ftrliowi n g:
28'o5eocw] 2,52ok CO, O .7 60/o H, and 9. 8602'o
r) caronfic
(24.G3 tvrJ/kg"dr; ;;t[ a) %o excess air (65"08%)
b) UlUmate Anaiysis of Coal (4"530/oH' 6'04%(])
c) m'flue gaslI9 coal (24"5)
;:)' A bur,.jer uses pirroh,,**r coar d) m' air/i<,g coal (13.7e)
-,t
gg;:A:"::!^:rgh
i'l,i T?ry'lg 14 r% ash,
;::,.?:
.H" f;.",;e#"
r'i:a.lculatei
' 'wy'a co' #:lr.!
g'24o'o
"
;:r#
sor' 0.-: "!(r
5a'"/o-rlz
rrt *-#
ana:\zes
a,d g
5. A certain coai is pulvettzedand brirnt in a burrier. Analysis
ofcoa-tshowedTO%C"IA'7o/a;lshandl'20/oI'l"lJ:r:refuse
l6iloor' is substantiaJiy frie of combustible. A sampie of tJ.e flue
a) excess .air
o%
Lr c";;r;;.',fi ,*,,.'trj;:,l gas collected and analyzed in ar orsat apparat-us 'rver
*"r"rry conlains $.$':lzo C0r' 3.320/o CCl, 0'32010 S0*" 3'32%o
4 7to/oH. z.r6t/oo) H, a:rd 9.53o/o O". Air supplieri is at 30"C, 1 atm ;alrd
turlks coa.i iir'ffit" sCturated with water. Ca-lculate: I
",j SG,/kg
:J m3
tU
coa t26.25) a) o/o excess O, (45' 130./o)
;m"h;f,coal "orr trr.tlas tosr only its moisrure al Test for ttre Case
*rHra:?i djil :"*rT: :; JiuiH.;r
Thus ttre.following
r* 63/2al'?= (12"6/4.8)
2"62b = 2.625 Case A: LJrreoked eoal
reiation js true;
(FC/VCM) in greei bal: 0"826 x WT Reft:se = 8.9
."rt = lpgffiM) jn the refuse Ash
Wt Refr:se = 10.7'75
l,J asigToked Coai Losr in rhe Re{use Wt VCN{ iri Refuse = 048 x I0 775 = 0"5172
\_nKed Joal is coal t-har
has lnst lroU, lL. moisLure wt FC in Refuse = .126 x 1A.775 = 1'357'7
VCM content. Thrrs *, and
-;l^;s of rie refuse ci.ntains
negUgible volaule conrlrusiible'rn]rt..; e/o VCI\4 lost = (0.5172/241 x 100 = 2.155o1o plJ'!;
t}re main constituent"-. ;" jcir.i) Carbon and ash irie
refuse if Lire o/c VCMin rhe
is less rha:l 0.2t6-;';;.. Cr Ll de rut o or7 E Q uatia n:
e.ssenlially carbon. '- '""v ,-^
uc assumed to 5.8-B + 2.2d\6 132 - + .0053
Lre o/oC = 0"0i14(1 $)l
ls0 - iclo(vcMlFCl)Jr ss
I.
o/oS lost = !2qtrlYeMJilUlof S ITLVCM ln retuse) --x t00.
" 4.37bota
(%S lrr VCMIWI oI S ln VCM in Gr.Coaj)
Ash bal: 0.?6 x Wt refr:se
Wtrefuse=ll.7l = B:g
Thus for Case C: o/oC lost * % VCM ]ost + o/o CV lost + % neltl
Wt C in the refuse lt.7l (.2+) lost
= = 2.61
'!6 C lost in lne refuse _ (2.gi/77.g3)
_r 100 o/o netll iust -%o CW los'. = o/o N losf. = 7o S ]ost = % VCM losi
l^ cv in refuse
rosr in the reruse :
i;:jf'"tr_l / (]00 x 32)j .x r0o
= I!"92o/o ANS ExanpLe 6: .A boiler is fired w:lh co;1l irr:aiyzing 13 80lo VCM.
lSala M, I.2o/a S, negligible N arld a r:aJorilic value
I.tefuse analysis:
'r-csr: (63,/?+) .t= ,y1 ::CM, -v'!/e 29.2o/o rFC
\ and 63.6% ash of 32.95 MJ/kS.The drv refuse rernoved anallzes
(2g.2/Z S)' 5% VCI\4, 27t/o FC ard 680l,: ash. 600.t0 excess air'
2.625 * S.Bg3 Case
C; coked ar-rri uncoked coa,l is supplied at at 32 "C, 758 rnm lJg s,it-h 85cz'oRll.
A-.;h bal: C.636 x \..t.r 90?b of the cat'oon Easified bums to CO,, tJ-le rr:st
relusr = I e to CO" The molal ratio of H, to C0 rs 2.9. [-liilcr:]ate:
wt r:t:s,: = :1
l\t of \'g1u.r ;- r_ -r a\ o/a C lost in the refuse
liii ci rc r.'i,.,]''== r_!,., ;,.,r=] b) irr: ajrlkg coa)
',i:t c) Orsat analvsjs of *re stack {irs
dJ m"= stack gas/ke roa)
' e) tr:ia1 t'z'o CV k:sl
6F ,, ,;'l r )ir_HlOt"{ETRy sctt..tn l't rEl-s / 67
ctue ro co =U6i;;zffi.ol)/(i00x
s2.gs)]x100 AIR- ..-- Stack Gas g. zg%co,
= 5.56 300c 2500c 1.470/o ao
'r1, CV lost due to
735 torrs
H, = [(. i4+ x 2g6.03)/ {] 00 x 32.95)l x gO%RH
745 torrs
toO
= 1.25 BURNER
rX, CV Iost due to uncondensed I
= [(r.8876 x 44.0a)/ tez.gsflwaler
i"l aC = 2.52 /
Fuel Refuse
GAS n
COAL
60lo VCM
32% F-C I
Cp n9p 620lo ash
CO, 5.83 44.79 261. I l
78.350/o C l,
nn 0.647 27o/o YC
)
30.19 19.55 lr
,LI12 0.744 :rti 29.06 1.3% N
o2 5,42 C I 4^
4.l8 / . Ie/a ASr)
ir
.r1.JO I 68.52
N, 46.3967 io 0.950/o S
- ar-9{ aa
H"o r3
l 384.
35.2 _ I52.31
r 9,-c9.Bl Wt of the refuse = (7.\/0.62) = 11.45
f;;t of C in the refuse = 05i9(78 35) = 4.1166
o/: cv g,ffit#f \\zt of C in VCM r.n ref = 4.066 - ("32.1(i1.45) = 0"402
rosr ci.-.e ro sF{
= "_, P x )oi) = i2.t 6.r
o/oL'. in VCM = 1402)/(.06 x ii.45l x 10C = 58.il1
oz'oFC jn coal = 78.35 - (.5851 r 27) = 62.55
,r'
ll
, l( il(:l-llUMETIl';' Sr.;.-lli 1'l'r
1j,v:x'ssO,
'l'l.reo
O, (78.35/ Example 8. Coal fired i.n a furnace ana)yaeso/o 340./0V(lM' 44a/oF'C"
= t2) + (3 98 /4) = 7.524
O, frcrm ar = 7.524 + y 7.7o/o as]n, i.2oloN axd 1.570/o S. llhe reli:se
N, from al't = t7.524 +'y) x 7g/2] contains 6.2010 vcM " 8.750/o FC, 35010 a'sh and
50.05% HrO. fur sr:pplied js at 35"C1, 765 min Hg
At C gasified = (l-.0519) (78.S5lt2J = 6.19 u'ithB5olo Rll' The stach gases leave at 250"C' 766
Mcrles I'SLI = (6 lg/ I l./Si = CO. 2.320/o Hr, 9^54ako" itnd 76.5)-0zb N, Calr:r'rlaLc:
CO, jn'SG = 54 973 x 0g7g =4.973 a) o/o C lcs[ in i]re rrfuse
= 5 3g b) CV o{ coal
CO ;r SG = 54.973 x .U)47 = 0 EOS
e) ijltirrlale tuifl1,sis o{' cca-}
d) o./o excess 0"
I
:.i()1,1D lfliL;i..t; ,/ /3
f uel Refuse ./ I
-
-.//
fttr,tl 6-2o,'o VCi'i;-1
8.75olo FC \ \ + 14'* t6'250651FI
CV = 0.338 x (12.105 x t}/f
f,4'1,(r VCM
{Hrl4 FC 357o ash I
)
x 100 + .094,(1.57)
'l,'itYo ash 50.05%HrO .;'
I il'Zo N Soluirrg simultaneourslY;
I lr79lo S
F = 282.8I kg
CV = 20.69 MJ/kg
f'r,,t lbr combustjble 134/48) ?= (6.2/8.75)
0.7083 = 0.7085 Uncoked
= t(i2.I05)(12)/282.51j. x 100 = 2'21
5I'36
Coa-l o,/oC
7o netH = [6.25065 /282'811x 100 =
(2.7t.35) x 0.62 .2. iCwarra) = 100 - (51.36+2.2L+1"2+7'?+l 5'4 = 35'96
rhr V(lM lost = x I00 = 4.01
.34 o/oH in (CW&M) = 35'96 x l2/l&) = 4
o/oO in (CW&M)
= 35'96
x (16/18) = 31"96
rHr O lost in the refuse = 4.01
ltrsis: 1O0 moles dry stack gas (DSG) c) ULTIMATE A]ttAlvsts, arus
1'57VoS
51.36o/oC, 6.2La/0L1, 31'96outrO, 1'2oloN' 7'7a/a'as]n"
Al C Sasified = 9.3 ;2.32 = IL62
'lirtal -at C'charged = 11.62/(t-.0401) = ti.rO5
o, = e 54 - Q'32t2) !19'(?*?f
1I-'U.99)
N, Iiorn asr = 76.52 x'ss
t ri frorn atr = 76.52 x t2l/79) = 20.341
' .0401(282.81X0.022l)
(,7 unaccounted for = 20.34i - (9,3 + 2.32/2 + 9.54) = 0.34]
4
or ;( 1.364 at netll . = 6.672
,rt. net H gasified = i.364 + 2(2.32) = o 672)l'x 100 = 4B'81?b 1lJ\iS
'l'olal at netH charged = 6/(1:.0401) = 6.25A€'5 d) 9'o e,<cess Or= l{6.622)/(20'3]]-6
lx: t F = ,;;i cf rirt ir.i,:I DxantpLegrAfunlaceisfit'edlr'it-hcoalu'ill:the'follo"wing 4/'
allall'sis: 3O 3oZn\rCN1. 43 6% trC lA Tott:;rsh' ii
12iC5 i2 is 29'5
-i ' M. I 2ti,\, a;rtl 5 lozi'S lt's ciilorillc '"'alur:
t\'('. in ,i.: iirl x I O0
-
-=1.-ll|rrrry-
SCILIi) ,.LlLl)i) ,/ 75
analysis: 5o/o M, 60% FC, 250lo 'vCM and 10olo ash. Its fl: ::;k #' \ oii
i"
caloriflc value is 31.33 lvil/kg. Calculate the %o VCM lost"
=i.,;"I"
"#:Sfi,,-#";;;'Li;i'-ida tarrs with B0% RH'
%o C lost a4do/o CV lostin the refuse if t}le refuse analyzes:
ff
(Ie'92 ' 17l']l)
d 250/o FC, 4o/o VCM, 71Yo ash 15.1, 4.59, 2.25) ""lHFtila o/ovcM lost in tlte refuse
b) 14.4%FC. 60/o VCM; 79.60/o ash (3.02) Ui Vo **.u" O, [20:41^-.
c) 19.6% C, 80"40lo ash 8.2. 2.63) J n-I'
cl airl}€ uua
a:r/KB co'af 1g'OgS)
of'ililr"tgas (g.170/o 02,
;?B"Cgq,ol'12)
".'
di Orsat 'ana]Ysis
',t. A fligh volati.le A bituminous ccal anaJyzing 73.77o/s C, aiTil
5.23o/o H, 100/o O, 1.40/o N, B 10/o ash,3.90/o M and 1.50/o t:.'1
S js burned in a fi;rnace together wlth 45% excess a-ir
5 A hi gh gracl e se mi - a:r thrac*:, " :.TTl;t ffi
t3,I;'^"ifil.f1,l
T'i"t' o' l3i,
suppiied saturated aL 25"C and I atrn. Ana.lysis of the
tt?ElB'#t:;;^fr'ii'
g il'Tvll"';t *. ;'r;"n"y:rtfl: K;
"o;';i-iil; T: ?"jf ,Ht:#i
VCM" 23.55o/o FC, 32.480,2o ash i; |.ii'iiH
;'"# :;;\spl?g*S:1?.t:T-;
welted refuse shor,vs 160,6
:*3-:J:3,:
ows 8 o5%o
and27,97o/o HrO. The stackgases leave at 300"C. 7'15 ton-b a)]@rv"*
ixi.i,:iJ g:"' ::,T:119 sh
with a CO to CO; ratio of 0.12. Ca-lculate: co", 2,42% c9 Tj-, { z"gP/o }\' eaiculate:
a) a/aC and CV lc'st jn-the refuse (1i.18) -%
a) excess O- (55)
b) ly"pe of combusti)rle in Lhe refr-rse (Uncoke'i coa]) ili Co,r.,pt.te oisat ana]ysis of stack gas
c) Ors+t analysis of siack- gas (i09/o CO, l.2o/o CA) UO.73o/o C2, 75 9olo Nr)
d) nr3 SG,/)<g coai 125.21,; ,r' =t^.i. g"asl mt alr (1 624)
e) 9zo C\r lost due to CC e:rd $e:sii:le heat (5.38 , 14.76) ")
cunran.1"'1:IJl]:3itr1
'
to
A sarrple of coal rvas found
,i<' The following datawere obta'necl durirtg coa1 cornbtrsUon: t ;ilJ8l ;; #$" ;?",i,.;* ;"'1": :'^ ::::5,i' i I 3"il$
Coa-l: 13.8% VCM, 71.6% FC, 8.6?ar ash, 370 M, 0% N. ;;iEi
1.1;ii,;#dfr"",H;; ,";
1I 00 i,Q. e+Y' so''"l'ffi,'i:l
?:-*o T*^,?: e87ez6 0'
L /Vvt
3:='j;H:t;ryr..i;;f,?";co'
zg.zgolo Nz"' calculate"
CV = 32.9582MJ/kg; Ld
Refuse: 4a/o YCM, 4Ao/o FC, 5670 a:;h; .t ulrimate analysrs of coai
Air: 25"C, 740 torrs, 800/cr P'H. 50Yc exsess O, "' C;orr:DleLe
tsz iozoc:. 3.950/oll. 12.15ozoo) 117'93%
Stack gas: 300"C. 755 torrs. lr,z/Co ratio = l:4 irt Corlplele .nal-vti-t ;ith; *iu" if it cont'ajns
CO/CO, ratjo = I:10
'' (54'3% FC' 7'77% VC\{}
Ca-lculate: c)
^sir
o/o excess O- ( 39 5ryol
a) ml ajrlkg coal (14.I9i 8Yo ash' 1'49lo
57
b) Orsa-t a;:ajysis of uie slack 91" Coal fired in a furnace aralyzes l?icr'
Z+sw'C rrrrd 7ra5o/o
i10.39% CO-, 1 C:49'o CC). tr.2Glb i{-) N and O.?7a/oS' ti';;f"=tlo"'"= gas shou's 11'21% CO.,'
ash. orsat uo"-'ytit"oitit-"iu"rt
7-i-oro N'",,caiciilzrie'
isztz.'co, z.+iota o, and 79 (5'Fj5r:'b ]i '2ri [i8% O)
2i) Corni-'lere trtr:nrii J'"i, tt= r
'[ ''na]
fJ 9t excess O, (40Y0)
t"""t'
i t' =t"=='t-'t" '
/ SToICHIoMETRY
Main Reaclion:
S+Or-SO,
SiCe Reacuon:
S+3/2Or=SO"
I
8l
T
,' ', ir )11 ill(lME1liv :: UI-i'UIr,tj'it, ll'S aofti Pi-.i. i N i. i;l r' B.i
.r *^,, , C.
O, calculations rnay be based on
any of the above
Solution: tsasis: i00 1-
tq laf,w J
11,,,;111,",r.,
'l'l rerr
O, (S conversicn to SOr)
l'lrr, o, (S con'ersion to Soji = Total aJ At S
i;;
= x s,/z i AIR Staek Gas
'l'lrr detemlnaUon 300c
of the Excess
l(lly whether the ca-icr-tlations are ?,
*9 7o Excess O, shouJd 740 mm Hg
oased on t"l:e conversion
lltrr to SO, or SO.. of 65 7o X'ss
60%RH BURNER
'l h l,;xcess O, (S conversion
to SOr)
\\
O, Irom air - rireo O" (S tro so2
)
Fuel Cinder
x 100 10% s
rireo O, (S ro Sorl- Raw S
95%o S inerls
9Oo/r:
rl ir l,l-xcess O, (S conver.sion 5olo inerts
to SO.)
O, from air - ttreo
%F ro so3) x 100
theo o, (s to sol Total at S = 95/32 = 2"96875
Theo O, (S to SOr) = 2.96875
,,lt,""y::"=,,r::: Eap Sr.:tfur Anatysis (case O, from ai1 = (1.65){2.96875} = 4"898
,n};. ffi;",iI11, i,, *. o
-o= tai n s rJ N, from ai1 = 4.898 {79/21) = 18.427
:.":.:* -::{,
,?
i,li?pffirH] ffi:: : -con
a,sena.a,." l" Tlreo O, (S to SOu) = 2"96875 x 312 = 4.453
.:: T.:::: ci rn n ur ;;;
;i:u"::T
,' :,, ,*]o :",1 : *. s " " ;;rffi
III i 11
j
;i
I Ii
i
y
:H: ?.:;s il"' ?: :::l ;i ;: 3 :1,
il T".;
I**:
e I e e
*;;;; a) %o
=
excess O, (S
100z6ANS
to SOr) = t(4.8g8 '4.453)14.a531 -r r00
Ineri bal: 0.9 x Vlt crndei- = 5 I00 moies dry SO, free }3u;-rter g;;"s
Wt cinder = 5.5b5 Soiuti,crr-- Basis
bl ' =1.727+9'79=1i'517
Calculations Based on Analysls of Bumer
Gas (Case ID Theo o, to SOr) = 11?11 ,,. .;
(S
In the orsat araiysis of the bumergas, SO.
To find the moles.of SO.. a comparison
is noi included. 'ir,r". ol is to sorl = 11'517 x (3r2) = L7"28
of rje oxyqeri-ln tne
Wut",ipp-
,ru."om orvgffi I 1l'il"71x I00
s inea a) 7o Excess Pir (S to SOr) = l(21'54: 11"517)
-Ib-trred = 87.030/o ANS
during combustion. The O, frorn *re Jr .L
determined from the U.
comes from a:r.
\ ln the bumer- gas since aI of ttrese b) %o Excess Air (S to SOr) = [(21 '54 ' 17'281/ 1728)x L{]0
= 24.65% A-1{S
ExamlsLe 2:. Ilaw sul{ur andpirrg gB% S an', l2o/oineris
bumed::ndl.:: a gas wirtr an orcat;al,=t" when (roo * tz2z) xzz4, l:* "?7:;#9
9.79o/o:O, of , ,nt Burnei Cas
- 760'.2'i3 ''2it
a,nd 8i,05 N;- nry,Jt,
,ci,jrr[, is
c)
suppliec ai 25,c ^?r_6yoqand zoo nrm lig. m'alr (zi.s+ + 81.05), 224' - zt-)
;;'-
/4)
A) 9rr, r;:ii ..s Zri:. {S tO ,qC.,J
b) 96 excess air (S to SO,) I706 ,{NS
='
=
c) nt3 j-,r,r_.-.,..-. gas/rn3 e,,i;
'I
I, i,, ji_'.i jil )i,,,, j:1'5r'
S,iil,rri.)'(,r\Iln ITS COMP()1-1lii,)S / 89
Ir , l,he ieaciion:
4 FeS, + Il O" = 2 Fe,O. + E SO^ Solulioru Basis: 100 i;roles SO, iree BumEr Gas
:1777 L.3136 .2s8g .9d-5.4
Ih the reaction:
4 FeS, + 15 O, = 2 FerO, + I SCu
.666 2.498 333 1.3325
tlxcLmple 4: Drv p_vnte fines contai n)ng B2o/o FeS, and
)g%
gangue are bu;ned jn a Herreshoff Burner. -lhe Cinder Analvsis:
cinder produced contains 3.0670 SO, and no \ rl Wt%
unburned FeSr. Orsal arla1_vsos of the du.r., gu.., e7O QQ
shov.,ed g.ts9/o sor. g 46% C- a-nd ss.:gt =r, Fe.O. = Q.0375+.3'33) ]60 a
tl+.6Cr
i
I
9694
ClJcr:l;ie: -/
.'".-
,l
. .
rr',t_
T
I
r'.-
.J..!'
.- r ,;.,1
'.
(,,.1:' :' , i) l
,", l , ,lCHlulnETR':
l.+ pnopucrtoN oF suLFURlc AclD *HF*so rl:e rr-ts nav !:, f "-?-:f.';. .,333iJ:: 3
AND OLEI"'M
q -
i"9,^-t' ;qi'li::
:
"f3l
oxi d a' o n or tn e. s ior
in the corr'er1e r 8? J,T::H;:#
* ;",
r[u ric Acid has hjstorjca]ly heen produced by two melhods,
I ir
;";;;;this, the o, I
llrr (lonracf Process and the Ch,anber Process. Both of these gases'
the O, ln the wastes
Ittrtlrr:rcls involve the formaUo4 of SO, irr abunterusingeitherRaw
for the Conlacl Process is
illustrated
f3 ur lyrite; foliowed by cortversicn of Lhe SOr-to SOr; ard The flow ciia$ram
nlr';orljon of SO, in water lo give Sullurjc AclO of Oieum. below':
lt
Ge's
Soir-dioi r-- tsasis: 100
moies SO" free Bur;'rer
lr) Clzanber Process
Aside from the bumer, Lhe pi:ocess involves the use of a
GloverT'ower, and the Chari-,bers and Gay Lussac's J'ower. The Br.;r RNER AlrllJ-YSI S :
Dr:ring buming, the gangr-:e a;:d lhe ircn oxide goes to the N4c,ies FeS, = 85/t2a = 0'70833
cirrder. Unbur:red FeS^ rnay alsc be :;resefrt aiTFcsbibiy a smajl
arnount of the ciiva-leai oxide n:a-v a-lso be formed" The latter is Tkrec O, (FeS, to qO,) = 919!?l x (\t/4) = 1.948
.;-r.,o^ n' fFes to so;) = 0 70833 x (15/a) - 7- h,5b
small enough and mav be neglectrri ilr a ri,eli cperated'furnace-
Thus t}e rnain Sulfur cornpout-lcis in the cinder are SO" which ij"#o# ;'";' il Tllli " 2 656 -- 3 I i63
is absorbed on rhe cinder by rJre tnaFffi t r't o,-,-, air = 3 ll€ill x Qg/21 = 17'723
F.Sr_ - l'948) I 1'948] x lO0
a) o/oexcess O, (FeS, to SO, = [(3'1163
s) Catculations Based on P1'rite Ana-lysis = 59.97% ANS
Carngue Ba.l: 0'196 x Wt of 3inisl = 15
Example.3: $rrite Fine s conLarning E50/o FeS, and 15% g2ngue tVt oI cinder = 76.53
are charged to a bumer. An arralysis of *re c;lnder Wt of FeS, in cinder = 0'tiiIi76 53l = 8'503
shows I 1. 1 1plo FeS,, 66.6302'o FerO., 2.620/o SO. and
FeS, lost in the cinder = (E'503185J x 10tl = i0ozb ANS
. 19.670 gangue. Air js supplied lT.Z3a/o in excess b) Yo
(FeS, to SO") ar 25"C. 740 nrm FJg md S0?e Rli. Moles iSO, fo,med = 0 0255/'08 = 0'319"27
Il 8o/a of IJre SO-, fcrmed js absorbed in Lhe cjnder,
ca]c u la{ e: ln the reacuon:
a) o/o excess air(Fe-1, lc SO-) '1 FeS^ - ]5 u: -? .0796
F'Z?:-- 6 SO,
--
t-.] o,l
cf lltc I'eS. ;:zr=.ei iu.Sl ir', -ilrt ,:jr:rl::i-
r.:
. i596 o.sgso '31s2'v
c) C:-s:iL an.,ai-lvsis r-,i' iiit b,:;;ier .3.as
d) mt cl l;'.:me;- gas at 3511 f-: a,t,-l lfii tr:;':: l-j:'./ iv'Jrrles FeS. cotivill'€cl Lo SO, = :".'::-
1.<. ir-.i.rr:- = f).t,77'7
.".S0 +t.'ffia.,
I r Comolele Anaiysis of C,--;nVe:-Ler Cais AJiJS
ihe i:bso;"i:ers a:rarirze J.950zir S,i)r, 7"820;,b 0. iurd
GA.S ft o,/o
9l.2301; N, Calcuiate:
SO, 71 /j..
a") Cermpiete analysis of tlre brrmer gas
Yfr
o b3
b) (% conversion of SO, to $0, in fi:e coriverler
I\i2 119.87
":)"
82.51
,J Wi of a 6C9/o H"SO. neecled tr: p;:orlirce a
So. 'l? a cor:centated 9002b I{?Se4 solution /irr
8.88
1At aa d) Wt of an 88% H,SO4 aciri needed to produce
120lo Oieum/tr
r\II.SORBER ANALySIS:
[-ct y = wt of 85% HrSOo solution formed
j, - I2.g(80) = y I tC32 = wL ai 4Oo/o H"SO* useC Waste
0.95% SO2
G:s
Sulfuric Acid
Prirnary Ar 7 Eza/, A2
Sol'n
91.2;!,6 lr2
H,SO4 Ba-la:rce: a) 60% Acid
Oa$ - +1032{9Sl80)=0.85y
1032) i ^,.^.,_* |.9Y':i9{ -*^.-"1 b) 88% Acid
19% gangue
\ y" /.u i
Converter Gas n
Tota-l Wt of cinder = 451.216 + 148"l4g w + g0 a SO, = 5.84 - 4.0846 t'7554'
Or'=O.ZZ = i"5(4.0846) 7'6777
SoMng simultaneously: N, = 84'44
w=0.36268a=0.25
'fu*,07,
Wt of Pfrite/1O0 moles SO, free BC
sb, = 2.2545 + 4.o846 = ###
= (2.92+1.2522+.3G268XI20) / .81 = 6Zt.S4
NRSORBEF- ANALYSIS:
SO, in BG = 2.5045 - .25 = 2.2548 . O, in waste $as = (84.44/.9123) x 'OZB2 = 7'238
O, reacling = 7.€i77V - 7.238 = 0'44
n) Complete AnaJysis of BG For tlre reactiotl: SO, + I/2 02 - SO.
88 .44 .88'
ci.s n Vo
SO, 5.84 5.71 SO, avaiiable for absorplion = 6.339i + '88 = 7'2tgt
o2 9.72 9"51
N2 84.M 82.58 lrt y = wt of 6070 H2SO4 acid charge -- ^^ formed
SO, 2.2545 2.2 y + 7 .21g i^(80) = y + 577 -528 = wi of 9Oo/a FI?-SO{
02.2545 _t
SO, Balance:
CON\DRTER ANALYSIS: (80/98) ('9)
,156/98) (.6) + 577.528 = (y + 577.528)
I.el b = moles SO, converted to SO. in converter Y = 625.655
. The reacuon. is: SO, n ,rr'fr= c) Wt of dilute 600/o acjd/ hr.= (625 655/671"834)
tO. x 1000 = 931.26 FJ'JS {
6yu,,\ o(1ro1
i$^st:)
L1i"old Ylh(
GAS n ah
l-et z = wt of 88% acid
SO, 5.84-b l.B7oto z + 577.528 = wt of l2o/o oleum
a2 9.72 - .5b
N2 84 ++ H^SO. Balance:
r i00 . 1.5b olAA ) + 577.528{98,180) = (0. 12Xz+577 .528){98 I 80)
+ 0.88(z+577.528)
1';'7 QOr,
forSo^: 584-b =org7
-l_-ttt.aJJ
-
' i00 - i.5b
o}i{tof88%acid/hI=|777895/67].834]-x1000=1]57.87ANS
b = 4.0846
!., '
I .' .utro-'
lrry'? '-
/ $J
(-l()l'lPOlli{llS. i !}9
ito , ,rv{q
SLJi,rLiR .4"ND i'T:
9.72 moles O,
J)resent as bisulfites.
84.44 moles N,
Surbtrr
2.2545 moles SO, from exarnple 6 iLa u
,.,
Example 7.. Using Lhe pvrjtes and Bume.r Gas in L.xzrmpie MaO <--- ttiert+ks
6, r-i -
the burrier gases are cooled ard made to cbme jnto
Let y - wt of tie bisulfite lir;uor
. contacL with Mjtk of Lime jn ar absorplion Lcrr,,er.
Tlre doloinitic lime rrsed is 32!i Cr,O, 150/c }1sO
SCl, Ba]ance: 0 0705 .v = 5.64 (6it
a;rrj 21'o jner-Ls.'ihe it:suJire llq.,:or l,r"oraiC
ccriain_< 7.Clo/o toral SO, of wh;ch i.rSyo l. -fr..- ). = S:Ot 56 kg
ar:d lhe resi 5.9clzo belrg i;;-es::i :r: l-;isr:llirrs ,1::: .
al iig i:jsr:ifi te I)q'Lr orlhr 53()l 5{i ; ll(r()a,/C7 t srr-tr
.,--t]11.,1-.;5:;gr r-'.il-l:e f_i:-g *'as1.e .!l:tS tl.i(:r;,.,:.: il.t:,. jt .t.a.iii., jil.S - 789.i.17 A]\s
.ifl
;l
l0c / silrcHIoMETRY
x F"q$ SUi,FLjR A.N-I) l'l-s i:or": x;i.it'lDS / i0l
I
PROBLEMS
Moles Cao & MgO converted [o Bisulfites
= (5301.56)(.059)/64 x 1/2
= 2.444 X n^* Sulfur which is 75% pure is burne.d iR e'tccss alr
Moles Cao & MgO converted to Suifates
' suppiied at Lhe rale of 4.7 13 m3 /kg erf raw' Srrlfur at 25"C,
745 mm Hg wit.h B0% RH. lf 87o/a of the suilbr charged
= Moles SOs
= 2.2545 bums to S0, and the rest lo SOr, cdculate"
a) Vo excess air{S to SO,) (65o/d
Ioial Moies CaO & MgO supplied = 2.444 + 2.2545 = 4.6985 b) Vo excess air(S to SOr) (l0y0l
c) 'Cornplete analysis iif tle bu*ret gas
( I0" 88% 5A
u, 2 .32r:to O r, 77 .62a/o Nr. I 63Yo S0r, 560/o
2"
Fcr lOC \g linic: ivioies Cao anrd MgO= 82/56 + L6/4O.i) "
Hr())
=.I.86
Wt lime/100 moles Bumergas = (J 00/1.86) x 4.6985 = 252"6 /, The burrter gas from a sulfur burner analv-zes I20lo $Q,
7.l3ak O, a:rd 83.67o/a Nr. The raw Sulfur: cirarged contains
82a/o pure Sulfur and andysis of t1e einder shaws 2090
, Wt of lime/hr = 252.6 x (100A/67I.834) = 375.986 ANS
unburned sulfur" Ca-lculate:
OMB in the Ahsorber
a) olo excess ai(S to SOr) (60or'0)
Wt Br-rrner Gas + Wt Lime + WL HrO for slaking b) o/o excess'air{S to SO.) (6.670l,rl
= Wt waste Gas + Wt Bisuifite"Liquor
c) msof saturated air(28"C" 750 torrs)/kgraw 'S {5.076)
d) mn of trumer gas (300"C, 730 torrslllg mw S (E.75)
SO, + SO, + O, .' N, + lime + HrO for slaking
S ffrite ar:aJyzing 78olo FeS, and 22a/a gargue is hurned at
Lhe rate of 1000 kg/hr. Anaiysis of Lhe ctr:der shows 7 22o/o
O, and N, in bumer gas = O, ald N, in waste.gas S as unbur-ned.FeS, and SO, ahsortred hy FerC.. Alr
'+
5.84(64) + 2.2545(B(t) + 252"6 H,O for S]'aking = 5301.56 supplied is 70% in excess based on conoerbion of FeSr'to
Water for Slaking = 4494.84 SOr. The ratio of SO, to SO, in the br.rrner gas is 3.48:1.
Ca]culate:
c) Wt water for slaking/hr = 4494.84 x (1000/671.3a) a) o/o excess air(FeS, to SO.J t24.67%1
= 6695.32 ANS
b\ a/o of the FeS, oharged lost in ljre cinder (l?9/o)
,-., c) Complete anaJysis o"f the trurner ga-s
i-. (6.260/o SOr" 9,570lo C)r, 82.35a/a Nr, I 820/c SO")
i
/ /n w@ttcw
Fuo
llJ C, -=* Sur'furc 4 Irr the burning of pynle coritaining 92ak FeS, and B0lo
. gargue, i30/a of the FeS, charged js losl in ihe cjnder.'fheA
p-anjal anall:sj5 oI lhe cinder also show.s 5.31% S0,,.
orsai tural1,sjs of the bumer qa.ses sirows 6"75910 SO,,
6.880,/0 O, a:ro 86.3804 N, AIr supplied is at 23''C" 74ll; rnnt
i-Ig iLnd SB0Z RII. C;rl:uialt
a) 7o excess air (!-eS", to -!Or) (40q4,)
bi % ercess air (FeS, to SO^i 12.676o/oi
SUl.,Fi.jll. Al.ll-r jI'S rI(),\,i),t)tII'lD:-r / i[)::
I ()2 // S'1CIC;IIOMETRI'
to SO3 tales piace. A partial orsat anaJysis of the converter is lost io tf.. crnder. fhe burner ga$es are eooled 'dr:ld
gas shows 7.37a/o S0r. The gases from the converter enter absorbed in milk nf linre c'bra-ined by slaking a"Jime
arr absorber where aiter absorpUon in acld,soluUon forrns consisUng of 580/o CaA, 32o/o MgO and ]0010 inerts witlt
awaste ga$ analyzlngO.55o/o SO2, Il.9go/o O, and 82.460/o wa'"er, Tiie bisuifite hquor formed contains LZVo SA, of
Nr. Calculate per 1O0 hg raw sulfuri which 2o/o'is free and"the rest present as tris'-rffites' Orsat
a) Complete ar:alysis of the bumer gas (9.59% SO2, alalysis of the wastc gas shows thal jt contajns V '39o/o O,
9.O3oh Or, 76.070/o N2, 1.07% SOr, 4.25o/o H2CJ and 92.610/o N, Calculate:
b) % of u:e SO, enlering the converter that is conve:rted a) KS bisuifite liquor/kg'raw sulfur (9'65)
to SO, (B8.3olo) b) G hme consrjmeel/kg raw sulfur t0.BB32)
c) Welght of a 60% dilufe H2SO4 needecl ro produce an t G of water used for siaking/k€ raw sulfur (6.92)
B7o/o HrSO4 Q48.C4)
d) If the absorbing a:id is is g49lo Ii2SO4,- what wejght of The roersliirg of pyrites axalyzing 8570 FeS, and 1502
a l4o/o oleum js formed (587.6i) ; gangue utlhzes 4001e excess air (FeS, to SOr)suPglie! 1t
tne iate of 35Q m3lhr at 23"C, ff3 mm Hg ard BB% RI-l'
,^*. A partial 'aneiiysis of the cinder showed 25,920/o FeS,
(XD ern," containi;.rg 807o FeS, aytcl20o/o gangue js burned jn
\'Js .lxcess ,-r.ir to produce a gas with a complete ana,rysis of andt7.839/o gangue 9llly 95% 0{ @
7.78o/o SO2, i .39o/a Oy Bi.OAolo Nr, 4 g29lo SO. md-S.gSq. r:onverted to so^ and the rest tcr so". The bumer gases
i-lrO. AnaJysjs.of the cinder shows a.tolal sullur content are cooleE arldTnar$edTo-a conve fter togetJ:er with slalied
of 6.46rlo due to the presence of unburned FeS, and SO. lime from a dolomiUc iime contain ing?S1/o CaO, 250lo MgO'
absorbed by FerO.. tur supplied is at 27"C, Z4S mm Hg If 850 kg/hr of bjsullit.e liquor are produced u'ith nc
and satr-rrated wjth vapor.f'l-he burnergases then enter a oxjdation of SO, to SO" taking place" Assume all SO"
converter Logether wjth. 30% excess secondirry air ( converled lo bisulfite, Calculate:
supplied at the same condjlions as primary ajr) based on a) kg/hr of lime t33.-i24)
the comclete conversion of all SO, [o -sO" Z5o/o of t]re SO. bl k€/hr of rvater for slaftjrrg 1704.7'7
acti.rally bums to SO,.f fn. .orrr.*.r'gur.r .;;-# c) Comp)eLe aratysis of t-he' bumer gas (5.35olo SO,
absorber ald absorbed in acid solution. The u.aste gases
' 8.83a/o O,. 81.06?6 l\rr, 2.15o/a S0, a-r:d ?-.61a/o TI"O)
fom:ed h.as a partlal orsat aralvsjs of 0.7010 SO.. Ca,lcr:lale
per: i€ oi pynie
a) ',r e)^ccss air (S to SO,j il\.l7)
Lr) CorrrricLe analysis of the con\.crlrj- ri,. il 7ltar, JCs.
I .5:?,r1.; C, L?,.'i]\it it,. J.!;5Vo.iir"),, .i.q2,7. 1-j. i-)
PROI}UC}i']OI'J U}T ]-,IME ,' iLiS
from the combuslcn of a fuet. The fot-towing ..;;,r.";il.: b) o/o excess air
:i.T::
650/o CaCO^
25a/o NlgCA,
94 @ may
^^^3.calcrilaton *d EgdS co[ect to form rhe liqs..In some ]00lo inerts 22.470/o CO,
L;ases' not be coniprete so the uncieffimec urne
Limestone Burner Gas 0.9% cc
_may contain small amounlis ot"."O,_@ 3.02910 tO.:
rep?fed in rerms of irs eO; conGnf
744/o N,
The kirn gases Enntd-mer combuslion and ca-icination
contain aside 1iom the products of combusUo",
Lh; CO, f..* U* Air
ca-Icinalion of lime; likeu.jse jf u,et limestone
is introduce d, waier BURNER
from It may vaporize ard go wjth the kiln gas. ffius
from ca-icinarion rnu st be ieparateo lrom *il .;;,; CO, urO UrO
;;' #oar. rc {r{irtt',, t7i;c2
u,hen detennL,rg tl. i".t consumpuon and
:l^"3-T_!:=tir],1
producLicn.This:aiic.5rr,ihea:.niunl"i-*uf"l"irJJ;;.;;;rr; rirne 'rq1 cl1):'r l-;-Jz
of ffuel
vr uL/ useu is ca:l:i
uscu r5 ,,""
l,qLci .;ic:lc. : oFr. r,6Q
c3jia3 ir.---T:Zal.---=.. \
6t
+
) i.-
*-- ;;tu., i Fuel t Lime
-=-:--
i it/t, 25o/o ra I-1 act(c\.\), I ".,
CH l.ta.) (rH) ,
,ned l;M€. !9n|^ 7Sc/r,
";"3:,
' Qs
.
cacau ssuo)
(r)" ++rA^.,..4 t<-fu,L
_,::-
! -.,a 1u17
r _i_-. z. S.; irl(:::iOtsiii.:fli, PII.{:)DUCTION OF. i,J}VJE,/
Yk,rT)
&luribn-. Easis: iCC moies riry kln gas For i00 moies oi
X: r l\n
IVfe$rod 1: n atC arH
O, from atr = 74 x (21/Zg) = Ig.67i
f-i:eo Oz = 19.671 - (3.02 - 0.9/2) = tZ.iot
crHu
c.Ho
.75
25
150 450
2AA
i* 'i^o
nn 650 S.o
For 100 moies of fuel:
For 100 kg of Limestone:
n atC atll oh CO2 = 42'28Vo
crHn 75 150 . N\M = 57.72o/o
45A o/o
crH* 25 75 200
225 650 At C Eai: At C from fuel + Ar C from I-T = At C in FJln Gas
2.25x + .42282/44 *- 22"07 + 0'9
Theo O, = 225 + 650/4 = 3,87,5
.
BURNER l*ty=XssO,
Theo O, = ("BGx5OO)/12 + (.1.05x500)14' (.024x50O)/32
= 48"583
Tota-l
"vafe:
in kilu gias = B 44 ' IO.i I ', 2.G.25 = 59 !17
PRODUCI]OI{ OF. I-IME / ] 1I
Air
6.3 CAI.CUI.ATXOfiIS BASED ON CONSIDERABLE BURNER
r{2 xr{ ThtE FUEL {CASE irl
u5r ). 5 20
i{, 54 :_ * o<a
44 1,+
I i ?,,' .9'1'616iti.lviE'l,.)'
Irq{)nLlCti.ir)},j i_ti. t..ttrlfr ,r I J.i
,+ ..
Tlreo O, = 44 + 24/4 _ 2S.S 24.5
N, iionifuet + = ExampLe 4: A calcjnaiion p)anl ry;a;:t:faclr:txig I 0 tonnes ljme./
\ tor rh.;;;, = 54 + 24.5{7g/2i) = )46"1,1 day ccxsisting of 83% CaO, 5% CaCO, and 12o/o
Moles etast FuTace Gas inefis. Ttre fuel used is cclai gas arlalloing 5.9or"
= 0Oo/146.1V x59.43g1 = 4i1.1i6i"3, co, 53.2% 14r,29.fia10 4.1 CCr, 0.70lo O, r::rd
Theo o,'= (24.5/t4e.rn xsb.iger CIJ4, Vo
= 9.962 ' 6.5% N, entering at 25"C, 7"40 mm Flg with 800/0
a) 1:.o:.:" O, = {r/9.062J x 100
RH. Orsala analysis of the kiln gas shows 10.630/o
. UU" tjal: C0" from = to:g4olo ANS
COr, 0.6ffr'0 C(), 0.66% Hr, €'"75010 O, zutd 81.llolo
LT + CO. from fuel = CO, in kiJ,
flO.lrom Lr : 35.s - o.++tqa;dia = ,r.s,
g;is Nr. Calcu.late:
a) 1€ of Urnestone charged/elaY
()',
N\n4 in LT = 100 - 43 lS - 1.2 35.656/o b) m' ol Coal gaslcjay
. = c) 7o r{rcess O,
Wt of Lime = tZ.gI(44) x (.5565/.4315)
= i016.32 I0.6370 {-'0,
b) Frrel Ratjo = (10I6.32 /40.6ffin Zi Irg lime,/mole fuet ANS
0.66% C0
= 0"66% H,
83% CaO
Methorl 2: 57r: CaClO, 6.750h A,
kt x = moles of fuel 12o/ct \nerLs 3i.2olo N,
v = rnoles air Lirnestone Kiln Gas
z = weight :f limestone
--)
For 100 n;oles Blast Frrrnace Gas(see Ivfethod
1J:
aL C = 44 at-H = 24'moles O, 25.5
=
. Arralysis of LT: 43.l1o/o CO, l.Zoto FIrO
Air
ald 55.650/o N\,J\4
BURNER
At C Eal: O.++x + O.43tSz/44 = 35.8
ir4oles^Or^B al:-.2SSx + 0.431 Sz/44
+ .2Iy
=,Jb6 + l +.2a.x/4
\ bzJ: 0 5a1+ .079y = 63"2
N, 6.5 o, and S{.zvo Nr. The kil" E,t ts sampiecl nd the average
analysis is foundto be2l.9Tlo COr" 3.54% CO and l2'A9f./o
39.6 224.8 iru If the fuel ralio is 20 kg of lime/mole of producer gas,
ca]culate:
fheo O, = 39.G + t224.8/4) _ Z.ZS = 88.O5 aJ o/o excess air (44.557oi
N, from fuel + N, for theo O, 6.5 + AA"CtitigtZt)
= = 337.73,tj Lr) Complete analysis of the BJln gas
I-et x {7.74o/o ()2, 61.44% N?)
= moles Dry ki.in Gas
moles dry coal gas
,A high sujfur fuel oil eontaining 75.2o/oC' 9'59% S and I
At 1<
, --: '.
Dr.. 17 .77o/c H, 7 44ah A)
?
i.y.:ii6t 1566.1? t /(22,g+21i i;) i;r-itl raii,: (€j.57 kg lirr;c,'kg oii)
'-,'L) -- 2,16i :nm ljs tl
if;
I i6 / srcicHi{l:.tr'iny
ACeTiC ACid
cH3cHo
CH.COOH
-1 193.15
"872.28
!
artd Nr. Calcuiate:
B7o/o
a) kg limestone/\g coke (I.9) AceLone C H.O iT
br) Fuel RaUo (1.16)
'crH, 1300.50
I
ct -
Acetylene b
6. A p)arrt produces )ime analyz-ing 53% CaO, 35% MgO anti
-3269"8I
12o/o inefls. Watergas ana-lyzing 38.30lo CO,52.8o/o , O.4o/o
CH^, 5.5010 CO2, 0.1o/o A, and 2.90/a N, is used as fuel.
Benzene L,^11- I
d -3303.72
il
CH^
Anaiysis of itie kiln gas shows 15.710/o COr, 3.3I?6 CO, ir
6.6}% , 9.Bl o/o O, assd 64.560/o Nr. Calcu)aie: n-Rutane
6
t)
I
i
6
b
-2870"63 I
I
ll
lt
il
tl.7 It
Ir
ti
il
Ir
I
i
I
I
I
"".I'p[NDi] / I l"
I
I
i
Compound Forrnula I
I
Formula State I{e I
-14r eI
t!.
-2720.40
l-Butene
-*---"J
t.
CnHu t- C,H, 6 1
t Ethylene b I
Carbon J:
{.- : n-Heptane NLI I -482a L4
73
I
."1075.88
Disulfide CS, lj
t,-
C-H. - b -4856 I
UD, -1103.3i I
ffi CuH,n I -4165.91
li:: n-Hexane I
Cilrbon l4,|t..
6 -283^ rB
pr :286.03
I
ccl4t d *Ji5C.ZJ
AA FI -72V"O4
I
I
b
^A/
tr:
i{ Methyi Alcohol cHsoH I
i
I cH3oH d
t)
-764.47
Chloroetha:re c2H5cl 6
b -t422.09 E
!(r
r-.
F Mettryl
Cumene c6H5cH(cH3)2 I -5218.93 F Chloride cHscl .-767.15
c6H;cH(cH.)' o -5264.11 LI,
l.r
:
Methy!
Qyclohe>;ane C.H,, I -3922.53 Cyclohexane CrHru -4568:34
Nrf , *:
d -3955.65 -4603.76
"6, 12
C.inlpi:und I{FFEIUDIX 2
}.IEAT CAP/\CITY OF INEAL GFSES
r:-Pi'op;zI kVkgmolK
Ben::sr-"e -522r.74
a t-\tr"7 -2./c,/
Diniirogen Telroxide 11.66
a. qao a.422
Hydrogen
2Cl..t 1"49
Irrydrogen Sulficie
m
/ s-iotr--H lr:rMi:t ri',
Chemical B C
Species tr ooo! roooooo)
1
REF-ERHNCES
Ftopane 1.213 28.785 -o.oz+ l
.lr
j,',t
Propylene i..oJ / 22.7C6 -6.9r 5 i'
j.:]',.'i
j ir.:',
Sulfur-Dioxide 5.699 0.801 - 1.015 l'.
Sr'tlfur Trioxide 8.06 1.056 Arrstin G.T., Shreve's Ciremical Process Indust:-ies" Mc Grarn,
Toluene
Hill Book Co", New York, 1984.
0.29 47.052 -t5.7)6
, Bhatt B.l. and Vora S.M., Stoichjonret-ry, Tata Mc Graw Hill
Water ,1.+ / 1 A.r. q.121 Book Co., New Delhi, 1976
Fra;rcjs W. arrd Peters M., Fuels ard Frrcl Technolopy,
Pergamnon Press, l9B0
4 Hougen O., Watson K.M., and l{agatz RA., Chemical Process
priniiples. Part I, John Riley and Sons, 1966.
E
J. l-ewis V/.K., Radash A.Il. iLncl Le'wis H.C , Industna]
Stoichiometry, 2nd Ed., Mc Graw Hiil Book Co., New Yorlr
] 966.
Perty R.H. ard Green D", Peny's Chernica1Er-tgineers'Haldl:ock
6th Ed., Mc Graw Hill Book Co", New York 1984.
Petcrs M., Elemen(ary Chenrical Llngineennq, Mc Graw l-lill
Book Co., New York, 1984.
a Regel E.R. Inclustnal Chemjslrv. Iieirihold Pu.};lishut! Cc..
)943.
\\rilli:lns
E.'1. ar-rcl Johnson R. C., Stoichrorrretry for Chenticai
Engineers. Mc Grall, Hill Book-Co-; lJc1,,; Yorli-,i953.
lr)a
I -1- -)