SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DISCIPLINE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

HOWARD COLLEGE CAMPUS

TEST: 18 JUNE 2021

COURSE AND CODE: HEAT TRANSFER (ENCH3HE)

DURATION: 09:30 AM – 12:00 PM (2.5 HOURS)

TOTAL MARKS: 100

INTERNAL EXAMINER: MR. E. M. OBWAKA

INTERNAL MODERATOR: MRS. A. SINGH

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Students are reminded that they are bound by the UKZN rules as outlined
in ‘Student Disciplinary Rules 2020’ and ‘Plagiarism Policy and
Procedures’.

2. This question paper consists of three questions.

3. Any programmable or non-programmable calculator may be used provided

it has been cleared of any information that would subvert the purpose of
the test.

4. Calculations must be shown in sufficient detail to illustrate your

understanding of the procedure. Your test solutions should be hand-
written.

5. Factors for unit conversions and the gas constant in various units are
provided at the end of the question paper.

6. Please note that the allocated time for this assessment includes 15 minutes
for you to download the test at the beginning and upload your solution
booklet at the end. Please combine all your pages into one document and
save your file as a pdf. The file name should be your name or student
number.

7. Your solution booklet should be uploaded onto Learn by 12:00. LATE

SUBMISSIONS will automatically be rejected by the system
UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, TEST: JUNE 2021

COURSE CODE: ENCH3HE

PAGE: 1 of 8

QUESTION 1

A continuous counter-current dryer is being used to dry 453.6 kg dry solid/h containing 0.04 kg
total water/kg dry solid to a value of 0.002 kg total water/kg dry solid. The granular solid enters at
26.7 oC and is to be discharged at 62.8 oC. The dry solid has a heat capacity of 1.465 kJ/kg.K and
that of liquid water is 4.187 kJ/kg.K, both of which are assumed to be constant. Heating air enters
at 93.3 oC, having a humidity of 0.01 kg H2O/kg dry air, and leaves at 37.8 oC. Let o = 2502 kJ/kg
and assume no heat losses in the dryer.

(a) Sketch the process

(2)

(b) Perform a water material balance on the overall process and simplify the water balance.
Two variables will be unknown (for now).
(4)

(c) Perform an energy balance on the overall process and simplify the energy balance. Two
variables will be unknown (for now).
(8)

(d) Calculate the dry air flow rate and the outlet humidity by simultaneously solving the
resultant equations from (b) and (c).
(4)

Useful equations:

H y i  cs T  T0   H i 0

where

cs  c pB  c pA * H  1.005  1.88 * H

Enthalpy of a wet solid, Hsi

H si  c pS Ts i  T0   X i c pL Tsa  T0 

Let To = 0oC for all streams

TOTAL /18/
UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, TEST: JUNE 2021

COURSE CODE: ENCH3HE

PAGE: 2 of 8

QUESTION 2

A double-effect evaporator is to be used to concentrate a glycerol-water solution from 4 to 50 wt

%. The effects are to have natural-selection short-tube calandrias of equal area. The overall heat
transfer coefficients are expected to be 2.27 and 1.992 kW/m2.K for the first and second effects,
respectively, when the operation is based on forward feed. The feed to the system has a temperature
of 85 oC and a flow rate of 5.6 kg/s. The specific heat of the solution can be taken as 5.02 kJ/kg.K
for the total range of concentrations. The boiling point rise of the concentrated liquor is 3 oC in
both the first effect and second effects. Saturated steam is available at 170 kPa (abs) and the
pressure in the vapour space of the second effect is 13.5 kPa (abs). Please refer to Table 2.1.

HV1 (TL1; p1 (abs)) = 2658.05 kJ/kg

HV2 (TL2; p2 (abs)) = 2600.32 kJ/kg

(a) Sketch the process

(4)
(b) Determine the temperatures at which the solutions in the first and second effects are boiling
(14)
(c) Perform material and energy balances and use these to determine the flow rates of steam,
S, and vapour from the first and the second effects, V1 and V2, respectively.
(22)
(d) Obtain an estimate of the required heat transfer areas and comment on whether another trial
is required.
(10)

TOTAL /50/
UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, TEST: JUNE 2021

COURSE CODE: ENCH3HE

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Table 2.1: Properties of Saturated Steam: Pressure Table

UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, TEST: JUNE 2021

COURSE CODE: ENCH3HE

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Table 2.1 (cont): Properties of Saturated Steam: Pressure Table continued

UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, TEST: JUNE 2021

COURSE CODE: ENCH3HE

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Table 2.1 (cont): Properties of Saturated Steam: Pressure Table continued

UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, TEST: JUNE 2021

COURSE CODE: ENCH3HE

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QUESTION 3

Given the following stream data for a five-stream problem:

Stream Stream Supply Target Heat capacity Heat load

Number Type temperature temperature flow rate (kW)
(oC) (oC) (kW/K)

1 Hot 200 50 3 450

2 Hot 240 100 1.5 210

3 Hot 120 119 300 300

4 Cold 30 200 4 - 680

5 Cold 50 250 2 - 400

For the above process, QH,MIN = 220 kW, QC,MIN = 100 kW and the pinch occurs at 120 oC for the
hot streams and 110 oC for the cold streams. Please refer to Figure 3.1 on the following page.
Design a heat exchanger network for maximum energy recovery which features the minimum
number of units by doing the following:

(a) Draw a grid diagram of the initial process (show the stream lines and temperatures but
not the heat exchangers)
(2)
(b) Incorporate pinch onto the grid diagram (you are required to draw a second diagram)
(2)
(c) Calculate the duties of the heat exchangers and heater(s) of the hot end
(4)
(d) Calculate the duties of the heat exchangers and cooler(s) of the cold end
(6)
(e) Draw the hot end and cold end designs side by side
(10)
(f) Calculate the intermediate temperatures
(8)

TOTAL /32/
UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, TEST: JUNE 2021

COURSE CODE: ENCH3HE

PAGE: 7 of 8

Figure 3.1: Procedures for splitting streams

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COURSE CODE: ENCH3HE

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