CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS

SECOND SEMESTER A.Y. 2023-2024

ENERGY
Outline:
1. The Concept of Energy
A. Common Units of Energy
B. Forms of Energy
2. Thermodynamics
A. First Law
3. Thermochemistry
A. Enthalpy
B. Heat capacity
 WORK
– energy used to
cause an object with
mass to move against
a force.
 HEAT
– energy used to
cause the
temperature of an
object to increase
FORMS OF ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY
- the energy of a body by virtue of its motion

1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
Where:
m = mass of the body (kg)
v = velocity of the body (m/s)
POTENTIAL ENERGY
- the capacity of a body to do work due to its
elevation above a reference point.

𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

Where: m= mass of the object (kg)

g = gravitational constant ( 9.81 m/s2)
h = height of the object relative to
some reference height
 Units of Energy
• The SI unit for energy is
the joule (pronounced
“jool”), J.
𝒌𝒈 −𝒎𝟐
1 = 1 joule (J)
𝒔𝟐

1 cal = 4.184 J
THERMODYNAMICS
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

“Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It
can only be transformed from one form of energy
to another.”
System and Surroundings

The portion we single out for study is called the

system; everything else is called the
surroundings.
Internal Energy, E

➢ the sum of all the kinetic and potential

energies of the components of the system

∆𝑬 = 𝑬𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 − 𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍
2𝐻2 𝑔 + 𝑂2 (𝑔) → 2𝐻2 𝑂(l)
ENDOTHERMIC PROCESS
• occurs in which the system absorbs heat

EXOTHERMIC PROCESSES
• process in which the system loses heat
 INTERNAL ENERGY, HEAT, and WORK

∆𝑬 = 𝒒 + 𝒘

For q + means system gains heat - means system loses heat

For w + means work done on system - means work done by system
For ∆𝑬 + means net gain of energy by system - means net loss of energy by system
 EXAMPLE:

Gases A(g) and B(g) are confined in a cylinder-and-

piston arrangement to form a solid product C(s). As
the reaction occurs, the
system loses 1150 J of heat to the surroundings.
The piston moves downward as the gases react
to form a solid. As the volume of the gas decreases
under the constant pressure of the atmosphere,
the surroundings do 480 J of work on the system.
What is the change in the internal
energy of the system?
State Functions

• Internal energy is an example of a state

function, a property of a system that is
determined by specifying the system’s
condition, or state (in terms of temperature,
pressure, and so forth). The value of a state
function depends only on the present state
of the system, not on the path the system
took to reach that state.
THERMOCHEMISTRY
enthalpy
𝐻 = 𝐸 + 𝑃𝑉
PRESSURE-VOLUME WORK
𝑤 = −𝑃∆𝑉

Where: P = pressure of the system

V= volume of the system
∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
CHANGE IN ENTHALPY

∆𝐻 = ∆ 𝐸 + 𝑃𝑉

∆𝐻 = ∆𝐸 + 𝑃∆𝑉 (constant pressure)

 ∆𝐸 = 𝑞 + 𝑤
𝑤 = −𝑃∆𝑉

∆𝐻 = ∆𝐸 + 𝑃∆𝑉 = 𝑞 + 𝑤 − 𝑤 = 𝑞

∆𝐻 = 𝑞
ENTHALPIES OF REACTION

∆𝐻 = 𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − 𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
THERMOCHEMICAL EQUATIONS

2𝐻2 𝑔 + 𝑂2 𝑔 → 2𝐻2 𝑂 ∆𝐻 = −483.6 𝑘𝐽

THERMOCHEMICAL EQUATIONS
AND ENTHALPY DIAGRAMS
1. ENTHALPY IS AN EXTENSIVE PROPERTY
The magnitude of ∆H is proportional to
the amount of reactant consumed in the
process.
𝐶𝐻4 𝑔 + 2𝑂2 𝑔 → 𝐶𝑂2 𝑔 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙 ∆𝐻 = −890 𝑘𝐽
2. The enthalpy change for a reaction is
equal in magnitude, but opposite in
sign, to ∆H for the reverse reaction.

𝐶𝑂2 𝑔 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙 → 𝐶𝐻4 𝑔 + 2𝑂2 𝑔 ∆𝐻 = +890 𝑘𝐽

3. The enthalpy change for a reaction
depends on the states of the reactants
and products.

𝐶𝐻4 𝑔 + 2𝑂2 𝑔 → 𝐶𝑂2 𝑔 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙 ∆𝐻 = −890 𝑘𝐽

2𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙 → 2𝐻2 𝑂 𝑔 ∆𝐻 = +88 𝑘𝐽

𝐶𝐻4 𝑔 + 2𝑂2 𝑔 → 𝐶𝑂2 𝑔 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 𝑔 ∆𝐻 = −802 𝑘𝐽

 RELATING ∆H TO QUANTITIES OF
REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS
EXAMPLE
How much heat is released when 4.50 gram of methane gas is
burned in constant-pressure system?

𝐶𝐻4 𝑔 + 2𝑂2 𝑔 → 𝐶𝑂2 𝑔 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙 ∆𝐻 = −890 𝑘𝐽

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 𝑔 = −890 𝑘𝐽

ANALYSIS:
grams CH4(given)→moles CH4 →kJ (unknown to be found)

SOLUTION:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 −890 𝑘𝐽
H𝐸𝐴𝑇 = 4.5 𝑔 𝐶𝐻4 = −𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟑𝟏 𝒌𝑱
16.0 𝑔 𝐶𝐻4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4
calorimetry
Calorimetry is the term used to
describe the measurement of
heat flow.

Calorimeter is a device used to

measure heat flow.
 HEAT CAPACITY (C)
The heat capacity of an object is the amount
of heat required to raise its temperature by 1
K (or 1 ⁰C).
MOLAR HEAT CAPACITY (Cm)
• heat capacity of one mole of a substance

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY (C s)

• heat capacity of one gram of a substance
 (𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑)
𝑆𝑃𝐸𝐶𝐼𝐹𝐼𝐶 𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑇 =
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 × (𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒)

𝒒
𝑪𝑺 =
𝒎 × ∆𝑻

𝐪 = 𝒎 × 𝑪𝑺 × ∆𝑻
For example, 209 J is required to increase the
temperature of 50.0 g of water by 1.00 K.

Thus, the specific heat of water is:

𝟐𝟎𝟗 𝑱 𝑱
𝑪𝑺 = = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟖 ൗ𝒈 − 𝑲
𝟓𝟎. 𝟎 𝒈 × 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝑲
Specific Heats of Some Substances at 298 K
EXAMPLE
(a) How much heat is needed to warm 250 g of
water (about 1 cup) from 24⁰C (about room
temperature) to 97 ⁰C (near its boiling
point)?

(b)What is the molar heat capacity of water?