Kapitel 1.

1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

Bravais Lattice
There are 14 different basic System Lengths & Number of
crystal lattices Angles Lattices
Cubic a=b=c 3
α = β = γ = 90°
Definition according to
Tetragonal a =b ≠ c 2
unit cell edge lengths and angles
α = β = γ = 90°
a Orthorhombic a ≠ b ≠c 4
b α = β = γ = 90°
Rhombohedral a= b= c 1
α = β = γ ≠ 90°
c Monoclinic a ≠ b ≠c 2
β α = γ = 90° ≠ β
Triclinic a≠b ≠ c 1
γ α α≠β≠γ
Hexagonal a= b ≠ c 1
α = β = 90°
γ = 120°
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Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

Bravais Lattices

cubic rhombohedral

tetragonal monoclinic

orthorhombic triclinic hexagonal

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Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

Closed Packed Lattices: fcc and hcp

Layer Sequence

fcc
face centered
cubic

hcp
hexagonal
close packed
ABA: ABC:
hcp fcc
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Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

Diamond Lattice

y
x View with bonds
 a / 4
 
 a / 4
 a / 4
fcc Lattice with Basis  

(000) a, (1/4,1/4,1/4) a

Examples:
Diamond, Silicon, Germanium
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Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

Crystal Structures of the Elements

Ch. Kittel, Einführung in die Festkörperphysik 5

Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

Diffraction with Waves (Light and Particles)

Diffraction of electrons and
X-rays from Silver
a) 36 keV - electrons

h
de Broglie: λ = = 0,006 nm
p

b) Copper-Kα-Radiation
λ = 0,154 nm.

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Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

X-ray diffraction: radiation source

X-ray tube Spectrum of the radiation

charakteristic radiation
Bremsstrahlung

Voltage U =10 kV -100 kV

minimal
wavelength
Alternative:
Synchrotron- hc Copper-Anode, 38 kV
hv = = eU
radiation λ 7
Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

Debye-Scherrer Method

• monochromatic source of light

• crystal powder (averaging over

all orientations)

Crystals Film

Diffraction pattern
of a fcc-crystal
(MgO)

Structurfactor fcc: all indices are even or all odd! 8

Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

Debye-Scherrer Method

(semi) sc-Crystal (KCl) fcc-Crystal (Al)

Visible Rings (inside out) : Visible Rings (inside out) :
(100), (110), (111), (200), (111), (200), (220), (311), (222)..
(210), (211), (220), (221)..
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Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

Debye-Scherrer Method
Salt Crystal

same size atoms (KCl):

„sc“

different size atoms (KBr):

fcc

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Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

Debye-Scherrer Method

FeCo – Crystal
ordered: sc (with Basis)
unordered: bcc

sc
Structure factor bcc:
Sum of all indices must
bcc be even!

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Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

Laue Method

Diffraction on NaCl (KCl?)

in direction <100>

• „white“ x-ray light

• oriented single crystal

Gerthsen Physik 12
Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

Laue Method
Diffraction on Si
(fcc with basis)

Backward scattering in direction <111>

forward direction <111>

3-fold symmetry!

direction <100>
4-fold
symmetry!
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Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

Protein crystal diffraction

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Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

structure reconstruction

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Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

record: 5 million atom image

virus capsid

Protein structure
databank:
www.rcsb.org

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Kapitel 1.1: Crystal structure Advanced solid state physics SS2014

quasi-crystals

(Al-Pd-Mn) quasicrystal

Ho-Mg-Zn quasi-crystal
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