Week 1 & 2 - A branch of philosophy

dealing with values

Theories and Principles of of Health pertaining to human conduct,
Ethics considering the rightness and
wrongness of actions and the
Learning Objectives: goodness or badness of the
- To understand the theories of Ethics motives and ends of such
and principles actions
- To explain the rights and duty of - Systematic rules of principles
ethics of deontology governing right conduct
- To explain the theory of utilitarianism
- Identify the sources of influence on 4. Health Ethics
ethics and ethical behaviour
- Is a branch of ethics that
Ethics deals with ethical issues in
- Rules of conduct health, health care, medicine
- Ethical practices and science. It involves
- Rules and regulations discussions about treatment
- Values choices and care options that
- Research individuals, families, and
- Moral principles health care providers must
face

Definition of Terms 5. Values

- Ethics refers to the
guidelines for conduct, that
address questions of
morality. Value provides
the principles and ideals
upon which judgement is
made of what is more
important.

1. Ethics Ethical Theories

- is concerned with principles, values
and standards of conduct. 1. Deontology (nonconsequentialist)
The field of health and health care ethical - Deon = duty
concern integrity, data h subjects in - Rules of duty
research, a new techniques, such as - Consequences do not
manipulation matter. The task duty is
matter
According to Potter Stewart - Intention is relevant
ETHICS is knowing the difference between
what you have a right to do and what is right How does deontology differ from virtue
to do ethics

2. Bioethics Virtue Ethics

- Bio = life - Virtue = character
- Ethics = moral and values - Provide guidance
- Study of ethical and moral - is a broad term for
implications of new theories that emphasize
discoveries of a person. the role of character and
virtue in moral philosophy
3. Nursing Ethics rather than either doing
- Is a branch of applied ethics one's duty or acting in
that concern itself with order to bring about good
activities in the field of
consequences.
nursing
Act Guidance vs. Character guidance
Deontology and consequentialism provide
act guidance, that is, they tell us what sorts
of actions we should take rather than what
sort of people we ought to become
(character guidance)
2. Teleology
- Teles = end
- Logos = science
- common practice in ethics.
Some might consider
stealing bad, but a
teleological thinker may say,
"but in the end, I'm stealing
to feed my family, which is
good, so the action is good."
- In other words, an action's
"goodness" is based on the
outcome. A second example
of teleology is in philosophy.
3. Utilitarianism
- Focus on ethical choice of
the greater number
4. Core values
- Fundamental beliefs of a
person of organization.
- These dictate behaviour and
help other people to
understand the right or
wrong.
In nurses, core values are:
- Love of God
- Love of people
- Love of country
WEEK 3
Ethical Principles
Learning objectives:
● To describe the Bill of Rights
● To describe how fidelity affects
nursing care
● To discuss how a nurse applies the
principle of justice to nursing
● To discuss how the principle of
respect for autonomy relates to
health care
Ethical Principles & Concepts
If you don't design your own life plan.
Chances are you' 11 fall into someone
else's plan. And guess what they have
planned for you? Not much. - Jim Rohn
1. Autonomy
From greek:
Auto = self
Nomos = rule of law
- Self determination, freedom, self rule
with no control from others (Griffith
and Tengnah, 2010)
- Respect other people's wishes and
supporting them in their decisions
(Beauchamp and Childress,2009)
● The patient has the right to refuse or
choose their treatment
● Autonomy can be defined as the
ability of the person to make his or
her own decisions. This faith in
autonomy is the central premise of
the concept of informed consent and
shared decision making
Principles:
● Autonomy is general indicator of
health
● This makes autonomy an indicator
for both personal well- being, and for
the well-being of the profession
Clinical application:
● Patients right to refuse or accept
medical care
● Respect for the patients
● Shared decision - making has
become the norm, and it is viewed
by the patient and the physician as
essential for honouring the individual
and his or her dignity
A. Respect for autonomy (person)
- Respect privacy, information and
capacity of mentally and legally of
the patients
B. Promoting autonomous behaviour
- present all option to treat the patient
even bad or good
- Treat the patients in all options
- Explaining the risk to understand.
C. PATIENT'S BILL OF RIGHTS
- is a list of guarantees for those
receiving medical care. It may take
the form of a law or a non-binding
declaration. Typically a patient's bill
of rights guarantees patients
information, fair treatment and
autonomy over medical decisions,
among other rights.
Informed consent:
Voluntary acceptance after understanding
all procedures, risk, plan, and benefits to the
patients.

Contents of consents:
- Condition of the patient
- Purpose and nature of intervention
- Consequences of intervention
- Risk involved
- Sharing knowledge about the
condition and intervention

Eligibility for consent

- Age
- Soundness of mind
- Ability to understand
- Remember the information given
- Ability to decide and deliberate thee
treatment choices

Proxy Consent/Legally Acceptable

Representative
- is the process by which people with
the legal right to consent to medical
treatment for themselves or for a
minor or a ward delineate that right
to another person.
- it indicates consent given by an
authorised person before after death
- if an unconscious patient brought by
police from road and operation
essential to save life 2 or 3 doctors
to give consent by signing on
consent form, preferably along with
police
D. Privacy
- A person's right to control access to
his personal information
- It helps to maintain autonomy and
individually

2. Justice - fairness to all people. Equal

treatment
3. Confidentiality
●
4. Fidelity - faithful to commitments
made to self and others
5. Benificence - "DO NO HARM AND
PRODUCE THE GOOD" or "DO
GOOD AND DO NO HARM"
6. Nonmaleficence - "Do not harm"
7. Veracity - Truthfulness