Date: February 19, 2024

Topic: Knowledge Driven Nursing Practice

- Nursing Research |
- Evidenced Based Nursing Practice |
- Quality Improvement Respondents | Research subjects | Participants
| Informants
Research - Person included in the study
- Recerche – to search
- Attempt to find solutions to a problem

Nursing Research Basic Human Rights of Research Subject

- Systematic and objective search for
knowledge about issues and topics
related to nursing profession.
- Disciplines:
1. Nursing Practice | Care
– Service (Hospital)
2. Nursing Education
– Academe (School)
3. Nursing Administration
4. Nursing Informatics
Goals for Conducting Nursing Research:
1. Promote Evidence-Based Nursing
Practice (EBNP)
o EBNP – nurses makes clinical
decisions based on the best
research evidence, in their
expertise and health care
preference of their patient.
2. Ensure credibility of the nursing
profession
3. Document the cost effectiveness of
nursing care
(5 R’s)
1. Right to Informed consent
o When the child is below 7 –
Parental consent is sufficient
o When the child is older than 7 –
Parental consent + Assent
o Assent – underage child |
adolescent freely chooses to
participate in a study
2. Right not to be harm
3. Right to full disclosure
4. Right to refuse or withdraw from
participation
5. Right to confidentiality and anonymity
o Confidentiality – protection of
subject’s identity by the
researcher
o Anonymity – no one including
the researcher can link the
subject to the data they
provide

Nursing Research Ethics:

1. Nuremberg Code
o The research must be done for
the good of society
o Birth of informed consent
2. Helsinki Declaration
o Research should NOT be done in
violation of human rights
3. Belmont Report
o Articulated principles
§ Beneficence – to do good
(benefit)
§ Justice – equality
§ Respect to human dignity
 Steps in Nursing Phases in Nursing o Secondary Analysis Study
Research Research § Efficient and economical
(C – D – E – A – D) study – data collection
1. Problem (given)
2. Purpose Conceptual Phase § Data analysis in done from
3. Related Literature previously collected data
4. Hypothesis from previous study
§ Researcher is testing new
Pro – Pur – Re – Hy hypothesis and asking new
research questions.
5. Social issues (related to the nursing
5. Research Design Design and Planning profession)
6. Sampling Phase 6. *Ideas from external sources (direct
suggestions)
R–S
B. Criteria
1. *Interest
7. Data Collection Empirical Phase 2. *Researchability | Researchable
8. Data Organization o can be research | can undergo
study
Data C O 3. *Significance
o Most important criteria
o having potential effect on the
9. Data Analysis Analytical Phase patient’s care
Data A 4. *Feasibility | Feasible
o Analyzing time, money, materials
(resources) needed to complete
10. Findings Dissemination Phase the study
Communication
11. Findings o *Gantt chart
Utilization § “timeline”
§ Illustrates start and finish
Finding C U dates or terminal |
summary elements of a
project | study.
PROBLEM
- The situation in need of solutions C. Formulate Problem Statement (Question |
- “What will be studied” Elements | Testable)
1. Stated as a question
A. Sources of Research Problem 2. Elements (Variables | Population)
1. Personal interest and experience 3. Empirically Testable | Researchable
(*Based on the broad areas of
interest of the researcher)
2. Nursing literatures (journals)
3. Nursing theories
4. Previous researches
o Recommendations
PURPOSE
- Researcher intends to do on the study
- “Why the study is being done”
- Contains active verb “TO”
A. Purposes:
1. To answer a situation | to predict | to
described
2. To enhanced and improved patients
care – Major Purpose
3. To promote EBNP – Major Purpose
B. Justifications:
1. Goals – broad
2. Objectives – specific
3. Reasons and Motivations
RELATED LITERATURE
- Written summary of the state about
existing knowledge on a research
problem.
- “Related topics”
- Covers literature for the last 5 years
A. Steps: R – O – W
1. Read relevant literature
2. Organize – Synthesize (use connecting
words)
3. Write the literature
B. Major Purpose:
1. *To know what is already known and
unknown on the topic
2. To formulate framework of the study
a. Theoretical framework
o Theories involves in the
researcher study
b. Conceptual framework
o Structural relationship between
variables.
o Illustrated form
o Provides linking of concepts
(theories | researches |
experience)
o Paradigm
§ Diagrammatic presentation
of conceptual framework
C. Sources of Related literature:
1. Abstract
o Brief summary of journal articles.
o Word count: 150 – 250 words
2. Electronic sources
o Sites hosted by reliable
organizations
o Online catalogs | Online database
o Online libraries
o Online journals (e-journals)
o Online magazines (e-zines)
o Cumulative Index Nursing Allied
Health Literature (CINAHL)
§ Database for nurses
§ Contains books, articles,
thesis, dissertations and
literatures
3. Print sources
o Periodicals and magazines
o Printed indexes from the library
o Publications (library)
§ PNA – Philippine Nurses
Association Magazine
4. Gray literature | Grey
o Any documents not commercially
published, not indexed and not
available on major database
o Unpublished research report
HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION
- Prediction of relationship | connections
between VARIABLES
any characteristic of object that varies
A. *Types of Variables: (IC – DECO)
1. Independent Variable
o Presumptive Cause
o Intervention of interest
o Manipulated
o Symbol: X
2. Dependent Variable
o Presumptive Effect
o Criterion variable
o Outcome variable
o Measurable
o Symbol: Y
Example: The study of the effect of passive
isometric exercises on the muscle strength of
patient with traction.
IC: Passive isometric exercise
DECO: Muscle strength
Population: Patient with traction
3. Uncontrolled | Extraneous |
Confounding | Limitations
o Variable that is uncontrolled by
researcher
o Example: Development |
Maturation
o *Delimitation
§ Limitations that is set by
the researcher
4. Intervening Variables
o Variables that mediate the
presumed cause and effect
B. Types of Hypothesis
1. According to number of variables
o Simple
§ 1 IC and 1 DECO
o Complex | Multivariate
§ 1 IC and 2 DECO
(vice versa) or more
Example: The study of the effect of passive
isometric exercises on the muscle strength of
patient with traction.
IC: Passive isometric exercise
DECO: Muscle strength
Population: Patient with traction
Simple or Complex
Example: The study of the effect of passive
isometric exercises and active exercise on the
muscle strength of patient with traction.
IC: Passive isometric exercise | Active exercise
= Exercises
DECO: Muscle strength
Population: Patient with traction
Simple or Complex
Example: The study of the effect of passive
isometric exercises and high protein diet on the
muscle strength of patient with traction.
IC: Passive isometric exercise | High Protein
Diet
DECO: Muscle strength
Population: Patient with traction
Simple or Complex
Example: Overconsumption of sardines and
peanuts causing gouty arthritis in men over 40
years of age.
IC: Overconsumption of sardines and peanuts
= Foods
DECO: Gouty Arthritis
Population: Men over 40 years of age
Simple or Complex
Example: Improving family education system
and special education programs affects
attentiveness of children with ADHD
IC: Improving family education system |
Special education program
DECO: Attentiveness
Population: Children with ADHD
Simple or Complex

Nurse Anaski decides to include only nurses
who have a minimum three years
experiences as psychiatric nurses. Which of
the following terms to this?
a. Concept
b. Variable
c. Limitation – Extraneous
d. Delimitation
After formulating and delimiting the research
problem which of the following will a priority
action of Nurse Jayson?
a. Develop the theoretical framework of the
study
b. Formulate the hypothesis
c. Plan the research design of the study
d. Conduct a literature search on the topic
As to the observance of respecting privacy,
Nurse Mel makes sure that she did not link the
identity of the respondents who answered the
questionnaires. This is known as: ____
a. Breach of contract
b. Anonymity
c. Ethical dilemma
d. Confidentiality
2. According to prediction given
A. H1 | Alternative | Research |
Scientific (H1ARS)
o Format: Positive Statement
o Predicts expected relationship
between variables
1. Directional
o Predicts the exact relationship
between variables
o Keywords shows direction of
relationship
o Keywords: more | less | larger |
bigger | higher | lower
Example: Filipino nurses working in
the USA have more professional
opportunities than nurses in the
Philippines.
2. Non-directional
o There is a relationship but it
does not specify what it is.
B. Ho | Null | Statistical (HoNS)
o Predicts NO relationship
between variables
o Format: Negative statement
o Testing Hypothesis
RESEARCH DESIGN
- Overall plan for conducting the study
- Blueprint of research
A. Types of Study (E – D – E)
1. Exploratory Study
o Done because there is small
amount of knowledge on a given
phenomenon
2. Descriptive Study
o Done to describe the relationship
between variables
o *NO manipulation on the
independent variable
3. Explanatory Study
o Done to search causal
relationship and explains the
relationship between variables
o Causal explanation of relationship
o Usually Experimental
Based on the research problem, what is the
research design when no manipulation of the
independent variable is done on study?
a. Quasi experimental
b. Descriptive
c. Ex-post facto
d. Experimental
B. Basic Classification of Research Designs:
1. According to Applicability
a. Pure | Basic Research
o generate new knowledge | refine
theories
b. *Applied Research
o To solve immediate problem |
seek solution
2. According to Data Collected
a. Quantitative – More Respondents
b. Qualitative – Less Respondents
3. According to Method
a. Experimental
b. Non-experimental
C. Approaches:
1. Quantitative Research
2. Qualitative Research
3. Mixed | Triangulation
4. Outcome Research
o Understanding the end results of
health practices and interventions
5. Action Research
o Done to facilitate change with
organized efforts
o Collaboration | Collaborative –
interdisciplinary team
One of the members of the research
committee wishes to conduct a study
involving an interdisciplinary team of
colleagues. This study is termed as?
a. Clinical
b. Exploratory
c. Collaborative
d. Applied
QUANTITATIVE Research
Experimental
A. True experimental – RANDOMNESS
1. Pre-test, post-test control group
design
2. Post-test only control group design
3. Solomon four group design
B. Pre experimental – SINGLE
1. One shot case study
2. One group pre-test, post test
C. Quasi experimental – HANDPICKED
1. Non-equivalent control group design
2. Time series design
Non-Experimental (Co-Co-Me-Su)
A. Correlational
B. Comparative
C. Methodological
D. Survey
QUANTITATIVE Research
Experimental
A. True Experimental Research |
Pure Experimental Research
o *Requisites | Elements (R – G – M)
1. *Randomness | Randomization
o Equal chances to be assigned in
any group
o Eliminates bias
2. Groups
o Experimental group – the group
that WILL receive experimental
treatment.
o Control group | Comparison |
Comparative group | *Arm – the
group that will NOT receive
experimental treatment
3. Manipulation
o Variables can be manipulated
(3) Types:
1. Pretest, post-test control group design
o R–G–M
o Pretest is given to both groups
o Experimental treatment is given to
the Experimental group
o Post-test is given to both groups
o *Before and After treatment
2. Post-test only control group design
o R–G–M
o NO pretest is given
o Experimental treatment is given to
the Experimental group
o Post-test is given to both groups
o *After treatment
3. Solomon four group design
o R–G–M
o Combination of pretest, post-test
and post-test only
o Pretest is given to (1) Experimental
group and (1) Control Group
o Experimental treatment is given to
the Experimental groups (2)
o Post-test is given to four groups
B. Pre-experimental Research
o Weakest type of design
o NO randomization
o NO comparison | NO arm
o Single group | ONE group
(2) Types:
1. One shot case study
o A single group is exposed to
experimental treatment and
observed for results.
2. One group pretest, post-test
o Comparison of group before and
after treatment
C. Quasi-experimental
o Handpicked respondents
(2) Types:
1. Non-equivalent group design
o Similar to pretest, post-test.
o There is presence of groups but
NOT random – HANDPICKED
2. Time Series Design | Interrupted Time
Series Design
o Experimental treatment is done
between series of observation
Non – Experimental
A. Correlational
o Seeks relationship between variables
o Keywords: Correlation |
Relationship | Association |
Interrelationship
o Positive relationship – direct
relationship
o Negative relationship – inverse
relationship (increase vs decrease)
o Perfect negative correlation -1.00
o Perfect positive correlation 1.00
o No relationship .00
o Pearson Product Moment Correlation –
used to check correlation coefficient
(Pearson R)
o Spearman’s rho
B. Comparative QUALITATIVE Research
o Comparison of group on the same C–H–E–P–G
variable of interest 1. Case Study
o In depth or extensive investigation
o Keywords: Compare | Difference of single entity or small group of entity
(person, group, institution)
o Retrospective study | Ex-post facto
§ Identifying the effect to identify the 2. Historical | Relic Study
cause o Synthesis of data from the past
§ Ex-post facto = “after the fact” o Collection, evaluation and
interpretation of past data
o Prospective study
§ Identifying the cause to identify the 3. Ethnographic
effect o Study meaning, patterns and
experience of a define cultural group
C. Methodological o Best method:
o Development, testing and evaluation of § Participant observer
research instruments or methods or § Interview of key informants
tools.
4. Phenomenological
D. Survey o Discovered: Edmund Husserl
o Public opinion o Study of lived experiences and
o Describing the characteristic of the feelings of people involve | key
population (portion) informants

o Phil:
§ Census – Inclusion of the general
population
§ Agency: PSA – Philippine
Statistical Authority
§ Done: Every 5 years (last 2020)
§ *2023 – 117M
§ Next official census: 2025
o Descriptive
§ Description of feelings and
experiences
o Interpretative | Hermeneutics
§ Interpreting feelings and lived
experience
o Methods:
§ In depth conversation – main
source of information
§ Focus group discussion –
examine certain similar pattern of
experiences
§ Interview of key informants
§ *Bracketing – the researcher set
aside own feelings on the given
phenomenon

5. Grounded theory
o Discovered by: Glaser and Strauss
(sociologist)
o Involves study social processes and
social structures
 *Representativeness – the vital
Qualitative Research: characteristic of sample
1. Data collection
2. Analyzed the data B. Types of Sampling Method
3. Theory is derived | made 1. Slovin’s Formula – used to
(themes – thematic) determine the appropriate sample
size
o Formula: n = N
1 + Ne2
Which of the following research designs is o n = Sample size ????
most appropriate for this study if the aim is to o N = Population size
find a relationship between two variables o e = Error of tolerance |
in the study? Margin of error (0.05)
a. Phenomenological study
b. Experimental *Non-programmable Calculators are
c. Explanatory ALLOWED in NLE.
d. Correlational

Example:
o n = ???
Nurse Geb reminded the committee o N = 1000
members that bias is an influence that o e = 0.05
distorts study results. In quantitative
research, which will eliminate bias? o Formula: n = N
a. Trustworthiness 1 + Ne2
b. Credibility
c. Randomness o n= 1000
d. Triangulation 1 + 1000 (0.0025)

o n= 1000
1 + 2.5
SAMPLING
- Process of selecting a portion to o n= 1000
represent the general population 3.5
A. Population
o Complete set | entire aggregation of o n = 286
individual
o Target Population
§ The group of people that researcher
wishes to generalize the findings of
the study.
o Accessible population
§ Available group
o Sample
§ Subgroup chosen to represent the
general population
o Element
§ Single entity
 2. Probability Sampling Method
o Involves random selection
a. Simple random
§ Ensures equal chances of
selection
§ Fish bowl | Bingo | Lottery |
Draw lots | *Table of random
numbers
b. Systematic
§ Getting every Kth element of
the sampling frame
List of all the population
§ Formula: K = N / n
§ K = interval width
§ N = Population size
§ n = Sample size
If Nurse Researcher Jayson is seeking sample
of 50 from a population of 500, the sampling
interval would be?
§ Formula: K = N / n
§ K = ???
§ N = 500
§ n = 50
§ K = 500 / 50
§ K = 10 | every 10th of the sampling frame
c. Stratified
§ Division of the population
according to category |
strata | levels
1. Proportional
• Sampling fraction to each
strata is equal to the
proportion of the
population
2. Disproportional
• Sampling fraction to each
strata is well represented
d. Cluster | Multi-stage
§ Getting sample from a large
group or according to
geographic location
3. Non-Probability Sampling Method
o Involves NON – RANDOM
selection
a. Convenience | Accidental |
Incidental
§ Getting readily available
subjects.
§ Stopping people on the street
b. Purposive | Judgmental
§ Conscious selection
§ Handpicking of typical
subjects the researcher
wanted
c. Quota
§ Similar to stratified but
HANDPICKING is done by
the researcher
d. Snowball | Networking
§ Researcher obtain potential
subjects by REFERRAL
system.
§ Useful for sensitive
respondents (autoimmune
diseases and others)
Nurse Anaski decided to observe women
delivering twins in the hospital she is working
in during her free days. Nurse Anaski
utilizes which type of sampling?
a. Convenience
b. Quota
c. Purposive
d. Network | Snowball
She plans to interview the psyche nurse
managers about the patient safety practices
of the nurses.
What type of sampling method used those
who happens to be in the conference
room where the activity is scheduled?
a. Random
b. Purposive
c. Convenience
d. Quota
The investigator wants to determine some of
the problems that are experienced by
diabetic clients when using an insulin pump.
The investigator went into a clinic where he
personally knows several diabetic clients
having problem with insulin pump. The type
of sampling done by the investigator is
called:
a. Probability
b. Purposive
c. Snowball
d. Incidental