A Whole-Home Level Intrusion Detection System
using WiFi-enabled IoT
Yue Jin, Zengshan Tian, Mu Zhou, Senior Member, IEEE, Ze Li, Zhenyuan Zhang
Chongqing Key Lab of Mobile Communications Technology
Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
jinyue063@gmail.com, tianzs@cqupt.edu.cn, zhoumu@cqupt.edu.cn, lizecqupt@yahoo.com, zhangzhenyuangm@gmail.com
Abstract—The Internet of Thing (IoT) based applications
can provide various services and be widely applied in intelli-
gent home. With the tendency of house safety protection, the
detecting accuracy and privacy of intrusion detection system,
which detects the human motion in indoor environment, has
become a continuing concern. Up to now, there are emerging
many intrusion detection systems which employ different devices
such as camera and infrared. However, the poor privacy and
deployment of specialized devices are mainly disadvantages of
the afore-mentioned systems for deploying in home environment.
In this paper, we propose WLID, a whole-home level intrusion
detection system based on RSSI (Received Signal Strength
Indicator) measurements of WiFi in indoor complex environment.
In order to expand the area of human presence detection,
WLID cooperates with WiFi-enabled IoT devices such as smart
TV, air conditioner and other smart devices. The detection
system constructs a detection algorithm with the non-parametric
statistical method by only using RSSI and realize whole-home
level real-time detection by using software implementation. The
experimental results show that WLID can achieve the consistent
detection rate close to 100% in a practical home environment.
Index Terms—intrusion detection, RSSI, internet of thing, WiFi
I. I NTRODUCTION
In the last years, there are emerging many smart applications
and the providing real-time context-aware information of those
applications make home smarter. As a result, some intelligent
systems are proposed to detect human motion activity due to
the growing concern on home security [1, 2]. However, those
systems require that human must carry a device participated in
detection process, so this requirement limits the deployment
of motion detection systems. Since users are not expected
to carry any devices the device-free technique is significant
important for intrusion detection terms of expenditure cost. Up
to now, vast device-free intrusion detection technologies are
developed, which are featured with different devices installed
at fixed location such as cameras and infrared sensors and can
provide detection capability. Whereas, the poor privacy and the
deployment of special hardware are mainly disadvantages of
the afore-mentioned systems for deploying in home environ-
ment. On the other hand, the presence of Non-Line-of-Sight
(NLoS) propagation degrades the detection performance of
them. For instance, the infrared sensors-based detection system
fails to work in NLoS environment and there are threats of
privacy leaking in cameras based system. Thus, among these
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systems, the wireless signal based techniques are promising
due to that widely installation of WiFi in various public places.
Meanwhile, with the development of Internet of Thing (IoT)
in the past few years, almost every device, e.g., TV, refrigera-
tor, microwave oven, air conditioner and other smart devices,
tends to connect WiFi network, resulting in rich wireless links
signals at home. Thus, employing WiFi-enabled IoT devices
contribute to realizing a high level smart home. Usually, the
intrusion detection system has several Access Points (APs)
and Monitor Points (MPs). APs transmit WiFi signals and
then MPs collect measurements of received signals such as
Received Signal Strengthen Indictor (RSSI). RSSI have been
used widely in many computing applications, e.g., localization
[3] and gesture recognition [4], due to its availability in
commodity APs. Prior works [5, 6, 7] have proposed some
RSSI based intrusion detection algorithms, which consist of
offline phase and online phase. In offline phase, the systems
collect RSSI of each data stream when the area of interest
has no human motion and then construct corresponding RSSI
characteristic profiles. In online phase, MPs collect RSSI data
to compare against the profiles constructed in offline phase in
order to determine whether there is human presence.
Currently, the physical layer (PHY) information Channel
State Information (CSI) has obtained great attentions by re-
searchers [8-11]. CSI describes how the signal traverses along
with physical paths between transmitter and receiver and also
is a fine-gained measurement compared with RSSI. Therefore,
intrusion detection systems using CSI on commodity WiFi
devices are more sensitive to changes in the environment and
can achieve a high detection rate [12]. However, CSI cannot
be obtained easily since recent works are all based on the
modified firmware of special WiFi Network Interface Cards
(NICs), e.g., Intel 5300 [8]. Also, most of them are not real-
time systems and it is hard to collaborate with WiFi-enabled
IoT devices for detecting in a wide range of practical home
environment.
Based on pervious works, we develop and release a home-
level intrusion detection system, which is a pure software
scheme working on the commodity WiFi devices. Moreover,
the following requirements are satisfied:
1. Be accurate in LoS and NLoS environments.
2. The special hardware is not required.
3. Be easy to install and maintain.
494

Primer APs Slave APs Smart deices
Fig. 1. An example of whole-home level human detection system in a practical
home environment.
4. Be robust to changes in indoor environment.
5. Wide detecting range in home environment.
In this paper, we propose WLID, an accurate and robust
whole-home level intrusion detection system using the existing
WiFi signals. WLID proposes to use a prime AP, which
collects RSSI measurement of all the data streams from slave
APs as well as existing WiFi-enable IoT devices. As shown in
Fig. 1, there are perhaps one prime AP, two slave APs and one
smart device. As a result, the prime AP can monitor all slave
APs and each salve AP can monitor each other except itself.
Moreover, the IoT devices can be monitored by slave APs as
well. Thus, there are multiple data streams formed and each
data stream is sent to prime AP for further processing. The
main principle of the proposed system is that the motion of
human change the propagation of WiFi signal. Thus, the RSSI
measurement show bigger variation comparing to the one col-
lected in silent environment. WLID employs non-parametric
statistical method to compute Probability Density Function
(PDF) for each data stream and then constructs corresponding
RSSI characteristic profiles at the begin of deploying the
system. Furthermore, we design a robust detection algorithm
by combining all data streams. WLID can be evaluated in a
practical house which belongs to a typical home environment
including bathroom, living room and kitchen. The extensive
experimental results show that WLID can accurately detect
human motion at high accuracy of closing to 100%.
In summary, the main contributions of this paper are as
follows.
1) We design a whole home-level intrusion detection system
named WLID which uses commodity WiFi devices. As far
as we know, WLID is the first system that proposes to use
existing WiFi signals generated by IoT devices for improving
detection accuracy.
2) To the best of our knowledge, WLID is the first pure
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software scheme deployed in practical home environment
comparing to other academic researches, and it provides a
real-time intrusion detection service.
3) We evaluate WLID in a real home environment and
the experimental results demonstrate that it can achieve high
detection accuracy and effectively guarantee the privacy and
security of home environment.
We briefly outline the organization of rest of this paper. We
review related work in section II and system design is detailed
in section III. Section IV demonstrates the performance of the
motion detection through experiment evaluation. Finally, we
conclude the paper in section V.
II. R ELATED W ORK
The related work of indoor intrusion detection is vast and
can be mainly divided into the following categories.
RSSI-based: Recent years, WiFi becomes very prevalent
over the world due to its low cost and ubiquitous infrastructure.
Beyond communication, WiFi can be used for generalized
sensor networks and thus provide a potential for device-free
localization motion detection. The well-known RSSI based
indoor localization system Radar [3] first proposed to use
fingerprint-based method for estimating location of target.
Then, many RSSI based applications are developed. In [4,
5] the authors creatively introduced devices-free localization
technique, which can detect and track entity without carrying
any devices. In [7] the authors proposed a method that localiz-
ing human motion by employing change in standard deviation
of RSSI between AP and MP. Detecting and tracking multi-
person by using RSSI had been realized in [13]. The authors
[14] use joint learning method using multiple transmitter-
receiver pairs to detect various intrusion patterns such as
standing and moving. However, these detection methods using
RSSI need to arrange more WiFi device in home environment
and only consider the fluctuation of RSSI but do not take the
quality of wireless links into consideration.
CSI-based: There are emerging some new systems by using
CSI, which obtain great attentions in recent years. CSI is a
fine-gained measurement comparing to RSSI and is available
on off-the-shelf WiFi devices. In [15] the authors developed a
CSI-based human motion detection system which can detect
and localize human precisely. Omni-PHDs, an omnidirectional
detection system, leverage the capacity of capturing the char-
acteristic of multipath signals to enhance motion detection rate
[16]. Further, they proposed a fine-gained detection system
PADS, which exploits the frequency diversity of Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals. It utilized
the amplitude and phase of CSI to determine intrusion event
and worked well with the dynamic speed of human [17].
Different from the traditional detection systems, the authors
in [18] extracted all CSI from available links which are
constructed with existing WiFi APs and IoT embedded WiFi
module. This system can identify no human motion, in-place
and moving activity by constructing corresponding profiles
beforehand. It is known to us that the human breathing can be
used to identify human presence regardless of whether moving
or stationary, so the new scheme [19] utilized the feature of Algorithm 1 : Profile building algorithm
breathing signal to detect human motion even the chest motion. Input: Network connection topology diagram and the profile
of every device
III. S YSTEM D ESCRIPTION Output: Data streams profile M
A. System Overview 1: Function IterateOperation (node)
WLID is a real-time human motion detection system and 2: if the connected devices of node is not null then
consists of multiple components. The WILD mainly consists 3: create a null list L;
of the following phases: network configuration, profile train- 4: construct a set Q = {connected devices of node};
ing and target detection. First, the user send a initialization 5: for each s ∈ Q do
configuration command from the mobile terminal to WLID 6: if s is an AP then
that works on software platform, and then WLID implement 7: set its parameter “isRouter” to true;
inquiry of available devices and receive feedback of network 8: add s to L and then do IterateOperation(s);
information including network connection topology diagram 9: else
and the profile of every devices with IP and MAC address. 10: set its parameter “isRouter” to false;
Next, WLID does an iterative algorithm to obtain a monitor 11: add s to L;
profile that contains all available data streams. Especially its 12: end if
profiles are configured in advanced by user in previous work. 13: end for
In the phase of profile training, WLID sends monitor profile 14: add L to M
to the kernel driver of the prime AP. Then, the prime AP 15: end if
collects all RSSI readings from all data streams for building
silence data profile via non-parametric method. Finally, WLID
RSSI measurement fluctuated. However, the RSSI measure-
detects whether there are any human motions by comparing
ments suffer from burst noise interferences, which make much
against silence data profile with current RSSI readings and
false alarms. So, we utilize median filter to preprocess raw
then returns detection result to mobile terminal in real time.
RSSI measurements. Fig. 2(a) shows the fluctuation of RSSI
B. Building Monitor Profile collected in silent environment and the noise interferences can
be eliminated effectively using median filter as shown in Fig.
Prior researches configure data links in advance and do not
2(b).
involve other smart devices except for APs. Thus, the coverage
The influence of human motion on RSSI measurement is
of these data streams for passive human detection is not
the key feature to classify silence and intrusion condition.
sufficient. Our study demonstrates that the existing IoT devices
From Fig. 3(a) and (b), which depict RSSI measurement under
can also be employed to capture changes in the variance
silence and intrusion conditions, respectively, The fluctuation
of RSSI. First, WILD finds all available data streams from
of RSSI measurement is increased sharply when there are
network information including network connection topology
human motions. There are many statistical parameters of RSSI
diagram and the profile of every device with IP and MAC ad-
such as mean and variance, and the selected statistic will affect
dress. Network connection topology diagram, which describes
detection rate. As known in [4], the variance of sample RSSI is
connection relation among network nodes, is assembled in the
more robust and sensitive than mean when sensing the changes
kernel driver according to current network status. We propose
of environment. Similarly, let rj,t be the RSSI of data link j
an iteration algorithm to find every available data stream with
at time t (t = 1, 2, · · · , K). We consider the RSSI changes of
corresponding connection profile using network information.
a sliding window Wj,t with size l that ends at time t, i.e.,
Specially, every device in this Local Area Network (LAN)
Wj,t = [rj,t−l+1 , rj,t−l+2 , · · · , rj,t ]. The data in every sliding
denotes a node. The IoT devices can be only monitored by
window can be used to calculate a variance vj,t .
APs and those APs can monitor each other, i.e., there are two
l
data streams for each AP pairs. First, we get devices which P 2
(rj,t−l+i − r̄j,t )
connect to the prime AP that we call root node. Next, we use i=1
L0 = (node1 , · · · , noden ) to denote the list of n connected vj,t = (1)
l−1
devices of ith node (the index of root node is 0), which is static where r̄j,t is the mean RSSI of Wj,t . We calculate the variance
device for detecting human motion. Then, we do the same values of the sliding window over the collected RSSI readings
operation for all network connection devices iteratively. If the for each data link. After that, we use non-parametric kernel
current connection device of one node is AP, we add this node density estimation to obtain the distribution of sliding window
as well as its existing connection list of connection devices. We based RSSI variance for each data link. First, let f (x) be
summarize the profile building algorithm by iterative method the probability density function (PDF) with respect to RSSI
in algorithm 1. variance vk for jth data link at time k and the PDF can be
C. Data training and detecting described as
K  
In this paper, the main principle is that the motion of human 1 X x − vk
f (x) = V (2)
can affect the propagation of multipath signals, and thus makes Kh h
k=1

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 −8 −40

−10
−45

−12
−50
RSSI (dBm)

RSSI (dBm)
−14 data stream 1
−55 data stream 2
−16 data stream 3
data stream 4
−60
−18

−20 −65

−22 −70
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time (s) Time (s)

(a) The raw RSSI collected in the silent environment. (a) The RSSI measurement under the silence condition.
−35
−8
data stream 1
−40 data stream 2
data stream 3
−10
data stream 4
−45

−12
−50

RSSI (dBm)
RSSI (dBm)

−14 −55

−60
−16
−65

−18
−70

−20 −75

−80
−22 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Time (s)
Time (s)

(b) The RSSI measurement under the intrusion condition.

(b) The RSSI preprocessed by median filter.
Fig. 3. The RSSI measurement of four data streams under the silence and
Fig. 2. The raw and preprocessed RSSI measurement in silent environment.
intrusion conditions. (a) The RSSI collected under silence condition has
(a) The RSSI have burst noise interference resulting in false alarm. (b) The
small fluctuation. (b) The RSSI measurement fluctuate strongly when walking
finer RSSI measurement demonstrate stable in the silent environment.
activity happens.

where V is the kernel function and h is the bandwidth de-
scribed in [20]. Then, an intrusion is identified if the variance
vk is above a threshold vth . To find the threshold vth we
introduce a parameter α as did in [4]. Assuming that Fj is the
CDF of distribution in (2), then we have vth =Fj−1 (1 − α)
as the upper bound of RSSI variance in silence condition.
At begin of deploying this system, we simply detect human
motion by comparing against the optimal threshold with the
variance of sliding window. We consider that there may be
anomalous when the RSSI variance of sliding window of any
data streams is above the optimal threshold. In order to adapt
to environment changing, we store and then update RSSI
profiles for both silence and intrusion conditions. When the
stored RSSI samples of all anomalous streams are enough, we
estimate the PDFs of RSSI variance under intrusion condition
and also update the PDF of the RSSI variance for silence
condition. Let f0 (v) and f1 (v) be the PDFs of the RSSI vari-
ance of sliding window under silence and intrusion conditions,
respectively. Then, for those data streams using two PDFs in
both conditions we consider the following likelihood ratio tests
with silence condition with H0 and intrusion condition with
H1 .

f0 (v)/f1 (v) ≤ 1, H0
(3)
f0 (v)/f1 (v) > 1, H1
Hence, if the likelihood ratio above than 1, the intrusion
hypothesis is chosen, and if otherwise, the silence hypothesis
is chosen. Since there are many data streams we jointly
implement a hypothesis with multiple PDFs.
IV. E XPERIMENTAL E VALUATION
A. Implementation
We use three Huawei Honor commodity WiFi APs for
wireless networking, and one of them is the prime AP and the
remaining are slave APs. WLID is implemented on the prime
AP in the form of a plug-in and is a real-time motion detection
system comparing to former RSSI or CSI based detection
system. As shown in Fig. 4, the testbed is a practical living
house which consists of three bedrooms, one kitchen room,
one studying-room and one sitting-room. We place the prime
AP in the sitting-room and two slave APs both in bedroom 1
and bedroom 3.
B. Evaluation Metrics
We mainly focus on two metrics for evaluating WLID: 1)
the true positive (TP) rate: The fraction of cases where the
intrusion condition is detected correctly for all intrusion cases.
2) false positive (FP) rate: The fraction of cases where the
silence condition is identified for intrusion cases.

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 TABLE I
D ETECTION R ATE DURING DIFFERENT PERIOD IN A WHOLE DAY.

Detection Rate 00:00-04:00 04:00-08:00 08:00-12:00 12:00-16:00 16:00-20:00 20:00-00:00

TP 0.969 0.986 0.998 0.987 0.992 0.982
FP 0.021 0.028 0.035 0.048 0.046 0.028

2.46 m 1.90 m 3.17 m 3.07 m

1 0.95

0.95

3.26 m
0.9
0.9

Kitchen Bedroom 1 Studying-room 0.85

0.85
0.8

0.75

0.97 m
0.8
Sitting room 0.7
0.25
0.2 20
0.75
0.15 15
pa
ram 0.1 10 w size
ete
windo
3.28 m rα 0.05 5 slid
ing

Bedroom 2
Bedroom 3
(a) True Positive Rate

3.73 m 2.83 m 4.04 m

0.4

0.35
0.5
Fig. 4. The experimental testbed. In the testbed deploying one prime AP, two
slave APs and some smart IoT devices. 0.4
0.3

0.25
0.3

C. Impacts of Parameters on Detection performance 0.2

0.2

0.15
Since the window size l and the parameter α are employed 0.1

to calculate the RSSI variance and detection threshold of each 0.1

0 0
data stream, respectively, we need to investigate the effect 20
15 0.1 0.05

of the two parameters on the detection performance. Fig. 5 sliding

demonstrates the experiment results, and we can find that
the too short window size will introduce low detection rate,
i.e., the variance of RSSI is more sensitive to human motion
activity when the corresponding time of the window size
is comparable to the step-time of human motion. Moreover,
too large window size will introduce high FP rate. When
increasing α, the TP rate and FP rate both increase slightly.
D. Impacts of Different Period
The RSSI variance can be affected by noise interference of
entity motion from ambient environment. As depicted in Table
1, in addition to the two parameters discussed above, the TP
and FP are also affected by different period of day. From the
Table 1, the moving detection rate of the period during daytime
when there are more human motions comparing to night,
e.g., 08:00-12:00, are increased due to the movement of long
duration or many people, whereas the performance of silence
detection rate degraded slightly due to wireless environment
complexity. In real scenarios, we are more concerned about
whether human motion can be detected or not and the FP value
is within the allowable range. Hence, the WLID can realize
real-time and robust whole-home level instruction detection in
practical house.
10
5 0.2
para
m eter
α
window
size
(b) False Positive Rate
Fig. 5. The effect of sliding window size l and the parameter α on the
detection performance.
V. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, we propose, WLID, an accurate and robust
whole-home level intrusion detection system cooperating with
WiFi-enabled IoT devices. We first use the non-parametric to
estimate the PDF of the sliding window based RSSI variance
of each data stream in silence environment. Then, in order
to detect human motion by collaborating with multiple data
streams, we also store RSSI data to estimate the PDF of
the sliding window based RSSI variance under the intrusion
condition. After that we construct a detection method by
combining multiple PDFs in the both conditions. We evaluate
WILD in a practical home environment consisting of several
rooms and smart devices. The experimental results show that
WILD can reach a 98% true positive rate and 3.8% false
positive rate. At the same time, WILD is a pure software
solution, which can be easily implemented on the existing off-
the-shelf WiFi devices and it has better privacy and security

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than the current whole-level detection system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported in part by National Natural Sci-
ence Foundation of China(61771083, 61704015), the Program
for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in
University (IRT1299), Special Fund of Chongqing Key Lab-
oratory (CSTC), Fundamental and Frontier Research Project
of Chongqing (cstc2017jcyjAX0380, cstc2015jcyjBX0065,
cstc2015jcyjBX0085), and University Outstanding Achieve-
ment Transformation Project of Chongqing (KJZH17117).
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