Contents HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 000. .cccccesne CHAPTERL WESTERN HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE... 1.2 MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE... 121 INTRODUCTION TO MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE .a..ssssessnn 122 SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION ...cccsosnnsmmnnonnninn 123 BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION... 124 ASSYRIAN CIVILIZATION 125 PERSIAN PERIOD..... 13 EGYPTIAN ARCHITECUTURE.. B31 HISTORY concn —— 182 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS... 1.33 NOTABLE EGYPTIAN MONUMENTS 14 GREEK ARCHITECTURE... Bids: AISTORY iinet 142 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS... 143 TYPICAL GREEK CITY soccer 144 NOTABLE GREEK STRUCTURES... 8... seri 5 ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE. 161 TEMPLES: ¢ 152 THE TUSCAN ORDER. son 153 MONUMENTAL COMPLEX LSA HOUSES RR elif 155 TOMBS ANDTUMULI....... a7 156 — WALLSAND FORTIFICATIONS 37 8 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE -.ancsescnennsoncnnn vanmiemeengeey 46.1 \WARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS awa 1.6.1.1" ROMAN ARCHITECTURAL REVOLUTION - CONCRETE REVOLUTION.......38 AE, DOMES: incon sit soars 1613 MATERIALS. 39 162 NOTABLE ROMAN MONUMENTS 40 17 EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. 0.000: rrorceoreroa ual 171 BASILICA CHURCH TYPE... 46 172 ALTERNATE FORMS. 49 18 BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE csv 52 1.8.1 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS... 52 KP GATE Classes, New Delhi | Coaching far GATE & Other Recruitment Tests in Architecture & Planning182 NOTABLE BYZANTINE MONUMENTS... 1.9 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE..... 191 HISTORY 192 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS... ss 193 ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE... en 110 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 1.10.1 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS... 1.10.2 NOTABLE GOTHIC MONUMENTS... Lad RENAISSANCE cisisiicnisintenitiat LIL] ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS... L1L2 NOTABLE RENAISSANCE MONUMENTS... 1.12 BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE.. 1 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTIC: 1.13 ROGOCO. CHAPTER2. INDIAN HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE... 21 — INDUS WALLEY CIVILIZATION...... 214 INTRODUCTION... 212 PHASES OF IVC... wii ing 213 ARCHITECTURE & TOWN PLANNING OF Ive. 214 — CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF HARAPPAN CITIES... 215 AGRICULTURE... 216 ECONOMY. 21,7 CRAFT! 21.8 INSTITUTIONS 219 RELIGION. 22 VEDIC CIVILIZATION.... seniecraatscineemnigicecraeramnanareemcsicne 88 221. EARL PWEBIC PERIOD OR RIG VEDIC PERIOD (1500 8C ~ 1000 BC}. 88 222° LATER VEDIC PERIOD OR PAINTED GREY WARE PHASE (1000 BC - 600.BC) 89 22.3 VEDIC CIVILIZATION ARCHITECTURE & TOWN PLANNING. 90 3 ssBUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE... 21 PBL STUPAL con spun seed 232 CHAITYAS .s (Preyer all senate nr) 233 WIMARAS (Monasteries)... 94 234 NOTABLE BUDDHIST MONUMENTS 24 HINDU TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE .ossanniannia 241 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. 242 — DRAVIDIAN STYLE. oo ii KP GATE Classes, New Delhi | Coaching far GATE & Other Recruitment Tests in Architecture & Planning2421 THE EVOLUTION —PALLAVA DYNASTY... seven 2422 CHOLA ARCHITECTURE ...... 2423 PANDYAN ARGHITECTURE.. 242.4 VNAYANAGARA ARCHITECTURE. 24.3 NAGARA STYLE... occocscicanoe 244 KALINGA STYLE ci 245 CHALUKYA STYLE. cso 2.45.1 BADAMI CHALUKYAN ARCHITECTURE.. 245.2 WESTERN CHALUKYAN ARCHITECTURE 2453 HOYSALA ARCHITECTURE ...... 246 OTHER TEMPLE STYLES... ceminancnicemsimussencsian 246.1 BENGAL TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE. 24.6.2 JAIN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE 25 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE. 25.1 ‘TYPOLOGIES OF STRUCTURE... 252 CATEGORIES OF STYLES... 25.3 DECORATIVE FORM! 25.4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL ..... 255 ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 00.1.0» sn 25.6 TYPES OF BUILDINGS INISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN INDIAN SUBCONTINENT... 257 — EVOLUTION OF THIS FORM OF ARCHITECTURE... 258 NOTABLE ISLAMIC MONUMENTS... 259 MOORISH ARCHITECTURE....... 25.10 ABBASIDARCHITECTURE.. CHAPTER 3. MODERNISM AND CONTEMPORARY ST” 3.1 NEO-CLASSICAW ARCHITECTURE... 3.1.19" PALLADIANISM... sacar 88.2 QNEOCLASSICISM rennet 3.2 _ GOTHIC REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE... 32.1 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS. 2” BEAUX ARTS. 33.1 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS -ssune sn 332 NOTABLE BEAUX-ART MONUMENTS Bd ART NOUVEAU. crn nirnr 34. NOTABLE ART NOUVEAU MUNUMENTS 35 ART AND CRAFT MOVEMENT nen 125 ‘ii KP GATE Classes, New Delhi | Coaching far GATE & Other Recruitment Tests in Architecture & Planning351 36 MODERNISM. ART AND CRAFT ARCHITECTURE ....... 2.000 AT? MODERNISM IN EUROPE... 3.6.1 181 36.2 MODERNISM IN AMERICA... na 183 363 MODERNISM IN EUROPE & RUSSIA... asain BS 36.4 FUNCTIONALISM... ee 184 365 DE STIL (NEOPLASTICISM)..... 85 36.6 EXPRESSIONIST ARCHITECTURE... 36.7 CONSTRUCTIVIST ARCHITECTURE 468 BAHAUS ARCHITECTURE... 187 36.9 INTERNATIONAL STYLE... 189 36.10 ART DECO... 36.11 BRUTALISM.. 191 37 POSTMODERNISM 198 QTL ROBERT VENTURI icici titi Mg Mri at OM 972 MICHAEL GRAVES 0... ccoosocronennnnnnnns ne sesesaneneenee BOB 37.3 CHARLES MOORE 196 BTA PHILLIP JOHNSON. orsocsntsmemedfsnsmsingie 7 BTS DECONSTRUCTIVISM ccsososiccr Ages wT ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, GRAPHICS & STANDARDS : sesseaor ec, CHAPTER 4. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN & COLOUR THEORY cette SO CHAPTERS. PERSPECTIVE & ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS ... CHAPTERS. COMPUTER AIDED.DESIGN (CAD) CHAPTER. DESIGN STANDARDS........ 257 iv KP GATE Classes, New Delhi | Coaching far GATE & Other Recruitment Tests in Architecture & PlanningKP GATE Classes, New Delhi | Coaching for GATE & Other Recruitment Tests in Architecture & Planning 1CHAPTER 1. WESTERN HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 CHAPTER 1: WESTERN HISTORY OF ARCHITECTUREL1PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE Prehistoric architecture includes monumental structures such as Stonehenge, cliff dwellings in the Americas, and thatch and mud structures lost to time, The dawn of architecture is found in these structures. Prehistoric builders moved earth and stone into geometric forms, creating our earliest human-made formations. ‘The Stone Age consists af three periads = Palaeolithic Era or old stone age (2.5 Million years ago) "Mesolithic Era or Middle Stone Age (15000 years ago) "= Meolithic Era or New stone age (1.1000 years ago) Palaeolithic Era ‘The Paleolithic Era is distinguished by the development of stone tools. It extefids from 2:SiMillion Years ago to 15000 years ago. Mesolithic Era ‘The Mesolithic Era comes after the end of the Paleolithic Era. Rovests began to develop. Therefore, timber and other forest materials gave rise to new developments, unliethe use of hone and skins in the Paleolithic era Neolithic Era ‘The Neolithic Era exists between 15000 —11000-Years aga Fulrther developments took place, where people utilized mudbrick to construct houses. Same important pre-historic structures are discussed below: STONEHENGE, ENGLAND ‘The stone age is famous for the use of huge rocks — Megaliths. These Megaliths are predominantly found in Stane Henges, Henges was of waod or stone circles. Henges, simply circles of stone or wood usually in @ circular ditch, are quite common in the Stone Age and seem to have had some kind of religious or astronomical significance, ‘These mark sacred spaces, but the exact purpose is still unknown ‘Three different types of these massive stone structures: Menhir, dolmen, and cromlech. a CHAPTER 1: WESTERN HISTORY OF ARCHITECTUREItconsists of a series of concentric circles and U-shapes, Sandstone blocks were erected in a layaut that aligned with midsummer sunrise and midvsinter sunset and the positions of the mon. The outer circle is post and lintel construction with stone blocks thirteen feet high. The lintels were slightly in curve form creating a tirele and are attached end to end. The inner eitcles are single upright bluestones. DOLMEN A dolmen or portal tomb is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more upright megaliths supporting a large flat horkeomtsl capstone or “table”. Most date from the early Neolithic period (4900-3000 BCE} and. were sometimes covered with earth or smaller stones to form a tumulus (burial mound). Smalfypadstonas may be wedged between the cap and supporting stones to achieve a level appearange. In many ipstances, the covering has eraded away, leaving only the stone "skeleton" ChdngQuoitin Cornwall, UK, Zennar Quoit in Comwall, UK, A dolmen erected by Neolithic atigut 2400 BCE 2500-1500 BCE people, Marayur. Kerala, India The dolmen Er-Roch-Feutet Lancken Granitz dolmen, Tinkinswood, Vale Glamorgan, in Camac, Brittany, France Germany Wales, around 3000 BCE 4 CHAPTER 1: WESTERN HISTORY OF ARCHITECTUREPREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE CHAPTER 1: WESTERN HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE1.2MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE LZ. INTRODUCTION TO MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE Mesopatamia isa historical region of Westem Asia situated within the Tigris-Euphrates River system, in the northern par of the Fentle Crescent, Today, Mesopotamia occupies modem Iraq. In the broader sense, the historical region included present-day Iraq and parts of present-day Iran, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey. + Meaning: The word Mesopotamia comes from the abcient Greek root words pésos(mesos, ‘middle’) and zoriids (potanios, river’) and translates to (land) between rivers’ { Ne "Timeline: The architecture of Mesopotamia is ancient spanning a periad fram the aOth rmillenniuen BC (when the first permanent structures were buill) to the éth century BC, f + Fertile Crescent: The Fertile Crescent, often referred to as “the cradle"@Peivilltaiof.” is the crescent-shaped region in Western Asia and North Africa that spans the madefT'ay countries of Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Irae, Palestine end, for some scholans/Egypt.. ver “Malley region—an area encompassing iodern anistan and Pakistan—also made is sy jor crassroads for the exchange of ideas. , + Accomplishments: Amongate Mescootarfan architectural accomplishments ee the development of urban planning, the couftyardthouse, and ziggurats. Building Materials: Suiting masonry was usually mortarless although bitumen was sometimes used. Brick styles. varied. gfeatly over time. Early bricks were sun baked to harden them. These types of bricks-are much las durable than thew later used over-aked ones. ‘The banks of the Tignis and Euphrates presented only’ alluvial plains, where wood suitable for buildingwvas abet caumny, however, possessed an abundance of clay, which, being compressed in, re moulds and dried in the sun, was the material of which were formed the huge platfarms. “ ‘temples and palaces were built. 9... These iimense platforms were at first faced with sun-dried bricks, and subsequently in later periods “yt fin-bunt brick. * Plano-convex brick: It is a sun-dried or kiln-fired rectangular brick with a flat under surface and a domed upper surface, used in the Early Dynastic period of southern Mesopotamia, They often had thumb-impressed hotes on the domed surface. "Masonry construction: The favoured design was rounded bricks, which are somewhat unstable, 80 Mesopotamian bricklayers would lay a raw of bricks perpendicular to the rest every few rows, CHAPTER 1: WESTERN HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE‘The advantages of plano-convex bricks were the speed of manufacture as well as the irregular surface which held the finishing plaster coat better than a smooth surface from other brick types. * Civilizations: Some of the major Mesopotamian civilizations include the Sumerian, Assyrian, ‘Akkadizn, and Babylonian civilizations. Over the course of 5,000 years there were three remarkable ‘Bronze Age civilizations: the Sumerians, the Babylonians, and the Assyrians, ‘This region was later a part of Persian Empire. also known asthe Achaemenid Empire, which lasted from approximately 559 BCE. w 331 BCE. rea ~ aa SS ee eee at Z 12.2 SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION h, , f . Sumerian civilization developed in ancient MeSopotamiai(présent-day traq) around 9500 BC. The ‘Sumerians were amang the first civilizations to.develop a system of writing, and their art and architecture reflect their complex religious beliefs and!Socil hierarchies. Sumerian architecture is characterized by its'se of mud brick. Some important structures af Sumerian Architecture and their features aregrven og? 1, TEMPLE OF EANNA, UI NCIENT SUMERIA: Part of the front of Inanna’s temple Photograph of modem reconstruction from from Uruk (in Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin) the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Germany, of columns with decorative clay pins resembling mosaics from the Eanna temple = Esanna, also referred to as the Temple of Inanna, was an ancient Sumerian temple in Uruk. 7 CHAPTER 1: WESTERN HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE= Use of brick columns and buttress-like projections used to articulate walls were its important features. Interior wall-faces were decorated with @ geometrical patter of small terracotta cones of different calours. 2, ZIGGURAT OF UR Partially reconstructed facade and the aceess Reconstruction stairease of the ziggurat. The actual remains of the the 1939) structure can be seen at the top, * The Ziggurat (or Great Ziggurat) of Uris aNeo-Sumerian/Ziggurat in what was the city of Ur near Nasiriyah, in present-day Dhi Qar Province. Iraq. + The structure was built during the Early ‘century BC) but had crumbled to ruins by the éth century BC of the Neo period, when it was restored by King Nabonidus. = The massive structure measured (210 fi) in Tength, 45 m (148 ft) in width and ever 30m (88 ft) in height. The height i Wve, a8 only the foundations of the Sumerian 2iggurat have survived, = The ziggurat was a pk ps lex which was a shrine of the moon god Nanna, the patron deity of Ur. = The remains of thezi ist of a three-layered solid mass of mud brick fated with burnt bricks set in = The huge had enormous, battered walls, monumental flights of stairs, and a temple on lon.on the river Euphrates in southern iraq is mentioned in dacuments of the late third .C.E. and first came to prominence asthe royal city af King Hammurabi. ‘The Hanging Gardens of Babylon ranked as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. After the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the city came under the rule of the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, Raman, Sassanid, and Muslim empires, CHAPTER 1: WESTERN HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURESome important structures of Sumerian Architecture and their features are given below: 1 ISHTAR GATE, ANCIENT BABYLON Digital recreation of the features of Ishtar Gate The reconstruction ofthe Ishtar Gate in the Pergamon Musedim in Berlif = The tshtar Gate was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon Bénstrugted circa 575 BCE by order of King Nebuchadnezzar 1] on the north side of the tty = twas part of a grand walled processional way leading into the city: ©The walls were finished in glazed bricks mostly iftylue, with animalsand deities in tows reliet at intervals, these were also made up af bricks thatare Moulded and coloured differently. = The original structure was a double gate with a sfhaller frontal gate and a larger'and more grandiose secondary posterior section, = The design of the Ishtar Gate alsgificludes linear borders and patterns of rosettes, aften seen as symbols of fertility. "The bricks of the Ishtar gat! were marlesftom finely textured clay pressed inta wooden forms. Each of the animal reliefs via alsa Ffiade from bricks formed by pressing clay into reusable moulds. The bricks were sun-dried Wind then fired once before glazing. The seams were sealed with a naturally occurfing blak viscous substance called bitumen, like modern asphalt. 2. HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON This hand-coloured engraving, depicts the fabled This copy of a bas refiel from the North Palace of Hanging Gardens, with the Taveer of Babel in the Ashurbanipal (669-631 BC) at Nineveh shows a background. luxurious garden watered by an aqueduct, 9 CHAPTER 1: WESTERN HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE