☆*: .｡. Lesson 1 .｡.

:*☆
Introduction to Globalization

Overview

✧ This lesson will focus on student’s sharing of ideas and a

self-concept about globalization.

♡ Views on Globalization
✧ Thomas Larsson - a Swedish journalist, saw
globalization as a “process of world shrinkage, of
distances getting shorter, things moving closer”.
✧ Martin Khor - the former President of Third World
Network in Malaysia, once regarded globalization as
colonization.
✧ Ohmae (1992) - stated globalization means the onset
of a borderless world.

✧ Robert Cox - the characteristics of globalization

trend include the internationalization of production,
the new international division of labor, new
migratory movements from South to North, the new
competitive environment, and the internationalizing
of the state.

✧ Ritzer (2015) - “globalization is a transplanetary

process or a set of processes involving increasing
liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows of
people, objects, places, and information, as well as
the structures they encounter and create that are
barriers to, or expedite, those flows..”.
♡ Metaphors of Globalization
✧ Solidity - refers to the barriers that prevent or make
the movement of things difficult.

✧ Liquidity - refers to the increasing ease of movement

of people, things, information, and places in the
contemporary world.
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Defining Globalization

Overview
✧ This lesson discusses different conceptions of globalization
and the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions
about globalization.

♡ Prof. Theodore Levitt (19th century)

✧ Globalization - existence of free exchange of goods,
services, culture, and even people, between and
among countries.
✧ People become more interested to travel
✧ People learn new languages
✧ People immerse themselves into new
cultures and lifestyles. UNCTAD (United
Nations Conference on Trade and
Development)
Globalization is a closer integration of national
economies through trade and financial flows as well as
cross-border migration of people.
Globalization brings three freedoms (Free
movement of goods or products, services, capital or
investment, and persons.

♡ European Union
✧ free movement of goods because of abolition of tariff
– tax on imported goods.
✧ free movement of capital or investment because of
lifting of strict banking and financial regulations
 that encourage investors
✧ free movement of persons because of abolition of
visa restrictions
✧ wages hikes
✧ privatization
✧ migration and outsourcing of jobs

Liberalization - economic process that requires laws or

policies which are products of confrontation between
conflicting interests.

Thomas Larsson (2001) - Globalization is the modern

term for colonization.

Martin Khor - Globalization is the onset of the

borderless world

Ohmae (1992) - Differentiate the competing

conceptions of globalization
Globalization’s definition is complex,
multifaceted because it deals with either economic,
political and social dimensions. It is not easy to define
because it has a shifting nature. It can be influenced by
people who define it.

♡ Solid VS Liquid
Metaphors of Globalization
✧ Solidity - refers to the barriers that prevent or
make difficult movement of things; can be
natural or man-made.
✧ Liquidity - refers to the increasing ease of
movement of people, things, information, and
places in the contemporary world. It is difficult
to stop.
Philosophies and Ideologies of/on Against
Globalization
✧ Globalization is about the liberalization and global
integration of markets.

✧ Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.

✧ Nobody is in-charge of globalization.

✧ Globalization benefits everyone.

✧ Globalization furthers the spread of democracy

around the world.

✧ Globalization requires war on terror.

1. Pro-Globalization Neoliberal Capitalism

✧ Freeing corporations from much government

regulation will encourage capitalists to invest more
on existing industries, even on experimental and
innovative ones. Privatizing industries and services
will create opportunities for corporations to create
more wealth from almost sure profits and possibly
reduce the price of commodities as competition
between enterprises becomes stiffer.
✧ Capitalism profit motive (people tend to buy stocks
of profitable companies, why governments of Third
world countries allow mining corporations to
operate even in places where the ecosystem is
vulnerable).

2. Anti-globalization side

✧ Wants to end what is considered as a highly

imbalanced system of globalization that favors the
first world countries over developing countries,
corporations over citizens and communities, and
profit-seeking over environmental
sustainability.changing the current system to make
it more humane, more pro-environment, and more
 grass-roots driven.
✧ Alter-globalization - The directing motive, the
end and aim of capitalist production, is to extract
the greatest possible amount of surplus-value, and
consequently to exploit labor-power to the greatest
possible extent. (Karl Marx's Das Kapital):
 ☆*: .｡. Lesson 3 .｡.:*☆
Structure of Globalization

Overview
✧ This lesson discusses economic globalization as one of the
structures of globalization. It focuses on economic
globalization and its system.

♡ Economic Globalization
✧ is the spread of trade, transportation, and
communication systems on a global scale. It has the
interest of promoting international commerce.

Forms of Economy
✧ Protectionism – is protecting one’s economy from
foreign competition by creating trade barriers.
○ Tariffs - tax levied by a government on
import and export, the money collected
from a tariff is called a customs duty.
○ Import Quota - limits on the number of
products that can be imported into a
country.
○ Bans - forbid products on import goods.
✧ Trade Liberalization - is the act of reducing trade
barriers to make international trade easier between
countries. Also called free trade.
○ Free Trade - trading of goods and services
between two or more countries without
tariffs or taxes.
○ Trade Bloc - agreements between
governments to reduce or eliminate trade
barriers.
○ Outsourcing-sub contract
work
♡ Institutions of Globalization
World Bank
✧ Also called International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD)
✧ Increases in economic growth and decreases poverty
in developing countries.
○ e.g. increases in education since 1962 like
Bangladesh, Chad, and Afghanistan

World Trade Organization (WTO)

✧ Formerly known as General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trades (GATT)
✧ Deals with the rules of trades between nations;
settles trades disputes; and conducts straight
negotiations.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

✧ Provides short term loans to countries when an
emergency occurs.

♡ Benefits VS Drawbacks
World Trade Organization
✓ Solves trades disputes between countries in a
peaceful way
× But only focuses on developed nations
✓ Lowers the cost of goods and services for
those who live in developed countries.
× In order to achieve this low costs, labor rights
and environmental concerns are usually
ignored.
✓ Promotes economic growth in developing
nations.
 × Favor the rich nations and powerful
transnational corporations.
Sustainability- the degree to which the earth can
provide resources for human needs.
Sustainable Development - specifically, developing the
world in a way where the needs of the present day
generation are met while preserving resources for
future generations.