AntiSleep Alarm for Student

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 AntiSleep Alarm for Student

Chapter: 1 Introduction

 While actually giving in to our body’s natural wants such as sleep, we’re keeping the
balance beam in an upright and neutral position — generally a good thing to do. But
life comes and calls quite often, many times forcing us to put hunger, drowsiness, and
other basic human needs on the back burner in order to seal the deal and get the job
done.

 So here’s the scenario, you’re sitting in your car getting ready for a big meeting that if
completed will net your company nice little multi-billion dollar deal. You’re supposed
to be going over your notes and preparing yourself for this staple achievement. But
instead, you find yourself doing the whole bobble head thing, getting dangerously to
the steering wheel with each and every bob. If only there were something to keep you
awake…

 This circuit saves both time and electricity for students. It helps to prevent them from
dozing off while studying, by sounding a beep at a fixed time interval, say, 30
minutes.

 If the student is awake during the beep, he can reset the circuit to beep in the next 30
minutes. If the timer is not reset during this time, it means the student is in deep sleep
or not in the room, and the circuit switches off the light and fan in the room, thus
preventing the wastage of electricity.

Students: Maybe they forgot the exam was tomorrow, maybe they were out
partying, or maybe they just waited until the last minute. In any case, college students
always have the need to burn the midnight oil. The problem is that it is extremely easy
to fall asleep in the midst of studying and before you know it, morning has come and
the exam is already over or you still haven't learned the material. If you don't want
that to happen, then keep this reliable anti sleep alarm at your side.

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 AntiSleep Alarm for Student

Chapter: 2 Circuit descriptions

 This circuit saves both time and electricity for students. It helps to prevent them from
dozing off while studying, by sounding a beep at a fixed time interval, say, 30
minutes.

 If the student is awake during the beep, he can reset the circuit to beep in the next 30
minutes. If the timer is not reset during this time, it means the student is in deep sleep
or not in the room, and the circuit switches off the light and fan in the room, thus
preventing the wastage of electricity

2.1 Circuitry

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 AntiSleep Alarm for Student

2.2 Things Needed for Making this Antisleep Alarm

 Relay
 Bulb
 Transistor or SCR
 Push to ON /OFF switches
 Resistance & capacitor
 Pizzo buzzer
 Diode
 IC: IC CD4020

 The circuit is built around Schmitt trigger NAND gate IC CD4093 (IC1), timer IC
CD4020 (IC2), transistors BC547, relay RL1 and buzzer. The Schmitt-trigger NAND
gate (IC1) is configured as an astable multivibrator to generate clock for the timer
(IC2). The time period can be calculated as T=1.38×R×C. If R=R1+VR1=15 kilo-
ohms and C=C2=10 μF, you’ll get ‘T’ as 0.21 second. Timer IC CD4020 (IC2) is a
14-stage ripple counter.

 Around half an hour after the reset of IC1, transistors T1, T2 and T3 drive the buzzer
to sound an intermediate beep. If IC2 is not reset through S1 at that time, around one
minute later the output of gate N4 goes high and transistor T4 conducts. As the output
of gate N4 is connected to the clock input (pin 10) of IC2 through diode D3, further
counting stops and relay RL1 energies to deactivate all the appliances. This state
changes only when IC1 is reset by pressing switch S1.

 Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose it in a suitable

cabinet. Mount switch S1 and the buzzer on the front panel and the relay
at the back side of the box. Place the 12V battery in the cabinet for powering
the circuit. In place of the battery, you can also use a 12V DC adaptor.

Chapter: 3 Relay
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 AntiSleep Alarm for Student

3.1 Introduction

 A Relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also
used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal
(with complete
electrical isolation
between control and
controlled circuits), or
where several circuits
must be controlled by
one signal. The first
relays were used in
long distance
telegraph circuits,
repeating the signal
coming in from one
circuit and re-
transmitting it to
another. Relays were
used extensively in
telephone exchanges
and early computers to perform logical operations.

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 AntiSleep Alarm for Student

3.2 Working

 A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly drive an electric
motor is called a contractor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving

Parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with

calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to
protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems
these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

Chapter: 4 Transistors
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 AntiSleep Alarm for Student

4.1 Introduction

 A Transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals.

It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A
voltage or current applied to one pair of
the transistor's terminals changes the
current flowing through another pair of
terminals. Because the controlled
(output) power can be much more than
the controlling (input) power, the
transistor provides amplification of a
signal. Today, some transistors are
packaged individually, but many more
are found embedded in integrated
circuits.

 The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is
ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the early 1950s the
transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and
cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, amongst other things.

 A bipolar (junction) transistor (BJT) is a three-terminal electronic device

constructed of doped semiconductor material and may be used in amplifying or
switching applications. Bipolar transistors are so named because their operation
involves both electrons and holes. Charge flow in a BJT is due to bidirectional
diffusion of charge carriers across a junction between two regions of different charge
concentrations. This mode of operation is contrasted with unipolar transistors, such
as field-effect transistors, in which only one carrier type is involved in charge flow
due to drift. By design, most of the BJT collector current is due to the flow of charges
injected from a high-concentration emitter into the base where they are minority

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 AntiSleep Alarm for Student

carriers that diffuse toward the collector, and so BJTs are classified as minority-
carrier devices.

4.2 Working

NPN BJT with forward-biased E–B junction and reverse-biased B–C junction

 An NPN transistor can be considered as two diodes with a shared anode. In typical
operation, the base-emitter junction is forward biased and the base–collector junction
is reverse biased. In an NPN transistor, for example, when a positive voltage is
applied to the base–emitter junction, the equilibrium between thermally generated
carriers and the repelling electric field of the depletion region becomes unbalanced,
allowing thermally excited electrons to inject into the base region. These electrons
wander (or "diffuse") through the base from the region of high concentration near the
emitter towards the region of low concentration near the collector. The electrons in
the base are called minority carriers because the base is doped p-type which would
make holes the majority carrier in the base.

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 To minimize the percentage of carriers that recombine before reaching the collector–
base junction, the transistor's base region must be thin enough that carriers can diffuse
across it in much less time than the semiconductor's minority carrier lifetime. In
particular, the thickness of the base must be much less than the diffusion length of the
electrons. The collector–base junction is reverse-biased, and so little electron injection
occurs from the collector to the base, but electrons that diffuse through the base
towards the collector are swept into the collector by the electric field in the depletion
region of the collector–base junction. The thin shared base and asymmetric collector–
emitter doping is what differentiates a bipolar transistor from two separate and
oppositely biased diodes connected in series.

Chapter: 5 Diode
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 AntiSleep Alarm for Student

 In electronics, a Diode is a two-terminal

electronic component that conducts electric
current in only one direction. The term usually
refers to a Semiconductor Diode, the most
common type today. This is a crystalline piece
of semiconductor material connected to two
electrical terminals.[1] A Vacuum Tube Diode
(now little used except in some high-power
technologies) is a vacuum tube with two
electrodes: a plate and a cathode.

 The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one
direction (called the diode's forward bias direction) while blocking current in the
opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an
electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification
and is used to convert alternating current to direct current and to extract modulation
from radio signals in radio receivers.

 However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple on-off action.
This is due to their complex non-linear electrical characteristics, which can be tailored
by varying the construction of their P-N junction. These are exploited in special
purpose diodes that perform many different functions. For example, specialized
diodes are used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes), to electronically tune radio and TV
receivers (varactor diodes), to generate radio frequency oscillations (tunnel diodes),
and to produce light (light emitting diodes). Tunnel diodes exhibit negative resistance,
which makes them useful in some types of circuits.

Chapter: 6 Switches

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 AntiSleep Alarm for Student

 In electronics, a Switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit,

interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. [1][2] The most
familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or
more sets of electrical contacts. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either
'closed' meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or
'open', meaning the contacts are separated and nonconducting. This is called a PTM or
"Push to Make" switch.

 A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system,

such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a
light switch. Automatically-operated switches can be used to control the motions of
machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open
position or that a machine tool is in a position to accept another workpiece. Switches
may be operated by process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current,
voltage, and force, acting as sensors in a process and used to automatically control a
system. For example, a thermostat is a temperature-operated switch used to control a
heating process. A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called a relay.
Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some
switches are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of
isolation that can be pad-locked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a
machine during maintenance, or to prevent electric shock.

Chapter: 7 Resistor

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 A Resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its

terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with
Ohm's law:

V = IR

 Resistors are elements of electrical

networks and electronic circuits and
are ubiquitous in most electronic
equipment. Practical resistors can be
made of various compounds and films,
as well as resistance wire (wire made
of a high-resistivity alloy, such as
nickel-chrome).

 The primary characteristics of a

resistor are the resistance, the
tolerance, the maximum working
voltage and the power rating. Other
characteristics include temperature
coefficient, noise, and inductance.
Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits
the maximum permitted current, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical
resistance is determined by the design, materials and dimensions of the resistor.

 Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated
circuits. Size, and position of leads (or terminals), are relevant to equipment
designers; resistors must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating
their power

Chapter: 8 Capacitor

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 AntiSleep Alarm for Student

 A Capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a passive electronic component

consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a
potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops in
the dielectric that stores energy and produces a
mechanical force between the conductors. An
ideal capacitor is characterized by a single
constant value, capacitance, measured in farads.
This is the ratio of the electric charge on each
conductor to the potential difference between
them.

 Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits

for blocking direct current while allowing
alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for
smoothing the output of power supplies, in the
resonant circuits that tune radios to particular
frequencies and for many other purposes.

 The effect is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of
conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to an early
means of construction. In practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small
amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a
breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance
and resistance.

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 A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region called

the dielectric medium though it may be a vacuum or a semiconductor depletion region
chemically identical to the conductors. A
capacitor is assumed to be self-contained
and isolated, with no net electric charge
and no influence from any external
electric field. The conductors thus hold
equal and opposite charges on their
facing surfaces,and the dielectric
develops an electric field. In SI units, a
capacitance of one farad means that one
coulomb of charge on each conductor
causes a voltage of one volt across the
device.

 The capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits.
An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the
ratio of charge ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them:

 Sometimes charge build-up affects the capacitor mechanically, causing its capacitance
to vary. In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes:

Chapter: 9 Integrated Circuit

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 In electronics, an Integrated Circuit (also known as IC, chip, or microchip) is a

miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as
passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of
semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment
in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, cellular
phones, and other digital appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of
modern societies, made possible by the low cost of production of integrated circuits.
A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of
individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a
substrate or circuit board. A monolithic integrated circuit is made of devices
manufactured by diffusion of trace elements into a single piece of semiconductor
substrate a chip.

 Integrated circuits were made

possible by experimental
discoveries which showed that
semiconductor devices could
perform the functions of vacuum
tubes and by mid-20th-century
technology advancements in
semiconductor device
fabrication. The integration of
large numbers of tiny transistors
into a small chip was an
enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using electronic
components. The integrated circuit's mass production capability, reliability, and
building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized
ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors.

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 There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance.
Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by
photolithography and not constructed as one transistor at a time. Furthermore, much
less material is used to construct a circuit as a packaged IC die than as a discrete
circuit. Performance is high since the components switch quickly and consume little
power (compared to their discrete counterparts) because the components are small and
close together. As of 2006, chip areas range from a few square millimeters to around
350 mm2, with up to 1 million transistors per mm2

Chapter: 10 Conclusion
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 AntiSleep Alarm for Student

 This circuit saves both time and electricity for students. It helps to prevent them from
dozing off while studying, by sounding a beep at a fixed time interval, say, 30
minutes.

 If the student is awake during the beep, he can reset the circuit to beep in the next 30
minutes. If the timer is not reset during this time, it means the student is in deep sleep
or not in the room, and the circuit switches off the light and fan in the room, thus
preventing the wastage of electricity.

Srinivas Institute of Technology Page 17