12 fY%aKsh

ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh

02 - mdvu
ikaksfõokfha moku

2'1 ikaksfõokh hkak yÿkajd fohs'

 f;dr;=re yqjudrej ikakf
s õokh hs'

 udkj ikakf
s õokh udkj iudc iïNjh ;rï u merKs h'

 udkjfhl= f,i wm isÿlrk is;Su" iam¾Yh" wd>%dKh" oelSu" l;d lsÍu" úoSu"
lshùu" ,sùu" úfkdaoùu wdoS iEu ld¾hhla u ikaksfõokh yd iDcqj fyda jl% j
iïnkaO;djhla olajhs'

 mqoa., yd iudc iïnkaO;djkaf.a moku ikaksfõokh hs'

 ikaksfõokh hk mofha mD:q, w¾:h zzoek .;a foa oek .ekSug ie,eiaùuZZ
hkak hs'

 bx.%Sis zzCommunication ZZ hk moh ,;ska NdIdfõ zzfmdÿ njg m;alsßuZZ hk wre;

iys; zz Communis ZZ hk jdxuq,fhka ìoS wdjls'

 isxy,fha ikaksfõokh hk jpkfhys w¾:h zz uekúka oekqï oSuZZ hkak hs'

1
 fou< NdIdfjka ikaksfõokh hkak zz f;dv¾mdv,a ZZ hkqfjka yÿkajhs' tys w¾:h
jkqfha zz in`o;d meje;aùfïZZ ls%hdj,sh hkak hs'

 idudkH ikakf s õok wjia:djkays oS f;dr;=re .ekSu iy oSu ^yqjudrej& i`oyd

mxfÉkaøshka fhdod .efka'

 ñksid ks¾udKh lr.;a NdIdj fya;=fjka jvd;a ixlS¾K woyia" ixl,am" yqjudre
lr.; yels úh'

 f,aLkh wdrïNh;a iu`. f;dr;=re .nvd lr l,a;nd .ekSug moku ieliqKs'

 ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha oshqKqj;a iu`.u f;dr;=re yqjudrej läkï úh'

 ckudOH wd.ukh;a iu`.u f;dr;=re rdYshla úYd, msßila fj;" tljr" läkñka
fnod yeßfï yelshdj ,eìK'

 ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh ms<sn`o y`ÿkd

.ekSug tys fmdÿ .;s ,laIK
ljf¾oehs úuid ne,sh hq;=h'

2
2'2 ikaksfõokfhys iajNdjh wjfndaOfhka hq;=j meyeos,s lrhs'

zzikaksfõokh wruqKq iy.; h ZZ'

´kE u wjia:djl oS wm ikaksfõokfha fhfokafka

lsih
s ï wruqKla we;sj hs'

 f;dr;=re ,ndoSu'

 f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu'

 l=;=y,h iukh lr.ekSu'

 úkaokhla ,nd .ekSu'

f;dr;=re ,nd fok yd ,nd .kakd md¾Yj w;r fuu wruqKq ms<sn`oj meyeos,s
wjfndaOhla we;akï ikakf
s õokh id¾:l fõ'

3
zzikaksfõokh ixfla;d;aul hZZ'

ikaksfõokh hkq ixfla;uh ls%hdldß;ajhls' f;dr;=rla ke;fyd;a ikafoaYhla hkq

ixfla;j,ska iukaú; jQjls' fï wkqj jpk" ix{d" ,l=Kq" uqød" b`.s" is;shï" is;=jï" wl=re
muKla fkdj Yío mjd ie,lsh hq;= jkafka ixfla; f,i h'

úõO jQ jia;=" mqoa.,hka" ia:dk fukau w;sYh ixls¾K ye`.Sï" woyia" ixl,am" wdosh ms<sno
f;dr;=re yqjudre lr.ekSug yelshdj ,eî we;af;a ixfla; u; mokïj isÿ lrk fuu
.kqfokqj ksid h'

4
ikaksfõokh ikao¾Ndkq.; hZZ'
ljr fyda ikaksfõokhla isÿjkafka lsih
s ï ikao¾Nhla ;=< hs' fuhska woyia jkafka wod<
ikaksfõokh isÿjk zzjgmsgdjZZ ke;fyd;a zzmßirhZZ hs'

ikaksfõok ld¾hh yd ikao¾Nh w;r iDcq in`o;djla mj;S' ikao¾Nhg .e<fmk f,i
ikaksfõok ld¾hh ilia úh hq;=h' fuys ikao¾Nh hkak yqÿ fN!;sl jgmsgdjg muKla
,iq l< hq;= fkd fõ' ukao úfgl mqoa.,hka " ia:dk" jD;a;Sh" ixialD;sh jeks foa mjd
ikao¾Nh hkakg wvx.= úh yels h'

zzikaksfõokh ls%hdmámdáh lsZZ'

ikaksfúokh lsiú
s fgl;a yqfol,dj mj;sk fjkia fkdjk fohla fkd fõ'
th ksrka;rfhka ld,h;a iu`. fjkia fjhs' ´kEu ikaksfõok wjia:djl lsishï
ls%hdj,shla isÿfõ'
ksoiqkla f,i ,sÅ; ikakf
s õok wjia:djloS mshjr .Kkdjla miq lrhs'

tu ls%hdj,sh yd is;Su ie,iqï lsÍu ,sùu ixialrKh lsÍu

kej; ,sùu hk úúO wjia:d .Kkdjla miq lr wjika m%;sM,h fj; t<fò'
fufia ´kE u ikaksfõok wjia:djl oS Bg wkqrEm jQ ls%hdj,shla isÿfõ'

5
zzikaksfõokh úúOdldr hZZ'
ikaksfõok j¾. yd iajrEm ms<sn`o j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuka u tys úúOdldr nj ms<sn`o
uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,eìh yels h'
tla tla ikaksfõok j¾. yd iajrEm úúO ikao¾Nhkays oS úúO fjkialï j,g yd
mßj¾;khkag Ndckh fõ'
 mqoa.,dka;r ikakf
s õokhg jvd lKavdhï
ikaksfõokh fjkia fjhs'

 l:k ikaksfõokhg jvd ,sÅ; ikaksfõok iajrEm

fjkia fjhs'

 l:k ikakf
s õok iajrEmh wd.ñl ikao¾Nhl oS tl
wdldrhlg;a foaYmd,k ikao¾Nhl oS Bg jvd fjkia
wdldrhlg;a isÿfõ'

 wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh yereK fldg wka ish¨ ikakf

s õok j¾. ;dlaIKh
ksid l,ska l,g úúO mßj¾;khkag ,laùu je,elaúh fkdyels h'

 ixialD;sh o ikakf
s õokfha úúO;ajhg fya;=jk jeo.;a idOlhls'

 rg rgj, úúO iudchkays mj;sk úúOdldr ixialD;s yd WmixialD;sky

a s olakg
,efnk ikaksfõokh wdY%s; ls%hdldrlïj, úúO;d óg ksoiqka fõ'

 ixialD;sh o l,ska l,g fjkia jk ksid Bg wkqrEmj ikaksfõokfha o fjkialï

we;s úh yelsh'

6
zz ikaksfõokh tal ud¾.sl fukau oaú - ud¾.sl jQj ls'ZZ

 ikaksfõokh .kqfokqjls'
tkï f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu yd ,nd oSu hk ld¾hhka
folu isÿfõ'

 fï .kqqfokqjg iïnkaO jk md¾Yj folu Bg il%shj odhl ùfuka by<

m%;sM, ,efí'

 ikaksfõok wjia:d nyq;rhla oaú - ud¾.sl ;;a;ajhla fmkakï

q lrhs'

 bo ysg tal ud¾.sl ikakf

s õokhka isÿjk wjia:d o mj;S'

zz ikaksfõokh n,h fõ'ZZ

 oekqu u; f.dvkef.k n,fha moku ikaksfõokh hs'

 n,h yd kdhl;ajh w;r we;af;a wúfhdackSh in`o;djhls'

 kdhlhdg ish lKavdhï iyfhda.h wysñ jQ úg kdhl;ajh o wysñ

fjhs'

 tneúka kdhlhd fydo ikaksfõokhl= úh hq;= h'

 wd.ñl" wOHdmksl" foaYmd,ksl" jdksc wdoS ljr flaI;%hl jqj o

fuu ;;a;ajh oelsh yels h'

 ish¨ wdldrfha ikaksfõok j¾. zzn,hZZ W;amdokhg wjYH miqìu ieliSug Wojq
fõZZ'

wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh ;¾ldkql+, Ñka;kfha j¾Okhg;a

mqo.
a ,dka;r yd lKavdhï ikaksfõokh mqo.
a , uyck
iïnkaO;d oshK
q q lsÍug;a

ck ikaksfõokh m%isoê
a h" ckm%sh;ajh yd m%;srEm f.dvke.Sug;a
iDcq j yd jl% j odhl fjhs'

fï ish,a, wvq - jeä jYfhka n,h ks¾udKh ùug wjYH moku f.dv k`.hs'

7
2'3 ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha uQ,l
s dx. ú.%y lrhs'
ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh f;areï .ekSug yd th id¾:lj l%shd;aul lsÍug;a tlS
l%shdj,sfha wka;¾.; uQ,slx. ms<sn`o wjfndaOhla ,eìh hq;= h'

 ikaksfõolhd

;uka iu`. iy ;j;a md¾Yjhla iu`. f;dr;=re" woyia" u;" wdl,am wdosh
yqjudre lr .kakd ;eke;a;d ikakf
s õolhdhs'

mqoa.,fhl= muKla fkdj wjia:dkql+,j lKavdhula" ixúOdkhla" wdh;khla

jqj o ikaksfõol ia:dkh ksfhdackh l< yels h'
ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh hï uÜglg md,kh lsÍfï yelshdj ikaksfõolhd i;=fõ'

 wdfla;lrKh

8
 wdfla;lrKh hkq wmf.a isf;a we;s jk woyia" ye.Sï ;j;a md¾Yjhla iu`.
ikaksfõokh lsÍu i`oyd fla; Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka tAjd ikafoaY njg
mßj¾:kh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh hs' iEu ikaksfõok l%shdj,shl u fuh isÿfõ'

 ixfoaYh

ikaksfõolhd wfkla md¾Yjh iu`. yqjudre lr .kakd f;dr;=re ikafoaYhhs'

th woyila" u;hla" wdl,amhla jekS úúO iajrEm .ekSug bvlv we;'

mKsjv
q hla ieu úug ixfla; wiqßka f.dv kef.a' ixfla; hkak jpk" Yío"
j¾K" yev" rej wdoS f,i úúOdldr úh yels h' ikafoaY iudc" ixialD;sl
idOl u; úúO w¾: .ekafõ'

 kd,sldj $ udOHh

ikaksfõok ia:dkfha isg wfmaCIs; md¾Yjh fj; ixfoaY f.k hkq ,nkafka
kd,sldj u.sk's

idudkHfhka tosfkod ikaksfõokfha oS Ndú; lrkq ,nk kd,sldj jkafka

mkafÉbkaøsh hs'
wei ^oelSu& lk ^weiSu& nyq, f,i fhdod .efkk bkaøshka fõ'

;dCIKfha wd.ukh;a iu`. fulS kd,sldj fyj;a udOHhj, mßj¾:khka isÿj

we;'

 .%dylhd

ikaksfõolhd úiska ish ikafoaYh yqjudre lr .ekSfï wfmaCIdj we;sj th

bosßm;a lrkq ,nkafka ljrl= fj; o tA .%dylhd hs'
.%dylhka úYd, m%udKhla zz.%dyl fCIa;%hZZ f,i yÿkajhs'
ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha oS .%dylhd o ikakfs õolhd yd iudk jeo.;a lula
Wiq,hs'

 úfla;lrKh

ikafoaYhkays wka;¾.;h w¾:l:kh lr wjfndaO lr

.ekSfï l%shdj,sh úfla;lrKh f,i yeoskf a õ' fuh
ish¨ ikaksfõok l%shdj,shkays oelsh yels fõ' wm fj;

9
 ,efnk ixfoaYhla iukaú;j we;af;a ixfla; j,sks' tu ixfla;j,ska lshfjk
foa wjfndaO lr .ekSu i`oyd ixfla; w¾:l:kh lr .; hq;=hs'

 m%;sfmdaIKh
ikaksfõolhd ikafoaYhla ,nd ÿka miq .%dylhd ta
iïnkaOfhka ikaksfõolhd fj; ,nd fok ksÍlaIKh
l, yels wdldrfha m%;spdrh m%;sfmdaIKh hs'

ikaksfõok ls%hdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh iïnkaOfhka

m%;sfmdaIKh w;sYh jeo.;a fõ'
m%;sfmdaIKh" Okd;aul fyda iDKd;aul úh yels w;r
m%;sfmdaIKh ,eîug .; jk ld,h wkqj th laIKsl fyda m%udo m%;sfmdaIKhla
f,i yÿkd .; yelsh'

 f>daId$ndOd

ikaksfúol ia:dkfha isg .%dyl ia:dkh olajd ikafoaY

iïfm%aIKh ùfïoS Bg wjysr jk f,i ueosy;a jk ´kEu
;;ajhla f>daIdjla fyj;a ndOdjla fõ'

m%Odk ikaksfõol ndOl j¾. folls'

udOH ndOl$ kd,sh ndOl

kd,sldfõ fyj;a udOHfha we;s jk fodaI iy.; ;;a;ajhka ksid we;s jk ndOd
udOH ndOl fõ'

ksoiqka -
 úÿ,sh úikaê ùu ksid we;s jk ndOl
 rEmrduq wmeyeos,s ùu ksid we;s jk ndOl

w¾: ndOl

ikafoaYfha w¾:h yß yeá .%yKh lr .ekSug fkdyels jk úg Woa.; fõ'

ksoiqka -
 Wm NdId Ndú;h ksid we;s jk ndOl
 idpoH WÉpdrKh ksid we;s jk ndOl

 w;aoelSï miq;,h

mqoa.,hd i;= mQ¾j w;aoelsï iuQyh fuhska woyia flf¾'

ikaksfõol .%dyl md¾Yaj w;r iudk wdldrfha mQ¾j w;aoelSï
jeä m%udKhla we;s úg ikaksfõok ld¾hh myiq fõ'

10
  ikao¾Nh

wod< ikaksfõok ls%hdj,sh isÿjkakd jQ iïnkaO;d we;=<;a mßirh hs' ikao¾Nh

meyeos,s f,i u ikakf s õok ls%hdj,sh u; n,mEï we;s lrhs' fyd`o
ikaksfõolfhla yeu úg u ish ikakf s õokh Bg mdol jk ikao¾Nhg WÑ;
f,i ilid .kshs' Bg wkq.; fkdùu úúO ikakf s õok .eg¨ j,g fya;= fõ'

 n,mEu
iEu ikakfs õokhl u lsih s ï n,mEula wka;¾.; fõ' tys n,mEfï iajNdjh
úúOdldr úh yelsh' jfrl th wdl,amuh fyda p¾hduh fyda fjkila we;s lsÍu
b,lal lr isÿ lrk ikaksfõokhla úh yels h' we;eï úg ,dNh jeks uQ,H
m%;s,dNhka wruqKq lr .; yels h' ikakfs õok ls%hdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh ;SrKh
jkafka wfmalaIs; n,mEu idlaId;a lr .kafka o hkak u; hs'

2'4 ikaksfõokh hkq l=ulao hkak ks¾jpkh lrhs'

úúO úoaj;=ka yd wdh;ksl ixúOdk u.ska bosßm;a lr we;s ikakf

s õokh ms<sn`o ks¾jpk
lsysmhla úuid n,uq'

zzf;dr;=re .eí jq ix{djla lrK fldg

f.k fomd¾Yjhla w;r tl yd iudk
Ñ;a; iajNdjhla we;s ùu
ikaksfõokhhsZZ
ú,an¾ Y%dï ^Wilbur Schramm)
- 1954 -

11
 zzhï lsisfjl= " hï lsisjla" lsishï kd,sldjlska hï
lsisfjl=g lsishï n,mEula lsÍu i`oyd m%ldY lrkq
,nk foh ikaksfõokhhs'ZZ

yer,aâ ã' ,eiafj,a ( Harold D. Lasswell )

- 1948 -

zzikaksfõokh hkq hï ;ekloS

ks¾udKh lr .;a fyda f;dard.;a
mKsúvhla ta wdldrfhka u fyda Bg
iudk f,i fjk;a ;ekl oS
m%;sks¾udKh lsÍu hs'ZZ
Yekka iy ùj¾ ( Shannon and
Weaver ) - 1949 -

12
 zzudkj iïnkaO;d r`ojd isákakd jQ;a" j¾Okh
lrkakd jQ;a" ish¨ ixfla; fuka u tajd
foaYfhka foaYhg m%jdyKh lsÍug;a" ld,fha
ne`ÿïj,ska Tíng f.dia iqrlaIs; lr .ekSug;a
WmldÍ jk Wml%u ikaksfõokh hs'
pd,aia tÉ' l+,s (Charles Horton Cooley)

woyi" oekqu" hkdosh NdIKh fyda f,aLkh

fyda ix{d u`.ska m%odkh lsÍu" m%ldY lsÍu"
fyda yqjudre lr .ekSu ikaksfõokh hs'
Tlaia*¾â YíofldaIh
(The Oxford Dictionary)
-1990 -

13
2'5 ikaksfõokfha uQ,l
s ld¾hhka ms<sn`o wjfndaOfhka hq;= j meyeos,s lrhs'
ikaksfõokfha uQ,sl ld¾hhka 04 la yÿkd .; yels h'
 f;dr;=re iïmdokh
iEu ikafoaYhla u f;dr;=rla f,i ie,lsh yels w;r
iEu ikaksfõok wjia:djloSu wvq jeä jYfhka hï
wdldrhl f;dr;=re iïmdokhla isÿfõ'
f;dr;=re iïmdok ld¾hh .=Kd;aul núka jvd;a
by< w.hla .kafka tys f;dr;=rej, ksrjoH;dj
jvd;a by< uÜgul mej;Su u; hs'

ksoiqka -
 ,smskhla ,nd oSu'
 NdKavhl ñ, .Kka mejiSu'
 /lshdjlg b,a¨ï lsÍfï oS cSj - o;a; m;%sldjla ,ndoSu'
 ud¾. wdf,dal ix{d u.ska kej;Sug fyda msgùug okajd isàu'
wdoS wjia:d f;dr;=re iïmdok ld¾hh yd iïnkaO wjia:d f,i
ie,fla'
wfkla w;g
 ÿrl:k kdudj,s
 mka;s kdu f,aLk
 N+f.da,Sh is;shï
 ldgqka
u.ska o f;dr;=re iïmdok ld¾hh u isÿfõ'
f;dr;=re iïmdokh úúO whqßka isÿúh yels w;r j¾;udkh jk úg fuh jdksc
uqyqKj
q rla .;a ,dN Wmhk ls%hdj,shla njg m;aj we;'

 Wmfoia iïmdokh$wOHdmkh

fuys oS o f;dr;=re iïmdokhla uQ,sl jYfhka isÿjk kuq;a bka Tíng .sh
ls%hdldÍ iajNdjhla Wiq,k hula isÿfõ'
tys oS yqÿ lreKq oelaùulg isud fkdù lsih s ï ixúOdkd;aul fyda
w¾:l:kd;aul bosßm;a lsÍula isÿfõ'

mß.Klhla Ndú; lr ,smshla ilia lr .kafka flfia oehs Tn ;j;a whl=

oekqj;a lsÍu Wmfoia iïmdokhls'
tys oS mß.Kl iïnkaO uQ,sl f;dr;=re j,g
wu;rj tu ld¾hh isÿlrk whqre Bg iïnkaO
úúO fuj,ïj, ls%hdldß;ajh wdosh meyeos,s
lrñka ixúOdkd;aul bosßm;a lsÍula f;dr;=re
iïmdokfhka Tíng .sh Wmfoia iïmdokhla
ke;fyd;a wOHdmk ld¾hhla jkafka h'

ksoiqka -
foaYk" jevuq`M" iïuka;%K" fm< fmd;a" wdosh u`.ska uQ,sl jYfhka isÿ lrkqfha
o wOHdmk ld¾hhls'

14
 fm<Uùu
we;eï ikafoaY u.ska hful= is;k m;k wdldrfha fyda
lghq;= lrk wdldrfha fjkila isÿlsÍu wruqKq lrhs' tkï
wdl,amuh fyda p¾hduh fjkila we;s lsÍu hs' fuh
fm<Uùu hs'
ffoksl ld¾hhkays oS ;j;a whl=f.a iyNd.s;ajh wjeis
úfgl ta wh ta i`oyd fmd<Ujd .; hq;= h'
fm<Uùfï wruqKk s a fndfyda úg is;du;d ie,iqï iy.; j
ikafoaY ilia lrkq ,nhs' l:kh" f,aLkh" rEmuh bosßm;a lsÍï wdoS úúO jQ
Wmdh Wml%u fï i`oyd fhdod .efka'
tfuka u wjYH;dj" wjia:dj" wod, nj jeks wdkqIx.sl wfkl=;a jeo.;a idOl
ms<sn`oj wjOdkhka fhduq lrñka jvd;a ixúOdkd;aul j bosßm;a lsÍu u; fuu
ikafoaYj, id¾:l;ajh r`od mj;S'

 úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh

ikaksfõokh iu`. úfkdaoh tl;= jQ úg th jvd;a is;a .kakd iq`M w;aoelSula njg m;afõ'
by; wdldrfha ljr ikaksfõok ld¾hhla jqj o wdl¾IKsh f,i yd wdhdihlska f;drj
isÿlsÍug úfkdaodiajdoh fhdod .; yels h'

ikaksfõok wjia:djg WÑ; f,i ydiH uqiqlr .ekSfï wmqre l=i,;dj fyd`o ikakf
s õokhl=
i;=j ks;e;ska u mj;S'
 fofokl= w;r ixjdohl oS"
 msßila wu;d lrk foaYkhl oS"
 ,sÅ; ikaksfõok wjia:djl oS"

fuu l=i,;dj w;sYh m%fhdackj;a h'

w;sYh ld¾hh nyq," wd;;sfhka msß csú;hla .; lrkak jqkag fuh tla;rd
wdldrhl bys,aùula yd ieye,a¨jla f.k fokakls'

flfia kuq;a ikaksfõokfha oS fuys iSudj ms<sn`o wjfndaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu

jeo.;a fõ'

by; i`oyka ikaksfõokfha uQ,sl ld¾hh j,g wu;rj ck ikaksfõokhg u

úfYaI;
s jQ ld¾hhka lsysmhla yÿkd .; yelsh' ^iqmÍlaIKh" w¾:l:kh"
iyiïnkaOh" iudcdkqfhdackh'

15
 12 fY%aKsh
ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHkh
mdvï wxl - 02
» m;%h

1' ikaksfõokh hk mofha mD:q, w¾:h jkafka"

» oek.;a foa oek .ekSug ie,eiaùu hs'
»» uekúka oekqï§u hs'
»»» fmdÿ njg m;a lsÍu hs'
»¼ in|;d meje;aùfï l%shdj,sh hs'
¼ f;dr;=/ .ekSu yd §u hs'

2' m%d:ñl iudchka ys úiQ ckhd ish ir, wjYH;d imqrd .;af;a"
» m%d:ñl NdIdj u.sks'
»» ix{d" Yío" ixfla; u.sks'
»»» wl=re" ÿï" fld< w;= u.sks'
»¼ Ñ;%" ÿï yd NdIdj u.sks'
¼ Ñ;% "rEm igyka yd ix{d u.sks'

3' ikaksfõokh ms<sn| jvd;a ksjerÈ woyila jkqfha"

» f;dr;=re yqjudre l%shdj,shls'
»» udkjhdg muKla iqúfYaI jQjls'
»»» l;d lsÍu u.ska isÿlrkq ,nkakls'
»¼ fm<Uùfï wruqKska l%shd;aul fõ'
¼ iEu úgu oaú md¾Yùh l%shdj,shls'

4' ikaksfõokfha wdrïNh ms<sn| hd¨jka ;sfokl= m%ldY l< woyia my; oelafõ'
iqmk
q a - NdIdj ksmojd .ekSu;a iu`.u ikaksfõokh werUq‚'
ksmk
q a - udkj b;sydih ;rï u wE;g Èj hhs'
liqka - WmlrK Ndú;h yqre ùu;a iu`. udkj ikaksfõokh ìysúh'
by; m%ldY w;ßka jvd;a ksjerÈ jkafka"
» ksmk
q a mu‚' »» iqmk
q a mu‚'
»»» liqka mu‚' »¼ ksmk
q a iy liqka mu‚'
¼ iqmk
q a iy liqka mu‚'
5' ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh id¾:lùug kï"
» ikaksfõolhdg ikafoaYlrKh ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;=h'
»» ikaksfõolhd yd .%dylhd iu iudc l%uhlg wh;a úh hq;=h'
»»» ikaksfõolhd yd .%dylhd ÿria: fkdúh hq;=h'
»¼ ikafoaY yqjudrej i|yd ;dlaI‚l fuj,ï Ndú; úh hq;=h'
¼ ikaksfõol .%dyl md¾Yj w;r iudk wdldrfha mQ¾j w;aoelSï jeä m%udKhla ;sìh
hq;=h'

6' ikaksfõokh oaúmd¾Yúl h' Bg WodyrK wjia:djla jkafka"

» úÿy,am;s;=ud úiska isiq orejkag wjjdo lsÍu '
»» Covid 19 ms<sn| rEmjdyskS udOH ;=<ska ffoksl f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍu'
»»» O¾u foaYkdjla isÿ lsÍu'
»¼ udOHfõ§ka úuik m%Yakj,g ue;s weue;sjreka ms<s;=re iemhSu'
¼ uyck /<shla weu;Su'

7' ikaksfõok l%shdj,shl ikaksfõolhd hkq"

» ;ks mqoa.,fhla »» lKavdhula
»»» ixúOdkhla »¼ wdh;khla
¼ by; ´kEu wjia:djla úh yelsh'

8' úÿy,am;sjrhd l< l;dj f;areï .ekSug .;a W;aidyfha § isi-q isiqúhka ;=< isÿjkafka"
» wdfla;lrKh »» úfla;slrKh
»»» m%;sks¾udKh »¼ iïfm%aIKh
¼ mßj¾;kh

9' fla; Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka tAjd ikafoaY njg m;alsÍfï l%shdj,sh yÿkajkafka"
» m%;sfmdaIKh' »» úfla;lrKh'
»»» wdfla;lrKh' »¼ wNsirKh'
¼ ixfla;lrKh'

10' .‚; wdpd¾hjrhd l¿ ,E,af,a ,shQ wxl lsysmhla wmyeÈ,s ùu ksid lu,a ish fmdf;ys
,shd.;a wxl idjoH úh' tneúka ms<s;=/ o wid¾:l úh' fuh ikaksfõok ú.%yh wkqj"
» .%dyl fodaIhls' »» ndOl ;;a;ajhls'
»»» idjoH Ñka;khls' »¼ mßl,amk .eg¿jls'
¼ wkjfndaOhls'
11' ksjdidka;r l%Svd ;r`.hla w;r;=r § la,dka; jQ l%Svlfhl=g m%:udOdr ,ndÿka ksjdi
kdhlfhl= i`oyka lf<a ;ud lshjd ;snQ fmd;a m;a yd m%:udOdr fok wdldrh ksÍCIKh lr
;sîu tA i`oyd WmldÍ jQ njls' fuu lreKq wh;a jk ikaksfõok uQ,sldx.h jkafka"
» wdfla;lrKhhs' »» úfla;lrKhhs'
»»» m%;sfmdaIKhhs' »¼ w;aoelSï miq;,hhs'
¼ ikafoaY .%yKhhs'

12' ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ;=, tys jHqyd;aul iajrEmh y`ÿkd.; yels uQ,sldx. jkafka"
» ikaksfõolhd" ixfoaYh yd udOH
»» f;dr;=re uQ,dY%" ikaksfõolhd yd .%dylhd
»»» ikaksfõolhd" udOH yd m%;sfmdaIKh
»¼ ikaksfõolhd" ndOl yd .%dylhd
¼ ikaksfõolhd" ikafoaYh yd .%dylhd

13' ikaksfõolhdf.a is;=ú,s" mKsúv njg mßj¾:kh ùfï l%shdj,sh yeoskafjkafka"

» NdIKh f,ihs »» ixcdkkh f,ihs
»» mßl,amkh f,his »¼ iïfm%aIKh f,ihs
¼ wdfla;lrKh f,ihs

14' ikaksfõok ia:dkfha isg wfmaCIs; md¾Yjh fj; ikafoaY f.k hdu i`oyd jvd;a WÑ; udOH
w;rg wh;a fkdjkafka"
» Y%jH udOH »» oDYH udOH
»»» ld, udOH »¼ Y%jH oDYH udOH
¼ ,sÅ; udOH

15' m%;sfmdaIK l%shdj,sh iïnkaOfhka jvd;a .e,fmk m%ldYh jkafka"

» ikaksfõolhd .%dylhdg lrkq ,nk n,mEu hs'
»» ikaksfõol yd .%dyl md¾Yj w;r isÿjk f;dr;=re yqjudrej hs'
»»» .%dylhd úiska ikaksfõolhd fj; ,nd fok y÷kd.; yels wdldrfha m%;spdrh hs'
»¼ m%;sfmdaIKh ieu úgu OKd;aul hs'
¼ ikaksfõokfha .=Kd;aul nj wvqùug fya;= fjhs'

16' fldúâ - 19 tkak;alrKh ms<sn| oekaùï mqjrejl w,jd ;snQ oekaùula lshùug wmyiq jQfha
j¾Idjg yiqù wl=re fnd`o ù ;snQ ksidh' fuys we;s ikaksfõok ndOlh jkafka"
» YdÍßl ndOl »» udOH ndOl
»»» w¾: ndOl »¼ oDYH ndOl
¼ idlaIr;d ndOl
17' ikaksfõokfha iajNdjhla fkdjkafka"
» udkj iudcfha meje;au nj »» l%shdmámdáhla nj
»»» n,h jk nj »¼ wruqKq iy.; nj
¼ ikao¾Ndkq.; nj

18' hï ikaksfõok l%shdj,shla isÿ jkakd jQ jgmsgdj y÷kajkafka"

» w;aoelSï miq;,h f,i h' »» m%;spdrh f,I h'
»»» ikao¾Nh f,i h' »¼ m%;sfmdaIKh f,i h'
¼ n,mEu f,i h'

19' iEu úgu ikaksfõokh isÿjkafka"

» tAl md¾Yúlj h' »» l%shdj,shla f,isks'
»»» oaù ud¾.slj h' »¼ m%;spdr m%;sfmdaIK u; h'
¼ NdIdj u; mokï fjñks'

20' ;kq,s ish ñ;=ßhg ÿrl:k weu;=ula ,nd .ksoa § zzTn weu;+ .%dylhd ld¾hh nyq, neúka fï
fudfydf;a iïnkaO l< fkdyelZZ hkak NdId ;%s;ajfhka u m%;sjdokh úh' fuys .%dylhd
jkafka"
» ;kq,s l;dl< ÿrl:kh hs ' »» ;kq,s f.a ñ;=ßh hs'
»»» ÿrl:k fiajd iemhQ wdh;kh hs' »¼ wef.a ñ;=ßhf.a ÿrl:kh hs'
¼ fuys .%dylhd oelaúh fkdyel'

21' ikaksfõokh ixfla;d;aul h hkakg WodyrKhla jkafka"

» w;S; udkjhd f.a .=yd is;=jï h'
»» w;ska ,shk ,o ,shú,a,ls'
»»» ksoyi ieuÍug Tijk ,o cd;sl fldäh hs'
»¼ jug yerúh hq;= njg jk ud¾. ix{dj hs'
¼ by; ish,a,u h'

22' udkj iudch ;=< ikaksfõokh u.ska we;s l< yels m%n, iudc fufyjr jkafka"
» iudc YslaIKh we;s lsÍu' »» woyia fmdÿ njg m;a lsÍu'
»»» wka;¾ mqoa., in`o;d f.dv kexùu' »¼ .%dyl n,mEula we;s lsÍu'
¼ úfkdaodiajdoh iïmdokh lsÍu'
23' ysudhd ish ke.‚hg mß.Klh Ndú; lrñka .‚; .eg¨jla úi|k wdldrh ms<sn| Wmfoia
,nd § Ndú; l< hq;= fuj,ï ms<sn|j o meyeÈ,s l<dh' fuys olakg ,efnk ikaksfõok
ld¾hh jkafka"
» .eg¿ úi£u hs' »» iudcdkqfhdackh hs'
»»» f;dr;=re iïmdokh hs' »¼ wOHdmkh ,nd §u hs'
¼ fm<Uùu hs'

24' m%udos m%;sfmdaIKhla oelsh yels udOHh jkafka"

» ck udOH »» kj udOH
»»» ck ikaksfõokh »¼ iudc udOH
¼ idïm%odhsl udOH

25' ikaksfõokh u.ska bgq lrkq ,nk uQ,sl ld¾hhka y;r w;rg wh;a fkdjkafka"
» fm<Uùu »» Wmfoia iïmdokh
»»» úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh »¼ iqmÍlaIKh
¼ f;dr;=re iïmdokh

26' úY%dñl úÿy,am;s jrfhl= jQ isßfiak uy;d ish ñ‚ìßh le|jd weia fmkSu ÿ¾j, neúka
nexl=j u.ska tjk ,o ,smsh § th Yío k.d lshjk f,i mejiSh' fuys§ we;sjQ ikaksfõok
ndOlh jkafka"
» udkisl ndOlh hs ' »» udOH ndOlh hs'
»»» mdßißl ndOlh hs' »¼ w¾: ndOlh hs'
¼ oDYH ndOlh hs'

27' ikaksfõolhd úiska .%dylhd fj; hï ikafoaYhla ,ndÿka miq .%dylhd ;=< we;sjk fjki"
» n,mEuhs »» m%;sfmdaIKh
»»» iudcdkqfhdackh »¼ w;aoelSuhs
¼ bf.kSuhs

28' zzikaksfõokh hkq hï ;ekl § ks¾udKh lr.;a fyda f;dard.;a m‚úvhla tA wdldrfhkau
fyda Bg iudk f,i fjk;a ;ekl§ m%;sks¾udKh lsÍuhs˜
fuu ks¾jpkh bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa"
» yer,a ã ,eiafj,a »» ú,an¾ Y%dï
»»» Yekka iy ùj¾ »¼ pd,aia tÉ l+,S
¼ Tlaia*¾â YíofldaIh
29' ljr ikaksfõok ld¾hhla jqjo wdl¾IKSh f,i yd wdhdihlska f;drj isÿ lsÍu i|yd jvd;a
WÑ; jkafka"
» fm<Uùï fhdod.ekSu hs' »» úfkdaodiajdoh fhdod .ekSu hs'
»»» WmfoaYkh fhdod .ekSu hs' »¼ wOHdmkh fhdod.ekSu hs'
¼ iudcdkqfhdackh fhdod .ekSu hs'

30' ck ikaksfõokhg wh;a jQ úfYaIs; ld¾hhka w;rg wh;a fkdjkafka"

» iudcdkqfhdackh »» iyiïnkaOh
»»» iqmÍlaIKh »¼ w¾:l:kh
¼ ksÍlaIKh
 12 fY%aKsh
ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHkh
mdvï wxl - 02
»» m;%h

01 » ikaksfõokh hkak fláfhka y÷kajkak' ^,' 04&

»» ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh lreKq ;=kla wdY%fhka meyeÈ,s lrkak' ^,' 08&
»»» ikaksfõokh zzikao¾Ndkq.; hZZ hk lshuk ksoiqka u.ska meyeos,s lrkak' ^,' 12&
»¼ f;dr;=re iïmdokh yd wOHdmk ld¾hh ikaksfõokfha m%Odk ld¾hhka
folls' iqÿiq WodyrK imhñka meyeÈ,s lrkak' ^,' 16&

02 » ikaksfõok wruqKq y;rla i|yka lrkak' ^,' 04&

»» w¾: ndOl yd udOH ndOl hkak yÿkajkak' ^,' 08&
»»» ud¾. wdf,dal ix{d mqjrejl fld< mdg n,anh oe,aù ;sìh § iqks,a ish
fudag¾ r:h fkdkj;ajd bÈßhg Odjkh lrk ,§' tys § Tyqg WmldÍ jQ
ikaksfõok uQ,sldx. úia;r lrkak' ^,' 12&
»¼ úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh i|yd j¾;udk udOH ;=< oelsh yels jevigyka
ksoiqka weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak' ^,' 16&

03 » ikaksfõokh ixfla;d;aul h hkak fláfhka y÷kajkak' ^,' 04&

»» ikaksfõok l%shdj,shl § .%dyl iajNdjh fln÷ fõ o@ hkak meyeÈ,s lrkak' ^,' 08&
»»» Tn leu;s udOH ikafoaYhla f;dardf.k ikaksfõokh iajNdjh yd ne÷Kq
,laIK meyeÈ,s lrkak' ^,' 12&
»¼ ikaaksfõok l%shdj,shl § we;súh yels m%Odk ndOl j¾. fol i|yd
ksoiqka imhkak' ^,' 16&

04 » ikaksfõokh ms<sn| pd,aia tÉ l+,s f.a ks¾jpkh ,shd olajkak' ^,' 04&
»» ikaksfõokh oaú - ud¾.sl h' Bg WodyrKhla imhkak' ^,' 08&
»»» fojk fY%a‚fha .=re;=ñh l%Svdjla fhdod .ksñka .‚; ixl,amhla
b.ekajQjdh' fuys§ bgq jk m%Odk ikaksfõok wruqKq fol úia;r lrkak' ^,' 12&
»¼ ikaksfõok l%shdj,shl id¾:l;ajh iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a jk wx.hla
f,i m%;sfmdaIKh hkak ksoiqkla weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak' ^,' 16&
 12 fY%aKsh
ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHkh
mdvï wxl - 02
ms<s;=re m;%h »

1 - » 11 - »¼ 21 - ¼
2 - »» 12 - ¼ 22 - »»»
3 - » 13 - ¼ 23 - »¼
4 - » 14 - »»» 24 - »
5 - ¼ 15 - »»» 25 - »¼
6 - »¼ 16 - »» 26 - »»
7 - ¼ 17 - » 27 - »
8 - »» 18 - »»» 28 - »»»
9 - »»» 19 - »» 29 - »»
10 - »» 20 - »»» 30 - ¼

ms<s;r
= e m;%h »»
^01&
^»& woyia yd f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSu" iïnkaO;dj" wjfndaOh" idlÉPdj" .%yKh lr.ekSu"
ixialD;sl iïfm%aIKh" iskyj" wNskh hkd§ jQ idfmalaI jQ fmdÿ woyi ikaksfõokhhs'
ikaksfõokh ffoksl Ôú; ld¾hhka yd iïnkaO jQjla neúka udkjfhl= jYfhka wm isÿlrk
is;Su" iam¾Yh" wd>%dKh" oelSu" l;d lsÍu" ú£u" lshùu" ,sùu" úfkdao ùu hk iEu ld¾hhla
i|yd u ikaksfõokh n,mdhs' mqoa., yd iudc iïnkaO;djhkaf.a moku ikaksfõokh hs'

^»»& ikaksfõokh wruqKq iy.; h'

ikaksfõokh ixfla;d;aul h'
ikaksfõokh ikao¾Ndkq.; h'
ikaksfõokh l%shd mámdáh ls'
^»»»& ikaksfõokh ikao¾Ndkq.; h'
ljr fyda ikaksfõokhla isÿjkafka lsishï ikao¾Nhla ;=<hs' fuu .ska woyia lrkafka
wod< ikaksfõokh isÿjk jgmsgdj ke;fyd;a mßirhhs'
ikaksfõok ld¾hh yd ikao¾Nh w;r iDcq iïnkaOhla mj;S' ikao¾Nhg .e,fmk f,i
ikaksfõok ld¾hh ilia úh hq;= h'
ksoiqkla f,i (- wjux., W;aijhl g wod, ikao¾Nh f,i ie,l=jfyd;a Bg wkqrEmj
fN!;sl jgmsgdj" mqoa.,hka" ixialD;sl wx. hkd§ ish,a, ikao¾N f,i .; yels h'

^»¼& f;dr;=re iïmdokh

´kEu ixfoaYhla f;dr;=rla f,i ie,lsh yels w;r iEu ikaksfõok wjia:djl§u wvq jeä
jYfhka f;dr;=re iïmdokh isÿ fõ'
f;dr;=re iïmdokh ;=<ska"
• úúO jeo.;a foa ms<sn| oekqu wjfndaOh ,nd §u'
• ksrka;rfhka mßirh ms<sn| wjÈfhka isàug yels ùu'
• úúO u;jdo f.dv ke.Su'
• ixialD;sh wLKavj /l .ekSug yels ùu'
• úúO wdmod jHikhka ms<sn|j mQ¾j oekqï §u'
• f;dr;=re wf,ú l< yels fohla ùu'
• ck ú{dkh mq¿,a lsÍu'
f;dr;=rej, ksrjoH;djh u; f;dr;=re iïmdok ld¾hh .=Kd;aul núka jvd;a by<
w.hla .kS'
ksoiqkla f,i (- ,smskhla ,nd §u" NdKavhl ñ, .Kka mejiSu'

wOHdmk ld¾hh
fuys§ f;dr;=re iïmdokhla uQ,sl jYfhka isÿjk kuq;a bka Tíng .sh l%shdldÍ iajNdjhla
Wiq,kakd jQ hula isÿ fõ'
th yqÿ lreKq oelaùulg muKla iSud fkdù tys lsishï ixúOdkd;aul fyda w¾:lkd;aul
bÈßm;a lsÍula oelsh yelsh' f;dr;=re iïmdokfhka Tíng .sh ixúOdkd;aul bÈßm;a
lsÍuls'
ksoiqka f,i (- foaYk" iïuka;%K" jevuq¿

^02&
^»& f;dr;=re iïmdokh
Wmfoia iïmdokh$ wOHdmkh
fm<Uùu
úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh
^»»& w¾: ndOl
ikafoaYh w¾:h yßyeá .%yKh lr .ekSug fkdyels jk úg w¾: ndOl Woa.; fõ'
ksoiqka (-
Wm NdId Ndú;h ksid
idjoH WÉpdrKhka ksid

udOH ndOl
kd,sldj yd iïnkaO kd,sldfõ fyj;a udOHfha we;sjk fodaI iy.; ;;a;ajhka ksid we;s fõ'
ksoiqka (-
WmlrK iqir fkdùu ksid
lKavdhul f>daIdldÍ;ajh ksid

^»»»& úfla;lrKh
ikafoaYhkays wka;¾.;h w¾:l:kh lr wjfndaO lr .ekSfï l%shdj,sh úfla;lrKh f,i
ye¢kafõ'
^ixfla; j,ska lshfjk foa wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd ixfla; w¾:l:kh lr.; hq;=h'&

^»¼& ikaksfõok wjia:djg WÑ; f,i ydiH uqiq lrñka úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh fjkqfjka j¾;udk
udOH ;=< úúO jevigyka oelsh yels h'
.=jka úÿ,s udOH - lKdueÈß rd;%sh $ ã'fca' wrd wekaâ meianrd
rEmjdysks udOH - fu.d fg,s kdgH $ ysre iagd¾

^03&
^1& ikaksfõokh ixfla;d;aul h'
ikaksfõokh hkq ixfla;uh l%shdldÍ;ajh ls' f;dr;=rla ke;fyd;a ixfoaYhla yeuúg u
ixfla; j,ska iukaú; fõ' tkï jpk" ix{d" ,l=Kq" uqqød" bÕs" is;=jï" wl=re muKla fkdj
Yío rgdj o ie,flkafka ixfla; f,isks'
úúO jia;=" mqoa.,hka" ia:dk fukau w;sYh ixlS¾K yeÕSï" woyia" ixl,am wdÈh ms<sn|
f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSug yels ù we;af;a ixfla; mokï lr f.k isÿlrk ikaksfõok
.kqfokqj ;=<sks'

^11& .%dylhd
ikaksfõok l%shdj,shl § ;j;a md¾Yjhla iu. f;dr;=re" woyia" u;" wdl,am wdÈh yqjudre
lr.kakd ;eke;a;d ikaksfõolhd jk w;r mqoa.,hl= muKla fkdj wjia:dkql+,j"
lKavdhula" ixúOdkhla" wdh;khla jQj o ikaksfõok ia:dkh ksfhdackh lrhs '
^111& ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh
• wruqKq iy.; nj
• ixfla;d;aul nj
• ikao¾Ndkq.; nj
• l%shdmámdáh nj
• úúOdldr nj
• tAl ud¾.sl - oaú jd¾.sl ud¾.sl nj
• n,hla nj hk iajNdjhka meyeÈ,s l< hq;= h'

w¾: ndOl- ixfoaYhl w¾:h yßyeá .%yKh lr .ekSug fkdyels jk úg Woa.; jk ndOl
• úo.aO NdIdjla fhdod .ekSu ksid isÿjk ndOl
• jerÈ WÉpdrKh fya;=fjka isÿjk ndOl

udOH ndOl- kd,sldj fyj;a uOHfha we;s jk fodaI iy.; ;;a;ajhka ksidfjka we;sjk ndOl
• WmlrK iqir fkdùu
• yÈis úÿ,sh úikaê ùu

^04&
^1& udkj iïnkaO;d r|jd isákakdjQ;a j¾Okh lrkakd jQ;a ish¨ ixfla; fukau tAjd foaYfhka
foaYhg " m%jdykh lsßug;a ld,fha neÿï j,ska Tíng f.dia iqrlaIs; lsÍug;a WmldÍ jk
Wml%u ikaksfõokhhs'

^11& ikaksfõokh .kqfokqjls' tkï f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu yd ,nd §u hk ld¾hh folu isÿ fõ'
fuu .kqfokqjg iïnkaO jk md¾Yj folu Bg il%shj odhl ùug;a by< m%;sM, ,eìh yel'
WodyrK (- m%%Yak úpdrd;aul ;r`.hlg iyNd.S jk isiqka msßila

^111& úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh

wOHdmk ld¾hh

^»¼& m%;sfmdaIKh
ikafoaYhla ,nd ÿka miq .%dylhd tA iïnkaOfhka ikaksfõolhdg ,ndfok ksÍlaIKh l< yels
wdldrfha m%;spdrh m%;sfmdaIKh hs'