34 CUET (UG) Section II : Domain

CHAPTER 05

Magnetism and Matter

1. The magnetic dipole moment of a magnetic dipole It is The direction of dipole moment can be obtained by right
given by, M = m 2 I where, m is pole strength and 2l is hand thumb rule.
dipole length (magnetic length). 9. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
SI unit of magnetic dipole moment is A-m 2 or J/T. M=
evr
It is a vector quantity and its direction is from South pole 2
towards North pole. where, v = speed of electron on a circular path of radius r
e
2. Coulomb’s Law in Magnetism or M= L
2 me
Magnitude of force acting between two magnetic poles where, L is angular momentum, me = mass of electron
of pole strength m1 and m2 and separated by distance r is and given as L = mvr
given by
m m m 10. Force of interaction between two magnetic dipoles is
F = 0 12 2 m 0 6 m1 m2
4p r F =
4p r4
3. Direction of net magnetic field at any point in the field
region is along the tangent on the magnetic field lines at 11. Earth behaves like a magnet whose magnetic North pole
that point. is somewhere close to geographical South pole and
magnetic South pole is closed to geographical North
4. Magnetic field due to a bar magnet at pole.
(i) an axial point (end-on-position) is
m 2M 12. There are three elements of earth’s magnetic field namely
B= 0 3 [Q r >> l ]
4p r (i) Angle of declination (a )
The direction of magnetic field is along the direction of (ii) Angle of dip (d)
magnetic dipole moment ( M). (iii) Horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field (He ).
m M 13. (i) The angle between geographical meridian
(ii) on equatorial point, B = 0 3 . The direction of and magnetic meridian is known as angle of
4p r
magnetic field is parallel to the magnetic dipole and declination (a ).
opposite to the direction of dipole moment. (ii) In magnetic meridian, the angle made by resultant
5. Torque on a bar magnet in a uniform magnetic field is Earth’s magnetic field (Be ) with the horizontal is known
t = MB sin q = M ´ B as angle of dip (d).
(iii) Horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field
where, q is the angle between M and B.
The direction of t is perpendicular to the plane having M He = Be cos d
and B and is given by right hand screw rule. 14. Relationship between horizontal and vertical components
6. Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field is of the Earth’s magnetic field and angle of dip is given by
U = - MB cos q = - M × B He = Be cos d and Ve = Be sin d
where, q is the angle between M and B. Þ
Ve
= tan d
7. Work done in rotating the dipole in uniform magnetic field He
from q1 to q2 is given by
B = Ve2 + He2
W = MB (cos q1 - cos q2 )
15. Neutral Points The points where net magnetic field due
8. Current loop behaves like a magnetic dipole, whose to the magnet and magnetic field of the Earth is zero, are
dipole moment is given by M = I A called neutral points.
16. Terms related to magnetic properties of material : Relation between m r and c m is m r = 1 + c m
(i) Magnetising Field (H) or Magnetic Intensity The 17. On the basis of their behaviours, the magnetic materials
magnetic field which induces magnetic property in placed in a uniform magnetic field, are classified into
magnetic material is known as magnetising field. three categories
B (i) paramagnetic substance
H= 0
m0 (ii) diamagnetic substance
(iii) ferromagnetic substance
Its SI unit is Am -1.
(ii) Magnetic Inducton (B) The resultant magnetic field 18. Soft iron possesses high permeability, susceptibility,
produced inside the specimen of magnetic material retentivity and low coercivity, a small hysterisis loss,
after magnetisation is known as magnetic inducton. therefore it is fit for making electromagnet.
B = m 0 (H + I ) 19. Steel possesses high coercivity, large hysterisis loss,
(iii) Intensity of Magnetisation (I) The magnetic dipole moderate permeability, susceptibility and retentivity,
therefore it is fit for making permanent magnet.
moment produced per unit volume, when a specimen of
magnetic material in magnetising field is known as 20. Vibration Magnetometer It is used to compare
intensity of magnetisation. the magnetic moments of two bar magnets or to
M m determine the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic
I= or I = field.
V A
where, M = magnetic dipole moment, I
T = 2p
m = pole strength, V = volume of specimen and MH
A = cross-sectional area. where,T = time period,
Its SI unit is Am -1. I = moment of inertia of suspended bar magnet,
(iv) Magnetic Permeability It is equal to the ratio of M = magnetic dipole moment and
magnetic induction and magnetising field or magnetic H = horizontal component of Earth magnetic field.
intensity. 21. Curie Law It states that the magnetic susceptibility of
B paramagnetic substances is inversely proportional to
m= 1
H absolute temperature, i.e. c µ .
Its SI unit is Tm A -1. T
22. Curie Temperature With rise of temperature,
(v) Magnetic Susceptibility It is equal to the ratio of susceptibility of ferromagnetic materials decreases. At a
intensity of magnetisation and magnetising certain temperature, ferromagnetic materials becomes
I paramagnetic. This transition temperature from
field cm = ferromagnetic to paramagnetism is called curie
H
temperature (Tc ).
It has no unit, as units of H and I are same (Am -1 ).
Susceptibility in paramagnetic phase is described by
B c
Relative magnetic permeability m r = cm = [Q T > Tc ]
B0 T - Tc

Practice Questions
1 A natural bar magnet 3 Which of the following point lies in the region of highest
(a) is always suspended in north-south direction magnetic field strength ?
(b) always has two poles
(c) is made of iron and its alloys P S
(d) All of the above
Q
2 The patterns of iron fillings permits us
(a) to plot the north-south poles R
(b) to plot the geographic north-south poles
(c) to plot the magnetic field lines
(a) P (b) Q
(d) to plot the electric dipole
(c) R (d) S
4 Many of the diagrams given in figure below, show 10 The length of a magnetised steel wire is l and the magnetic
magnetic field lines (thick lines in the figure). Which of moment is m. It is bent into the shape of L with two equal
them correctly show this? sides. The magnetic moment now will be
(a) m /2 (b) 2m (c) 2 m (d) m / 2
11 When a magnetic dipole is placed in a uniform magnetic
field in unstable condition, then it experiences a/an
(i) (ii)
(a) impulse (b) moment of pole strength
(c) torque (d) None of these
12 A bar magnet is oscillating in the earth’s magnetic field
with a period T. What happens to its period of motion, if its
mass is quadrupled?
T
(a) Motion remains simple harmonic with new period =
(iii) (iv) 2
(b) Motion remains simple harmonic with new period = 2T
(c) Motion remains simple harmonic with new period = 4T
(d) Motion remains simple harmonic and the period stays
(a) Both (i) and (iv) (b) Both (ii) and (iv) nearly constant
(c) Both (iii) and (iv) (d) Only (iii)
13 Rate of change of torque t with deflection q is maximum
5 Two identical bar magnets are fixed with their centres at a for a magnet suspended freely in a uniform magnetic field
distance x apart. A stationary charge + q is placed at a of induction B, when
point A as shown in the figure between two magnets. The
(a) q = 0° (b) q = 45°
force on the charge is
(c) q = 60° (d) q = 90°
+q
N S A S N 14 A magnet of dipole moment m is aligned in equilibrium
position in a magnetic field of intensity B. The work done
x to rotate it through an angle q in the magnetic field is
(a) towards left (a) mB sin q
(b) towards right (b) mB cos q
(c) perpendicular to the common axis of both magnets (c) mB (1 - cos q)
(d) zero (d) mB (1 - sin q)
6 If the bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.40 A-m2 is 15 A thin bar magnet is placed in a uniform magnetic field
replaced by a solenoid of cross-sectional area 2 ´ 10 -4 m2 and is aligned with the field. The needle is now rotated by
and 1000 turns but of the same magnetic moment, the an angle of 45° and the work done is W . The torque on the
current flowing through the solenoid is magnetic needle at this position is
(a) - 2 A (b) 2 A (a) zero (b)
W
(c) 20 A (d) 1 A 2 -1
W
7 A large magnet is broken into two pieces, so that their (c) (d) 2W
lengths are in the ratio 2 : 1. The pole strengths of the two 2
pieces will have ratio 16 The strength of the earth’s magnetic field varies from place
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 to place on the earth’s surface, its value being of the order
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 1 of
8 Two magnets have the same length and the same pole (a) 10 5 T (b) 10 -6 T (c) 10 -5 T (d) 10 8 T
strength. But one of the magnets has a small hole at its 17 The relations amongst the three elements of earth’s
centre, then magnetic field, namely horizontal component H, vertical
(a) both have equal magnetic moment component V and dip d are (BE = total magnetic field)
(b) one with hole has small magnetic moment (a) V = BE tan d, H = BE
(c) one with hole has large magnetic moment (b) V = BE sin d, H = BE cos d
(d) one with hole loses magnetism through the hole (c) V = BE cos d, H = BE sin d
9 The areas of cross-section of three magnets of same (d) V = BE , H = BE tan d
lengths are A, 2 A and 6 A, respectively. The ratio of their 18 At a certain place, horizontal component is 3 times the
magnetic moments will be
vertical component. The angle of dip at this place is
(a) 6 : 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 : 6
(a) zero (b) p /3
(c) 2 : 6 : 1 (d) 1 : 1 : 1 (c) p /6 (d) None of these
19 The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at (a) Ferromagnetic substance
any place is 0.36 ´ 10 -4 Wb/m2 . If the angle of dip at that (b) Paramagnetic substance
place is 60°, then the value of vertical component of the (c) Diamagnetic substance
earth’s magnetic field will be (in Wb/m2 ) (d) All of these
(a) 0.12 ´ 10 -4 (b) 0.24 ´ 10 -4 27 If a diamagnetic substance is brought near the north or the
(c) 0.40 ´ 10 -4 (d) 0.622 ´ 10 -4 south pole of a bar magnet, then it is
20 The angle of dip at a certain place where the horizontal (a) attracted by the both poles
and vertical components of the earth’s magnetic field are (b) repelled by both the poles
equal is (c) repelled by the north pole and attracted by the
(a) 30° (b) 90° (c) 60° (d) 45° south pole
21 The value of angle of dip is zero at the magnetic equator (d) attracted by the north pole and repelled by the
because on it south pole
(a) BE and HE are equal 28 The variation of magnetic susceptibility c with
(b) the values of BE and HE are zero temperature for a diamagnetic substance is best
(c) the value of BE is zero represented by figure
(d) the value of HE is zero
22 Property of a bulk material called intensity of χ χ
magnetisation is (a) (b)
(a) magnetic moment per unit area
(b) magnetic moment per unit volume O O
T
(c) a vector quantity and having unit of Am -1 T
(d) Both (b) and (c) χ χ
23 Obtain the earth’s magnetisation assuming that the earth’s (c) O (d) O T
field can be approximated by a giant bar magnet of T
magnetic moment 8.0 ´ 1022 A-m2 . The earth’s radius is
6400 km.
(a) 7.9 ´ 10 5 Am-1 (b) 73 Am -1 29 If a diamagnetic solution is poured into a U-tube and one
(c) 1.8 ´ 10 - 5 Am-1 (d) 1.0 Am -1 arm of this U-tube is placed between poles of a strong
magnet, with the meniscus in line with the field, then the
24 The horizontal component of flux density of earth’s level of solution will
magnetic field is 1.7 ´ 10 - 6 T. The value of horizontal
(a) rise (b) fall
component of intensity of earth’s magnetic field will be
(c) oscillate slowly (d) remain as such
(a) 2.45 Am-1 (b) 1.35 Am-1
30 A thin diamagnetic rod is placed vertically between the
(c) 1.53 Am-1 (d) 0.35 Am-1
poles of an electromagnet. When the current in the
25 A paramagnetic substance in the form of a cube with sides electromagnet is switched ON, then the diamagnetic rod is
1 cm has a magnetic dipole moment of 20 ´ 10 - 6 J / T pushed up, out of the horizontal magnetic field. Hence,
when a magnetic intensity of 60 ´ 103 A /m is applied. Its the rod gains gravitational potential energy. The work
magnetic susceptibility is required to do this comes from
. ´ 10 - 4
(a) 33 . ´ 10 - 2
(b) 33 (a) the lattice structure of the material of the rod
(c) 4.3 ´ 10 - 2 . ´ 10 - 2
(d) 23 (b) the magnetic field
(c) the current source
26 Which of the following substance have tendency to move
(d) the induced electric field due to the changing
from stronger to the weaker part of the external magnetic
magnetic field
field?

ANSWERS
1 (d) 2 (c) 3 (a) 4 (d) 5 (d) 6 (b) 7 (d) 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (d)
11 (c) 12 (b) 13 (a) 14 (c) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (d) 20 (d)
21 (a) 22 (d) 23 (b) 24 (b) 25 (a) 26 (c) 27 (b) 28 (d) 29 (b) 30 (c)
38 CUET (UG) Section II : Domain

Hints & Solutions

3 (a) The larger the number of field lines crossing per unit i.e. qm µ A … (ii)
area, the stronger is the magnitude of the magnetic field From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
strength. Since, here point P among the given point lies in mµ A
the region which has maximum number of field lines Given, A1 = A , A2 = 2 A and A3 = 6 A
crossing per unit area. Hence, point P lies in the region of
highest magnetic field strength. Hence, the ratio of magnetic moments
m1 : m2 : m3 = 1 : 2 : 6
4 (d)
(i) Wrong Magnetic field lines can never emanate from a 10 (d) If qm is strength of each pole and l is the length of steel
point, as shown in figure (i). Over any closed surface, wire, then m = qm ´ l.
the net flux must always be zero, i.e. pictorially as many When the wire is bent into L-shape, effective distance
field lines should seem to enter the surface, while as the between the poles
number of lines leaving it. The correct magnetic field
= ( l / 2 )2 + ( l / 2 )2 = l / 2
lines should be encircling the straight conductor.
(ii) Wrong Magnetic field line (like electric field lines) can l m
\ m¢ = qm ´ = (m will remain unchanged)
never cross each other, otherwise the direction of field at 2 2
the point of intersection is ambiguous.
12 (b) The time period of a bar magnet in a magnetic field is
(iii) Right Magnetic lines are completely confined within a given by
toroid. Nothing wrong here in field lines forming closed
loops, since each loop encloses a region across which a æ I ö
T = 2p ç ÷
current passes. The entire region enclosed by the windings è mB ø
of a toroid contains magnetic field lines. where, I is moment of inertia of bar magnet, m is magnetic
(iv) Wrong Field lines due to a solenoid at its ends and moment and B is magnetic induction.
outside cannot be so straight and confined; such a When mass is made 4 times, moment of inertia I becomes
pattern violates Ampere’s law. The lines should curve 4 times (as I = Mr2 , then I µ M ). From the above equation
out at both ends and meet eventually to form closed of time period, T µ I , so T becomes twice, as mass M is
loops.
quadrupled.
5 (d) A moving charge in a uniform magnetic field B
experiences a force. It is given by 13 (a) As we know, torque, t = mB sin q
F = Bqvsin q …(i) Hence, rate of change of torque with deflection,
When charge particle is stationary, then v = 0. dt
= mB cos q . It will be maximum when cosq = 1, i.e.
\ From Eq. (i), we get F = 0 dq
Hence, no force will acts on the charge. q = 0°.
14 (c) Work done to rotate a magnet of magnetic dipole
6 (b) Given, magnetic moment of bar magnet,
moment m in uniform magnetic field B from equilibrium
m = 0.40 A-m 2 position to angle q,
Number of turns, N = 1000 q q
W = ò dW = ò0 td q = ò0 mB sin q dq = mB (1 - cos q )
and area, A = 2 ´ 10-4 m2
Magnetic moment of solenoid, m = NIA 15 (b) Given, work done = W and q = 45°
Þ 0.40 = 1000 ´ I ´ 2 ´ 10-4 We know that, W = mB (cos 0°- cos q )
Þ 4
I = 0.40 ´ 10 / (1000 ´ 2 ) = 2 A = mB(1 - cos 45° )
Hence, the current flowing, I = 2 A. æ 1 ö æ 2 - 1ö
= mB ç1 - ÷=ç ÷ mB
è 2ø è 2 ø
7 (d) Pole strength does not depend on length it depends upon
cross-section area of magnet. 2W
So, strength of the two pieces will remain same. Þ mB = …(i)
2 -1
8 (b) As, we know, magnetic dipole moment m = qm ( 2l ), so Hence, torque, t = mBsin q
hole reduces the effective length of the magnet, W´ 2 1
hence magnetic moment of magnet with hole, is small. t = mB sin 45° = ´ [from Eq. (i)]
2 -1 2
9 (b) As, magnetic moment, m = qm ×2l W
=
where, qm = pole strength and 2l = length of bar magnet 2 -1
\ m µ qm …(i) 17 (b) Let BE be the net magnetic field at some point and H &
Since, pole strength of magnet is directly proportional to the V be the horizontal & vertical components of BE . Let d be
area of cross-section of a bar magnet (A)
 the angle of dip, which is the angle between direction of 8.0 ´ 1022
earth’s magnetic field BE and horizontal line in the magnetic = = 73 Am -1
(4 / 3) (3.14) (6.4 ´ 106 )3
meridian.
H Hence, the earth’s magnetisation is 73 Am -1 .
δ
24 (b) Given, B = 1.7 ´ 10-6 T
Horizontal component of intensity of earth is magnetic field,
V B 1.7 ´ 10-6
H= = = 1.35 Am-1
m 0 4 p ´ 10-7

BE 25 (a) Given, side of cube = 1cm = 10-2 m

Thus, from figure, we can see that \Volume,V = 10-6 m3

H = BE cos d and V = BE sin d Dipole moment, M = 20 ´ 10-6 J/T
18 (c) Given that, H E = 3VE , where H E = horizontal Applied magnetic intensity, H = 60 ´ 103 A/m
component of earth’s magnetic field andVE = vertical Intensity of magnetisation
component of earth’s magnetic field. M 20 ´ 10-6
V I= = = 20 A/m
Angle of dip, tan d = E V 10–6
HE Now, magnetic susceptibility c is
V VE 1 Intensity of magnetisation I
tan d = E = = c= =
HE 3VE 3 Applied magnetic intensity H
\ Angle of dip, d = 30° = ( p / 6 ) rad =
20
19 (d) Given, H E = 0.36 ´ 10-4 Wb/m2 and d = 60° 60 ´ 103
1
Vertical component of earth’s magnetic field, Þ c = ´ 10-3 = 3.33 ´ 10-4
VE = H E tan d = 0.36 ´ 10-4 ´ tan 60° 3
27 (b) When a diamagnetic substance is brought near the north
= 0.36 ´ 10-4 ´ 3 or south pole of a bar magnet, it is feebly repelled by both
\ VE = 0.622 ´ 10-4 Wb/m 2 the poles of magnet such as antimony, copper, gold, silver,
20 (d) Given that, VE = H E
etc.
VE H 28 (d) For diamagnetic substances, the magnetic susceptibility
Angle of dip, tan d = = E = 1 = tan 45° is negative and it is independent of temperature. Therefore,
HE HE choice (d) is correct in figure.
Angle of dip, d = 45°
21 (a) If VE and H E are vertical and horizontal components of
earth’s magnetic field. χ T
O
At magnetic equator,VE = 0
V
\ tan d = E = 0 Þ d = 0°
HE
Since, value of angle of dip is zero at equator. 29 (b) A diamagnetic liquid moves from stronger part of
So, H E = BE cos d = BE cos 0° = BH magnetic field to weaker part. Therefore, the meniscus of
Hence, H E = BE the level of solution will fall.
22 (d) Intensity of magnetisation of a bulk material is given by 30 (c) When the source of current is switched ON, a magnetic
magnetic dipole moment developed per unit volume when it field sets up in between the poles of the electromagnet.
is placed in magnetic field, i.e. As we know that, a diamagnetic substance when placed in a
m magnetic field acquires a feeble magnetism opposite to the
I = net direction of magnetic field. Also, in the presence of the field
V
(non-uniform), these substances are attracted towards the
where, mnet = magnetic moment andV = volume. weaker field, i.e. they move from stronger to weaker
Unit of I = Am-1 and it is a vector quantity. magnetic field.
23 (b) Given, m = 8.0 ´ 1022 A-m 2 and R = 6400 km. Due to these reasons, the rod is repelled or pushed up by the
field produced due to the current source. Hence, the work
mnet 8.0 ´ 1022 é 4 3ù required to do this comes from current source.
Magnetisation, M = = êëQV = 3 pR úû
V (4 / 3) p R 3