ELECTIVE 2 - Renewable Energy

Wind Energy

Bitbit, Davidson
Capupus, Nephi
Chua, Claude
Codaye, Jamael
What is Wind
Energy?
Refers to the process of using the movement of air to convert it into
mechanical power or electricity
A renewable resource that won't get depleted through use, its impact on the
environment and climate crisis is significantly smaller than burning fossil
fuels.
Wind energy is the second largest source of global renewable energy
production, surpassed only by hydroelectric power
How Does Wind
Energy Work?
The function of a wind turbine is to use blades of some shape
(which can vary) to catch the wind's kinetic energy. As the wind
flows over the blades, it lifts them, just like it lifts a sail to push a
boat. That push from the wind makes the blades turn, moving
the drive shaft that they're connected to. That shaft then turns
a pump of some kind pushing that energy into a generator that
creates electricity that can be used right away or stored in a
battery.
Difference between windmill and wind turbine

VS

Windmill Wind Turbine

uses the wind to either mill grains converts wind energy into
into flour, drive machines, or move electricity by turning a turbine.
water
 Parts of Wind
Turbine
Support Tower / Mast
The main support tower is made of
steel, finished in a number of layers of
protective paint to shield it against
the elements. The tower must be tall
enough to ensure the rotor blade
does not interfere with normal day-
to-day operations at ground level
 Parts of Wind
Turbine
Nacelle
The nacelle is the ‘head’ of the wind
turbine, and it is mounted on top of
the support tower. The rotor blade
assembly is attached to the front of
the nacelle.
 Parts of Wind
Turbine
Rotor Blades
The rotor blades are the three
(usually three) long thin blades that
attach to the hub of the nacelle.
These blades are designed to
capture the kinetic energy in the
wind as it passes, and convert it into
rotational energy.
5 Major Components of
Wind Turbine Nacelle

Gearbox Assembly

Aerodynamic Braking

Mechanical Braking

Turbine Generator

Electrical Power Transmission

Systems
5 Major Components of
Wind Turbine Nacelle
Gearbox Assembly
The gearbox assembly receives the rotating input shaft from the centre of
the rotor blade assembly, and using a system of gears, speeds up the
rotation to a high speed suitable for running the turbine generator at its
optimum generation speed. The high speed output shaft from the gearbox
then directly drives the rotation of the generator.

Aerodynamic Breaking
All modern wind turbines use two different kinds of braking systems – aerodynamic braking
and mechanical (friction) braking.
Aerodynamic braking, or “rotor feathering” as it is sometimes called, is achieved by twisting
the rotor blades so they present a thinner cross section to the oncoming wind; This means
they ‘catch’ less of the wind, and so rotate slower.
5 Major Components of
Wind Turbine Nacelle

Mechanical Braking
The mechanical braking system is incorporated into the gearbox assembly. Mechanical
braking is just another term for friction braking – identical to what you would find in a motor
vehicle’s brakes. A rotating disc is mounted onto the input shaft of the gearbox, and using a
hydraulic actuator, brake pads are clamped onto the disc, thus gradually slowing the blade
assembly to a complete stop.
Turbine Generator
The turbine generator is the component that turns the rotational energy in the high-speed
output shaft from the gearbox into an electrical current. The electrical principle of
electromagnetic induction shows that while a magnet is moving past a coil of wire, an electric
current is created (or “induced”) in the wire.
5 Major Components of
Wind Turbine Nacelle

Electrical Power Transmission Systems

The electrical current from the generator is not yet ready for sending to the national electricity
grid, and so it is first fed into a series of electrical circuits that transform the voltage to the
appropriate level such that it can be connected with optimum efficiency to the grid. This
electrical power is then fed through cables back down inside the support tower where it is
taken to connect to the grid. From there, that electricity is supplied for use by homes and
businesses.
 Brief History of Wind
Energy

5000 BC 1700 BC 200 BC 11th Century

The sail was King Hammurabi of Simple wind New ways of using wind
invented to catch Babylon used wind powered energy spread throughout
the wind and powered scoops to pumps were the world: settlers in the
propel boats irrigate used to pump Middle East used windmills
along the River Mesopotamia. water in China extensively for milling grain
Nile to produce foodstuffs
 Wind Energy Brief History

Late 18th Century 1887 1888 1899

windmills began to be The first known Charles F. Brush Poul la Cour discovered
used to pump water wind turbine used built The first that wind turbines with
in farms and ranches, to produce known US wind fewer rotor blades are
and subsequently to electricity is built turbine for more efficient for
generate electricity in Scotland. The electricity producing electricity than
for homes and wind turbine is generation turbines with multiple
industry in North created by Prof blades
America James Blyth
 Wind Energy Brief History

1919 1920 1941 1958

Albert Betz The first vertical axis The first turbine with Johannes Juul developed the
published wind turbine, the a power of over 1MW “Danish Concept,” which
Betz's law. Darrieus turbine, is was installed in allowed alternating current to
invented by Castleton, Vermont, be fed to the grid for the first
Frenchman George USA, time
Darrieus.
 The wind energy is used to propel the

APPLICATION OF
sailboats in river and seas to transport
men and materials from one place to
another.

WIND ENERGY
Wind energy is used to run pumps to
draw water from the grounds through
wind mills.

Wind energy has also been used to run

flourmills to grind the grains like wheat
and corn into flour.

Now-a-days wind energy is being used

to generate electricity.
 Applications Of
Wind Energy
Land-based wind turbines range in size from 100
kilowatts to as large as several megawatts.

LAND-BASED WIND
Applications Of
Wind Energy
Larger wind turbines are more cost effective and are
grouped together into wind plants, which provide bulk
power to the electrical grid.
 Applications Of
Wind Energy
Offshore wind turbines tend to be massive, and taller
than the Statue of Liberty.
They do not have the same transportation challenges of
land-based wind installations, as the large components
can be transported on ships instead of on roads.
These turbines are able to capture powerful ocean winds
OFFSHORE WIND and generate vast amounts of energy.
Applications of Wind Energy

DISTRIBUTED WIND

When wind turbines of any size are

installed on the "customer" side of the
electric meter, or are installed at or
near the place where the energy they
produce will be used, they're called
"distributed wind.

Many turbines used in distributed Small turbines can be used in hybrid energy
applications are small wind turbines. systems with other distributed energy
Single small wind turbines—below 100 resources, such as microgrids powered by
kilowatts—are typically used for diesel generators, batteries, and
residential, agricultural, and small photovoltaics.
commercial and industrial applications.
 Types of
Wind
Turbine

Horizontal-Axis Turbine Vertical-Axis Turbine

Horizontal-Axis Turbine
Axis of rotation is horizontal
The axis of rotation of turbine is parallel to the wind stream
The electric generator and gearbox are installed at the top
of the tower
Yaw mechanism is required to orient the turbine in the
direction of wind
Horizontal axis wind turbine is self-starting
The design and installation of a horizontal axis wind turbine
is complex
Horizontal axis wind turbine requires large space for blade’s
operation
The operation of horizontal axis wind turbine is dependent
on wind direction
The height of the horizontal axis wind turbine from ground
is large
Horizontal axis wind turbine has a high power coefficient
Horizontal axis wind turbine has high tip speed ratio
The ideal efficiency of horizontal axis wind turbine is
around 50% to 60 %
Horizontal axis wind turbines cause high obstruction for
birds
More expensive due their complex design and installation
Vertical-Axis Turbine
Axis of rotation is vertical
The axis of rotation of turbine is perpendicular to the wind stream
The electric generator and gearbox are installed on the
ground
Does not require yaw mechanism because it receives wind
from all directions
Vertical axis wind turbine is not self-starting, hence a starting
mechanism is required to start it from stationary position
The design and installation of a horizontal axis wind turbine
is comparatively simple
Vertical axis wind turbine requires small space for blade’s
operation
The operation of vertical axis wind turbine is independent of
the wind direction because it receives wind from all directions
The vertical axis wind turbine is installed at comparatively
smaller distance from the ground
Vertical axis wind turbine has a low power coefficient
Vertical axis wind turbine has considerably low tip speed ratio
The ideal efficiency of vertical axis wind turbine is usually
more than 70%
Vertical axis wind turbines cause less hindrance for birds
Vertical axis wind turbines are less expensive because their
design and installation is quite simple
 Benefits of Wind Power
Energy

Wind energy is cost competitive Wind energy can provide income for
with other fuel sources. farmers and ranchers, as well as
economic benefits to communities.

Wind energy is an inexhaustible

Wind energy creates jobs.
renewable energy source.
 Benefits of Wind Power
Energy

Wind turbines do not consume Wind energy systems have low

water. operating costs.

Wind energy can be used in a

Wind energy is clean.
variety of applications.
How big are wind turbines
and how much electricity
can they generate? Typical utility-scale land-based wind turbines are
about 250 feet tall and have an average capacity of
2.55 megawatts

Smaller turbines with an average about One type of offshore wind turbine currently in
100 feet tall can produce between 5 and development stands 853 feet tall, can produce
100 kilowatts. 13 megawatts of power.
ADVANTAGES Wind is a type of clean
energy

OF WIND Wind is a renewable

POWER ENERGY
energy source

Wind power has a low

operating cost

Wind turbines save space

Wind power generation

promotes domestic
economic growth
DISADVANTAGES Wind turbines can be

AND LIMITATIONS dangerous to some

wildlife

OF WIND POWER Wind turbines can be

noisy

ENERGY Wind power is limited by

location
Wind power is unreliable
or unpredictable
Wind power is expensive
to set up
What are some potential
future wind technologies?
Magnus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (Magnus
VAWT) by Challenergy

Engineers are in the early stages of Engineers speculate about making artificial
creating airborne wind turbines wind-harvesting trees.
Power Generated From
Wind Turbines

Parameters that affect the power output of wind

turbines:

Windspeed
Air density
Turbine design
Tip to speed ratio
Power Generated From
Wind Turbines
The equation for the available
power to a wind turbine.
Betz's Law
Betz's law states that the maximum power that a
wind turbine can extract is no more than 16/27 of
the kinetic energy of the wind.

16/27 or 0.593 is known as the Betz's coefficient

This means that all wind turbines, regardless of the

design, have a maximum theoretical efficiency of
59.3%.

tip-speed ratio = Tip speed of the blades / wind speed

Normal values:
2 blades -> 6
3 blades -> 4 - 5
4 blades -> 3
6 blades -> 2
Power Generated From
Wind Turbines
Power Coefficient

The ideal efficiency of a horizontal-axis wind turbine is

around 50% to 60 %

The ideal efficiency of vertical axis wind turbine is

usually more than 70%
Power Generated From
Wind Turbines
Power Generated From
Wind Turbines
Capacity Factor = actual power output / maximum possible power output
Indicates how available and energy source is throughout the year.
Typical values ranges from 20% to 30%
 Resources

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