LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

LANGUAGE VS. DIALECT

Language is a system of communication that humans use to express ideas, feelings,
and identity. It consists of sounds, words, and grammar, enabling individuals to convey
meaning through spoken and written forms. Language can also encompass symbols and rules
for writing instructions for computers. It is a structured system that reflects both individual
characteristics and community beliefs and practices.
A dialect is a form of a language that has different words, grammar, and
pronunciation from other forms. It is a regional variety of a language distinguished by its
vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation, which can vary based on different regions, groups,
or situations. Dialects can also be specific to certain groups or classes within a society. In
essence, a dialect is a unique version of a language used by a particular community or region.
Language and dialect are closely related but distinct concepts. A language is a system
of communication with standardized written forms and is often associated with a particular
country or region. It encompasses a broader scope of communication, including both spoken
and written forms, and is typically considered more formal and official. On the other hand, a
dialect is a regional or social variety of a language that may have differences in vocabulary,
grammar, and pronunciation. Dialects are more localized and specific, often reflecting the
cultural and social identity of a particular group within a larger linguistic community. While
languages have standardized forms and are often taught in schools, dialects are more informal
and may not have official recognition.
Language and dialects play crucial roles in shaping communication and identity within
societies.
1. Standardization: Languages often have standardized forms, including grammar rules,
spelling, and pronunciation guidelines, which are taught in educational settings and used in
official documents. Dialects, on the other hand, may lack standardization and vary widely
within a region or community.
2. Mutual Intelligibility: Languages are generally mutually intelligible, meaning speakers of
different dialects within the same language can understand each other. In contrast, dialects
may have varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with the standard language or other
dialects. 3. Social Significance: Language is often associated with prestige, education, and
official communication, while dialects can be markers of social identity, regional pride, and
cultural heritage. Dialects can create a sense of belonging and community among speakers.
4. Evolution: Languages evolve over time through interactions with other languages, cultural
influences, and technological advancements. Dialects also change but may retain older forms
of vocabulary or grammar that have faded in the standard language.
5. Perception: Languages are typically viewed as complete systems of communication, while
dialects are sometimes seen as deviations or variations from the standard language. However,
both languages and dialects are valid forms of communication that reflect the diversity of
human expression. Understanding the differences and nuances between languages and
dialects enriches our appreciation for the complexity and richness of human communication.
THE SPEECH COMMUNICATION
Speech communication refers to the process of conveying messages or information
through spoken language. It involves the exchange of ideas, thoughts, and emotions between
a speaker and an audience. Speech communication can take various forms, including public
speaking, presentations, conversations, debates, and storytelling. It is a fundamental aspect of
human interaction and plays a vital role in personal, professional, and social contexts.
Speech communication encompasses not only the words spoken but also the tone,
gestures, facial expressions, and body language used to convey meaning. Effective speech
communication involves clear articulation, engaging delivery, and the ability to connect with
the audience. It is a dynamic process that requires active listening, feedback, and adaptation
to ensure effective communication and understanding between the speaker and the listener.
LANGUAGE BORROWING
Language borrowing is the abstract noun borrowing refers to the process of speakers
adopting words from a source language into their native language.
Language borrowing, also known as lexical borrowing or loanwords, is a linguistic
phenomenon where one language adopts words or expressions from another language.
Some common examples of Spanish loanwords in Filipino include:
1. Kamiseta (from Spanish "camiseta"): meaning "shirt" or "T-shirt"
2. Silya (from Spanish "silla"): meaning "chair"
3. Kutsara (from Spanish "cuchara"): meaning "spoon"
4. Plato (from Spanish "plato"): meaning "plate"
5. Kamay (from Spanish "mano"): meaning "hand"
1. Loanwords: Loanwords are words taken from one language and used in another language
with little to no modification. These borrowed words retain their original form and meaning.
2. Calques: Calques are expressions or phrases that are translated literally from one language
to another. Instead of borrowing the word itself, the meaning is translated into the borrowing
language.
3. Loan Translations: Loan translations, also known as semantic loan or calque, involve
borrowing not just the word but also the meaning or structure of the original term. The
borrowed word is translated into the borrowing language while maintaining the original
meaning
4. Phonetic Loanwords: Phonetic loanwords are words borrowed from one language into
another with some phonetic adaptation to fit the phonological system of the borrowing
language. The pronunciation of the borrowed word may be adjusted to align with the
phonetic patterns of the borrowing language
5. Semantic Loanwords: Semantic loanwords are borrowed words that acquire a new
meaning in the borrowing language. The original meaning of the word may be altered or
expanded to fit the linguistic and cultural context of the borrowing language
LANGUAGE CONTACT
Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties,
interact, and influence each other. The study of language contact is called contact linguistics.
When speakers of different languages interact closely, it is typical for their languages to
influence each other
BARROWING-word from one language is adapted for use in another [e,,g umbrelle is
an Italian word that refers to the device used as a protection against rain or sun]
LANGUAGE-SHIFT a change from the use of one language to the use of another
language. [e, g since the end of the WWII Spanish-speaking familles have slowly shifted to
English Language.
CODE SWITCHING the use of more than one language by a speaker within an
intercourse with others [e,,g a mollilingual Filipino speaker who can speak in three language
in Cebuano, in Tagalog and in English]
PIDGIN Pidgin is the process of creating a simplified language that emerges as a
means of communication between speakers of different languages who do not share a
common language
CREOLE Creole occurs when a pidgin language evolves into a fully developed and
stable creole language. Creole languages are often the result of prolonged language contact
and may incorporate elements from multiple languages, along with unique grammatical
structures and vocabulary.
Example: Singlish = Singaporean English

LANGUAGE VARIATION
Language variation refers to the differences and diversity found in how language is used and
spoken by different individuals, groups, or communities.
1. Regional Variation: Language can vary based on geographical regions. Different regions
may have distinct dialects or accents, leading to variations in pronunciation, vocabulary, and
grammar.
2. Social Variation: Language can vary based on social factors such as social class, education
level, age, or ethnicity. People from different social backgrounds may use language in
different ways, leading to social variation.
3. Stylistic Variation: Language can vary based on the context or situation in which it is used.
For example, formal language may be used in academic or professional settings, while
informal language may be used among friends or family.
4. Temporal Variation: Language can change over time, leading to historical variations in
vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. Language evolution can be influenced by cultural,
technological, and societal changes.
5. Individual Variation: Each individual may have their unique way of using language,
including idiosyncratic vocabulary, speech patterns, or pronunciation quirks.

LANGUAGE REGISTER
Language register refers to the variety of language or style of communication that is
appropriate for a particular situation, context, or audience. It encompasses factors such as
tone, vocabulary, grammar, and level of formality.
There are typically several registers, including:
1. Formal Register: Used in formal settings such as academic papers, business
correspondence, or official reports. It often employs complex vocabulary, sophisticated
grammar, and a professional tone.
2. Informal Register: Used in casual or familiar settings such as conversations with friends,
text messages, or social media posts. It typically involves simpler vocabulary, colloquial
expressions, and relaxed grammar.
3. Neutral Register: Strikes a balance between formal and informal language and is suitable
for general communication in everyday situations.
4. Technical Register: Involves specialized terminology and jargon specific to a particular
field or profession. It is commonly found in scientific papers, technical manuals, or industry-
specific discussions.
5. Frozen Register: Consists of fixed, unchanging expressions often used in formal
ceremonies, legal documents, or religious rituals. Examples include national anthems,
wedding vows, or prayers.
6. Intimate Register: Reserved for very close relationships such as between family members
or romantic partners. It may involve intimate language, inside jokes, or personal nicknames.

LANGUAGE SHIFT AND DEATH

Language shift refers to the process by which a community or group of speakers
gradually abandons their native language in favor of another language. This can happen for
various reasons, such as social, economic, political, or cultural factors.
As speakers start using the new language more frequently in daily life, their
proficiency and use of their native language decline. Language shift can lead to the eventual
loss of the native language within a community.
Example: The Ayta Magbukun are an indigenous group living in the Zambales province of
the Philippines. Historically, the Ayta Magbukun people spoke their native language, Ayta
Magbukun, as their primary means of communication within the community.
TYPES OF LANGUAGE SHIFT
1. Generational Language Shift
2. Urbanization Language Shift
3. Educational Language Shift
4. Media Language Shift
5.Social Language Shift

LANGUAGE DEATH
Language death occurs when a language ceases to be spoken and no longer has any
native speakers. This can happen as a result of language shift, where the native language is
gradually replaced by another dominant language.
When a language dies, it means that the knowledge, culture, and identity associated
with that language are also lost. Language death is a significant loss to linguistic diversity and
cultural heritage.
Example: Katabaga language was spoken by the Katabaga tribe, an indigenous group in the
Philippines. Over time, due to various social, economic, and cultural factors, the Katabaga
language faced a decline in usage and the number of fluent speakers dwindled.

TYPES OF LANGUAGE DEATH

1. Gradual Language Death
2. Sudden Language Death
3. Top-Down Language Death
4. Bottom-Up Language Death
5. Cultural Assimilation Language Death

LANGUAGE AND GENDER

The study of language and gender explores the relationship between language use and
gender identity.
1. Linguistic Differences: Research has shown that there are linguistic differences between
how men and women communicate. These differences can manifest in various aspects, such
as vocabulary choices, speech patterns, intonation, and conversational styles.
2. Gendered Language: Gendered language refers to the use of specific words, expressions, or
grammatical features that are associated with a particular gender. For example, certain
occupations or roles may be linguistically marked as masculine or feminine.
3. Gender Stereotypes: Language can reinforce and perpetuate gender stereotypes. Certain
words or phrases may be used to describe men and women in stereotypical ways, influencing
societal perceptions and expectations.
4. Language and Power: Language plays a role in power dynamics related to gender. It can
reflect and reinforce power imbalances between genders, such as through the use of sexist
language or the silencing of women's voices.
The study of language and gender sheds light on how language both reflects and
shapes gender identities and social dynamics. It is an important field for understanding the
complexities of communication and social interactions.

LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CLASS OR ETHNICITY

Language is a vital part of our everyday lives. We use language to communicate with
others, whether this be in the form of speech, writing, or gestures. It is often highly structured
and complex, following specific grammar rules and social conventions.

Language has many uses, such as:

•to express ideas
•to argue
•to give orders
•to express feelings and emotions
•to find belonging

Ethnicity is an important social factor for many people. Our ethnic background
influences both our cultural and language practices, meaning that it can become a big part of
our identity. Language is therefore a way of expressing our ethnicity and identity. When a
group of people shares a common culture, language, ancestry, etc. they are said to belong to
the same ethnic group.