Pile Capacity

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Summary of Foundation Bearing Capacity

1. Drilled Shaft Foundation


Service Load Earthquake Load
End Pile Skin End Bearing Applied End Bearing Applied
Structural Skin friction Structural
Foundation No. Bearing Length friction resistance bearing resistance bearing
resistance (kN/pile, resistance
Layer (m) (kN/pile, (kN/pile, resistance (kN/pile, resistance
(kN/pile) F.S=2) (kN/pile)
F.S=3) F.S=3) (kN/pile) F.S=2) (kN/pile)
1 P2 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 11.4 18,235 7,421 14,635 14,635 27,353 11,132 14,635 14,635
2 P3 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 24.0 17,811 7,421 14,635 14,635 26,717 11,132 14,635 14,635
3 P4 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) sand 43.0 6,895 1,745 14,635 8,640 10,343 2,618 14,635 12,961
4 P5 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 18.0 13,359 7,421 14,635 14,635 20,038 11,132 14,635 14,635
5 P6 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 25.5 4,743 7,421 14,635 12,164 7,115 11,132 14,635 14,635
6 P7 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 31.5 5,275 7,421 14,635 12,697 7,913 11,132 14,635 14,635
7 P8 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 36.0 6,204 7,421 14,635 13,626 9,307 11,132 14,635 14,635
8 P9 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 34.0 8,952 7,421 14,635 14,635 13,429 11,132 14,635 14,635
9 P10 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 42.0 5,937 7,421 14,635 13,358 8,906 11,132 14,635 14,635
10 P11 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) WR 51.0 6,095 1,771 14,635 7,866 9,143 2,657 14,635 11,800
11 P12 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 43.0 4,665 7,421 14,635 12,086 6,998 11,132 14,635 14,635
12 P13 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 43.0 6,366 7,421 14,635 13,787 9,549 11,132 14,635 14,635
13 P14 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 47.5 4,557 7,421 14,635 11,978 6,835 11,132 14,635 14,635
14 P15 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 42.5 6,963 7,421 14,635 14,384 10,444 11,132 14,635 14,635
15 P16 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 32.8 6,111 7,421 14,635 13,532 9,167 11,132 14,635 14,635
16 P17 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 33.0 6,114 7,421 14,635 13,536 9,172 11,132 14,635 14,635
17 P18 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 29.5 11,980 7,421 14,635 14,635 17,971 11,132 14,635 14,635
18 P19 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 33.5 4,241 7,421 14,635 11,662 6,361 11,132 14,635 14,635
19 P20 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 31.5 4,877 7,421 14,635 12,298 7,316 11,132 14,635 14,635
20 P21 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 32.0 6,573 7,421 14,635 13,995 9,860 11,132 14,635 14,635
21 P22 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 47.5 5,292 7,421 14,635 12,713 7,938 11,132 14,635 14,635
22 P23 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 36.5 13,906 7,421 14,635 14,635 20,859 11,132 14,635 14,635
23 P24 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) WR 49.5 6,900 1,765 14,635 8,665 10,350 2,648 14,635 12,997
24 P25 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 51.0 6,584 7,421 14,635 14,005 9,876 11,132 14,635 14,635
25 P26 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 47.0 7,687 7,421 14,635 14,635 11,531 11,132 14,635 14,635
26 P27 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 52.5 3,181 7,421 14,635 10,602 4,771 11,132 14,635 14,635
27 P28 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 47.0 4,453 7,421 14,635 11,874 6,680 11,132 14,635 14,635
28 P29 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 43.5 4,877 7,421 14,635 12,298 7,316 11,132 14,635 14,635
29 P30 Approach Bridge(Kigongo) rock 46.0 5,513 7,421 14,635 12,934 8,270 11,132 14,635 14,635
30 P31 Main Bridge WR 66.0 23,095 5,496 40,659 28,591 34,642 8,245 40,659 40,659
31 P32 Main Bridge WR 60.5 23,358 5,405 40,659 28,763 35,038 8,108 40,659 40,659
32 P33 Main Bridge rock 47.5 12,017 33,479 40,659 40,659 18,025 50,219 40,659 40,659
33 P34 Main Bridge rock 46.0 10,179 33,479 40,659 40,659 15,268 50,219 40,659 40,659
34 P35 Main Bridge rock 47.5 10,249 33,479 40,659 40,659 15,374 50,219 40,659 40,659
35 P36 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 39.5 5,089 12,864 14,635 14,635 7,634 19,296 14,635 14,635
36 P37 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 50.5 4,168 12,864 14,635 14,635 6,252 19,296 14,635 14,635
37 P38 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 49.0 5,089 12,864 14,635 14,635 7,634 19,296 14,635 14,635
38 P39 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 52.5 4,816 12,864 14,635 14,635 7,224 19,296 14,635 14,635
39 P40 Approach Bridge(Busisi) WR 54.0 6,611 1,712 14,635 8,324 9,917 2,569 14,635 12,486
40 P41 Approach Bridge(Busisi) WR 55.0 6,768 1,728 14,635 8,496 10,152 2,592 14,635 12,744
41 P42 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 47.0 6,380 12,864 14,635 14,635 9,571 19,296 14,635 14,635
42 P43 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 55.5 3,817 12,864 14,635 14,635 5,725 19,296 14,635 14,635
43 P44 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 52.0 5,878 12,864 14,635 14,635 8,818 19,296 14,635 14,635
44 P45 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 42.9 4,453 12,864 14,635 14,635 6,680 19,296 14,635 14,635
45 P46 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 49.5 4,140 12,864 14,635 14,635 6,210 19,296 14,635 14,635
46 P47 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 51.0 5,850 12,864 14,635 14,635 8,775 19,296 14,635 14,635
47 P48 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 41.0 5,881 12,864 14,635 14,635 8,821 19,296 14,635 14,635
48 P49 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 40.5 14,946 12,864 14,635 14,635 22,419 19,296 14,635 14,635
49 P50 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 40.5 3,240 12,864 14,635 14,635 4,860 19,296 14,635 14,635
50 P51 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 38.5 14,631 12,864 14,635 14,635 21,946 19,296 14,635 14,635
51 P52 Approach Bridge(Busisi) WR 43.5 8,389 1,699 14,635 10,088 12,583 2,549 14,635 14,635
52 P53 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 33.1 18,600 12,864 14,635 14,635 27,900 19,296 14,635 14,635
53 P54 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 31.5 10,178 12,864 14,635 14,635 15,267 19,296 14,635 14,635
54 P55 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 36.0 17,445 12,864 14,635 14,635 26,167 19,296 14,635 14,635
55 P56 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 34.0 16,963 12,864 14,635 14,635 25,445 19,296 14,635 14,635
56 P57 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 26.0 16,852 12,864 14,635 14,635 25,278 19,296 14,635 14,635
57 P58 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 15.5 17,811 12,864 14,635 14,635 26,717 19,296 14,635 14,635
58 P59 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 23.5 17,175 12,864 14,635 14,635 25,763 19,296 14,635 14,635
59 P60 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 22.5 12,373 12,864 14,635 14,635 18,560 19,296 14,635 14,635
60 P61 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 29.5 5,057 12,864 14,635 14,635 7,586 19,296 14,635 14,635
61 P62 Approach Bridge(Busisi) WR 34.0 6,419 1,701 14,635 8,120 9,629 2,552 14,635 12,181
62 P63 Approach Bridge(Busisi) WR 24.0 6,675 1,665 14,635 8,340 10,012 2,498 14,635 12,510
63 P64 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 11.0 5,301 12,864 14,635 14,635 7,952 19,296 14,635 14,635
64 P65 Approach Bridge(Busisi) rock 12.0 17,599 12,864 14,635 14,635 26,399 19,296 14,635 14,635
65 A2 Abutment(Busisi) rock 13.5 17,112 12,864 14,635 14,635 25,668 19,296 14,635 14,635

2. Spread Footing Foundation


Width Length Service Load Earthquake Load
Foundation No.
(m) (m) Applied bearing resistance (kPa) Applied bearing resistance (kPa)
1 A1 Abutment (Kigongo) 7.5 29.5 960 4,950
2 P1 Approach Bridge (Kigongo) 7.5 29.5 960 4,950
1. Bearing capacity of spread footing A1
1) Spread footing parameters
- Width (B) = 7.5 m
- Length (L) = 29.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

- Bearing resistance factor in rock : 0.45

(a) Foundations on Sound Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)


-Qu = 3qu_coreKsp
Qu = ultimate bearing pressure (Mpa)
qu_core = average unconfined compressive strength of rock (MPa)
Ksp = an empirical coefficient, which ranges from 0.1 to 0.4
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Coefficients of discontinuity spacing : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

(b) Presumptive values for bearing resistance (ASSHTO, 2007)


Presumptive bearing resistance for spread footing foundations at the service limit state modified after
U.S. Department of the Navy (1982)
Bearing Resistance (MPa)
Consistency
Type of Bearing Material Recommended
in Place Ordinary range
Value of Use
Massive crystalline igneous and metamorphic
rock: granite, diorite, basalt, gneiss, thoroughly Very hard,
5.7-9.6 7.7
cemented conglomerate (sound condition allows sound rock
minor cracks)
Foliated metamorphic rock: slate, schist (sound Hard sound
2.9-3.8 3.4
condition allows minor cracks) rock

Sedimentary rock: hard cemented shales, Hard sound


1.4-2.4 1.9
siltstone, sandstone, limestone without cavities rock

Weathered or broken bedrock of and kind, except Medium hard


0.77-1.1 0.96
highly argillaceous rock (shale) rock

Compaction shale or other highly argillaceous rock Medium hard


0.77-1.1 0.96
in sound condition rock
3) Calculation

Allow Presumptive values


qu_core Qu
Limit event Ksp bearing capacity for bearing resistance
(MPa) (kPa)
(kPa) (kPa)

Earthquake 0.1 33 9,900.0 4950 -


Normal 0.1 33 9,900.0 3300 960.0

Applied bearing
Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
(kPa)
(kPa)

Extrem event 9,900.0 389 4% (O.K)


LRFD
Service 960.0 281 29 % (O.K)
Earthquake 4,950.0 389 8% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 960.0 281 29 % (O.K)
1. Bearing capacity of spread footing P1
1) Spread footing parameters
- Width (B) = 7.5 m
- Length (L) = 29.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

- Bearing resistance factor in rock : 0.45

(a) Foundations on Sound Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)


-Qu = 3qu_coreKsp
Qu = ultimate bearing pressure (Mpa)
qu_core = average unconfined compressive strength of rock (MPa)
Ksp = an empirical coefficient, which ranges from 0.1 to 0.4
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Coefficients of discontinuity spacing : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

(b) Presumptive values for bearing resistance (ASSHTO, 2007)


Presumptive bearing resistance for spread footing foundations at the service limit state modified after
U.S. Department of the Navy (1982)
Bearing Resistance (MPa)
Consistency
Type of Bearing Material Recommended
in Place Ordinary range
Value of Use
Massive crystalline igneous and metamorphic
rock: granite, diorite, basalt, gneiss, thoroughly Very hard,
5.7-9.6 7.7
cemented conglomerate (sound condition allows sound rock
minor cracks)
Foliated metamorphic rock: slate, schist (sound Hard sound
2.9-3.8 3.4
condition allows minor cracks) rock

Sedimentary rock: hard cemented shales, Hard sound


1.4-2.4 1.9
siltstone, sandstone, limestone without cavities rock

Weathered or broken bedrock of and kind, except Medium hard


0.77-1.1 0.96
highly argillaceous rock (shale) rock

Compaction shale or other highly argillaceous rock Medium hard


0.77-1.1 0.96
in sound condition rock
3) Calculation

Allow Presumptive values


qu_core Qu
Limit event Ksp bearing capacity for bearing resistance
(MPa) (kPa)
(kPa) (kPa)

Earthquake 0.1 33 9,900.0 4950 -


Normal 0.1 33 9,900.0 3300 960.0

Applied bearing
Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
(kPa)
(kPa)

Extrem event 9,900.0 389 4% (O.K)


LRFD
Service 960.0 281 29 % (O.K)
Earthquake 4,950.0 389 8% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 960.0 281 29 % (O.K)
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P2

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P64
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 11.4 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 11.4 m
- Extruded pile length = 0.0 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
sand 1.5 2.8 0.00 0.0 1.14 0.0 0.63 0.0 6.1 0.0 0
rock 2.8 11.4 0.00 0.0 0 68.8 0.63 1350.0 40.5 1350.0 54,706

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
sand 1.3 0.0 17 - - - - - -
rock 8.6 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 137.6 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 27,353 11,132 30,788 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 2.5 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + - + 54,706 )
= 76,970 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 76,970 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 25,657 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 76,970 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 30,788 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 38,485 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 25,657 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).

* There are not the description in drilling log from 0 to 9m. We estimated these layers of drilling log from the near dilling log.
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P3

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P63
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 8.4 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 24.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 15.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 4.5 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 14.1 0.0 0
water 4.5 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 (21.2) 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
Mud 1.5 15.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 66.4 0.0 0
rock 15.6 24.0 0.00 0.0 0 67.2 0.63 1350.0 39.6 1350.0 53,434

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 4.5 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water -4.5 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
Mud 14.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -
rock 8.4 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 134.4 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 26,717 11,132 30,279 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 2.4 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + - + 53,434 )
= 75,698 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 75,698 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 25,233 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 75,698 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 30,279 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 37,849 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 25,233 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P4

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P62
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 32.4 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 43.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 10.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
mud 1.5 10.5 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 42.4 0.0 0
clay 10.5 12.5 0.55 118.8 0 8.0 0.63 0.0 9.4 65.3 616
clay 12.5 19.5 0.55 118.8 0 44.0 0.63 0.0 33.0 65.3 2,154
sand 19.5 20.5 0.00 0.0 0.41 77.0 0.63 0.0 4.7 31.6 149
sand 20.5 23.0 0.00 0.0 0.36 94.5 0.63 0.0 11.8 34.0 401
sand 23.0 43.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 207.0 0.63 0.0 94.2 184.3 17,365

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 9.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 2.0 8.0 19 - - - - - -
clay 7.0 8.0 19 - - - - - -
sand 1.0 10.0 17 - - - - - -
sand 2.5 10.0 35 - - - - - -
sand 20.0 10.0 50 0.77 1.01 4.88 0.91 - -
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

sand 100 307.0 0.1 - 1.4 2,963.0 1.767 5,235.7

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
1,246 10,721 0 2,880 11,878 14,635 11,878

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 4.2 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 5,236 + 2,770 + 550 + 17,365 + - )
= 25,921 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 25,921 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 8,640 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 25,921 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 11,878 14,635 11,878 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 12,961 14,635 12,961 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 8,640 14,635 8,640 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).

* The drilling investigation have not conducted below 21.3m. So the N-value was estimated 50 bloew 21.3m.
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P5

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P61
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 12.8 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 18.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 5.2 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 5.2 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 17.4 0.0 0
sand 5.2 9.5 0.00 0.0 0.17 21.5 0.63 0.0 20.3 3.7 0
clay 9.5 11.6 FALSE 218.8 0 51.2 0.63 0.0 9.7 0.0 0
sand 11.6 11.7 0.00 0.0 0.67 60.2 0.63 0.0 0.7 40.3 0
rock 11.7 18.0 0.00 0.0 0 111.3 0.63 1350.0 29.7 1350.0 40,076

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 3.7 0.0 0 - - - - - -
sand 4.3 10.0 3 - - - - - -
clay 2.1 8.0 35 - - - - - -
sand 0.1 10.0 35 - - - - - -
rock 6.3 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 161.7 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 20,038 11,132 24,936 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1.8 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + - + 40,076 )
= 62,340 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 62,340 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 20,780 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 62,340 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 24,936 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 31,170 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 20,780 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P6

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P60
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 14.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 25.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 11.5 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 4.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 11.8 0.0 0
mud 4.0 11.5 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 35.3 0.0 0
clay 11.5 12.5 0.55 118.8 0 4.0 0.63 0.0 4.7 65.3 0
sand 12.5 23.0 0.00 0.0 0.47 60.5 0.63 0.0 49.5 28.4 0
WR 23.0 23.3 0.00 0.0 0.33 115.0 0.63 0.0 1.4 165.8 234
rock 23.3 25.5 0.00 0.0 0 134.5 0.63 1350.0 10.4 1350.0 13,995

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 2.5 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 7.5 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 1.0 8.0 19 - - - - - -
sand 10.5 10.0 35 - - - - - -
WR 0.3 13.0 50 0.84 1.01 8.79 1.28 - -
rock 2.2 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 152.1 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 141 6,997 11,132 14,616 14,635 14,616

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.6 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + 234 + 13,995 )
= 36,493 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 36,493 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 12,164 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 36,493 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 14,616 14,635 14,616 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 18,247 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 12,164 14,635 12,164 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P7

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P59
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 19.1 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 31.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 12.4 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 3.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 9.0 0.0 0
mud 3.4 12.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 42.4 0.0 0
clay 12.4 14.4 0.55 118.8 0 8.0 0.63 0.0 9.4 65.3 0
sand 14.4 26.4 0.00 0.0 0.4 76.0 0.63 0.0 56.5 30.4 0
WR 26.4 29.4 0.00 0.0 0.25 155.5 0.63 0.0 14.1 174.5 2,467
rock 29.4 31.5 0.00 0.0 0 191.8 0.63 1350.0 9.9 1350.0 13,359

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 1.9 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 9.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 2.0 8.0 19 - - - - - -
sand 12.0 10.0 18 - - - - - -
WR 3.0 13.0 50 0.81 1.01 6.50 1.07 - -
rock 2.1 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 208.6 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 1,480 6,679 11,132 15,433 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.7 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + 2,467 + 13,359 )
= 38,090 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 38,090 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 12,697 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 38,090 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 15,433 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 19,045 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 12,697 14,635 12,697 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P8

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P58
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 23.5 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 36.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 12.5 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 3.5 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 9.4 0.0 0
mud 3.5 12.5 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 42.4 0.0 0
sand 12.5 13.5 0.00 0.0 0.08 5.0 0.63 0.0 4.7 0.4 0
clay 13.5 15.5 0.55 50.0 0 18.0 0.63 0.0 9.4 27.5 0
WR 15.5 23.5 0.00 0.0 0.42 78.0 0.63 0.0 37.7 156.3 5,891
sand 23.5 34.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 182.5 0.63 0.0 49.5 45.6 0
rock 34.0 36.0 0.00 0.0 0 251.0 0.63 1350.0 9.4 1350.0 12,722

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 3.5 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 9.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
sand 1.0 10.0 2 - - - - - -
clay 2.0 8.0 8 - - - - - -
WR 8.0 13.0 50 0.88 1.01 12.95 1.64 - -
sand 10.5 10.0 17 - - - - - -
rock 2.0 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 267.0 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 3,534 6,361 11,132 16,822 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.9 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + 5,891 + 12,722 )
= 40,877 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 40,877 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 13,626 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 40,877 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 16,822 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 20,439 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 13,626 14,635 13,626 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P9

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P57
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 19.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 34.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 15.0 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 3.5 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 9.4 0.0 0
mud 3.5 15.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 54.2 0.0 0
sand 15.0 15.5 0.00 0.0 0.55 2.5 0.63 0.0 2.4 1.4 0
sand 15.5 17.5 0.00 0.0 0.51 15.0 0.63 0.0 9.4 7.7 0
WR 17.5 31.5 0.00 0.0 0.29 116.0 0.63 0.0 66.0 166.0 10,954
rock 31.5 34.0 0.00 0.0 0 227.0 0.63 1350.0 11.8 1350.0 15,903

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 2.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 11.5 0.0 0 - - - - - -
sand 0.5 10.0 17 - - - - - -
sand 2.0 10.0 35 - - - - - -
WR 14.0 13.0 50 0.84 1.01 8.71 1.27 - -
rock 2.5 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 247.0 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 6,572 7,952 11,132 20,525 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1.3 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + 10,954 + 15,903 )
= 49,121 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 49,121 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 16,374 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 49,121 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 20,525 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 24,561 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 16,374 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P10

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P56
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 18.6 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 42.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 23.4 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 3.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 9.0 0.0 0
mud 3.4 23.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 94.2 0.0 0
clay 23.4 37.2 0.55 112.5 0 55.2 0.63 0.0 65.0 61.9 0
sand 37.2 39.2 0.00 0.0 0 120.4 0.63 0.0 9.4 0.0 0
rock 39.2 42.0 0.00 0.0 0 152.8 0.63 1350.0 13.2 1350.0 17,811

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 1.9 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 20.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 13.8 8.0 18 - - - - - -
sand 2.0 10.0 15 - - - - - -
rock 2.8 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 175.2 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 8,906 11,132 16,030 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.8 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + - + 17,811 )
= 40,075 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 40,075 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 13,358 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 40,075 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 16,030 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 20,038 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 13,358 14,635 13,358 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P11

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P55
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 34.2 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 51.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 16.8 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 3.5 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 9.4 0.0 0
mud 3.5 16.8 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 62.7 0.0 0
clay 16.8 39.5 FALSE 212.5 0 90.8 0.63 0.0 107.0 0.0 0
sand 39.5 39.8 0.00 0.0 0.25 183.1 0.63 0.0 1.4 45.8 65
WR 39.8 51.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 257.4 0.63 0.0 52.8 345.3 18,221

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 2.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 13.3 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 22.7 8.0 34 - - - - - -
sand 0.3 10.0 35 - - - - - -
WR 11.2 13.0 100 0.86 2.02 7.85 1.15 - -
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

WR 100 330.2 0.1 - 1.4 3,006.5 1.767 5,312.5

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 10,968 0 2,922 11,112 14,635 11,112

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 3.8 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 5,313 + - + 65 + 18,221 + - )
= 23,599 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 23,599 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 7,866 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 23,599 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 11,112 14,635 11,112 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 11,800 14,635 11,800 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 7,866 14,635 7,866 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P12

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P54
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 28.4 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 43.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 14.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 3.8 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 10.8 0.0 0
mud 3.8 14.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 50.9 0.0 0
clay 14.6 19.6 0.55 93.8 0 20.0 0.63 0.0 23.6 51.6 0
sand 19.6 20.6 0.00 0.0 0.41 45.0 0.63 0.0 4.7 18.5 0
clay 20.6 33.6 0.55 93.8 0 102.0 0.63 0.0 61.3 51.6 0
sand 33.6 40.8 0.00 0.0 0.25 190.0 0.63 0.0 33.9 47.5 0
rock 40.8 43.0 0.00 0.0 0 243.6 0.63 1350.0 10.4 1350.0 13,995

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 3.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 10.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 5.0 8.0 15 - - - - - -
sand 1.0 10.0 17 - - - - - -
clay 13.0 8.0 15 - - - - - -
sand 7.2 10.0 35 - - - - - -
rock 2.2 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 261.2 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 6,997 11,132 14,503 14,635 14,503

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.6 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + - + 13,995 )
= 36,259 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 36,259 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 12,086 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 36,259 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 14,503 14,635 14,503 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 18,130 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 12,086 14,635 12,086 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P13

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P53
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 27.5 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 43.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 15.5 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 5.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 16.5 0.0 0
mud 5.0 15.5 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 49.5 0.0 0
clay 15.5 21.5 0.55 18.8 0 24.0 0.63 0.0 28.3 10.3 0
sand 21.5 25.0 0.00 0.0 0.33 65.5 0.63 0.0 16.5 21.6 0
sand 25.0 35.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 133.0 0.63 0.0 47.1 33.3 0
WR 35.0 40.8 0.00 0.0 0.25 220.7 0.63 0.0 27.3 186.7 5,102
rock 40.8 43.0 0.00 0.0 0 276.0 0.63 1350.0 10.4 1350.0 13,995

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 5.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 10.5 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 6.0 8.0 3 - - - - - -
sand 3.5 10.0 17 - - - - - -
sand 10.0 10.0 35 - - - - - -
WR 5.8 13.0 50 0.76 1.01 4.58 0.88 - -
rock 2.2 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 293.6 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 3,061 6,997 11,132 16,952 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.9 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + 5,102 + 13,995 )
= 41,361 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 41,361 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 13,787 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 41,361 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 16,952 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 20,681 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 13,787 14,635 13,787 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P14

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P52
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 31.4 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 47.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 16.1 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 4.1 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 12.3 0.0 0
mud 4.1 16.1 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 56.5 0.0 0
clay 16.1 23.6 0.55 43.8 0 30.0 0.63 0.0 35.3 24.1 0
sand 23.6 41.1 0.00 0.0 0.25 147.5 0.63 0.0 82.5 36.9 0
sand 41.1 42.1 0.00 0.0 0.25 240.0 0.63 0.0 4.7 60.0 0
WR 42.1 45.9 0.00 0.0 0.25 269.7 0.63 0.0 17.9 195.0 3,492
rock 45.9 47.5 0.00 0.0 0 307.2 0.63 1350.0 7.5 1350.0 10,178

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 4.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 12.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 7.5 8.0 7 - - - - - -
sand 17.5 10.0 26 - - - - - -
sand 1.0 10.0 35 - - - - - -
WR 3.8 13.0 50 0.74 1.01 3.74 0.80 - -
rock 1.6 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 320.0 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 2,095 5,089 11,132 14,653 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.6 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + 3,492 + 10,178 )
= 35,934 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 35,934 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 11,978 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 35,934 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 14,653 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 17,967 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 11,978 14,635 11,978 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P15

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P51
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 25.9 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 42.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 16.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

mud 1.5 16.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 71.2 0.0 0
clay 16.6 20.6 0.55 18.8 0 16.0 0.63 0.0 18.8 10.3 0
sand 20.6 22.9 0.00 0.0 0.36 43.5 0.63 0.0 10.8 15.7 0
clay 22.9 23.6 0.55 93.8 0 57.8 0.63 0.0 3.3 51.6 0
sand 23.6 33.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 110.6 0.63 0.0 47.1 27.7 0
WR 33.6 40.1 0.00 0.0 0.25 202.9 0.63 0.0 30.6 183.5 5,621
rock 40.1 42.5 0.00 0.0 0 264.3 0.63 1350.0 11.3 1350.0 15,267

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

mud 16.6 0.0 0 - - - - - -


clay 4.0 8.0 3 - - - - - -
sand 2.3 10.0 17 - - - - - -
clay 0.7 8.0 15 - - - - - -
sand 10.0 10.0 29 - - - - - -
WR 6.5 13.0 50 0.78 1.01 4.98 0.92 - -
rock 2.4 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 283.5 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 3,372 7,633 11,132 17,710 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + 5,621 + 15,267 )
= 43,152 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 43,152 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 14,384 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 43,152 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 17,710 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 21,576 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 14,384 14,635 14,384 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P16

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P50
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 15.2 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 32.8 m
- Extruded pile length = 17.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

mud 1.5 17.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 74.9 0.0 0
clay 17.4 22.4 0.55 18.8 0 20.0 0.63 0.0 23.6 10.3 0
clay 22.4 23.4 0.55 75.0 0 44.0 0.63 0.0 4.7 41.3 0
clay 23.4 24.4 FALSE 193.8 0 52.0 0.63 0.0 4.7 0.0 0
sand 24.4 26.4 0.00 0.0 0.27 66.0 0.63 0.0 9.4 17.8 0
WR 26.4 30.4 0.00 0.0 0.25 102.0 0.63 0.0 18.8 162.7 3,066
rock 30.4 32.8 0.00 0.0 0 147.2 0.63 1350.0 11.3 1350.0 15,267

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

mud 17.4 0.0 0 - - - - - -


clay 5.0 8.0 3 - - - - - -
clay 1.0 8.0 12 - - - - - -
clay 1.0 8.0 31 - - - - - -
sand 2.0 10.0 46 - - - - - -
WR 4.0 13.0 50 0.86 1.01 9.90 1.38 - -
rock 2.4 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 166.4 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 1,840 7,633 11,132 16,484 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.9 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + 3,066 + 15,267 )
= 40,597 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 40,597 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 13,532 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 40,597 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 16,484 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 20,299 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 13,532 14,635 13,532 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P17

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P49
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 15.4 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 33.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 17.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

mud 1.5 17.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 75.9 0.0 0
clay 17.6 22.6 0.55 18.8 0 20.0 0.63 0.0 23.6 10.3 0
sand 22.6 23.6 0.00 0.0 0.26 45.0 0.63 0.0 4.7 11.7 0
clay 23.6 24.6 0.55 106.3 0 54.0 0.63 0.0 4.7 58.4 0
sand 24.6 26.6 0.00 0.0 0.27 68.0 0.63 0.0 9.4 18.4 0
WR 26.6 30.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 104.0 0.63 0.0 18.8 163.2 3,076
rock 30.6 33.0 0.00 0.0 0 149.2 0.63 1350.0 11.3 1350.0 15,267

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

mud 17.6 0.0 0 - - - - - -


clay 5.0 8.0 3 - - - - - -
sand 1.0 10.0 12 - - - - - -
clay 1.0 8.0 17 - - - - - -
sand 2.0 10.0 38 - - - - - -
WR 4.0 13.0 50 0.86 1.01 9.71 1.36 - -
rock 2.4 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 168.4 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 1,845 7,633 11,132 16,488 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.9 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + 3,076 + 15,267 )
= 40,607 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 40,607 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 13,536 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 40,607 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 16,488 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 20,304 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 13,536 14,635 13,536 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P18

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P48
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 11.9 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 29.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 17.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 4.3 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 13.2 0.0 0
mud 4.3 17.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 62.7 0.0 0
clay 17.6 23.6 0.55 43.8 0 24.0 0.63 0.0 28.3 24.1 0
sand 23.6 23.9 0.00 0.0 0.31 49.3 0.63 0.0 1.2 15.3 0
rock 23.9 29.5 0.00 0.0 0 95.7 0.63 1350.0 26.6 1350.0 35,941

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 2.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 13.3 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 6.0 8.0 7 - - - - - -
sand 0.3 10.0 35 - - - - - -
rock 5.7 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 140.9 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 17,970 11,132 23,282 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1.6 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + - + 35,941 )
= 58,205 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 58,205 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 19,402 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 58,205 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 23,282 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 29,103 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 19,402 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P19

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P47
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 16.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 33.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 17.5 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 4.2 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 12.7 0.0 0
mud 4.2 17.5 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 62.7 0.0 0
clay 17.5 23.7 0.55 31.3 0 24.8 0.63 0.0 29.2 17.2 0
clay 23.7 26.5 FALSE 193.8 0 60.8 0.63 0.0 13.2 0.0 0
sand 26.5 31.5 0.00 0.0 0.25 97.0 0.63 0.0 23.6 24.3 0
rock 31.5 33.5 0.00 0.0 0 138.0 0.63 1350.0 9.4 1350.0 12,722

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 2.7 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 13.3 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 6.2 8.0 5 - - - - - -
clay 2.8 8.0 31 - - - - - -
sand 5.0 10.0 35 - - - - - -
rock 2.0 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 154.0 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 6,361 11,132 13,994 14,635 13,994

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.6 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + - + 12,722 )
= 34,986 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 34,986 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 11,662 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 34,986 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 13,994 14,635 13,994 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 17,493 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 11,662 14,635 11,662 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P20

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P46
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 14.1 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 31.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 17.4 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

mud 1.5 17.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 74.9 0.0 0
clay 17.4 24.4 0.55 50.0 0 28.0 0.63 0.0 33.0 27.5 0
clay 24.4 26.4 0.55 118.8 0 64.0 0.63 0.0 9.4 65.3 0
sand 26.4 27.4 0.00 0.0 0.25 77.0 0.63 0.0 4.7 19.3 0
clay 27.4 28.7 FALSE 200.0 0 87.2 0.63 0.0 6.1 0.0 0
sand 28.7 29.2 0.00 0.0 0.25 94.9 0.63 0.0 2.4 23.7 0
rock 29.2 31.5 0.00 0.0 0 115.8 0.63 1350.0 10.8 1350.0 14,631

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

mud 17.4 0.0 0 - - - - - -


clay 7.0 8.0 8 - - - - - -
clay 2.0 8.0 19 - - - - - -
sand 1.0 10.0 17 - - - - - -
clay 1.3 8.0 32 - - - - - -
sand 0.5 10.0 35 - - - - - -
rock 2.3 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 134.2 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 7,315 11,132 14,758 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.7 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + - + 14,631 )
= 36,895 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 36,895 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 12,298 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 36,895 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 14,758 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 18,448 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 12,298 14,635 12,298 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P21

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P45
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 14.6 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 32.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 17.4 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 4.4 0.00 0.0 0.43 0.0 0.63 0.0 13.7 0.0 0
mud 4.4 17.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 61.3 0.0 0
clay 17.4 26.9 0.55 37.5 0 38.0 0.63 0.0 44.8 20.6 0
sand 26.9 28.9 0.00 0.0 0.25 86.0 0.63 0.0 9.4 21.5 0
rock 28.9 32.0 0.00 0.0 0 120.8 0.63 1350.0 14.6 1350.0 19,720

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 2.9 0.0 6 - - - - - -
mud 13.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 9.5 8.0 6 - - - - - -
sand 2.0 10.0 21 - - - - - -
rock 3.1 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 145.6 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 9,860 11,132 16,794 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.9 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + - + 19,720 )
= 41,984 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 41,984 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 13,995 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 41,984 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 16,794 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 20,992 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 13,995 14,635 13,995 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P22

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P44
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 30.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 47.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 17.5 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

mud 1.5 17.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 75.9 0.0 0
clay 17.6 18.4 0.55 12.5 0 3.2 0.63 0.0 3.8 6.9 0
clay 18.4 29.5 0.55 106.3 0 50.8 0.63 0.0 52.3 58.4 0
sand 29.5 33.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 115.7 0.63 0.0 19.3 28.9 0
sand 33.6 42.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 181.2 0.63 0.0 42.4 179.5 0
WR 42.6 45.4 0.00 0.0 0.25 244.4 0.63 0.0 13.2 190.8 2,517
rock 45.4 47.5 0.00 0.0 0 279.4 0.63 1350.0 9.9 1350.0 13,359

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

mud 17.6 0.0 0 - - - - - -


clay 0.8 8.0 2 - - - - - -
clay 11.1 8.0 17 - - - - - -
sand 4.1 10.0 35 - - - - - -
sand 9.0 10.0 50 0.79 1.01 5.57 0.98 - -
WR 2.8 13.0 50 0.75 1.01 4.13 0.84 - -
rock 2.1 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 296.2 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 1,510 6,679 11,132 15,457 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.7 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + 2,517 + 13,359 )
= 38,140 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 38,140 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 12,713 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 38,140 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 15,457 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 19,070 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 12,713 14,635 12,713 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P23

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P43
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 18.9 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 36.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 17.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 4.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 14.6 0.0 0
mud 4.6 17.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 61.3 0.0 0
WR 17.6 31.6 0.00 0.0 0.29 91.0 0.63 0.0 66.0 159.9 10,547
rock 31.6 36.5 0.00 0.0 0 221.2 0.63 1350.0 23.1 1350.0 31,170

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 3.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 13.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
WR 14.0 13.0 50 0.87 1.01 11.10 1.48 - -
rock 4.9 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 260.4 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 6,328 15,585 11,132 26,436 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 2 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + 10,547 + 31,170 )
= 63,981 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 63,981 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 21,327 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 63,981 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 26,436 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 31,991 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 21,327 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P24

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P42
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 32.1 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 49.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 17.4 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 4.9 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 16.0 0.0 0
mud 4.9 17.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 58.9 0.0 0
clay 17.4 29.4 0.55 43.8 0 48.0 0.63 0.0 56.5 24.1 1,361
clay 29.4 32.4 FALSE 168.8 0 108.0 0.63 0.0 14.1 0.0 0
sand 32.4 38.2 0.00 0.0 0.25 149.0 0.63 0.0 27.3 37.3 1,018
WR 38.2 49.5 0.00 0.0 0.25 251.5 0.63 0.0 53.2 344.1 18,320

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 3.4 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 12.5 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 12.0 8.0 7 - - - - - -
clay 3.0 8.0 27 - - - - - -
sand 5.8 10.0 35 - - - - - -
WR 11.3 13.0 100 0.86 2.02 8.03 1.17 - -
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

WR 100 324.9 0.1 - 1.4 2,996.8 1.767 5,295.4

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
612 11,552 0 2,912 12,061 14,635 12,061

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 4.2 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 5,295 + 1,361 + 1,018 + 18,320 + - )
= 25,994 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 25,994 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 8,665 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 25,994 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 12,061 14,635 12,061 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 12,997 14,635 12,997 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 8,665 14,635 8,665 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P25

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P41
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 33.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 51.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 18.0 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 5.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 16.5 0.0 0
mud 5.0 18.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 61.3 0.0 0
clay 18.0 23.5 0.55 37.5 0 22.0 0.63 0.0 25.9 20.6 0
clay 23.5 29.5 0.55 137.5 0 68.0 0.63 0.0 28.3 75.6 0
sand 29.5 42.5 0.00 0.0 0.25 157.0 0.63 0.0 61.3 39.3 0
WR 42.5 48.8 0.00 0.0 0.25 263.0 0.63 0.0 29.7 193.9 5,756
rock 48.8 51.0 0.00 0.0 0 321.5 0.63 1350.0 10.4 1350.0 13,995

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 5.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 13.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 5.5 8.0 6 - - - - - -
clay 6.0 8.0 22 - - - - - -
sand 13.0 10.0 34 - - - - - -
WR 6.3 13.0 50 0.74 1.01 3.84 0.81 - -
rock 2.2 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 339.1 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 3,453 6,997 11,132 17,266 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.9 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + 5,756 + 13,995 )
= 42,015 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 42,015 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 14,005 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 42,015 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 17,266 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 21,008 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 14,005 14,635 14,005 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P26

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P40
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 29.4 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 47.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 17.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 5.1 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 17.0 0.0 0
mud 5.1 17.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 58.9 0.0 0
clay 17.6 29.6 0.55 37.5 0 48.0 0.63 0.0 56.5 20.6 0
sand 29.6 30.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 101.0 0.63 0.0 4.7 25.3 0
clay 30.6 35.6 FALSE 206.3 0 126.0 0.63 0.0 23.6 0.0 0
WR 35.6 44.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 204.5 0.63 0.0 42.4 183.8 7,795
rock 44.6 47.0 0.00 0.0 0 282.2 0.63 1350.0 11.3 1350.0 15,267

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 5.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 12.5 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 12.0 8.0 6 - - - - - -
sand 1.0 10.0 17 - - - - - -
clay 5.0 8.0 33 - - - - - -
WR 9.0 13.0 50 0.77 1.01 4.94 0.92 - -
rock 2.4 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 301.4 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 4,677 7,633 11,132 18,754 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1.1 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + 7,795 + 15,267 )
= 45,326 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 45,326 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 15,109 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 45,326 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 18,754 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 22,663 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 15,109 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).

There are not the description in drilling log from 37.5 to 39.5m. We estimated this layer of drilling log from the near dilling log.
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P27

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P39
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 35.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 52.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 17.5 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 5.2 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 17.4 0.0 0
mud 5.2 17.5 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 58.0 0.0 0
clay 17.5 23.5 0.55 18.8 0 24.0 0.63 0.0 28.3 10.3 0
clay 23.5 31.0 0.55 75.0 0 78.0 0.63 0.0 35.3 41.3 0
sand 31.0 51.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 208.0 0.63 0.0 94.2 52.0 0
rock 51.0 52.5 0.00 0.0 0 320.0 0.63 1350.0 7.1 1350.0 9,542

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 3.7 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 12.3 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 6.0 8.0 3 - - - - - -
clay 7.5 8.0 12 - - - - - -
sand 20.0 10.0 29 - - - - - -
rock 1.5 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 332.0 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 4,771 11,132 12,722 14,635 12,722

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.4 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + - + 9,542 )
= 31,806 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 31,806 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 10,602 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 31,806 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 12,722 14,635 12,722 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 15,903 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 10,602 14,635 10,602 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P28

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P38
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 26.6 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 47.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 20.4 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 5.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 18.4 0.0 0
mud 5.4 20.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 70.7 0.0 0
clay 20.4 29.4 0.55 12.5 0 36.0 0.63 0.0 42.4 6.9 0
clay 29.4 35.4 0.55 150.0 0 96.0 0.63 0.0 28.3 82.5 0
sand 35.4 44.9 0.00 0.0 0.25 167.5 0.63 0.0 44.8 41.9 0
rock 44.9 47.0 0.00 0.0 0 231.8 0.63 1350.0 9.9 1350.0 13,359

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 3.9 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 15.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 9.0 8.0 2 - - - - - -
clay 6.0 8.0 24 - - - - - -
sand 9.5 10.0 40 - - - - - -
rock 2.1 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 248.6 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 6,679 11,132 14,249 14,635 14,249

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.6 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + - + 13,359 )
= 35,623 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 35,623 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 11,874 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 35,623 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 14,249 14,635 14,249 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 17,812 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 11,874 14,635 11,874 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P29

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P37
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 23.1 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 43.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 20.4 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

mud 1.5 20.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 89.1 0.0 0
clay 20.4 26.4 0.55 18.8 0 24.0 0.63 0.0 28.3 10.3 0
clay 26.4 29.7 0.55 93.8 0 61.2 0.63 0.0 15.5 51.6 0
sand 29.7 32.4 0.00 0.0 0.25 87.9 0.63 0.0 12.7 22.0 0
clay 32.4 35.7 FALSE 193.8 0 114.6 0.63 0.0 15.5 0.0 0
sand 35.7 41.2 0.00 0.0 0.25 155.3 0.63 0.0 25.9 38.8 0
rock 41.2 43.5 0.00 0.0 0 201.2 0.63 1350.0 10.8 1350.0 14,631

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

mud 20.4 0.0 0 - - - - - -


clay 6.0 8.0 3 - - - - - -
clay 3.3 8.0 15 - - - - - -
sand 2.7 10.0 27 - - - - - -
clay 3.3 8.0 31 - - - - - -
sand 5.5 10.0 35 - - - - - -
rock 2.3 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 219.6 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 7,315 11,132 14,758 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.7 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + - + 14,631 )
= 36,895 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 36,895 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 12,298 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 36,895 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 14,758 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 18,448 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 12,298 14,635 12,298 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P30

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P36
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 29.1 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 46.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 16.9 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 4.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 14.6 0.0 0
mud 4.6 16.9 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 58.0 0.0 0
clay 16.9 35.6 0.55 87.5 0 74.8 0.63 0.0 88.1 48.1 0
sand 35.6 43.4 0.00 0.0 0.25 188.6 0.63 0.0 36.8 47.2 0
rock 43.4 46.0 0.00 0.0 0 248.4 0.63 1350.0 12.3 1350.0 16,539

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 3.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 12.3 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 18.7 8.0 14 - - - - - -
sand 7.8 10.0 17 - - - - - -
rock 2.6 16.0 0 - - - - 30 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 269.2 0.1 30 1.4 12,600.0 1.767 22,264.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 8,270 11,132 15,522 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.7 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 22,264 + - + - + - + 16,539 )
= 38,803 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 38,803 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 12,934 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 38,803 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 15,522 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 19,402 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 12,934 14,635 12,934 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P31

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P35
- Pile Diameter (D) = 2.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 2.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 4.909 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 7.854 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 58.9 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 66.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 7.1 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 7.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 4.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 24.3 0.0 0
mud 4.6 7.1 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 19.6 0.0 0
clay 7.1 27.1 0.55 62.5 0 80.0 0.63 0.0 157.1 34.4 5,400
clay 27.1 41.1 0.55 100.0 0 216.0 0.63 0.0 110.0 55.0 6,048
sand 41.1 48.1 0.00 0.0 0.25 307.0 0.63 0.0 55.0 76.8 4,220
WR 48.1 66.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 458.4 0.63 0.0 140.6 381.4 53,617

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 3.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 2.5 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 20.0 8.0 10 - - - - - -
clay 14.0 8.0 16 - - - - - -
sand 7.0 10.0 46 - - - - - -
WR 17.9 13.0 100 0.78 2.02 4.41 0.84 - -
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

WR 100 574.7 0.1 - 1.24 3,358.9 4.909 16,488.8

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 2,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 4.909 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0491 m2
= 40,659 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
5,151 34,491 0 9,069 38,969 40,659 38,969

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 4.4 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 16,489 + 11,447 + 4,220 + 53,617 + - )
= 85,773 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 85,773 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 28,591 kN/pile 26 % (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 85,773 40,659 40,659 7,541 19 % (O.K)
LRFD
Service 38,969 40,659 38,969 7,337 19 % (O.K)
Earthquake 42,887 40,659 40,659 7,541 19 % (O.K)
WSD
Normal 28,591 40,659 28,591 7,337 26 % (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
4) Settlement calculation
- The settlement in Service load state design
① single pile (NAVFAC dm7-02)

St = Ss + Sp + Sps = 2.6 + 3.204 + 0.928 = 6.732 mm

Here, Ss : Settlement due to axial deformation of pile shaft


Sp : Settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted at the point
Sps : Settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted along the pile shaft

L
Ss = ( Qpa + αs · Qfa ) ·
A · Ep
66.0
= ( 1,467.4 + 0.7 x 5,869.6 ) x
4.909 x 27929319.3
= 2.6 mm
Here, Q : Reaction force per pile = 7337.0 kN
Qpa : point load transmitted to the pile tip in the working stress range.
= 1467.4 kN (20% of load distribution ratio)
Qfa : shaft friction load transmitted by the pile in the working stress range(in force units)
= 5869.6 kN (80% of load distribution ratio)
L : pile length = 66.0 m
A : pile cross sectional area = 4.9087 m²
Ep : modulus of elasticity of the pile = 2.79E+07 kPa
αs : = 0.67
⇒ 0.5 for parabolic or uniform distribution of shaft friction
0.67 for triangular distribution of shaft friction starting from
zero friction at pile head to a maximum value at pile point
0.33 for triangular distribution of shaft friction starting from
a maximum at pile head to zero at the pile point

Cp · Qpa 0.09 x 1,467.40


Sp = = = 3.204 mm
B · qb 2.5 x 16,488.85

Here, Cp : empirical coefficient depending on soil type and method of construction = 0.09
Soil Type Driven Piles Bored Piles
Sand(dense to loose) 0.02 ~ 0.04 0.09 ~ 0.18
Clay(stiff to soft) 0.02 ~ 0.03 0.03 ~ 0.06
Silt(dense to loose) 0.03 ~ 0.05 0.09 ~ 0.12
B : pile diameter = 2.5 m
qb : ultimate end bearing capacity = 16,488.8 kN /m²

Cs · Qfa 0.1536 x 5869.6


Sps = = = 0.928 mm
Lb · qb 58.9 x 16488.849918
Here, Cs = ( 0.93 + 0.16 √( Lb / B ) )·Cp = ( 0.93 + 0.16 √( 58.9 / 2.5 ) ) x 0.09
= 0.1536

Lb : embedded length = 58.9 m


1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P32

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P34
- Pile Diameter (D) = 2.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 2.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 4.909 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 7.854 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 54.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 60.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 6.5 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 7.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 6.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 40.1 0.0 0
clay 6.6 23.6 0.55 75.0 0 68.0 0.63 0.0 133.5 41.3 5,508
clay 23.6 39.6 0.55 131.3 0 200.0 0.63 0.0 125.7 72.2 9,071
sand 39.6 42.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 276.0 0.63 0.0 18.8 69.0 1,301
WR 42.0 60.5 0.00 0.0 0.25 408.3 0.63 0.0 145.3 373.0 54,195

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 5.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 17.0 8.0 12 - - - - - -
clay 16.0 8.0 21 - - - - - -
sand 2.4 10.0 46 - - - - - -
WR 18.5 13.0 100 0.80 2.02 4.95 0.90 - -
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

WR 100 528.5 0.1 - 1.24 3,303.1 4.909 16,214.8

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 2,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 4.909 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0491 m2
= 40,659 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
6,561 33,232 0 8,918 38,969 40,659 38,969

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 4.5 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 16,215 + 14,579 + 1,301 + 54,195 + - )
= 86,290 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 86,290 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 28,763 kN/pile 78 % (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 86,290 40,659 40,659 22,512 55 % (O.K)
LRFD
Service 38,969 40,659 38,969 22,424 58 % (O.K)
Earthquake 43,145 40,659 40,659 22,512 55 % (O.K)
WSD
Normal 28,763 40,659 28,763 22,424 78 % (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
4) Settlement calculation
- The settlement in Service load state design
① single pile (NAVFAC dm7-02)

St = Ss + Sp + Sps = 7.283 + 9.957 + 3.085 = 20.325 mm

Here, Ss : Settlement due to axial deformation of pile shaft


Sp : Settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted at the point
Sps : Settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted along the pile shaft

L
Ss = ( Qpa + αs · Qfa ) ·
A · Ep
60.5
= ( 4,484.8 + 0.7 x 17,939.2 ) x
4.909 x 27929319.3
= 7.283 mm
Here, Q : Reaction force per pile = 22424.0 kN
Qpa : point load transmitted to the pile tip in the working stress range.
= 4484.8 kN (20% of load distribution ratio)
Qfa : shaft friction load transmitted by the pile in the working stress range(in force units)
= 17939.2 kN (80% of load distribution ratio)
L : pile length = 60.5 m
A : pile cross sectional area = 4.9087 m²
Ep : modulus of elasticity of the pile = 2.79E+07 kPa
αs : = 0.67
⇒ 0.5 for parabolic or uniform distribution of shaft friction
0.67 for triangular distribution of shaft friction starting from
zero friction at pile head to a maximum value at pile point
0.33 for triangular distribution of shaft friction starting from
a maximum at pile head to zero at the pile point

Cp · Qpa 0.09 x 4,484.80


Sp = = = 9.957 mm
B · qb 2.5 x 16,214.79

Here, Cp : empirical coefficient depending on soil type and method of construction = 0.09
Soil Type Driven Piles Bored Piles
Sand(dense to loose) 0.02 ~ 0.04 0.09 ~ 0.18
Clay(stiff to soft) 0.02 ~ 0.03 0.03 ~ 0.06
Silt(dense to loose) 0.03 ~ 0.05 0.09 ~ 0.12
B : pile diameter = 2.5 m
qb : ultimate end bearing capacity = 16,214.8 kN /m²

Cs · Qfa 0.1506 x 17939.2


Sps = = = 3.085 mm
Lb · qb 54 x 16214.785357
Here, Cs = ( 0.93 + 0.16 √( Lb / B ) )·Cp = ( 0.93 + 0.16 √( 54 / 2.5 ) ) x 0.09
= 0.1506

Lb : embedded length = 54.0 m


1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P33

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P33
- Pile Diameter (D) = 2.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 2.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 4.909 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 7.854 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 26.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 47.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 21.5 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 7.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
mud 1.5 21.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 157.9 0.0 0
clay 21.6 30.6 0.55 50.0 0 36.0 0.63 0.0 70.7 27.5 0
clay 30.6 36.6 FALSE 312.5 0 96.0 0.63 0.0 47.1 0.0 0
sand 36.6 44.1 0.00 0.0 0.25 157.5 0.63 0.0 58.9 39.4 0
rock 44.1 47.5 0.00 0.0 0 222.2 0.63 1350.0 26.7 1350.0 36,050

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 20.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 9.0 8.0 8 - - - - - -
clay 6.0 8.0 50 - - - - - -
sand 7.5 10.0 50 - - - - - -
rock 3.4 16.0 0 - - - - 55 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 249.4 0.1 55 1.24 20,460.0 4.909 100,438.1

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 2,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 4.909 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0491 m2
= 40,659 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 18,025 50,219 54,595 40,659 40,659

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.4 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 100,438 + - + - + - + 36,050 )
= 136,488 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 136,488 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 45,496 kN/pile 50 % (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 136,488 40,659 40,659 22,320 55 % (O.K)
LRFD
Service 54,595 40,659 40,659 22,958 56 % (O.K)
Earthquake 68,244 40,659 40,659 22,320 55 % (O.K)
WSD
Normal 45,496 40,659 40,659 22,958 56 % (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
4) Settlement calculation
- The settlement in Service load state design
① single pile (NAVFAC dm7-02)

St = Ss + Sp + Sps = 5.854 + 1.646 + 0.915 = 8.415 mm

Here, Ss : Settlement due to axial deformation of pile shaft


Sp : Settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted at the point
Sps : Settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted along the pile shaft

L
Ss = ( Qpa + αs · Qfa ) ·
A · Ep
47.5
= ( 4,591.6 + 0.7 x 18,366.4 ) x
4.909 x 27929319.3
= 5.854 mm
Here, Q : Reaction force per pile = 22958.0 kN
Qpa : point load transmitted to the pile tip in the working stress range.
= 4591.6 kN (20% of load distribution ratio)
Qfa : shaft friction load transmitted by the pile in the working stress range(in force units)
= 18366.4 kN (80% of load distribution ratio)
L : pile length = 47.5 m
A : pile cross sectional area = 4.9087 m²
Ep : modulus of elasticity of the pile = 2.79E+07 kPa
αs : = 0.67
⇒ 0.5 for parabolic or uniform distribution of shaft friction
0.67 for triangular distribution of shaft friction starting from
zero friction at pile head to a maximum value at pile point
0.33 for triangular distribution of shaft friction starting from
a maximum at pile head to zero at the pile point

Cp · Qpa 0.09 x 4,591.60


Sp = = = 1.646 mm
B · qb 2.5 x 100,438.14

Here, Cp : empirical coefficient depending on soil type and method of construction = 0.09
Soil Type Driven Piles Bored Piles
Sand(dense to loose) 0.02 ~ 0.04 0.09 ~ 0.18
Clay(stiff to soft) 0.02 ~ 0.03 0.03 ~ 0.06
Silt(dense to loose) 0.03 ~ 0.05 0.09 ~ 0.12
B : pile diameter = 2.5 m
qb : ultimate end bearing capacity = 100,438.1 kN /m²

Cs · Qfa 0.1301 x 18366.4


Sps = = = 0.915 mm
Lb · qb 26 x 100438.14
Here, Cs = ( 0.93 + 0.16 √( Lb / B ) )·Cp = ( 0.93 + 0.16 √( 26 / 2.5 ) ) x 0.09
= 0.1301

Lb : embedded length = 26.0 m


1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P34

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P32
- Pile Diameter (D) = 2.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 2.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 4.909 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 7.854 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 32.5 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 46.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 13.5 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 7.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 3.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 16.7 0.0 0
mud 3.6 13.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 78.5 0.0 0
clay 13.6 23.6 0.55 62.5 0 40.0 0.63 0.0 78.5 34.4 0
clay 23.6 33.6 0.55 118.8 0 120.0 0.63 0.0 78.5 65.3 0
sand 33.6 42.9 0.00 0.0 0.25 206.5 0.63 0.0 73.0 51.6 0
sand 42.9 43.1 0.00 0.0 0.25 254.0 0.63 0.0 1.6 63.5 0
rock 43.1 46.0 0.00 0.0 0 278.0 0.63 1350.0 22.6 1350.0 30,536

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 3.6 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 10.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 10.0 8.0 10 - - - - - -
clay 10.0 8.0 19 - - - - - -
sand 9.3 10.0 50 - - - - - -
sand 0.2 10.0 50 - - - - - -
rock 2.9 16.0 0 - - - - 55 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 301.1 0.1 55 1.24 20,460.0 4.909 100,438.1

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 2,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 4.909 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0491 m2
= 40,659 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 15,268 50,219 52,390 40,659 40,659

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.3 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 100,438 + - + - + - + 30,536 )
= 130,974 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 130,974 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 43,658 kN/pile 50 % (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 130,974 40,659 40,659 21,965 54 % (O.K)
LRFD
Service 52,390 40,659 40,659 21,860 54 % (O.K)
Earthquake 65,487 40,659 40,659 21,965 54 % (O.K)
WSD
Normal 43,658 40,659 40,659 21,860 54 % (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
4) Settlement calculation
- The settlement in Service load state design
① single pile (NAVFAC dm7-02)

St = Ss + Sp + Sps = 5.398 + 1.567 + 0.726 = 7.691 mm

Here, Ss : Settlement due to axial deformation of pile shaft


Sp : Settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted at the point
Sps : Settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted along the pile shaft

L
Ss = ( Qpa + αs · Qfa ) ·
A · Ep
46.0
= ( 4,372.0 + 0.7 x 17,488.0 ) x
4.909 x 27929319.3
= 5.398 mm
Here, Q : Reaction force per pile = 21860.0 kN
Qpa : point load transmitted to the pile tip in the working stress range.
= 4372.0 kN (20% of load distribution ratio)
Qfa : shaft friction load transmitted by the pile in the working stress range(in force units)
= 17488.0 kN (80% of load distribution ratio)
L : pile length = 46.0 m
A : pile cross sectional area = 4.9087 m²
Ep : modulus of elasticity of the pile = 2.79E+07 kPa
αs : = 0.67
⇒ 0.5 for parabolic or uniform distribution of shaft friction
0.67 for triangular distribution of shaft friction starting from
zero friction at pile head to a maximum value at pile point
0.33 for triangular distribution of shaft friction starting from
a maximum at pile head to zero at the pile point

Cp · Qpa 0.09 x 4,372.00


Sp = = = 1.567 mm
B · qb 2.5 x 100,438.14

Here, Cp : empirical coefficient depending on soil type and method of construction = 0.09
Soil Type Driven Piles Bored Piles
Sand(dense to loose) 0.02 ~ 0.04 0.09 ~ 0.18
Clay(stiff to soft) 0.02 ~ 0.03 0.03 ~ 0.06
Silt(dense to loose) 0.03 ~ 0.05 0.09 ~ 0.12
B : pile diameter = 2.5 m
qb : ultimate end bearing capacity = 100,438.1 kN /m²

Cs · Qfa 0.1356 x 17488


Sps = = = 0.726 mm
Lb · qb 32.5 x 100438.14
Here, Cs = ( 0.93 + 0.16 √( Lb / B ) )·Cp = ( 0.93 + 0.16 √( 32.5 / 2.5 ) ) x 0.09
= 0.1356

Lb : embedded length = 32.5 m


1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P35

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P31
- Pile Diameter (D) = 2.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 2.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 4.909 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 7.854 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 30.4 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 47.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 17.1 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 7.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 5.1 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 28.3 0.0 0
mud 5.1 17.1 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 94.2 0.0 0
clay 17.1 22.1 0.55 143.8 0 20.0 0.63 0.0 39.3 79.1 0
clay 22.1 27.1 FALSE 293.8 0 60.0 0.63 0.0 39.3 0.0 0
sand 27.1 37.1 0.00 0.0 0.25 130.0 0.63 0.0 78.5 32.5 0
clay 37.1 44.6 FALSE 390.0 0 210.0 0.63 0.0 58.9 0.0 0
rock 44.6 47.5 0.00 0.0 0 263.2 0.63 1350.0 22.8 1350.0 30,748

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 5.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 12.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 5.0 8.0 23 - - - - - -
clay 5.0 8.0 47 - - - - - -
sand 10.0 10.0 49 - - - - - -
clay 7.5 8.0 62 - - - - - -
rock 2.9 16.0 0 - - - - 55 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 286.4 0.1 55 1.24 20,460.0 4.909 100,438.1

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 2,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 4.909 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0491 m2
= 40,659 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 15,374 50,219 52,474 40,659 40,659

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.3 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 100,438 + - + - + - + 30,748 )
= 131,186 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 131,186 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 43,729 kN/pile 17 % (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 131,186 40,659 40,659 7,808 19 % (O.K)
LRFD
Service 52,474 40,659 40,659 7,335 18 % (O.K)
Earthquake 65,593 40,659 40,659 7,808 19 % (O.K)
WSD
Normal 43,729 40,659 40,659 7,335 18 % (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
4) Settlement calculation
- The settlement in Service load state design
① single pile (NAVFAC dm7-02)

St = Ss + Sp + Sps = 1.87 + 0.526 + 0.257 = 2.653 mm

Here, Ss : Settlement due to axial deformation of pile shaft


Sp : Settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted at the point
Sps : Settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted along the pile shaft

L
Ss = ( Qpa + αs · Qfa ) ·
A · Ep
47.5
= ( 1,467.0 + 0.7 x 5,868.0 ) x
4.909 x 27929319.3
= 1.87 mm
Here, Q : Reaction force per pile = 7335.0 kN
Qpa : point load transmitted to the pile tip in the working stress range.
= 1467.0 kN (20% of load distribution ratio)
Qfa : shaft friction load transmitted by the pile in the working stress range(in force units)
= 5868.0 kN (80% of load distribution ratio)
L : pile length = 47.5 m
A : pile cross sectional area = 4.9087 m²
Ep : modulus of elasticity of the pile = 2.79E+07 kPa
αs : = 0.67
⇒ 0.5 for parabolic or uniform distribution of shaft friction
0.67 for triangular distribution of shaft friction starting from
zero friction at pile head to a maximum value at pile point
0.33 for triangular distribution of shaft friction starting from
a maximum at pile head to zero at the pile point

Cp · Qpa 0.09 x 1,467.00


Sp = = = 0.526 mm
B · qb 2.5 x 100,438.14

Here, Cp : empirical coefficient depending on soil type and method of construction = 0.09
Soil Type Driven Piles Bored Piles
Sand(dense to loose) 0.02 ~ 0.04 0.09 ~ 0.18
Clay(stiff to soft) 0.02 ~ 0.03 0.03 ~ 0.06
Silt(dense to loose) 0.03 ~ 0.05 0.09 ~ 0.12
B : pile diameter = 2.5 m
qb : ultimate end bearing capacity = 100,438.1 kN /m²

Cs · Qfa 0.1339 x 5868


Sps = = = 0.257 mm
Lb · qb 30.4 x 100438.14
Here, Cs = ( 0.93 + 0.16 √( Lb / B ) )·Cp = ( 0.93 + 0.16 √( 30.4 / 2.5 ) ) x 0.09
= 0.1339

Lb : embedded length = 30.4 m


1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P36

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P30
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 31.9 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 39.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 7.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 7.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 28.7 0.0 0
water 7.6 7.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 7.6 7.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 7.6 7.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 7.6 7.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
sand 7.6 37.1 0.00 0.0 0.3 147.5 0.63 0.0 139.0 44.3 0
rock 37.1 39.5 0.00 0.0 0 314.2 0.63 1350.0 11.3 1350.0 15,267

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 7.6 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
sand 29.5 10.0 13 - - - - - -
rock 2.4 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 333.4 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 7,633 19,296 21,543 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.4 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + - + 15,267 )
= 53,858 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 53,858 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 17,953 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 53,858 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 21,543 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 26,929 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 17,953 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P37

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P29
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 20.4 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 50.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 30.1 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 3.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 9.9 0.0 0
mud 3.6 30.1 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 124.9 0.0 0
clay 30.1 38.1 0.55 93.8 0 32.0 0.63 0.0 37.7 51.6 0
sand 38.1 46.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 106.5 0.63 0.0 40.1 26.6 0
sand 46.6 48.1 0.00 0.0 0.25 156.5 0.63 0.0 7.1 39.1 0
WR 48.1 48.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 167.3 0.63 0.0 2.4 176.8 417
rock 48.6 50.5 0.00 0.0 0 185.7 0.63 1350.0 9.0 1350.0 12,086

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 3.6 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 26.5 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 8.0 8.0 15 - - - - - -
sand 8.5 10.0 19 - - - - - -
sand 1.5 10.0 49 - - - - - -
WR 0.5 13.0 50 0.80 1.01 6.04 1.03 - -
rock 1.9 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 200.9 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 250 6,043 19,296 20,471 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.3 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + 417 + 12,086 )
= 51,094 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 51,094 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 17,031 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 51,094 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 20,471 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 25,547 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 17,031 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P38

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P28
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 18.9 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 49.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 30.1 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 3.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 9.9 0.0 0
mud 3.6 30.1 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 124.9 0.0 0
clay 30.1 33.6 0.55 93.8 0 14.0 0.63 0.0 16.5 51.6 0
clay 33.6 41.6 FALSE 275.0 0 60.0 0.63 0.0 37.7 0.0 0
sand 41.6 46.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 117.0 0.63 0.0 23.6 29.3 0
rock 46.6 49.0 0.00 0.0 0 161.2 0.63 1350.0 11.3 1350.0 15,267

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 2.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 26.5 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 3.5 8.0 15 - - - - - -
clay 8.0 8.0 44 - - - - - -
sand 5.0 10.0 19 - - - - - -
rock 2.4 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 180.4 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 7,633 19,296 21,543 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.4 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + - + 15,267 )
= 53,858 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 53,858 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 17,953 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 53,858 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 21,543 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 26,929 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 17,953 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P39

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P27
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 21.8 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 52.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 30.7 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 3.8 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 10.8 0.0 0
mud 3.8 30.8 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 127.2 0.0 0
clay 30.8 33.8 0.55 25.0 0 12.0 0.63 0.0 14.1 13.8 0
clay 33.8 43.6 0.55 87.5 0 63.2 0.63 0.0 46.2 48.1 0
sand 43.6 46.4 0.00 0.0 0.25 116.4 0.63 0.0 13.2 29.1 0
WR 46.4 50.8 0.00 0.0 0.25 159.0 0.63 0.0 20.7 175.2 3,633
rock 50.8 52.5 0.00 0.0 0 201.2 0.63 1350.0 8.0 1350.0 10,814

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 3.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 27.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 3.0 8.0 4 - - - - - -
clay 9.8 8.0 14 - - - - - -
sand 2.8 10.0 25 - - - - - -
WR 4.4 13.0 50 0.81 1.01 6.35 1.06 - -
rock 1.7 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 214.8 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 2,180 5,407 19,296 21,506 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.4 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + 3,633 + 10,814 )
= 53,038 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 53,038 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 17,679 kN/pile 32 % (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 53,038 14,635 14,635 5,416 37 % (O.K)
LRFD
Service 21,506 14,635 14,635 5,615 38 % (O.K)
Earthquake 26,519 14,635 14,635 5,416 37 % (O.K)
WSD
Normal 17,679 14,635 14,635 5,615 38 % (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
4) Settlement calculation
- The settlement in Service load state design
① single pile (NAVFAC dm7-02)

St = Ss + Sp + Sps = 4.396 + 1.746 + 0.74 = 6.882 mm

Here, Ss : Settlement due to axial deformation of pile shaft


Sp : Settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted at the point
Sps : Settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted along the pile shaft

L
Ss = ( Qpa + αs · Qfa ) ·
A · Ep
52.5
= ( 1,123.0 + 0.7 x 4,492.0 ) x
1.767 x 27929319.3
= 4.396 mm
Here, Q : Reaction force per pile = 5615.0 kN
Qpa : point load transmitted to the pile tip in the working stress range.
= 1123.0 kN (20% of load distribution ratio)
Qfa : shaft friction load transmitted by the pile in the working stress range(in force units)
= 4492.0 kN (80% of load distribution ratio)
L : pile length = 52.5 m
A : pile cross sectional area = 1.7671 m²
Ep : modulus of elasticity of the pile = 2.79E+07 kPa
αs : = 0.67
⇒ 0.5 for parabolic or uniform distribution of shaft friction
0.67 for triangular distribution of shaft friction starting from
zero friction at pile head to a maximum value at pile point
0.33 for triangular distribution of shaft friction starting from
a maximum at pile head to zero at the pile point

Cp · Qpa 0.09 x 1,123.00


Sp = = = 1.746 mm
B · qb 1.5 x 38,591.28

Here, Cp : empirical coefficient depending on soil type and method of construction = 0.09
Soil Type Driven Piles Bored Piles
Sand(dense to loose) 0.02 ~ 0.04 0.09 ~ 0.18
Clay(stiff to soft) 0.02 ~ 0.03 0.03 ~ 0.06
Silt(dense to loose) 0.03 ~ 0.05 0.09 ~ 0.12
B : pile diameter = 1.5 m
qb : ultimate end bearing capacity = 38,591.3 kN /m²

Cs · Qfa 0.1386 x 4492


Sps = = = 0.74 mm
Lb · qb 21.8 x 38591.28
Here, Cs = ( 0.93 + 0.16 √( Lb / B ) )·Cp = ( 0.93 + 0.16 √( 21.8 / 1.5 ) ) x 0.09
= 0.1386

Lb : embedded length = 21.8 m


1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P40

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P26
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 27.6 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 54.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 26.4 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 4.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 14.6 0.0 0
mud 4.6 26.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 102.7 0.0 0
clay 26.4 34.6 0.55 25.0 0 32.8 0.63 0.0 38.6 13.8 531
clay 34.6 41.6 0.55 81.3 0 93.6 0.63 0.0 33.0 44.7 1,474
sand 41.6 42.8 0.00 0.0 0.25 127.6 0.63 0.0 5.7 31.9 180
WR 42.8 54.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 206.4 0.63 0.0 52.8 334.4 17,649

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 3.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 21.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 8.2 8.0 4 - - - - - -
clay 7.0 8.0 13 - - - - - -
sand 1.2 10.0 25 - - - - - -
WR 11.2 13.0 100 0.89 2.02 9.79 1.31 - -
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

WR 100 279.2 0.1 - 1.4 2,907.3 1.767 5,137.2

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
902 10,689 0 2,825 11,533 14,635 11,533

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 4.1 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 5,137 + 2,005 + 180 + 17,649 + - )
= 24,971 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 24,971 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 8,324 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 24,971 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 11,533 14,635 11,533 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 12,486 14,635 12,486 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 8,324 14,635 8,324 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P41

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P25
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 28.6 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 55.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 26.4 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 4.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 13.7 0.0 0
mud 4.4 26.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 103.7 0.0 0
clay 26.4 39.9 0.55 62.5 0 54.0 0.63 0.0 63.6 34.4 2,187
sand 39.9 44.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 128.5 0.63 0.0 19.3 32.1 621
WR 44.0 55.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 220.5 0.63 0.0 51.8 337.5 17,496

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 2.9 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 22.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 13.5 8.0 10 - - - - - -
sand 4.1 10.0 19 - - - - - -
WR 11.0 13.0 100 0.88 2.02 9.16 1.26 - -
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

WR 100 292.0 0.1 - 1.4 2,933.5 1.767 5,183.5

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
984 10,839 0 2,851 11,739 14,635 11,739

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 4.1 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 5,183 + 2,187 + 621 + 17,496 + - )
= 25,487 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 25,487 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 8,496 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 25,487 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 11,739 14,635 11,739 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 12,744 14,635 12,744 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 8,496 14,635 8,496 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P42

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P24
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 20.6 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 47.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 26.4 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 4.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 14.6 0.0 0
mud 4.6 26.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 102.7 0.0 0
clay 26.4 32.6 0.55 18.8 0 24.8 0.63 0.0 29.2 10.3 0
clay 32.6 39.1 0.55 87.5 0 75.6 0.63 0.0 30.6 48.1 0
sand 39.1 39.8 0.00 0.0 0.25 105.1 0.63 0.0 3.3 26.3 0
WR 39.8 44.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 139.8 0.63 0.0 22.6 171.3 3,874
rock 44.6 47.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 190.2 0.63 1350.0 11.3 1350.0 15,267

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 4.6 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 21.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 6.2 8.0 3 - - - - - -
clay 6.5 8.0 14 - - - - - -
sand 0.7 10.0 19 - - - - - -
WR 4.8 13.0 50 0.82 1.01 7.22 1.14 - -
rock 2.4 16.0 - - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 209.4 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 2,325 7,633 19,296 23,403 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.5 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + 3,874 + 15,267 )
= 57,732 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 57,732 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 19,244 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 57,732 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 23,403 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 28,866 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 19,244 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).

* There are not the description in drilling log from 21.8 to 34.5m. We estimated these layers of drilling log from the near dilling log.
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P43

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P23
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 29.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 55.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 26.5 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 4.7 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 15.1 0.0 0
mud 4.7 26.5 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 102.7 0.0 0
clay 26.5 32.7 0.55 25.0 0 24.8 0.63 0.0 29.2 13.8 0
clay 32.7 38.5 0.55 75.0 0 72.8 0.63 0.0 27.3 41.3 0
sand 38.5 53.7 0.00 0.0 0.25 172.0 0.63 0.0 71.6 43.0 0
rock 53.7 55.5 0.00 0.0 0.25 262.4 0.63 1350.0 8.5 1350.0 11,450

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 3.2 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 21.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 6.2 8.0 4 - - - - - -
clay 5.8 8.0 12 - - - - - -
sand 15.2 10.0 49 - - - - - -
rock 1.8 16.0 - - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 276.8 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 5,725 19,296 20,017 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.3 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + - + 11,450 )
= 50,041 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 50,041 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 16,680 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 50,041 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 20,017 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 25,021 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 16,680 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P44

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P22
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 25.4 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 52.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 26.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 4.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 14.6 0.0 0
mud 4.6 26.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 103.7 0.0 0
clay 26.6 35.6 0.55 18.8 0 36.0 0.63 0.0 42.4 10.3 0
WR 35.6 38.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 91.5 0.63 0.0 14.1 160.0 2,262
sand 38.6 47.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 156.0 0.63 0.0 42.4 39.0 0
WR 47.6 49.9 0.00 0.0 0.25 216.0 0.63 0.0 10.8 185.9 2,014
rock 49.9 52.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 247.7 0.63 1350.0 9.9 1350.0 13,359

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 4.6 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 22.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 9.0 8.0 3 - - - - - -
WR 3.0 13.0 50 0.87 1.01 11.04 1.48 - -
sand 9.0 10.0 49 - - - - - -
WR 2.3 13.0 50 0.77 1.01 4.68 0.89 - -
rock 2.1 16.0 - - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 264.5 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 2,566 6,679 19,296 22,833 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.5 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + 4,276 + 13,359 )
= 56,226 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 56,226 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 18,742 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 56,226 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 22,833 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 28,113 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 18,742 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P45

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P21
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 19.4 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 42.9 m
- Extruded pile length = 23.5 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 4.5 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 14.1 0.0 0
mud 4.5 23.5 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 89.5 0.0 0
clay 23.5 39.5 0.55 25.0 0 64.0 0.63 0.0 75.4 13.8 0
sand 39.5 40.8 0.00 0.0 0.25 134.5 0.63 0.0 6.1 33.6 0
rock 40.8 42.9 0.00 0.0 0.25 157.8 0.63 1350.0 9.9 1350.0 13,359

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 3.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 19.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 16.0 8.0 4 - - - - - -
sand 1.3 10.0 49 - - - - - -
rock 2.1 16.0 - - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 174.6 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 6,679 19,296 20,780 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.3 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + - + 13,359 )
= 51,950 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 51,950 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 17,317 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 51,950 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 20,780 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 25,975 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 17,317 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).

* There are not the description in drilling log from 25.0 to 28.0m. We estimated these layers of drilling log from the near dilling log.
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P46

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P20
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 26.2 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 49.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 23.3 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 4.3 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 13.2 0.0 0
mud 4.3 23.3 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 89.5 0.0 0
clay 23.3 32.3 0.55 93.8 0 36.0 0.63 0.0 42.4 51.6 0
sand 32.3 33.3 0.00 0.0 0.25 77.0 0.63 0.0 4.7 19.3 0
sand 33.3 46.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 148.5 0.63 0.0 62.7 37.1 0
WR 46.6 47.7 0.00 0.0 0.25 222.2 0.63 0.0 5.2 186.9 969
rock 47.7 49.5 0.00 0.0 0.25 243.7 0.63 1350.0 8.5 1350.0 11,450

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 4.3 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 19.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 9.0 8.0 15 - - - - - -
sand 1.0 10.0 19 - - - - - -
sand 13.3 10.0 49 - - - - - -
WR 1.1 13.0 50 0.76 1.01 4.55 0.88 - -
rock 1.8 16.0 - - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 258.1 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 581 5,725 19,296 20,482 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.3 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + 969 + 11,450 )
= 51,010 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 51,010 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 17,003 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 51,010 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 20,482 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 25,505 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 17,003 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).

* There are not the description in drilling log from 39.0 to 42.3m. We estimated these layers of drilling log from the near dilling log.
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P47

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P19
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 27.4 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 51.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 23.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

mud 1.5 23.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 104.1 0.0 0
clay 23.6 26.4 0.55 25.0 0 11.2 0.63 0.0 13.2 13.8 0
sand 26.4 32.6 0.00 0.0 0.09 53.4 0.63 0.0 29.2 4.8 0
clay 32.6 41.6 0.55 125.0 0 120.4 0.63 0.0 42.4 68.8 0
sand 41.6 44.1 0.00 0.0 0.25 168.9 0.63 0.0 11.8 42.2 0
WR 44.1 48.9 0.00 0.0 0.25 212.6 0.63 0.0 22.6 185.3 4,190
rock 48.9 51.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 260.6 0.63 1350.0 9.9 1350.0 13,359

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

mud 23.6 0.0 0 - - - - - -


clay 2.8 8.0 4 - - - - - -
sand 6.2 10.0 8 - - - - - -
clay 9.0 8.0 20 - - - - - -
sand 2.5 10.0 49 - - - - - -
WR 4.8 13.0 50 0.77 1.01 4.75 0.90 - -
rock 2.1 16.0 - - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 277.4 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 2,514 6,679 19,296 22,791 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.5 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + 4,190 + 13,359 )
= 56,140 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 56,140 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 18,713 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 56,140 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 22,791 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 28,070 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 18,713 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P48

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P18
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 17.2 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 41.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 23.9 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 4.1 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 12.3 0.0 0
mud 4.1 23.9 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 93.1 0.0 0
clay 23.9 30.1 0.55 31.3 0 25.0 0.63 0.0 29.5 17.2 0
sand 30.1 35.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 77.5 0.63 0.0 25.9 19.4 0
WR 35.6 38.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 124.5 0.63 0.0 14.1 168.0 2,375
rock 38.6 41.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 163.2 0.63 1350.0 11.3 1350.0 15,267

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 2.6 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 19.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 6.3 8.0 5 - - - - - -
sand 5.5 10.0 49 - - - - - -
WR 3.0 13.0 50 0.84 1.01 8.11 1.22 - -
rock 2.4 16.0 - - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 182.4 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 1,425 7,633 19,296 22,683 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.5 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + 2,375 + 15,267 )
= 56,233 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 56,233 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 18,744 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 56,233 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 22,683 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 28,117 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 18,744 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P49

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P17
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 17.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 40.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 23.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 3.8 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 10.8 0.0 0
mud 3.8 23.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 93.1 0.0 0
clay 23.6 29.6 0.55 50.0 0 24.0 0.63 0.0 28.3 27.5 0
sand 29.6 30.8 0.00 0.0 0.25 54.3 0.63 0.0 5.9 13.6 0
WR 30.8 33.8 0.00 0.0 0.25 80.0 0.63 0.0 14.1 156.8 2,217
rock 33.8 40.5 0.00 0.0 0.25 153.1 0.63 1350.0 31.6 1350.0 42,620

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 2.3 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 19.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 6.0 8.0 8 - - - - - -
sand 1.3 10.0 33 - - - - - -
WR 3.0 13.0 50 0.88 1.01 12.63 1.62 - -
rock 6.7 16.0 - - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 206.7 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 1,330 21,310 19,296 33,549 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1.2 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + 2,217 + 42,620 )
= 83,428 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 83,428 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 27,809 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 83,428 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 33,549 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 41,714 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 27,809 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P50

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P16
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 17.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 40.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 23.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 1.5 3.8 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 10.8 0.0 0
mud 3.8 23.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 93.3 0.0 0
clay 23.6 26.6 0.55 18.8 0 12.0 0.63 0.0 14.1 10.3 0
sand 26.6 29.1 0.00 0.0 0.19 36.5 0.63 0.0 11.8 6.9 0
sand 29.1 38.1 0.00 0.0 0.25 94.0 0.63 0.0 42.4 23.5 0
WR 38.1 39.1 0.00 0.0 0.25 145.5 0.63 0.0 4.7 172.5 813
rock 39.1 40.5 0.00 0.0 0.25 163.2 0.63 1350.0 6.6 1350.0 8,906

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 3.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -


mud 19.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 3.0 8.0 3 - - - - - -
sand 2.5 10.0 13 - - - - - -
sand 9.0 10.0 32 - - - - - -
WR 1.0 13.0 50 0.82 1.01 6.94 1.11 - -
rock 1.4 16.0 - - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 174.4 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 488 4,453 19,296 19,390 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.3 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + 813 + 8,906 )
= 48,310 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 48,310 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 16,103 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 48,310 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 19,390 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 24,155 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 16,103 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).

* There are not the description in drilling log from 25.3 to 38.3m. We estimated these layers of drilling log from the near dilling log.
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P51

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P15
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 14.9 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 38.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 23.6 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 3.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 9.9 0.0 0
mud 3.6 23.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 94.2 0.0 0
clay 23.6 26.6 0.55 25.0 0 12.0 0.63 0.0 14.1 13.8 0
sand 26.6 30.1 0.00 0.0 0.08 41.5 0.63 0.0 16.5 3.3 0
sand 30.1 31.6 0.00 0.0 0.25 66.5 0.63 0.0 7.1 16.6 0
rock 31.6 38.5 0.00 0.0 0 129.2 0.63 1350.0 32.5 1350.0 43,892

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 2.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 20.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 3.0 8.0 4 - - - - - -
sand 3.5 10.0 6 - - - - - -
sand 1.5 10.0 43 - - - - - -
rock 6.9 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 184.4 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 21,946 19,296 32,994 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1.1 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + - + 43,892 )
= 82,483 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 82,483 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 27,494 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 82,483 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 32,994 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 41,242 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 27,494 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P52

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P14
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 23.2 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 43.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 20.3 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 3.3 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 8.5 0.0 0
mud 3.3 20.3 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 80.1 0.0 0
clay 20.3 23.3 0.55 93.8 0 12.0 0.63 0.0 14.1 51.6 729
sand 23.3 26.3 0.00 0.0 0.29 39.0 0.63 0.0 14.1 11.3 160
sand 26.3 29.3 0.00 0.0 0.25 69.0 0.63 0.0 14.1 167.7 2,371
WR 29.3 43.5 0.00 0.0 0.25 176.3 0.63 0.0 66.9 327.4 21,906

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 1.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 17.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 3.0 8.0 15 - - - - - -
sand 3.0 10.0 25 - - - - - -
sand 3.0 10.0 55 0.91 1.11 16.10 1.89 - -
WR 14.2 13.0 100 0.91 2.02 11.46 1.44 - -
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

WR 100 268.6 0.1 - 1.4 2,884.9 1.767 5,097.6

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
328 14,654 0 2,804 14,229 14,635 14,229

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 5.3 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 5,098 + 729 + 160 + 24,277 + - )
= 30,264 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 30,264 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 10,088 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 30,264 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 14,229 14,635 14,229 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 15,132 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 10,088 14,635 10,088 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P53

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P13
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 12.7 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 33.1 m
- Extruded pile length = 20.4 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 3.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 9.0 0.0 0
mud 3.4 20.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 80.1 0.0 0
clay 20.4 22.9 0.55 68.8 0 10.0 0.63 0.0 11.8 37.8 0
sand 22.9 23.7 0.00 0.0 0.32 24.0 0.63 0.0 3.8 7.7 0
wr 23.7 24.4 0.00 0.0 0.31 32.6 0.63 0.0 3.3 138.7 458
rock 24.4 33.1 0.00 0.0 0 106.7 0.63 1350.0 41.0 1350.0 55,342

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 1.9 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 17.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 2.5 8.0 11 - - - - - -
sand 0.8 10.0 19 - - - - - -
wr 0.7 13.0 50 0.95 1.01 31.03 3.05 - -
rock 8.7 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 176.3 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 275 27,671 19,296 37,794 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1.4 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + 458 + 55,342 )
= 94,391 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 94,391 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 31,464 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 94,391 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 37,794 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 47,196 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 31,464 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P54

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P12
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 13.8 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 31.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 17.7 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 2.9 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 6.6 0.0 0
mud 2.9 17.7 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 69.7 0.0 0
clay 17.7 20.7 0.55 93.8 0 12.0 0.63 0.0 14.1 51.6 0
sand 20.7 26.7 0.00 0.0 0.21 54.0 0.63 0.0 28.3 11.3 0
rock 26.7 31.5 0.00 0.0 0 122.4 0.63 1350.0 22.6 1350.0 30,534

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 1.4 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 14.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 3.0 8.0 15 - - - - - -
sand 6.0 10.0 10 - - - - - -
rock 4.8 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 160.8 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 15,267 19,296 27,650 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.8 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + - + 30,534 )
= 69,125 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 69,125 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 23,042 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 69,125 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 27,650 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 34,563 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 23,042 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P55

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P11
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 14.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 36.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 22.0 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 4.2 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 12.7 0.0 0
mud 4.2 22.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 83.9 0.0 0
clay 22.0 24.2 0.55 25.0 0 8.8 0.63 0.0 10.4 13.8 0
wr 24.2 28.2 0.00 0.0 0.25 43.6 0.63 0.0 18.8 144.2 2,717
rock 28.2 36.0 0.00 0.0 0 132.0 0.63 1350.0 36.8 1350.0 49,617

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 2.7 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 17.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 2.2 8.0 4 - - - - - -
wr 4.0 13.0 50 0.93 1.01 23.17 2.46 - -
rock 7.8 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 194.4 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 1,630 24,809 19,296 36,588 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1.4 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + 2,717 + 49,617 )
= 90,925 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 90,925 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 30,308 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 90,925 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 36,588 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 45,463 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 30,308 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P56

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P10
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 18.8 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 34.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 15.2 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 2.2 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 3.3 0.0 0
mud 2.2 15.2 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 61.3 0.0 0
clay 15.2 17.5 0.55 12.5 0 9.2 0.63 0.0 10.8 6.9 0
sand 17.5 21.7 0.00 0.0 0.34 39.4 0.63 0.0 19.8 13.4 0
sand 21.7 26.0 0.00 0.0 0.31 81.9 0.63 0.0 20.3 25.4 0
rock 26.0 34.0 0.00 0.0 0 167.4 0.63 1350.0 37.7 1350.0 50,890

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.7 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 13.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 2.3 8.0 2 - - - - - -
sand 4.2 10.0 12 - - - - - -
sand 4.3 10.0 49 - - - - - -
rock 8.0 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 231.4 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 25,445 19,296 35,793 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1.3 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + - + 50,890 )
= 89,481 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 89,481 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 29,827 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 89,481 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 35,793 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 44,741 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 29,827 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P57

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P9
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 9.9 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 26.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 16.1 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 1.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.5 0.0 0
mud 1.6 16.1 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 68.3 0.0 0
sand 16.1 17.6 0.00 0.0 0.3 7.5 0.63 0.0 7.1 2.3 0
wr 17.6 18.1 0.00 0.0 0.47 18.3 0.63 0.0 2.4 128.7 303
rock 18.1 26.0 0.00 0.0 0 84.7 0.63 1350.0 37.2 1350.0 50,253

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 14.5 0.0 0 - - - - - -
sand 1.5 10.0 9 - - - - - -
wr 0.5 13.0 50 0.98 1.01 55.34 4.77 - -
rock 7.9 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 147.9 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 182 25,127 19,296 35,684 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1.3 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + 303 + 50,253 )
= 89,147 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 89,147 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 29,716 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 89,147 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 35,684 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 44,574 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 29,716 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P58

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P8
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 8.4 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 15.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 7.1 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 3.6 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 9.9 0.0 0
mud 3.6 7.1 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 16.5 0.0 0
rock 7.1 15.5 0.00 0.0 0 67.2 0.63 1350.0 39.6 1350.0 53,434

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 2.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 3.5 0.0 0 - - - - - -
rock 8.4 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 134.4 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 26,717 19,296 36,810 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1.4 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + - + 53,434 )
= 92,025 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 92,025 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 30,675 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 92,025 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 36,810 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 46,013 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 30,675 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P59

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P7
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 11.4 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 23.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 12.1 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 2.1 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 2.8 0.0 0
mud 2.1 12.1 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 47.1 0.0 0
sand 12.1 14.6 0.00 0.0 0.61 12.5 0.63 0.0 11.8 7.6 0
sand 14.6 15.4 0.00 0.0 0.56 29.0 0.63 0.0 3.8 16.2 0
rock 15.4 23.5 0.00 0.0 0 97.8 0.63 1350.0 38.2 1350.0 51,526

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.6 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 10.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
sand 2.5 10.0 23 - - - - - -
sand 0.8 10.0 49 - - - - - -
rock 8.1 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 162.6 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 25,763 19,296 36,047 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1.3 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + - + 51,526 )
= 90,117 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 90,117 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 30,039 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 90,117 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 36,047 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 45,059 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 30,039 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P60

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P6
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 11.8 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 22.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 10.7 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 0.7 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 (3.8) 0.0 0
mud 0.7 10.7 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 47.1 0.0 0
clay 10.7 12.2 0.55 12.5 0 6.0 0.63 0.0 7.1 6.9 0
wr 12.2 17.2 0.00 0.0 0.57 44.5 0.63 0.0 23.6 144.6 3,406
rock 17.2 22.5 0.00 0.0 0 119.4 0.63 1350.0 25.0 1350.0 33,714

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water -0.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 10.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 1.5 8.0 2 - - - - - -
wr 5.0 13.0 50 0.93 1.01 22.70 2.42 - -
rock 5.3 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 161.8 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 2,044 16,857 19,296 30,558 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + 3,406 + 33,714 )
= 75,711 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 75,711 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 25,237 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 75,711 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 30,558 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 37,856 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 25,237 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P61

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P5
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 18.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 29.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 11.5 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 0.7 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 (3.8) 0.0 0
mud 0.7 11.5 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 50.9 0.0 0
sand 11.5 24.5 0.00 0.0 0.34 65.0 0.63 0.0 61.3 22.1 0
wr 24.5 27.5 0.00 0.0 0.26 149.5 0.63 0.0 14.1 173.3 2,450
rock 27.5 29.5 0.00 0.0 0 185.0 0.63 1350.0 9.4 1350.0 12,722

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water -0.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 10.8 0.0 0 - - - - - -
sand 13.0 10.0 11 - - - - - -
wr 3.0 13.0 50 0.81 1.01 6.76 1.09 - -
rock 2.0 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 201.0 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 1,470 6,361 19,296 21,702 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.4 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + 2,450 + 12,722 )
= 53,763 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 53,763 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 17,921 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 53,763 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 21,702 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 26,882 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 17,921 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P62

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P4
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 25.6 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 34.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 8.4 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 1.5 1.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 (0.5) 0.0 0
mud 1.4 8.4 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 33.0 0.0 0
clay 8.4 17.6 0.55 50.0 0 36.8 0.63 0.0 43.4 27.5 1,192
sand 17.6 23.1 0.00 0.0 0.37 101.1 0.63 0.0 25.9 37.4 969
WR 23.1 34.0 0.00 0.0 0.25 199.5 0.63 0.0 51.4 332.9 17,096

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water -0.1 0.0 0 - - - - - -
mud 7.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 9.2 8.0 8 - - - - - -
sand 5.5 10.0 14 - - - - - -
WR 10.9 13.0 100 0.89 2.02 10.13 1.34 - -
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

WR 100 270.3 0.1 - 1.4 2,888.5 1.767 5,104.1

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
536 10,791 0 2,807 11,307 14,635 11,307

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 4 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 5,104 + 1,192 + 969 + 17,096 + - )
= 24,361 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 24,361 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 8,120 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 24,361 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 11,307 14,635 11,307 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 12,181 14,635 12,181 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 8,120 14,635 8,120 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P63

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P3
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 24.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 24.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 0.0 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
clay 1.5 9.8 0.55 93.8 0 33.2 0.63 0.0 39.1 51.6 2,017
sand 9.8 12.5 0.00 0.0 0.37 79.9 0.63 0.0 12.7 29.6 376
WR 12.5 24.0 0.00 0.0 0.46 168.2 0.63 0.0 54.2 325.4 17,631

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
clay 8.3 8.0 15 - - - - - -
sand 2.7 10.0 8 - - - - - -
WR 11.5 13.0 100 0.92 2.02 12.01 1.49 - -
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

WR 100 242.9 0.1 - 1.4 2,827.4 1.767 4,996.1

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
907 10,786 0 2,748 11,553 14,635 11,553

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 4.3 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 4,996 + 2,017 + 376 + 17,631 + - )
= 25,020 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 25,020 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 8,340 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 25,020 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 11,553 14,635 11,553 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 12,510 14,635 12,510 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 8,340 14,635 8,340 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).

* There are not the description in drilling log from 0 to 15.0m. We estimated these layers of drilling log from the near dilling log.
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P64

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P2
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 11.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 11.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 0.0 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
sand 1.5 8.5 0.00 0.0 0.76 35.0 0.63 0.0 33.0 26.6 0
rock 8.5 11.0 0.00 0.0 0 90.0 0.63 1350.0 11.8 1350.0 15,903

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
sand 7.0 10.0 12 - - - - - -
rock 2.5 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 110.0 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 7,952 19,296 21,798 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 0.4 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + - + 15,903 )
= 54,494 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 54,494 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 18,165 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 54,494 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 21,798 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 27,247 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 18,165 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts P65

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = P1
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 12.0 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 12.0 m
- Extruded pile length = 0.0 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
water 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
sand 1.5 3.7 0.00 0.0 1.11 11.0 0.63 0.0 10.4 12.2 0
rock 3.7 12.0 0.00 0.0 0 88.4 0.63 1350.0 39.1 1350.0 52,798

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -


water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
water 0.0 0.0 0 - - - - - -
sand 2.2 10.0 15 - - - - - -
rock 8.3 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 154.8 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 26,399 19,296 36,556 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1.4 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + - + 52,798 )
= 91,389 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 91,389 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 30,463 kN/pile 0% (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 91,389 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
LRFD
Service 36,556 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
Earthquake 45,695 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
WSD
Normal 30,463 14,635 14,635 0 0% (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).
1. Bearing capacity of drilled shafts A2

1) Pile parameters
- Boring log = A1
- Pile Diameter (D) = 1.5 m
- Pile diameter without casing (Ds) = 1.5 m
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) = 1.767 m2
- Pile perimeter (Ar) = 4.712 m
- Center to center spacing of pile = 3 D
- Embeded pile length (L) = 13.5 m
- Embeded casing length (L) = 0.0 m
- Pile total length = 13.5 m
- Extruded pile length = 0.0 m
- Socket depth = 1.5 m
- Pile Concrete Strength (f'c) = 27 MPa
- Concrete Unit Weight (γc) = 25 kN/m3
- Elastic modulus of pile (Ec) = 27,929,319 kPa
- Atmospheric pressure (pa) = 101 kPa
- Pile Spacing = 4.5 m

2) Resistance factor (AASHTO LRFD, 2007) - Table 10.5.5.2.4-1

(a) Side resistance factor


= 0.45 for Clay , = 0.55 for Sand , = 0.60 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
(b) Base resistance factor
= 0.40 for Clay , = 0.50 for Sand , = 0.55 for IGM , = 0.50 for rock
3) Calculation
① Skin friction capacity
(a) Clay (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs=αSu, α=0.55 for Su/Pa ≤ 1.5 , α=0.55-0.1(Su/Pa-1.5) for 1.5≤Su/Pa≤2.5
Here, Su = undrained shear strength, Pa = Atmospheric pressuse
(b) Sand (Reese & O'Neill, AASHTO 2007)
qs = βσ' ≤ 0.19 (Mpa), (0.25 ≤ β ≤ 1.2)
β is load transfer coefficient, β = 1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z (N>15), β = N/15(1.5-7.7X10-3 x √z ) (N<15),
z = depth below ground, at soil layer mid-depth (mm)
(c) IGM (Mayne & harris, FHWA 1999)
qs = σv'kotanΦ'
ko is earth pressure coefficient at rest, ko = (1-sinΦ')×(0.2PaN60/σv')sinΦ'
Φ' is angle of interal friction, Φ'=tan-1{[N60/(12.3+20.3(σv'/Pa))]0.34}
(d) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
qs = b(qu/Pa)0.5Pa (qu ≤ fc), qs = 0.05fc (qu > fc)
qu = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock, fc = Concrete cimpressive strength
b = Empirical factor (1.41 : Rowe & Armitage (1984), 0.63 : Carter & Kulhawy (1988))

Clay Sand Rock


Upper lower
Soil Ar x t fs Qs
Layer Layer Su σ' qs
Type α β b (m2) (kPa) (kN)
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)

sand 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
sand 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
sand 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 0.0 0.63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
sand 1.5 2.4 0.00 0.0 1.16 4.4 0.63 0.0 4.1 5.1 0
sand 2.4 2.9 0.00 0.0 1.11 11.3 0.63 0.0 2.4 148.4 0
sand 2.9 5.4 0.00 0.0 1 26.6 0.63 0.0 12.0 26.6 0
rock 5.4 13.5 0.00 0.0 0 103.9 0.63 1350.0 38.0 1350.0 51,335

- Parameters for calculating Qs(IGM=N>50 & Rock)

Soil Thickness γ'_sub Ф' σp qu


N OCR K0 qu > fc
Type (m) (KN/m3) (rad) (Mpa) (MPa)

sand 0.0 10.0 0 - - - - - -


sand 0.0 10.0 0 - - - - - -
sand 0.0 10.0 0 - - - - - -
sand 0.9 10.0 26 - - - - - -
sand 0.5 10.0 61 1.02 1.23 109.04 8.05 - -
sand 2.6 10.0 23 - - - - - -
rock 8.1 16.0 0 - - - - 52 qu > fc
② End bearing capacity
(a) Cohesionless soil (AASHTO LRFD Reese & O'Neill, 1999)
- N60 < 50 - N60 > 50 (cohesionless soil treated as IGM in N > 50)
qb = 0.057 N60 (MPa) qb = 0.59 [ N60 (Pa / σ'v) ]0.8 x σ'v (MPa)
(b) Rock (Canadian Foundation Engineering manual, 2006)
-qb = 3quKspd
d = 1+0.4LsBs ≤ 3 Ls : depth (length of socket), Bs : diameter of the socket
Ksp = (3 + c/B) / (10 (1+300 δ/c)0.5)
- Moderately close : 0.1(Moderately close), 0.25(Wide), 0.4(Very wide)

Sand & IGM Rock


Soil qb Ap Qb
N60 σ'v qu
Type Ksp d (kPa) (m2) (kN)
(at bottom) (at bottom) (MPa)

rock 100 168.4 0.1 52 1.4 21,840.0 1.767 38,591.3

③ Structural resistance
(a) Allowable compressive strength in reinforcing steel bar 1,500 ㎜
= 160,000 kPa (0.4*fy) Steel bar

(b) Allowable compressive strength in concrete


= 6,750 kPa (0.25*fck ≤ 8,500 kPa)
(c) Reduction ratio for aspect ratio
u(%) = (l / d) - n (n=60, drilled shaft)
= 0 % reduced 27MPa
(d) Structural resistance in driiled shaft
- Pile cross-sectional area (Ap) : 1.767 m2
- Reinforcing steel bar cross-sectional area : 0.0177 m2
= 14,635 kN/pile

③ Nominal resistance check


QR = η · Φ · Qn = η · (Φqb · Qb + Φqs · Qs)

Φqp = 0.50 for Sand Φqs = 0.55 for Sand


= 0.55 for IGM = 0.45 for Clay
= 0.50 for Rock = 0.60 for IGM
= 0.50 for Rock
η : reduction in resistance from group effects (AASHTO 2012 10.8.3.6)
η = 0.80 (η = 0.67 in 2.5D, 0.8 in 3.0D, 1.0 in 4.0D, sand soil)
Skin friction (Φqs · Qs) (kN) Factored
End bearing Structural Applied bearing
bearing
(Φqb · Qb) resistance resistance
Clay Sand+IGM Rock resistance
(kN) (kN/pile) (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
0 0 25,667 19,296 35,970 14,635 14,635

The ratio of skin friction to end bearing


- skin friction : end bearing = 1.3 : 1

※ For extreme event limit states, resistance factors shall be taken as 1.0
Qu = 1.00 x( 38,591 + - + - + - + 51,335 )
= 89,926 kN/pile
※ Allow bearing capacity
Qa = 89,926 ÷ 3.0 (Fs, Safety factor 2.0~3.0, BS 8004)
= 29,975 kN/pile 22 % (O.K)

Factored Applied
Structural
bearing bearing Axial force
Method Limit event resistance Result
resistance resistance (kN/pile)
(kN/pile)
(kN/pile) (kN/pile)
Extrem event 89,926 14,635 14,635 7,181 49 % (O.K)
LRFD
Service 35,970 14,635 14,635 6,509 44 % (O.K)
Earthquake 44,963 14,635 14,635 7,181 49 % (O.K)
WSD
Normal 29,975 14,635 14,635 6,509 44 % (O.K)
* N-value is applied average N value each section(Approach bridge(Kigongo), Main bridge, Approach bridge(Busisi)).

* There are not the description in drilling log from 0 to 1.5m. We estimated this layer of drilling log from the near dilling log.
4) Settlement calculation
- The settlement in Service load state design
① single pile (NAVFAC dm7-02)

St = Ss + Sp + Sps = 1.31 + 2.024 + 1.268 = 4.602 mm

Here, Ss : Settlement due to axial deformation of pile shaft


Sp : Settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted at the point
Sps : Settlement of pile point caused by load transmitted along the pile shaft

L
Ss = ( Qpa + αs · Qfa ) ·
A · Ep
13.5
= ( 1,301.8 + 0.7 x 5,207.2 ) x
1.767 x 27929319.3
= 1.31 mm
Here, Q : Reaction force per pile = 6509.0 kN
Qpa : point load transmitted to the pile tip in the working stress range.
= 1301.8 kN (20% of load distribution ratio)
Qfa : shaft friction load transmitted by the pile in the working stress range(in force units)
= 5207.2 kN (80% of load distribution ratio)
L : pile length = 13.5 m
A : pile cross sectional area = 1.7671 m²
Ep : modulus of elasticity of the pile = 2.79E+07 kPa
αs : = 0.67
⇒ 0.5 for parabolic or uniform distribution of shaft friction
0.67 for triangular distribution of shaft friction starting from
zero friction at pile head to a maximum value at pile point
0.33 for triangular distribution of shaft friction starting from
a maximum at pile head to zero at the pile point

Cp · Qpa 0.09 x 1,301.80


Sp = = = 2.024 mm
B · qb 1.5 x 38,591.28

Here, Cp : empirical coefficient depending on soil type and method of construction = 0.09
Soil Type Driven Piles Bored Piles
Sand(dense to loose) 0.02 ~ 0.04 0.09 ~ 0.18
Clay(stiff to soft) 0.02 ~ 0.03 0.03 ~ 0.06
Silt(dense to loose) 0.03 ~ 0.05 0.09 ~ 0.12
B : pile diameter = 1.5 m
qb : ultimate end bearing capacity = 38,591.3 kN /m²

Cs · Qfa 0.1269 x 5207.2


Sps = = = 1.268 mm
Lb · qb 13.5 x 38591.28
Here, Cs = ( 0.93 + 0.16 √( Lb / B ) )·Cp = ( 0.93 + 0.16 √( 13.5 / 1.5 ) ) x 0.09
= 0.1269

Lb : embedded length = 13.5 m

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