Reviewer rph

AWAKENING OF THE

FILIPINO NATIONALISM

► During the Spanish occupation in the Philippines, abuses

Among the Filipinos became rampant. Pain and

Suffering continued from the Spanish soldiers and friars.

Various experiences pushed the people to grow their

Sense of nationalism and patriotism to fight the

Conquerors.

► Nationalism involves the desire to attain freedom and

Political independence

► Patriotism denotes proud devotion and loyalty to one’s

Nation

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE

BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

1. The rise of the Middle class

2. The secularization
3. Opening of the Philippines to the international world

Trade

4. The influx of the Liberal ideas from Europe

OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL

► Is an artificial sea-level water-way in Egypt.

► It connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red

Sea through the Isthmus of Suez

► It was constructed by the Suez Canal Company

Between 1859-1869

► Ferdinand de Lesseps: French Diplomat

► Officially opened on November 17, 1869

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SUEZ CANAL TO FILIPINOS

► The distance of travel between Europe and

Philippines was shorten.

► Became a huge advantage in commercial

Enterprises especially between Europe and East

Asia

► It enabled the growth of nationalistic desires of

Jose Rizal and other Filipino illustrados

► Expedited the importation not only of

Commercial products but also of books,

Magazines and newspapers with liberal ideas

From America and Europe.

RISE OF EXPORT OF CROP

ECONOMY

► Philippines on developing export crop economy

► Produce: Products like sugar, Manila hemp and coffee were

Produced for foreign markets

► Imported goods found way into many parts of the

Philippines

► Various economic activities in the new export-crop

Economy provided many opportunities, particularly to the

Expanding Chinese population

► Export crop industry in the Philippines: motivated by the

Commercial undertakings of North European and North

American merchants

MONOPOLIES

► Opium: specifically profitable

► 1840: Spanish government had legalized the used of

Opium and a government monopoly of opium

Importation and sales was created

► Monopolies on spirituous liquors (1712-1864)

► Monopolies on betel nuts (1764)

► Monopoly on Tobacco (1782-1882)

► Monopoly on Explosives (1805-1864)

► Monopoly of Tobacco (1782-1882)

► the most controversial and oppressive to locals

► March 1, 1782: Gov Gen Jose Basco placed the

Philippine tobacco industry under the government

Control.

► Establishing the tobacco monopoly

► Aim of increasing the government revenue

Tobacco Monopoly

► Widespread cultivation of tobacco in the provinces of

Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Norte and Sur, La Union, Isabela,

Abra, Nueva Ecija and Marinduque

► To plant nothing but tobacco

► sold their produce only to the government at a

Pre-designated price
► set required number of tobacco plants that must be

Sold to the government by each family (quota)

TABACCO MONOPOLY

► Leaving or little profit for the local farmers.

► Nobody was allowed to keep even a few tobacco

Leaves for personal use.

► forcing the local farmers to buy tobacco

► fines and/or physical punishment were sanctioned to

Anyone who would transgress any of the decrees under

The system

TABACCO MONOPOLY

► Colonial government exported tobacco to other

Countries and to cigarette factories in Manila

► Positive impact: raised revenues

► Made Philippine tobacco prominent all over Asia and

Some parts of Europe

► Negative impact: brought about food shortages

► planting of basic crops was neglected and

Abandoned

TABACCO MONOPOLY

► was finally abolished in 1882

► A century of hardship and social injustices caused by

The tobacco monopoly

► prompted Filipinos to seek freedom from colonial

Bondage
EDUCATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY

► 19th century was depicted as

The birth of modern life, as well

As the birth of many

Nation-states around the globe

EDUCATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY

► Primary aim:

► Convert natives to the Catholic faith

And make them obedient

EDUCATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY

► King Philip II: Leyes de Indias (Laws of Indies)

► education for the Filipino people centered on

► The first formal school were opened at the

Their parishes. (parochial schools) by the

Missionaries

► College and universities were opened

► Rise of a new social class: Ilustrados

EDUCATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY

► King Philip II: Leyes de Indias (Laws of Indies)

► education for the Filipino people centered on

► The first formal school were opened at the

Their parishes. (parochial schools) by the

Missionaries

► College and universities were opened

► Rise of a new social class: Ilustrados

RISE OF THE

MESTIZOS

► The beginning of 19th century, economic and

Political changes in Europe were finally

Starting to affect Spain

► abolition of the monopoly

► Manila became open to forein merchants

► Demand for Philippine sugar and tobacco

► Exports to European countries

► development of commercial agriculture in the

Archipelago resulted in the presence of a new class.

► landholdings of the church and rice estates of

Pre-spanish nobility

► haciendas of sugar, coffee and hemp were typically

Owned by enterprising Chinese-Filipino mestizos

► Rise of a New breed of rich and influential Filipino

Middle Class

► Ilustrados:

► “belonged to the landed gentry and who were

Highly respected in their respective pueblos”

► “they were able to send their son to Spain and

Europe for higher studies.” (Vallano,n.d)

RISE OF THE

INQUILINOS

► INQUILINO: “Tenant”

► 19th Century inquilino system in the Philippines:

► as a qualified system of tenancy; or the right to use

Land in exchange for rent

► INQUILINO: “Tenant”

► 19th Century inquilino system in the Philippines:

► as a qualified system of tenancy; or the right to use land in exchange for

Rent

► Administrators: Spanish mestizos or Filipino lay brother

► Collect rent of the inquilinos

► organiz the delivery of the harvests to the local markets or to Manila

► Remit the income from sales and rent to the estate owners

► Fixed rent and amount determined on the size and

Quality of land being worked on

► Expansion of land owned by missionary congregations

► farmlands leased to inquilinos increased

► allowing sublease parcels of their land to sharecroppers

Of “kasama”

► Profitable system

► Inquilinos acquired lands of their own

► Entered to otheir gainful ventures

► ceased becoming farmers and relegated job to

Subtenats

► Dispute over communal woodcutting and grazing

Areas occurred regularly between villages and estates

► Land border became so acute

► Conflict between estate owners and workers

POLITICAL LANDSCAPE

● The so-called political influences affecting the 19th

Century largely impacted the locals

○ Liberalism

○ The impact of the Bourbon Reforms and

○ The Cadiz Constitution

LIBERALISM

● LIBERALISM:

○ is a worldwide founded on ideas of freedom and equality

○ range of political philosophies

■ individuals liberty to be the most significant political goal and

■ highlights individuals rights and equality of opportunity

● LIBERALS:

○ government is necessary to protect individuals from being abused by other

○ however, they are also aware that government itself can pose threat to liberty

LIBERALISM

● POLITICAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE

● French Revolution (1789-1799)

○ Battle Cry: HAVING LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FRATERNITY

● Fundamental change in the political history of France

● Government structure change: Absolute monarchy to Liberal

Government system

● Eventual repercussion of the French revolution

○ Spain experienced a century of political disturbance

LIBERALISM
● POLITICAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE

● French Revolution (1789-1799)

○ Battle Cry: HAVING LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FRATERNITY

● Fundamental change in the political history of France

● Government structure change: Absolute monarchy to Liberal

Government system

● Eventual repercussion of the French revolution

○ Spain experienced a century of political disturbance

AFTER THE REVOLUTION OF

DISGUST IN SPAIN

QUEEN ISABEL II

► Born on October 10, 1830 in Madrid Spain

► Sept 29, 1833: Queen Isabel II was proclaimed

Queen

► after the death of his father, King Ferdinand the VII

► Her right to succeed to the throne was disputed by

Her uncle, Don Carlos, supporters precipitated civil

War

How was Queen Isabel II as a Queen?

► Her government was dominated by military

Politicians

► Cruel: Was described by the Spaniards based

On their experiences

► Live in a very fancy lifestyle: that she forgot her

Duties as a ruler

► Mistreatment to people

► Imposition of high taxes

The Revolt

► Francisco Serrano: became the Regent

Marshall who led the revolt and ousted

Queen Isabella II

► REVOLUTION OF DISGUST

► Established a liberal republic over Spain

Queen Isabella II Ousted from the

Throne 1870 abdicated in Favour

of her eldest Surviving son Alfonso XII

After the Revolt

► CARLOS MARIA DELA TORRE (1869-1871): was appointed

Governor General in the Philippines

► Was the most beloved Governor General

► Reformed the government of Spain in the Philippines

► First time, Filipinos felt and observed how to have

Freedom

► Freedom of speech and expression restored

► Encourage Filipinos to participate in the reform

► Put into practice his liberal and democratic ways:

Avoiding luxury and living a simple life

Significant achievements

► Encourage freedom and abolish censorship

► Recognized freedom of speech and of the press

► Secularization controversy

► Father Pedro Pelaez

► His greatest achievement: the peaceful solution to the land problem in

Cavite

► Cavite has been the center of agrarian unrest in the country

► The Filipino tenants who lost their land had been oppressed by Spanish landlord

► Agrarian uprisings led by Eduardo Camerino erupted several times in Cavite

► The rebels were pardoned and they were provided with a decent livelihood

► Appointed them as members of the police force, Camerino as the Captain.

Significant achievements

► Eliminate flogging as a form of punishment

► Implemented Education Decree of 1870

► An order for the limited secularization of schools and place these educational

Institutions under the government.

► The tide of liberalism and friendly attitude of De La Torre earned him with

Multitudes of enemies

► His administration was short lived

► Spanish monarchy restored ended the republic in Spain

► Dela Torre was removed from post and replaced by RAFAEL IZQUIERDO

CAVITE MUTINY AND EXECUTION OF GomBurZa

► Transition from Dela Torre from Izquierdo

► Created confusion and conflict among the Filipinos

► Izquierdo abolished the exemption of native soldiers from

Payment of tribute and rendering force labor

► Jan 20, 1872 – Cavite Mutiny

► Izquierdo ordered the capture of all natives and reformists vocal

About the idea of reforms

► GOMBURZA – was captured through false testimony of FRANCISCO

ZALDUA, a former soldier who was paid by the Spanish authorities

► Feb17, 1872 – Executed by garote (Gomez, Zamora, Burgos)

THE IMPACT OF THE BOURBON

● King Philip V assented to the throne

● Ferdinand VI, Charles III and Charles IV

● Advocate to reform and modify the Spanish empire

● Policy change, Bourbon Reforms

○ endeavored to curtail contraband commerce

○ reclaim control over transatlantic trade

○ restrict the church’s power

○ reform state finance to fill dwindling royal coffers and

○ found tighter administrative and political control within the empire

► Bourbon was advantageous to the Philippines

► administration

► geographical location

► implementation

► Effectiveness of the Bourbon

► policies lacks some ideologies coherence

. ► Reform process was also seen as so complex

► and other instances of changing policy to meet the needs of financing Spain’s war

THE CADIZ

CONSITUTION

● Napoleonic occupation of Spain

● March 1812: Liberal constitution was promulgated in Cadiz,

Spain

● Drafted by elected representatives

● Cadiz Constitution was the first constitution in Europe to deal

With national sovereignty, recognizing sovereignty as coming

From the people and not form the King.

● The first delegates from the Philippines

● took oath of office in Madrid

○ Pedro Perez de Tagle and

○ Jose Manuel Coretto

● Cadiz constitution formally implemented in

Manila, soon after:

○ established the principles of universal male

Suffrage

○ National sovereignty

○ Constitutional monarchy and freedom of the

Press and

○ Advocated land reform and free enterprises

“ granting all its colonies

Representations as provinces in

The Spanish Cortes through

Chosen by the various capital

Cities”

● Governor General Manuel Gonzales Aguilar: called for an

Election of Manila officials

○ Don Vetura delos Reyes

■ Born In Vigan

■ wealthy merchant and member of the Royal Corps of Artillery

Of Manila

■ Took part in the Ilocos Revolt led by Diego Silang

■ Vegetable and Indigo business

■ One of the delegates who signed the constitution

● Cadiz Constitution did not come to

Fruition

● May 1814: King Fernando VII declared it

In valid and restored absolutism

Significance in the colony

● exemption of the natives from paying tributes

● rendering public service based on its equality clause

● a liberal constitution

● sovereignty in the people

● recognize the equality of all men

● the individual liberty of the citizen

● granted the right to suffrage

FRIAR’S OWNERSHIP OF

HACIENDAS IN CALAMBA

● Pre-Spanish Era

○ lands was not equally distributed

○ The notion of private property was unknown

○ Community (barangay) owned the land

● On the Arrival of Legazpi

○ the initial, major policy was to recognize all lands in

The Philippines as part of public domain regardless of

Local customs

● Encomienda System

○ pueblos that were governed by

Gobernadorcillos

● Inquilinos

○ land grabbing

► Residents of Calamba including the family of Rizal fought the

Dispute over Dominicans friars from 1887-1891 at the

Hacienda de San Juan Bautista in Calamba, Laguna

► Farmers had suffered a lot of abuses from the friars:

► Land grabbing

► Unjustifiable increase in rent on their lands

► Indebted

► Exploitation of natural resources

► slavery

► landholdings of the church and rice estates of

Pre-spanish nobility

► haciendas of sugar, coffee and hemp were typically

Owned by enterprising Chinese-Filipino mestizos

► Rizal penned a petition with the express intent of

Fighting for the tenants, farmers and residents of the

Area

► He cited all the grievances of the Calamba folks and

Tenants against the supposed owner of the hacienda

► the friars declared the act as rebellion and branded

Those Filipinos fighting them as filibusters

● FILIBUSTERS

○ terror-inspiring word

○ applied to any Philippine advocate or reform or

Opponet of the friars wishes

These Calamba incidents were used as a propaganda

Material by some Filipinos to expose the friars extreme

Greed.

REGULAR VS SECULARS

TWO KINDS OF PRIESTS

● REGULARS

○ Belonged to religious orders

○ main tasks were to spread Christianity

● SECULARS

○ Do not belong to any religious orders

○ they were trained specifically to run the parishes

And were under the supervision of the bishops

● UNIFICATION OF CHURCHES AND STATE

● Vatican gave the King of Spain a special power

Over churches in the colony

CONFLICTS

● Bishops insisted to visit parishes that were run by regular

Priests

● The regular priests refuses

● they are not under the jurisdiction of the bishops

● and threatened to abandon their parishes

● 1744: Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa

○ decided to uphold the dioceses authority over the

Parishes

○ accepted the resignation of the Regular priests

● Secular priest were assigned to the parishes

● Ordination of Filipino Seculars were hastened

● November 9, 1774

○ Royal Decree was issued by the King

■ provided for the secularization of all parishes or

The transfer of parochial administration from

Regular friars to secular priests

● The regular resented the moved because they

Consider the Filipinos unfit for the priesthood

○ Filipinos’ brown skin,

○ ack of education and

○ inadequate experience

● The Jesuits returned from exile, made the situation more

Intense

● The issue of racial slant, were Spaniards clearly

Favouring their own Regular priests over Filipino priests

● Monsignor Pedro Pelaez

○ an ecclesiastical governor of the church

○ sided with the Filipinos

○ Criticized the Spanish authorities for depriving the

Filipino clergy the opportunity of administering the

Parish

○ This was not a clamor for religious rights but a

Clamor for equality between the Spanish priests and

The Filipino Secular priests

● Unfortunately, Fr Pelaez died during an earthquake

That destroyed the Manila Cathedral Church in 1863.

● After his death, other priests took his place in fighting

For the secularization

○ Fr. Mariano Gomez

○ Fr. Jose Burgos

○ Fr Jacinto Zamora

RACIAL PREJUDICE

FILIPINOS

● The inferior race

● were called “Indios”

○ brown color skin

○ heigh

○ lack of education

○ had low level of intelligence

○ savages

○ ignorant

○ had no culture

● Racial prejudice formed irreparable

Damage to Filipino mentality and

Began to see and regard Western

Culture as superior to our own.