21ZC51 – COMPUTATIONAL THINKING LABORATORY

A SURVEY ON FLOYD WARSHALL ALGORITHM

Submitted by

S THARANI - 23MZ05

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS)

PEELAMEDU,COIMBATORE - 641 004

NOVEMBER 2023

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 FLOYD WARSHALL ALGORITHM

ABSTRACT

The Floyd-Warshall algorithm, which finds the shortest paths in a weighted graph, is a
foundational method in graph theory. Even when edge weights are negative, it efficiently computes the
shortest pathways between all pairs of vertices in a network. The method discovers the shortest path
between any two vertices by iteratively updating the shortest path distances. It has an O(V3) time
complexity, making it suitable for small to medium-sized graphs. Because of its ability to handle a wide
range of graph designs and edge weight scenarios, this method is widely used in a variety of industries,
including network routing, transportation, and communications networks. This paper provides an
overview of the Floyd-Warshall algorithm's main features and applications, highlighting its usefulness
in addressing complex graph-related

KEYWORDS

Floyd-Warshall algorithm, Graph theory, network routing, Supply chain networks, Traffic
routing, Fault detection Molecular dynamics simulations.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BASIC ALGORITHM

The Floyd-Warshall algorithm's main principle is to iteratively update the shortest path distances
between all pairs of vertices in a weighted graph while taking into account all possible intermediate
vertices, thus employing dynamic programming to build on the solutions to smaller subproblems. By
repeatedly optimizing the distances between vertices, the algorithm eventually calculates the shortest
path distances for all pairs of vertices, resulting in a fully populated distance matrix containing the
shortest pathways.

1.2 CORE COMPONENT

Dynamic programming is a versatile technique with applications in a variety of domains, including

computer science, operations research, finance, and biology. In computer science, it is used to optimize
algorithms, solve graph problems, and parse. In operations research, it is used to solve resource
allocation and scheduling issues. In finance, it aids portfolio optimization and risk management. In
biology, it is necessary for sequence alignment and phylogenetics. Its versatility and effectiveness make
it an effective tool for handling difficult optimization and decision-making problems in a variety of
disciplines.

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 1.3 TECHNIQUE

MANUAL TRACING:

Example Graph

Figure 1

Step 1: Initialize the solution matrix same as fig 1

Step 2: Consider vertex 1 as intermediate vertex and update all shortest paths which includes the
intermediate vertex in A0

Step 3: Consider vertex 2 as intermediate vertex and update all shortest paths which includes the
intermediate vertex in A1

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Step 4: Consider vertex 3 as intermediate vertex and update all shortest paths which includes the
intermediate vertex in A2

Step 5: Consider vertex 4 as intermediate vertex and update all shortest paths which includes the
intermediate vertex in A3

Step 6: Consider vertex 5 as intermediate vertex and update all shortest paths which includes the
intermediate vertex in A4

Step 7: Consider vertex 6 as intermediate vertex and update all shortest paths which includes the
intermediate vertex in A5

Hence the solution matrix is constructed which gives the shortest path from all the vertices to another .

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2. LITERATURE SURVEY

In This paper [1] Threading Building Blocks (TBB) on a multi-core computer is used. It
highlights the importance of parallelism in a C++ program. The results of the experiments indicate
that the multi- threaded PF is clearly more efficient than the single-threaded PF. Comparisons are
made with Serial Floyd- Warshall algorithm(SF). The application is PF can be effectively used in
systems with a high node count, and it significantly increases operating efficiency.

In this paper [2] optimal path with the use of Floyd-Warshall and Dijkstra algorithms is
determined. Dijkstra's method calculates the quickest route to the closest hospital and to get the
nearest distance to the hospital, the Floyd-Warshall method is used. When used in conjunction with
the Floyd-Warshall algorithm, Dijkstra's algorithm shortens search times by decreasing decision
Dijkstra's algorithm and the Floyd- Warshall algorithm work together to expedite search times by
minimizing decision-making that doesn't result in solutions.Comparisons are made with other path
planning algorithms. The application is to assist with the initial handling process for the casualty or
emergency patient.

In this paper [3] the Floyd–Warshall algorithm is used, which is a popular and
straightforward method for calculating the shortest paths between every pair of vertices in an edge
weighted directed graph. For graphs with n vertices, the worst-case runtime of this technique is
O(n3). The Performance demonstrates that if the input graph has negative cycles, exponentially huge
numbers could occur when the Floyd-Warshall algorithm runs. Comparison is made with bellman-
ford algorithm. The application is detecting the presence of negative cycles.

In this paper [4] the route of travel is chosen, especially the quickest one, which is one of the
most crucial things to consider before departing. The traditional approach and the heuristic method
are employed in this investigation to discover the quickest route. The Performance is measured in
terms of mileage. Comparisons are made with greedy algorithm. The application is it takes the
distance to all points into account.

In this paper [5] arrays are used to represent the graph, enabling efficient parallel processing.
Performance is calculated by measuring the speedup achieved with OpenMP. It is compared with
sequential implementations. The application is primarily for finding the shortest paths in large graphs
with parallel computing resources.

In this paper [6] arrays are used to represent the graph, enabling efficient parallel processing.
Performance is calculated based on the achieved speedup with OpenMP. It is compared with
sequential implementations. The application is primarily designed to locate the shortest pathways in
huge graphs using parallel computing resources.

In this study [7], matrices are used to represent and compute graphs, taking advantage of
GPUs' parallel processing capabilities. Performance is measured in terms of execution time and
throughput on various GPUs. Comparisons are made between CPU-based implementations and
GPU-based algorithms. The application computes all-pairs shortest paths in big graphs using GPU
acceleration..

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 In this research [8], adjacency matrices are used to represent the transportation network,
allowing for real-time route planning. Performance is assessed based on response time and accuracy.
Comparisons are constructed using typical route planning methods. The application is designed for
real-time route planning in transportation networks such as roads and subways.

In this paper [9], matrices are used to depict the communication network for fault identification
and isolation. Performance is evaluated in terms of fault detection time and accuracy. Comparisons are
made to other defect detection techniques. The program is designed to detect and isolate issues in
communication networks such as the internet or telecommunications networks.

In this study [10], the technique makes use of dynamic matrices, which can efficiently adapt to
changing graph configurations. Performance is measured in terms of adaptability and efficiency when
updating the graph. Comparisons are conducted using static graph techniques. The application is
designed to handle dynamic graphs in social networks and evolutionary systems.

In this research [11], matrices are utilized to model a wireless sensor network, with an
emphasis on energy-efficient routing. Performance is measured in terms of energy usage and routing
efficiency. Comparisons are made to classic routing algorithms. The application is for discovering
energy-efficient pathways in wireless sensor networks in order to extend the network's lifetime.

This work [12] describes a technique that combines Dijkstra's and Floyd-Warshall algorithms
to optimize traffic management in smart cities. Matrices are used to represent a road network.
Performance is judged in terms of optimizing traffic flow and reducing congestion. Comparisons are
performed between the standalone Dijkstra and Floyd-Warshall algorithms. The application aims to
improve traffic flow and reduce congestion in smart city infrastructures.

In this paper [13] the algorithm utilizes matrices to assess the resilience of critical
infrastructure networks. Performance is evaluated in terms of resilience assessment accuracy and
speed. Comparisons are made with other resilience assessment algorithms. The application is for
evaluating the resilience of critical infrastructure networks and identifying vulnerable points for
improvements.

In this paper [14] enhanced algorithm uses matrices for analyzing large-scale social
networks efficiently. Performance is evaluated in terms of analysis time and scalability to large
networks. Comparisons are made with traditional social network analysis algorithms. The application
is for analyzing and understanding large-scale social networks, such as online social media platforms
or communication networks.

In this paper [15] the algorithm uses a distributed data structure for processing large-scale
networks. Performance is calculated based on the execution time of the distributed algorithm. It is
compared with centralized implementations. The application is primarily for large-scale network
analysis and computations in distributed systems.

In this paper [16] optimized algorithm utilizes memory-efficient data structures to

accommodate resource-constrained devices. Performance is evaluated in terms of memory usage and
computational efficiency. Comparisons are made with the standard Floyd-Warshall algorithm. The
application is for resource-constrained devices, such as IoT devices and embedded systems, requiring
memory-efficient computations.

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 In this paper [17] the algorithm is implemented with scalable data structures for efficient
processing on cloud computing platforms. Performance is calculated in terms of scalability and cost-
effectiveness on cloud platforms. Comparisons are made with traditional implementations on non-
cloud platforms. The application is for large-scale graph analysis and computations on cloud
computing infrastructure.

In this paper [18] parallel algorithm utilizes data structures suitable for multi-core
processors, ensuring efficient utilization of computing resources. Performance is evaluated in terms of
speedup achieved on multi-core systems. Comparisons are made with single-threaded
implementations. The application is for computing all-pairs shortest paths efficiently on multi-core
processors.

In this paper [19] the algorithm dynamically adapts to varying edge weights in dynamic
graphs, ensuring accurate path computations. Performance is evaluated in terms of adaptability to
changing edge weights and graph structures. Comparisons are made with static algorithms that do not
account for varying edge weights. The application is for dynamic graphs with fluctuating edge
weights, such as network traffic or changing environmental conditions.

In this research [20], matrices are utilized to examine co-occurrence networks in natural
language processing problems. Performance is measured in terms of network analysis time and
accuracy in language processing activities. Comparisons are performed with different network
analysis techniques used in natural language processing. The application is designed to understand and
interpret co-occurrence patterns in textual data and language models.
This paper [21] optimizes the technique for big, sparse graphs often used in social network
analysis. For sparse graph representations, performance is measured by computational efficiency and
memory use. Comparisons are done between generic Floyd-Warshall implementations. The
application is intended to analyze large-scale social networks with sparse connections, such as online
social media platforms and communication networks.

In this paper [22], the program uses matrices to analyze functional connectivity patterns in
brain networks. Performance is evaluated based on the precision with which functional linkages are
identified. Comparisons are made to various graph-based analytic approaches. The program is used to
study functional connectivity patterns in brain networks, such as FMRI data processing.

In this study [23], the approach employs matrices to represent 3D grids in image processing
applications. In 3D image analysis, performance is measured based on processing time and accuracy.
Comparisons are made to other image processing techniques. The application is designed for efficient
processing and analysis of 3D image data in fields such as medical imaging and volumetric data
analysis.
This research [24] uses matrices to model the power distribution network and optimize power
flow. Performance is measured in terms of power distribution efficiency and stability. Comparisons
are made to established power flow optimization techniques. The program aims to optimize power
distribution and ensure steady operation in smart grid systems.

In this study [25], the technique uses matrices to represent changing situations, allowing robots
to plan their paths more efficiently. Performance is evaluated in terms of path planning time and
adaptability to changing environments. Comparisons are made with other robot path planning
algorithms. The application is for enabling robots to navigate through dynamic environments

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 In this paper [26] simulations. Comparisons are parallel algorithm utilizes matrices for large-
scale molecular dynamics evaluated in terms of simulation speed and scalability to large molecular
made with sequential molecular dynamics simulation algorithms. The application is for
accelerating molecular dynamics simulations for studying complex molecular systems.

In this paper [27] matrices are used for representing the data center network, enabling
optimization of network traffic. Performance is evaluated in terms of network throughput and latency
reduction. Comparisons are made with traditional network optimization algorithms. The application
is for optimizing data center networks to ensure efficient data transmission and minimal latency.

In this paper [28] enhanced algorithm uses matrices for large-scale graph analysis in social
media platforms. Performance is evaluated in terms of analysis time and scalability to large social
media networks. Comparisons are made with generic graph analysis algorithms. The application is
used to analyze and comprehend user interactions and connectivity patterns in large-scale social
media networks.

This research [29] presents an algorithm that uses matrices to describe interconnected supply
chains. Performance is measured in terms of supply chain efficiency and optimization. Comparisons
are made to other supply chain modeling techniques. The tool analyzes and optimizes interconnected
supply chain networks to ensure smooth operations and reduce disruptions.
In this study [30], matrices are utilized to depict the computation graph in high-performance
computing systems. Performance is measured in terms of compute speed and scalability for large
computing systems. Comparisons are made to other high-performance computing techniques. The
application is intended to enable efficient computation and processing in large-scale computing
systems and supercomputers.

PAPER INFERENCE
[1] high-node count system
[2] closest hospitals
[3] negative cycles
[4] Mileage
[5] parallel processing
[6] sequential implementation
[7] parallel processing power
[8] Real-time route planning
[9] fault detection and isolation
[10] dynamic matrices
[11] wireless sensor networks
[12] traffic management

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 [13] Matrix-based assessment
[14] analysis time
[15] Distributed data structures
[16] resource-constrained devices
[17] large-scale graph
[18] parallel algorithm
[19] changing environmental conditions
[20] Matrix-based analysis
[21] large sparse graphs
[22] brain networks
[23] 3D grids
[24] smart grid
[25] obstacle avoidance
[26] Parallel simulation
[27] data center network aids
[28] Enhanced matrix-based algorithm
[29] Matrix-based modeling
[30] large-scale computing

3. ALGORITHM

3.1 FLOYD WARSHALL ALGORITHM

1. Create a matrix reflecting the graph's adjacency. The value at position (i, j) indicates the
weight of the edge between vertex i and vertex j. If no direct edge connects two vertices, the value
is set to infinity. Set the diagonal elements to 0, indicating that the distance between a vertex and
itself is zero.

2. Each vertex can serve as an intermediary vertex in a path between two pairs of vertices. For
each vertex, compare the current distance between any two vertices against the possibility of
passing through the chosen intermediate vertex. If the path across the intermediate vertex is
shorter, adjust the distance.

3.Update the matrix by considering each vertex as a possible intermediate node. If the path
through the intermediate vertex leads to a shorter distance between two vertices, update the
corresponding value in the matrix.

4.Continue the iterative process, allowing the algorithm to refine the shortest paths by
considering different combinations of intermediate vertices until all the vertices have been
considered.

5. Detect negative cycles by inspecting the diagonal members of the resulting matrix. If any
diagonal element is negative, it implies that there is a negative cycle in the graph.

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 6.The method will generate a matrix with the shortest pathways between all pairs of vertices after
iterations are completed. The matrix can be used to determine the shortest pathways and their
accompanying lengths between any two vertices in the graph.

3.2 MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION

Let the graph have n vertices. The graph is represented as a n x n matrix A, with
A[i,j] denoting the weight of the edge from vertex i to vertex j. If no direct edge exists
between vertex i and vertex j, A[i,j] is set to infinity. Furthermore, the diagonal
components A[i,i] are set to 0, indicating that the distance from a vertex to itself is 0.

The technique iteratively updates matrix A to find the shortest path between all
pairs of vertices. Updates can be expressed as follows:

Ak[i,j]=min{Ak-1[i,j], Ak-1[i,k]+ Ak-1[k,j]}

where k represents the index of the intermediate vertex being considered. This
equation depicts the Floyd-Warshall algorithm's dynamic programming stage, which
updates the shortest path distances by considering the probability of passing via the
vertex with index k. The updated value at A[i,j] reflects the shortest path distance
between vertices i and j, taking the first k vertices as intermediate points.

3.3 PSEUDOCODE

for (k=1;k<=n;k++)
{
for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
A[i,j]=min(Ak-1[i,j], A[i,k]+ A[k,j])
}
}
}

DESCRIPTION

1.To iterate across vertices in an n-vertice network, the code employs three nested loops
controlled by variables k, i, and j.

2.The procedure assumes you have an adjacency matrix A that contains the shortest path
distances between vertices. It is a two-dimensional array, with A[i][j] representing the shortest distance

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between vertex i and vertex j. Initially, if there exist edges between vertices, this matrix is filled with
direct edge weights; otherwise, it is set to an extremely big number (typically infinite).

3.The innermost loop determines the minimal distance between vertices i and j via vertex k. To
update the distance in the adjacency matrix A, apply the formula: A[i][j] = min(A[i][j], A[i][k] + A[k]
[j].
• A[i][j] identifies the shortest known distance between vertices i and j.
• A[i][k] identifies the shortest known distance between vertices i and k.
• A[k][j] identifies the shortest known distance between vertices k and j.
The formula finds the smallest distance between vertices i and j by comparing the current shortest
distance to the sum of the distances between i, k, and k, j. If the latter is shorter, it updates A[i][j]
with that distance.

4.The method continues to update the shortest pathways, utilizing all vertices k as intermediary
nodes. The outer two loops regulate the order in which intermediate vertices are considered, ranging
from k = 1 to k = n. During each iteration, it determines if utilizing vertex k as an intermediate node will
result in a shorter path.

5.After all iterations, the adjacency matrix A contains the shortest path distances between each
pair of vertices in the graph. If there is no path connecting two vertices, the corresponding entry in the
adjacency matrix will stay very big (typically infinity).

4. APPLICATIONS

4.1 APPLICATIONS FOR BEGINNERS

The Floyd-Warshall algorithm has applications in a variety of beginner-friendly

disciplines. First and foremost, it is frequently used to discover which pairs of vertices in
a weighted graph have the shortest routes. This can be used in computer networks to help
in the computation of routing tables, ensuring efficient data flow. It's critical for creating
intelligent character path finding in video games, which ensures characters move
effectively in difficult environments.

Second, the method is effective in two areas: logistics and transportation networks.
It assists in determining the optimum routes for a range of applications, such as airline
flight route planning, which minimizes travel time and costs. It promotes the optimal use
of resources in supply chain management by maximizing commodity distribution across
multiple sites to meet consumer needs while minimizing transportation costs.

Finally, the Floyd-Warshall approach is useful for social network analysis.

Estimating the strength of links between network nodes aids in the discovery of key
persons or communities within social networks. These applications demonstrate the
algorithm's versatility and beginner-friendliness in a wide range of real-world scenarios.

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 4.2 APPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH/ REAL TIME

The Floyd-Warshall algorithm, which can calculate the shortest paths for every pair in
a weighted graph, is widely used in real-time systems and research. It is a necessary tool for
theoretical studies in network optimization, graph theory, and algorithm analysis. Researchers
use it to examine the properties of complex networks, assess the usefulness of various graph
designs, and develop sophisticated algorithms based on its concepts.

The Floyd-Warshall algorithm can also be applied to financial applications such as

portfolio optimization and real-time risk analysis. It helps financial organizations simulate the
interdependence of financial assets and evaluate in real time how market movements effect a
portfolio's risk and return. This is especially important for managing financial risks and
making sensible investment decisions. These real-time applications demonstrate the
algorithm's flexibility in rapidly changing contexts, as well as its importance in a wide range
of domains beyond theoretical research.

IMPLEMENTATION OF FLOYD WARSHALL ALGORITHM

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RESULT AND ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION

The Floyd-Warshall algorithm emerges as a reliable and adaptable method for determining the
shortest pathways between all pairs of vertices in a weighted graph. Its ability to negotiate complicated
settings, including ones with negative edge weights, demonstrates its adaptability and makes it a
preferred choice for a wide range of applications. From its core concepts, which involve iteratively
refining distance matrices by taking into account intermediate vertices, to the practical implementations
shown in the literature study, the method demonstrates its usefulness in handling a wide range of
difficulties.

As we move forward in an era where complex network architecture and dynamic settings present
new issues, the Floyd-Warshall algorithm remains a reliable answer. Its versatility, efficiency, and
capacity to handle a wide range of graph-related problems distinguish it as a crucial actor in algorithmic
solutions. In summary, the Floyd-Warshall algorithm not only provides a solid approach for discovering
shortest paths, but it also paves the way for future study and optimization, ensuring its continuous
importance in the ever-expanding field of graph theory and algorithmic applications.

REFERENCES

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