PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS FINALS

CORRELATION ANALYSIS

Correlation Analysis
★ Measures the existence of relationship and association between two or more
variables.
★ Rule out kung may kinalaman si variable 1 at variable 2.
★ Aimed to measure relationships and not aimed to measure cause and effect.

Variables
★ Refers to any data that vary its values.
★ Nagbabago bago na values.

Types of Variables:

1. Independent Variable
★ This is the stimulus variable that can be used to predict the changes
that happen on the other variable.
★ Usually expressed by the symbol X.
★ Cause.
★ Predictor variable.

2. Dependent Variable
★ It is a variable where the values are expected to change as a result of
changes made in the values of some other variable (independent).
★ Represented by Y variable.
★ Relying on the independent.
★ response/effect.
★ Ito ‘yung pin-predict natin.

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Scattered Plot
★ It is the diagram of the Correlation.
★ Scattered dots.
★ Estimated correlation.
★ May x & y axis.
★ X- independent variable.
★ Y- dependent variable.
★ Dots- intersection between x & y variables.

Best Fit Line (least Squares Regression Line)

★ It is the line that minimizes the sum of the squares of the vertical deviations
from each data point to the line.
★ ‘Yung line sa gitna.
★ How intense is the relationship?
★ Anong degree ng relationship?
★ Nearer the line- higher or greater relationship.
★ Farther the line- lesser or weaker relationship.

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Types of Correlation:
1. Linear Correlation
2. Curvilinear Correlation

Types of Linear Correlation:

1. Positive Linear Correlation

★ Shows DIRECT RELATIONSHIP between X and Y variables.
★ Examples: Age and Weight; Income and Expenses of the Family.
★ X- increases; y- increases.
★ X- decreases; y- decreases.
★ Same path of change.

2. Negative Linear Correlation

★ Shows an INVERSE RELATIONSHIP between two variables.
★ Examples: Academic Performance and Time Usage of Cell Phone;
Quantity of Food Servings and the Prices of Ingredients.
★ X- increase; y- decrease.
★ X- decrease; y- increase.

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Coefficient of Correlation (r or p)
★ It shows the degree or intensity of the relationship.
★ Its value ranges for -1.00 to +1.00.
★ r- sample.
★ p- population.
★ Walang bababa at tataas sa +- 1.00.
★ Depende lagi sa value at hindi sa sign.
★ Magnitude or number.
★ Sign– type of linear correlation; perfect negative; perfect positive.

Method of Correlation:

1. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient or Pearson r

★ Use interval and ratio data and only measure linear relationships
between the given variables.

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Where:
x= the observed data for independent variables.
y= the observed data for dependent variables.
n= size of the sample.
r= coefficient of correlation.

2. Spearman’s Rank Difference Method (rs)

★ Use for ordinal type of data.

Where:
n= number of sample
⅀d²= square of the difference in the rank.

3. Phi Coefficients
★ Use for a pair of nominal dichotomous sets of data.
★ Nominal dichotomous
○ Gender- male or female.
○ Type of students- regular or irregular.
○ Type of School- private or public.

Where: A,B,C, and D are the frequency obtained from the contingency table.

4. Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient

★ Is used to measure the strength of correlation of association between
a continuous-level variable and a binary variable.
★ Binary Variable– means a nominal data having two possible values.

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TESTING OF HYPOTHESES
★ Ho and Ha.
★ Level of significance.
★ Determine the tabular value (rt) and degree of freedom using n-2.
★ Determine the compute value (rc)
★ Make decisions and conclusions.

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LINEAR REGRESSION
★ It is a basic and commonly used type of predictive analysis.
★ Defined by the formula: y= bx + a.
★ Where:
○ y= estimated dependent variable score.
○ a= y-intercept
○ b= slope
○ x= score on the independent variable.

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Uses of Linear Regression:

1. Determining the strength of the predictors.
2. Forecasting an effect or impact of change.
3. Trend of forecast.

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T-TEST FOR SIGNIFICANCE OF THE R

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ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

★ It is used to compare population means of three or more groups.
★ It is used for ratio and interval data.
★ It is symbolized by F.
★ Pwedeng mas marami ang sample per group.

Type of ANOVA Analysis:

1. One-Way ANOVA
➢ A type of ANOVA that compares one independent variable among
several groups.
➢ Examples:
○ The grades of BS Psych, BS Medtech, and BS Pharma.
○ The level of awareness on the effect of Mental Health of 3
different age groups such as 6-10, 11-15, and 16-20.
○ The effectiveness of 3 different brands of fertilizers in the
productivity of Mango trees.

2. Two-Way ANOVA
➢ A type of ANOVA test that compares two independent variables
among several groups.
➢ Examples:
○ Worker productivity is based on two independent variables,
such as department and gender.
○ The effect of study time and the allowance on the grades of the
students.
○ The interaction effect of the learning environment and the
listening to the music to the exam scores of the students.

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HYPOTHESIS OF ANOVA (ONE-WAY)

FORMULA (ONE-WAY ANOVA TABLE):

EXAMPLE:

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